marine biology exam practice - paramorina...porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora, mollusca porifera...

MARINE BIOLOGY

EXAM PRACTICE

Chapter 5 Bacteria, Diatoms,

Dinoflagellates

Identify the Bacteria Feature

dinoflagellates diatoms

Diatom Types

pennate centric

Chapter 7 section 1 Porifera, Cnidaria,

Ctenophora, Mollusca

Porifera Skeleton and Cells

Porifera Water Flow

Porifera Organization and Morphology

Asconoid – simplest type; shaped like a tube or vase with a single osculum


Syconoid – larger type with series of canals


Leuconoid – most complex and most common; numerous canals that lead to chambers

Class Hexactinellida

glass sponge; ex: Euplectella – Venus’s flower basket

Cnidarian Characteristics

• Contain stinging cells called cnidocytes in their tentacles that contain coiled stingers called nematocysts that can shoot out & paralyze prey

Cnidarian Body Plan

• have 2 basic body forms: polyp and medusa

Class Hydrozoa

• Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis)

Class Scyphozoa Chrysaora fuscescens (Pacific Sea Nettle)

Class Cubozoa Box Jellyfish

Class Gastropoda

• ex: Abalone

Class Gastropoda

• ex: Nudibranch (sea slug)

Class Bivalia

• ex: Oysters

Class Bivalia

• ex: Scallops

Class Cephalapoda

• Chromatophores in the skin can help change color for camouflage

Class Cephalapoda

• Use their radula & beak to feed

radula

beak

Class Cephalapoda - Squid

Class Cephalapoda - Octopus

Class Cephalapoda – Cuttlefish

Class Cephalapoda – Chambered Nautilius

CHAPTER 7 ARTHROPODA & ECHINODERMATA

Phylum Arthropoda Organism: Barnacle

Acorn Barnacles Goose Barnacles

Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod

Organism: Shrimp

Brown Shrimp Peppermint Shrimp


Organism: Shrimp

Pistol Shrimp By snapping its claw it can make communication sounds but also something far deadly. It can deal a knock out blow from a distance by using its claw a sonic weapon. As the claw snaps shut, it fires a blast of bubbles. This implosion causes a shock wave that stuns the prey.


Organism: Shrimp

Mantis Shrimp The Peacock Mantis Shrimp is also known as the thumb splitter. The arms of the Peacock Mantis Shrimp are as powerful as a .22 bullet. The mantis shrimp’s eyes are considered to be the most complex in the animal kingdom.


Organism: Lobster

Atlantic Lobster

Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod Organism: Crab

Identifying the sex of a true crab: male = “V” shaped plate female = “U” shaped plate for carrying eggs


Organism: Hermit Crab

• not true crabs but are more closely related to the lobsters

• have no protective hard carapace on their hind parts so must use a discarded gastropod shell for their protection and home


Organism: Horseshoe Crab

Horseshoe crab blood’s blue color comes from the fact that it contains copper. Up to one-third of the crab’s blood is removed during the process. One quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth $15,000.

Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea

Organism: Sea Star

Chocolate Chip Sea Star

Beaded Sea Star

Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea

Organism: Sea Star

Sunflower Sea Star Crown of Thorns

Phylum Echinodermata Class Ophiuroidea

Organism: Brittle Star

Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea

Organism: Sea Urchin

• Aristotle’s Lantern – complicated mouth of jaws and muscles with five teeth named after the philosopher who first described it in 4th century


Organism: Sea Urchin


Organism: Sand Dollar

CHAPTER 8 MARINE

CARTILAGINOUS & BONEY FISH

Class: Agnatha

• jawless fish

• hagfishes and lampreys lack jaws and are the most primitive fish

Class: Chondrichthyes Respiration

• rays have spiracles which aid in breathing

Class: Chondrichthyes Buoyancy

• shark liver aids in buoyancy because it contains oil

• some shark livers make up 20% of their weight

• sharks use their pectoral fins and tails for buoyancy control

Class: Chondrichthyes Nervous System

• lateral line used for sensing vibrations in water from the swimming of other animals

• system of small canals that run along the head and body


• Ampullae of Lorenzini – jelly filled canals that can detect electrical and magnetic fields; used to help locate prey


• very acute sense of smell

• It can detect one drop of blood in a million drops of water (25 gallons) and can smell blood 0.25 mile away.

Class: Chondrichthyes Reproduction

• males have claspers to insert sperm into female’s cloaca (one opening that serves digestive and reproductive functions)

MALE

FEMALE

CLOACA

Class: Chondrichthyes Camouflage and Coloration

• some display countershading

• darker on dorsal surface to blend with deeper water or sea bottom

• lighter on ventral surface to blend with lighter colored surface water

Class: Chondrichthyes Great White Shark

Class: Osteichthyes Buoyancy

• have a swim bladder which is an air filled sac that helps with buoyancy

Class: Osteichthyes

Dolphin fish – ray-finned fish

Class: Osteichthyes

Parrot Fish – ray-finned fish

Class: Osteichthyes

Lion fish – ray-finned fish

Class: Osteichthyes

Coelacanth – fleshy-finned fish

CHAPTER 9 MARINE

REPTILES & BIRDS

Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)

• Loggerhead - named for the size of its head


• Leatherback- largest sea turtle named for the shell

that has tough, rubbery skin


• Flatback - named for its compressed body


• Green Sea Turtle- named for the color of its fat


• Kemp’s Ridley - named for Richard Kemp, a

researcher who is renowned for studying it


• Olive Ridley- named for the olive tone of its

carapace


• Hawksbill- named for the shape of its head and

beak that resembles a hawk

Pelican & Relatives

Atlantic Puffin

• sea parrot

• excellent swimmers and flyers; flapping wings up to 400 times per minute and reach speeds of 55 mph

• Iceland is the breeding home of perhaps 60 % of the world's Atlantic puffins

• Emperor Penguin - largest penguins and restricted to the cold waters of the Antarctic

• Adélie Penguins - breed and raise their young farther south than any other penguin, on the continent of Antarctica

• Gentoo Penguin - third largest penguin found on the Antarctic Peninsula as well as many sub-Antarctic islands

• Chinstrap Penguins - live on large icebergs on the open ocean; sometimes called "Stone cracker Penguins" because of their high-pitched call

• Rockhopper Penguin - they live on rocky shorelines where they make burrows and nest; have no natural land-based predators because they inhabit harsh environments

• Macaroni Penguins - most numerous species of penguin with 18 million individuals

African Penguin

• also known as the black-footed penguin

• only penguin species found on the African continent

• allopreening, preening each other, can commonly be observed in African penguins because they cannot easily preen their own heads and necks

Humboldt Penguin

• most northern-dwelling penguin species and breed on the coastlines of Peru and Chile

• named after the cold water current that it spends most of it's time swimming in, which is itself named after the explorer, Alexander von Humboldt

CHAPTER 9 MARINE MAMMALS

Northern Elephant Seal

Harp Seal

Sea Otter

Walrus

• Largest pinniped

• Upper canine teeth are modified into long tusks in both sexes

P. Killer Whale

Q. Narwhal

S. Sperm Whale

marine biology exam practice - paramorina...porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora, mollusca porifera...

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