socialur mecnierebaTa seria

konstituciis

diskursuli

legitimacia

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

marina musxeliSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 9 - 0

constitutionalism, human rights and other principles, underlying political system. However they tend to see these differently, to prioritize different aspects and to make different emphasizes. Each of these four discourses can go to extreme and become intolerable to the other three, but they can also come close to each other and to form healthy context of political competition and deliberation.

50

s a r C e v i

I kvira: Teoria da meTodologia 7

I mecadineoba

konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,

respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi 7

II mecadineoba

kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursuli

tranzitologia da demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvreba 10

TurqeTisa da amerikis politikuri

sistemebis diskursiuli SedarebiTi analizi 13

II kvira: saqarTvelo 15

I mecadineoba

saqarTveloSi konstituciis sajaro legitimacia 2004 wlis magaliTze 15

1. konstituciuri cvlilebebis

ganxilvis dinamika da procesis monawileni 15

2. ra mimarTulebiT cvlilebebi? Sinaarsobrivi mxare 18

3. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi: pirovnebebi Tu institutebi 20

4. ratom cvlilebebi? legitimacia da delegitimacia 21

5. saxelmwifos legitimacia, adamianis uflebebi,

kanonis uzenaesoba, redistribucia da ganviTareba 23

6. partia da saxelmwifo; axali droSa 26

II mecadineoba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi 30

kvlevis meTodologia 30

Sedegebis mokle Sejameba da Teoriuli ganzogadeba 34

saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri diskursebis analizi 36

3

1. opozicioneri-konstitucionalisti 38

2. modernizatori 38

3. marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti 39

4. humanisti tradicionalisti 39

daskvna 42

CONSTITUTION AND ITS DISCOURSIVE LEGITIMATION 47

4

is something, that population of given society thinks it is. Correspondingly political institutions should be designed out of perceptions of population about what these institutions. Only communicative and competitive efforts of population, straggling to represent itself through the social contract, can produce that kind of constitution, which will be followed by its citizens and abided by government. In other words, institutions have outputs, which depend not only on a design of these institutions, but also on a process, by which the institutions were adopted. 3. Case Study: Georgia, constitutional amendments of 2004. In January-February of 2004, after the Rose Revolution, constitutional amendments were adopted, changing structure of central governance. Post of Prime Minister was introduced, and cabinet system of governance changed former arrangement, where the President was the Head of state and the government at the same time (so called American model). Correspondingly the Presidents acquired right to dismiss Parliament in a case of governmental crises. Case study studied the process, as it was articulated in Georgian media. It showed what kind of arguing emerged between government and its opponents. It also studied context of these debates – what kind of development was underway in legitimation of state, economic relations and other fields, relevant to the constitutional arrangement. The principles of constitutionalism were stressed by the opponents of government, who opposed constitutional amendments, Contrary to them government was emphasizing necessity of rapid development, effective governance, overcoming difficult period, et. The main direction of the debates followed traditional dominant public discourse in Georgia: legitimation and delegitimation, rather than constructive political competition: government legitimizing its (often non-constitutional) actions by the values of development and effective rule; opposition de-legitimizing government by accusations in dictatorship, concentration of power, violation of human rights, ets. This type of relationships among ruling authorities and society is stable feature of public space in Georgia, which did not change after the revolution. To develop into the more regular, electoral liberal democracy, based on constitutional checks on power, public discourse has to develop in one of two directions: a. to shift from the watchdog function only to the more positive and participatory style of policy deliberation. That means, that it should react not ex-post, criticizing government, but ex-antre, directing government through public opinion formation, what should be done and how. b. Media and civil society should withdraw from the central place in political struggles in Georgia, providing public space for party competition. In this case all people, who have strong political perceptions, express themselves not only in a public, that means, without taking any responsibility, but also struggle for power and potentially express readiness of taking responsibility of governance. Those who participate in a public as members of civil society take function of neutral observers (i.e. journalists), helping general public to make sense from political competition. Unfortunately, public space in Georgia is not developing in either of these two directions. It means, that political system has taken stable form, which has revolution-like events as its stable characteristic. This is legacy of Soviet system, having such features, as party-state rule, strong concentration of power in hands of one leader, low legitimacy of private sphere, et. These legacies were well represented in a period of constitutional debates by such initiatives, as changing state flag and struggling with corruption. Both discourses were included in a study as an important part of development. 4. Political perceptions of Georgian population. Research on constitutional issues, as they appear in Georgian political a latent discourse was based on application of specific technology, provides picture of ideal type political discourses, existing across Georgian society. The research is based on Q-methodology. It was conducted as following: several discussion groups were conducted both in Tbilisi and regions; Texts of the groups were transcript and split into separate phrases. These phrases (expressions) were classified by specific technology according specific discourse parameters, and from each category 4 expressions were selected. Finally, 64 phrases formed Q-sort, which was used to question respondents. Results were processed with the specially designed statistical program. Finally four ideal type discourses were identified. This discourses form four quarters of two-dimensional field, which provides useful tool to think of Georgian society and its perceptions. As the research demonstrates, all Georgians are in favor of rule of law, democracy,

49

Brief outline 1. Institutional peculiarities of new democracies: as it is widely observed third wave of democratization produced regimes, which have formally applied institutions of democracy and market economy, but this institutions work differently, than in Western social context. Many authors refer to the peculiarity of Western experience, where formal political institutions are uneasy mixture of three political traditions – democracy, liberalism and republicanism. Liberal constitutional principles, as Zakaria points out, were established there far before democracy. Principles of limited government, which is core principle of constitutional arrangement of power, comes in contradiction with the principles of people’s democracies, which are more traditional for the post-Soviet space. First lecture will be devoted to the principles of constitutionalism and to their origins in political thought and historical context of the West. To underline peculiarity of post-Soviet development, several comparisons will be emphasized: constitutionalism vs. democratic centralism; pluralism vs. state ideology; multiparty system vs. party-state system, et. Specific knowledge, such as presidential, semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, majoritarian and proportional rule, et. will be touched in brief, provided that not all students will be aware of these theories. Specific focus will be made on constitution. A country’s constitution defines how a country’s political system is organized. The constitution, if abided by, builds a “skeleton” of politics by setting the rules and laws of political action that in turn prescribe norms of conduct and strategies of action for the participants in political processes. The participants in political processes, for their part, have their own expectations of the political system, know what is the most valued and why a given political system is acceptable or unacceptable for them. The process of such interaction between the constitution and the citizens establishes the genuine essence and significance of the constitution to society, reveals its strong and weak points and outlines the prospects of its further reform. Society, on its turn, is a space where people who have subjective views and opinions interact. While interacting with each other and the institutions of the political system, citizens draw up their own versions of reality that are tinted by their own political views and ideologies. Therefore such notions as democracy, law, constitution, etc. may carry different meanings and may have different values for different people. Thus, apart from being heterogeneous, political society consists of large groups of people whose views are more or less similar and who evaluate political developments in a similar manner. Such a cohesive systems of political views are referred to as political discourses. 2. New democracies of the third wave of democratization have developed as a project, heavily influenced by institutional approach as a main principle of democratization policies. Theoretical thinking of new democracies also is based mostly on this (institutional) methodology of research. Both create problems and have limitations, which do not allow practitioners and researchers to overcome gap between formal arrangement and real functioning of these institutions, which is far from expected standards. This extreme of activities, which is highly optimistic in its expectations, produced reaction, which goes to the opposite extreme. The opposite, conservative opinion and stream of research concentrates on political culture. It produces pessimistic perspectives for new democracies, saying, that political culture of given societies is not favorable for democracy, and that functioning of the institutions of democracy cannot be achieved there due to the civilization differences and peculiarities of the correspondent societies. The middle way between these two extremes is exemplified by discursive approach to democracy research, and correspondent flexible policies of democracy building. This approach is aiming to study neither separately institutions, nor political culture, but takes them in their interrelation. It studies discursive fields – institutions taken with their meaning for society. Being phenomenological, rather than empirical, this approach has advantages and disadvantages as well. In terms of measurement, labeling and comparison, it does not provide criteria for democracy practitioners and democracy researchers, which could serve as a checking point for the success or failure in democracy building activities in a given country. Positive side of this is that from discursive perspective the process should not be measured in teleological manner, as a linear development with the known in advance output. Democracy is not what experts think it is. Democracy, according to the discursive approach,

48

seminaris aRwera

seminari Sedgeba 8 mecadineobisgan 4 kviris ganmavlobaSi.

pirveli kvira - 2 seminari daeTmoba Teoriuli cnebebisa da midgomebis Seswavla-

gameorebas

1. konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,

respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan

mimarTebaSi

2. kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursuli

meore kvira - saqarTvelo da kvlevebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb — 2 seminari daeTmoba

saqarTvelos realobis Seswavlas.

1. Case Study — 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebi

2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi — diskursuli

analizi

mesame kvira — saseminaro muSaoba; iqneba ganxiluli konkretuli sakiTxebi,

studentebi ufro Rrmad Caswvdebian problematikas da SeimuSaveben sakuTari

prezentaciebis sakiTxebs; miiReben rekomendaciebs damatebiT sakiTxav

literaturasTan dakavSirebiT.

meoTxe kvira — studentebis prezentaciebi da maTi namuSevrebis garCeva.

seminaris mizani

seminaris mizania studentebma SemoqmedebiTad Seiswavlon diskursuli analizis

meTodi da SeiZinon damoukidevbeli analizis unar-Cvevebi. studentebma unda

SeZlon daukavSiron erTmaneTs sxvadasxva disciplinaruli cnebebis

urTierTdakavSireba da maTi gamoyeneba realobis saanalizod.

Sefaseba:

daswreba— 30%

monawileoba da Teoriuli nawilis aTvisebis demonstrireba — 40%

prezentacia da werilobiTi referati — 30%

sakiTxavi literatura:

1. qrestomaTia politikis TeoriaSi, romelic momzadda 2004 wels;

2. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

3. Dryzek, John S. Holmes, Leslie, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political

5

Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press

4. G.O'Donnell. 1998 Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3

5. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 2000

6. Sartory, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 1994

7. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University Press, 1997

8. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. by Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997

9. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 2000

10. Norberto Bobbio Democracy and Dictatorship

11. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 1997

12. farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRweveba”, sazogadoeba da

politika, N3, CIPDD, Tbilisi, 2000

6

Marina Muskhelishvili

CONSTITUTION AND ITS DISCOURSIVE LEGITIMATION Description of workshop Workshop will consist of 8 two-hour meetings, held during 4 weeks. Week 1: 2 lectures will be devoted to theoretical concepts and approaches:

1. Constitution and political institutions in their relationship with liberal, republican and democratic political traditions;

2. Methodology of research: institutional vs. discursive approaches Week 2: Case of Georgia, and research about Georgia – 2 lectures

1. Case Study – Constitutional amendments of 2004 2. Political perceptions of Georgian population –discourse analyses

Week 3 – seminars. Specific aspects and issues will be considered; students will get better understanding of specific problematic and will work out topics for their own presentations. They will also get consultancy and recommendations concerning additional reading.

Week 4: Presentations by students and discussions. Aims of Workshop The workshop is aiming to teach students creative fluency in methods of discourse analyses and to practices skills of independent research. Students should demonstrate the ability to compare to each other concepts, which derive from different disciplines and the ability to use them, when analyzing reality. Evaluation Attendance – 30% Participation and comprehension of theoretical concepts - 40% Presentation and essay – 30% Bibliography

13. qrestomatia politikis TeoriaSi, romelic momzadda 2004 wels; 14. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The

Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990. 15. Dryzek, John S. Holmes, Leslie, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political

Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press 16. G.O'Donnell. 1998 Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of

Democracy, v.9, N.3 17. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 2000 18. Sartory, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry into

Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 1994 19. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University

Press, 1997 20. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. by

Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997 21. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to

Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 2000

22. Norberto Bobbio Democracy and Dictatorship 23. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, Cultural, Economic and

Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 1997 24. farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRweveba”, sazogadoeba da politika, N3, CIPDD,

Tbilisi, 2000

47

1 diqtatura ar niSnavs imas, rom romelime adamianis ufleba darRveulia.

es niSnavs imas, rom erTi adamiani flobs mTlianad Zalauflebas 0 0 -6 2

56 konstitucionerma unda daicvas konstitucia da kanonebi, xolo

Cveulebrivma adamianma adamianurad unda icxovros 0 -5 1 6

34 Caideba konstituciaSi religia Tu ara, amas didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs.

xar marTlmadidebeli da xa.r, iq ewereba Tu ara, amas mniSvneloba ara aqvs -1 -1 -6 0

54 dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti, amitom prezidentma unda aiRos Tavis

Tavze pasuxisgebloba da mas unda hqondes gansakuTrebuli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba -5 0 6 -2

46

I kvira: Teoria da meTodologia

I mecadineoba

konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,

respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan

mimarTebaSi

jer kidev 1997 wels cnobili analitikosi farid zaqaria werda, rom msof-

lios sul ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi “demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebi...

ugulebelyofen maTi Zalauflebis konstituciur farglebs da sakuTar moqa-

laqeebs ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs arTmeven”1. demokratizaciis

mesame talRam msoflioSi axali fenomeni, axali tipis reJimi warmoqmna, romel-

sac araliberaluri demokratiis saxeli ewoda. am reJimma iseTi maxasiaTeblebi

SeiZina, romlebic Zvel liberalur demokratiebSi ar iyo warmodgenili. Zveli

dasavluri demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT, am reJimebSi masobrivi demokratia da

sayovelTao xmis ufleba ufro adre da safuZvlianad damkvidrda, vidre

konstituciuri liberalizmi: “demokratia yvavis, konstituciuri liberalizmi

ki — ara”2. sayovelTaod arCeuli, popularuli mmarTvelebi ar eridebian imas,

rom parlamentebsa da konstituciis CarCoebs gverdi auaron, qveyana sapre-

zidento brZanebulebebiT marTon, saxelmwifo aparati opoziciisa da Tavisu-

fali presis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebi Se-

laxon. es movlenebi mraval da mraval qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli, rogorc

laTinur amerikaSi, ise yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi. regularuli da sayo-

velTao arCevnebis Catareba am qveynebSi ver uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas,

korufciis SezRudvasa da karg mmarTvelobas Zalauflebis konstituciur

CarCoebSi. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs saqarTveloc unda mivakuTvnoT.

demokratia, konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi araliberalur demokra-

tiebSi erTmaneTTan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi modis. saqme isaa, rom kons-

titucionalizmi da liberalizmi, orive, arsebiTad, xelisuflebis SezRudvis,

SezRuduli mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxiereben, xolo de-

mokratia xalxis umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebis

maqsimalur akumulirebasa da gamoyenebas eswrafvis. maSin, roca Zvel demok-

ratiebSi demokratiis, konstitucionalizmisa da liberalizmis principebi

garveul dabalansebul sistemas qmnis, axal demokratiebSi demokratiis prin-

cipebi aSkarad Warbobs da Zirs uTxris liberaluri demokratiis arsebobisTvis

aucilebel danarCen komponentebs3: “demokratiulad arCeul mTavrobebs axa-

siaTebT imis dajerebis tendencia, rom maT absoluturi Zalaufleba ekuTvniT,

aman ki SeiZleba Zalauflebis centralizacia gamoiwvios”.4 imave movlenas aRwers

gilermo o’doneli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom Zlier liderebs, romlebsac

sjeraT, rom xalxis saxeliT laparakoben, gulwrfelad ar esmiT, ratom unda

dauqvemdebaron Zalaufleba konstituciur SezRudvebs, Tu maTi saqmianoba

(rogorc wesi, es korufciasTan brZolas exeba), xalxisTvis sikeTis momtania5.

1 farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRzeveba”, sazogadoeba da politika, N3, CIPDD,

Tbilisi, 2000 (Foreign Affairs, 1997, N6), gv.27. 2 iqve, gv.28 3 gilermo o’doneli, zaqariasgan gansxvavebiT, erTmaneTs upirispirebs ara demokratiasa

da konstituciur liberalizms, aramed xazs usvams liberalur demokratiaSi demok-

ratiis, liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis politikuri tradiciebis Tanaarsebobis

aucileblobas. es sxvaoba midgomebSi, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, gadaulaxavi ar aris,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom konstitucionalizmi swored respublikuri azrovnebis

produqts warmoadgens. 4 iqve, gv. 35-36 5 G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998

7

axali demokratiebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom araliberalur demok-

ratiebSi konstitucionalizmis damkvidreba bevrad ufro Znelia, vidre met-

naklebad samarTliani arCevnebis Catareba. tokviliseulma gafrTxilebam, rom

xalxis umravlesobis nebam SeiZleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba SezRudos, axal

demokratiebSi TvalnaTlivi institucionaluri gansaxiereba pova. Tumca, es

dilema postsabWouri sivrcisTvis arc axalia da arc ucnobi.

“saxalxo demokratiad” wodebuli sabWoTa reJimis konstituciaSi bevri

liberaluri Rirebuleba iyo deklarirebuli, romlebic arasdros reali-

zebula, gansakuTrebiT, totalitarizmis periodSi6. garda amisa, konstituciis

arseboba, Tundac is srulad iyos realizebuli, TavisTavad ar niSnavs

mmarTvelobis konstitucionalizmis principebze agebas. sabWoTa kavSiris kon-

stitucia Zalauflebis koncentraciis SezRudvis principebis ganxorcielebas

ar iTvaliswinebda. piriqiT, is amkvidrebda komunisturi partiis mmarTvel rols

sazogadoebaSi da demokratiuli centralizmis principebze agebul mmarTve-

lobas efuZneboda. gansxvavebuli iyo sabWoTa samarTlis filosofiac. Tu

komunisturi partiis mmarTveloba saxelmwifo aparats amyarebda, misi ideo-

logia sabWoTa kanonis wyaros warmoadgenda, samarTlisa da konstitucio-

nalizmis sanacvlod. kanonis idea iyo ara uflebebis dacva, aramed _ marTulTa

daqvemdebareba saxelmwifo Zalauflebisadmi mmarTveli partiis mier gansaz-

Rvruli miznebis misaRwevad. kerZo adamiani da kerZo sfero garkveul legi-

timacias mxolod bolo, post-totalitarul periodSi iZens, rodesac sustdeba

ideologiis gavlena da sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Zalismieri meTodebi.

Tu sabWoTa dros legitimuri iyo Zalauflebis koncentracia komunizmis

misaRwevad da “amerikis dasawevad da gasaswrebad”, ratom ar unda iyos

legitimuri misi koncentracia postsabWoTa periodSi swrafi reformebis

gasatareblad da “evropis” dasawevad? Tu legitimuri iyo “eqspropriatorTa

eqspropriacia” da mSromelTa mZarcveli kapitalistebis ganadgureba, ratom ar

unda iyos legitimuri “ukanonod miTvisebuli qonebis” yvela xerxiT amoReba?

Tu legitimuri iyo saxelmwifos ageba mmarTveli ideologiis sawyisebze, ratom

ar unda aigos saxelmwifo ganaxlebuli ideologiis sawyisebze axla?

demokratia, rogorc xalxis mmarTvelobis Teoria, am kiTxvebze pasuxs ver iZ-

leva, Tuki is moklebulia liberalur da respublikur komponentebs,

konstitucionalizmisa da kanonis uzenaesobis principebs. qvemoT vnaxavT,

rogor upirispirdeba erTmaneTs es midgomebi da principebi Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos politikur diskursSi.

qveynis konstitucia gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor aris mowyobili am qveynis

politikuri sistema. konstitucia, Tuki is sruldeba, qmnis politikis “ConCxs”,

politikuri moqmedebis wesebsa da kanonebs, romlebic politikuri procesis

monawileebs maTi qcevis normebsa da taqtikas karnaxobs. politikuri procesis

monawileebma, Tavis mxriv, ician, Tu ras moelian isini politikuri sistemisgan,

ras aqceven yuradRebas yvelaze metad da ratom aris mocemuli politikuri

sistema maTTvis misaRebi Tu miuRebeli. konstituciisa da moqalaqeebis am

urTierTqmedebaSi dgindeba konstituciis namdvili arsi da mniSvneloba sazo-

gadoebisTvis, vlindeba misi susti da Zlieri mxareebi, ikveTeba misi Semdgomi

gardaqmnis perspeqtivebi.

diskursuli analizisas sazogadoebas vikvlevT rogorc subieqturi Sexedu-

lebebisa da warmodgenebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis sivrces. urTierToben

ra erTmaneTTan da politikuri sistemis institutebTan, moqalaqeebi sinam-

dvilis sakuTar suraTs xataven, romelic Seferilia mocemuli individis

politikuri SexedulebebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. amitom, iseTi cnebebi,

rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, demokratia, kanoni, konstitucia da a.S. sxvadasxva

adamianisTvis SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis fenomenebs

warmoadgendes. amdenad, politikuri sazogadoeba ara Tu erTgvarovania, aramed

6 sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi totalitaruli da posttotalitaruli periodebis erTma-

neTisgan gancalkeveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan saxelmwifos, reJimisa da kanonis legi-

timaciam am ukanasknel (posttotalitarul) periodSi seriozuli transformacia

ganicada.

8

16 Tu kanonmdebloba erT pirovnebazea morgebuli, maSin mas SeiZleba ara

Tu prezidenti, aramed monarqi vuwodoT 4 2 0 -2

46 xelisuflebas Tu viRaca qvemodan ar mosTxovs, isini erTmaneTSi

yovelTvis SeTanxmdebian da Zalian bednierad icxovreben 5 1 1 -3

41 dRes SeiZleba vicodeT, ra aris Cveni ufleba, magram, samwuxarod,

maT ganxorcielebas sxva faqtorebi gansazRvravs 3 1 -2 -4

58 . saqarTvelos problema is aris, rom warsuliT vcxovrobT. warsuliT

cxovreba ar unda iyos, adamiani unda cxovrobdes dRevandeliT,

xvalindelze fiqriT -1 3 0 -5

55 me unda viyo Cemi uflebis ardarRvevis sadarajoze. me unda movuaro

am problemas 1 -1 -3 5

27 Cveni parlamenti erTpartiulia da, bunebrivia, rom gava is, rac unda

mTavrobas, Tundac xalxisTvis ar iyos misaRebi 4 0 -3 -2

63 pirvel rigSi unda gaerTiandes saqarTvelo da Semdeg vilaparakoT

konstituciaze -1 -3 4 4

50 CvenTvis am etapze, yvelaze kargia diqtatura _ erTi gamokveTili

Zalauflebis mqone adamiani, romelic SeZlebs winaaRmdegoba gauwios

im patara Cinovnikebs, romlebic darbian da cdiloben TavisTvis

rac SeiZleba meti moixveWon -5 -5 1 -5

40 evropis qveynebSi bevrma ar icis, vin aris prezidenti, radgan iq

prezidenti petre iqneba Tu pavle, amiT Zireuli cvlilebebi ar moxdeba 0 -3 -5 2

18 qarTveli xalxi, saerTod, iseTi xalxia, rom unda yavdes erTi

mmarTveli -4 -3 4 -4

44 vinc kanons daarRvevs, is midis win, da vinc amas ver akeTebs, is sawyalia,

mouxerxebelia, patiosania da sacodavi 1 0 -3 -6

32 yvelaferi aewyoba, Tuki yvelas eqneba samsaxuri da gadasaxads gadaixdis,

maSin Seivseba es biujeti da saxelmwifo dadgeba fexze -1 4 6 1

33 yvelaferi momwons, rac aris kargi, magram qarTuli mentaliteti iseTi

ramaa, rom germanuli da amerikuli, inglisuri da iaponuri aq

saqarTveloSi ar gamomadgeba 2 -1 5 5

4 konstitucia qveynis ZiriTadi kanonia, romelic gansazRvravs am

saxelmwifos politikur Tu sazogadoebriv wyobas, agreTve TiToeuli

moqalaqis uflebebs 2 6 -3 3

8 demokratia diqtaturisgan gansxvavdeba mxolod imiT, rom sazogadoebis

raRac nawils SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze 0 0 5 -5

37 am axal periodSi ukve raRac Zvrebi aris, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

vicxovroT marTla konstituciis Tanaxmad -6 -1 0 1

38 es konstituciuri cvlilebebi iyo saWiro. imitom, rom axalgazrdoba

movida, energiiT savse da Zalian kargi, mcodneebi arian -5 -3 2 1

42 dRes mTavaria xelisuflebidan wamosuli direqtivebi, gavleniani nacnobebi

da a.S.. igive xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad emorCilebian

kanons da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris kanonis uzenaesoba 5 1 -4 -2

31 damnaSaves pasuxi agebine. am mTavrobis xelSi pasuxnagebi me jer aravin

ar minaxavs, SevardnaZiT dawyebuli 2 -2 -2 -6

30 SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTveloSi ver gaigebdi, vin iyo

ufrosi da vin - umcrosi. axali xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg, ukve

midian dasavluri sistemisken -4 1 -5 3

17 is droSa, romelic dRes frialebs, aris nacionaluri moZraobis droSa 3 -5 1 -1

35 sworia, rom Cqara ganxorcielda konstituciuri cvlilebebi, qveyana

konstituciur vakuumSi iyo. revolucia moxda da sxva gamosavali ar iyo -6 2 -1 0

45

62 Tu Cven gvinda saxelmwifod yofna, modiT, adamianis uflebebs

davaneboT Tavi. es aris Semogdebuli Tema, raTa daingres

saxelmwifoebi da mivideT kosmopolitizmamde -2 -4 -2 -4

47 daviT aRmaSenebels yvelaze didi problemebi Seuqmna swored

zedmetad gaZlierebulma regionebma -2 2 -1 -1

22 exla ar aris komunizmi, rom adamianma raRac ver Tqvas da ver

gamovides xmamaRla. amis gamo aravin ar mogklavs da araferi -3 -2 1 0

48 konstitucia ar unda moqmedebdes, rogorc iuristebma ician — undaT

aqeT moabaven qoTans yurs, unda - iqiT. konstitucia calsaxad unda

iyos gaSifruli 6 4 0 3

21 xalxis mmarTveloba, anu ideaSi, rac aris demokratia, ubralod ver

iqneba verasodes. iqneba yovelTvis xelisufleba da xalxi 3 1 -1 0

57 sakadro politikaSi udidesi mniSvneloba unda eniWebodes pirovnul

faqtors, vinaidan Tu pirovneba ar aris Cveneburi gagebiT dadebiTi,

misi daniSvna arafers Secvlis 0 1 -1 -3

3 konstitucia es aris politikuri traqtati, romelzec eri momavlis

Senebis perspeqtivas afuZnebs 2 5 3 0

60 xalxis mier arCeul prezidents da parlaments maqsimalurad didi

uflebebi unda hqondeT, xolo premier-ministrs, romelic daniSnulia,

maqsimalurad unda SeezRudos uflebebi -3 -2 2 -1

51 sanam kanonebi ar gveqneba, arc xelfasi gveqneba, arc saWmeli,

arc sasmeli -2 -2 2 1

20 konstituciis bevri ram irRveva, imitom, rom ar aris obieqturi

sasamarTlo sistema 3 4 0 -1

26 xalxis 90 procenti mainc ocnebobs imaze, rom cota korumpirebuli

mainc iyos, es realobaa -3 0 -2 2

25 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac borotmoqmedis dasja da borotmoqmedisgan

sazogadoebis dacva moiTxovs konstituciis darRvevas -1 -2 -4 1

24 aseTi revoluciebi, rogoric CvenTan moxda - vardebis revolucia,

yovelTvis iwvevs konstituciur cvlilebebs -3 2 2 1

43 Tu kargi diqtatori xar da Sen xalxs kargi raRaceebi daanaxe,

Tu Seni saqmianobiT xalxi karg mdgomareobaSia, didi ramea exla, diqtatori -3 -6 -2 -2

6 parlamentis mxridan mTavrobis kontrolis ZiriTadi berketi aris

misdami undoblobis gamocxadeba -2 3 -2 -3

11 konstituciuri mowyobis ZiriTadi amocanaa xelisuflebis politikuri

mdgradobisa da efeqturobis uzrunvelyofa -2 0 1 4

15 demokratia aris mmarTvelobis forma, sadac mTeli sazogadoeba

SeTanxmebulia raRac erT faseulobaze da raRac erTi mizani aqvs 1 2 -4 -1

5 prezidentis mier parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba aris SesaZlo

politikuri konfliqtis mogvarebis gza -4 2 -1 -1

39 rac Seexeba premier-ministris sakiTxs, xalxma gansxvaveba ar icis

premier-ministrsa da saxelmwifo ministrs Soris 1 -4 1 -3

52 ar SeiZleba, xalxi, romelic awyobs revolucias da dgas quCaSi,

ijdes kabinetebSi 2 -4 -1 0

23 zog SemTxvevaSi me SeiZleba iuristze meti vicode kanonSi, vinaidan man

icis is, rac iswavla, me ki masze metad vici cxovreba -1 -6 -1 -1

2 saxelmwifos droSa aris am saxelmwifos ideologiis gamomxatveli -2 -3 1 3

19 Cveni konstitucia im rols ar asrulebs, rasac unda asrulebdes

konstitucia saerTod 4 -1 -1 -2

44

masSi arsebobs adamianTa didi erTobliobebi, romlebic met-naklebad msgavsad

fiqroben da politikur movlenebs msgavsad afaseben. sazogadoebaSi arsebul

politikuri Sexedulebebis am Sekrul sistemebs Cven aq politikuri diskursebis

saxeliT movixseniebT. konstituciis legitimaciis analizisas saWiroa sazo-

gadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri diskursebis gamokveTa da

Seswavla. demokratiis erT-erT ZiriTad principad unda miviCnioT is, rom

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela Sexeduleba uflebamosilia sakuTari wvlili

Seitanos qveynis politikuri sistemis formirebasa da funqcionirebaSi.

araliberaluri demokratia, rogorc vTqviT, konstitucionalizmisa da

liberalizmis naklebobas ganicdis da iswrafvis mTeli Zalaufleba arCeuli

lideris xelSi moaqcios. SemdgomSi Cven am dilemas saqarTvelos magaliTze

ganvixilavT. Cveni mizani iqneba aviRoT erTi case study, 2004 wlis sakonstitucio

cvlilebebi, da gavaanalizoT isini ori miznis misarwevad : pirveli, da uSualo,

gavigoT institucionaluri sakonstitucio mowyobis legitimaciis sawyisebi

saqarTveloSi, da meore, viswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba amgvari sakiTxebis

kvleva.

2004 wlis konstituciuri cvlilebebis SemoqmedTa mizans aSkarad ar

warmoadgenda politikuri pluralizmis institucionalizacia da umravlesobis

nebis konstitucionalizmis CarCoebSi moqceva. piriqiT, aqcenti keTdeboda

konsolidaciaze, krizisidan gamosvlaze da maqsimalurad swrafi gardaqmnebisa

da reformebis gatarebaze. axali modelis droebiTi, gardamavali xasiaTi

ukavSirdeba im konteqsts, romelic mudmivad figurirebs sakonstitucio

ganxilvebis procesSi. es aris is, rom noembris movlenebi iyo ara ubralod

xelisuflebis cvlilebis momenti, aramed sistemuri gardaqmna, revolucia,

warsulTan radikaluri gaxleCa, sxva sistemaze gadasvla. mixeil saakaSvilis

gamosvlebSi amas mudam esmeva xazi: "ise, rogorc iyo, aRar iqneba", "up-

recedento", ~saqarTveloSi postsabWouri sistema imsxvreva~ (mixeil saakaSvili,

davosi, 22 ianvari).

erTi sistemidan sxva sistemaze gadasvla, qveynis mmarTvelTa nebiT war-

marTuli, droebiTi viTareba, romelic sayovelTao ayvavebas da bednierebas

moitans, oRond _ momavalSi, daCqarebuli ganviTareba, romelsac politikuri

xelmZRvaneloba warmarTavs da romelic civilizebul qveynebTan (am SemTxvevaSi

«evropa») dagvaaxlovebs, brZola erTi muWa «kriminalebis» winaaRmdeg,

romlebic am winsvlas xels uSlian, es yvelaferi metad tradiciulia da nacnobi

postsabWouri sivrcisTvis.

saqarTveloSi bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi sami reJimi gamoicvala, da arc

erTxel — arCevnebis gziT. arCevnebi mxolod postfaqtum tardeboda ukve

aRiarebuli xelisuflebis legitimirebisTvis. damarcxebuli politikuri Zala

arc erTxel ar darCenila politikaSi, aramed samudamo marginalizacias

ganicdida. garda zviad gamsaxurdiasi da jaba ioselianisa, yvela axali

politikuri lideri wina xelisuflebis wevric iyo. TiToeul mmarTvelobas

hyavda erTi qarizmatuli lideri, erTi mmarTveli partia da revanSis mosurne

dauZinebeli mtrebi, romelTa TvalSi xelisufleba diqtatorulia, xolo misi

legitimuroba _ saTuo da aramyari.

ratom aris saqarTveloSi swored aseTi da ara sxva institucionaluri gan-

viTareba? SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobrivi daskvnebis gakeTebis gareSe institutebi

davukavSiroT politikuri diskursis xasiaTs.

Tuki opozicia yovelTvis diqtaturis braldebiT gamodis, xolo xeli-

sufleba Tavs sasikeTo gardaqmnebiTa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTlebs

(rogorc es sami bolo reJimis dros xdeboda), maSin mosalodnelia Semdegi: sanam

xelisufleba popularulia — moxdeba mis mier Zalauflebis gadameteba (amas

mmarTvelobis saWiroebebi moiTxovs), xolo, rodesac is popularobas dakargavs

— gaCndeba revoluciuri moTxovnebi mis gadayenebaze xalxis mxridan, romelic

daujerebs opozicias imaSi, rom araefeqturobas reJimis diqtatoruli xasiaTi

ganapirobebda.

am fonze rogorc «vardebis revolucia», ise momdevno sakonstitucio

cvlilebebi gamoiyureba kanonzomierad, stabiluri sistemis nawilad, da ara am

9

sistemidan gadaxrad. am sistemis gaazreba SesaZlebelia misi arSemdgari

alternativebis dafiqsrebiT. es ar aris liberaluri demokratia, sadac

mmarTvelebi modian xelisuflebaSi arCevnebis gziT, moqmedeben konstitu-

cionalizmis CarCoebSi da arCevnebSi damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi gadadian

(droebiT) opoziciaSi momavali gamarjvebis imediT. aseTi sistemisTvis auci-

lebelia «eTikuri» politikuri partiebi, anu iseTi partiebi, romlebic

politikuri brZolisa da politikuri kamaTis wesebs ar cvlian imisda mixedviT,

arian isini xelisuflebaSi Tu opoziciaSi. es ar aris diqtatura, sadac xalxis

neba arafers niSnavs da sadac xalxi xelisuflebis Secvlas saerTod ver

axerxebs. diqtaturis damyarebas saqarTveloSi swored Zlieri da

mravalricxovani kerZo interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba. es aris sistema, romelSic

marTaven adamianebi, magram ara kanonebi.

mizezebi am mdgomareobisa SeiZleba bevr faqtorSi veZioT, magram kavSiri

institutebsa da diskursebs Soris aSkaraa. Seiqmneba Tu ara odesme iseTi

viTareba, rodesac «efeqturoba» da «samarTlianoba» erT sibrtyeSi

gadainacvlebs? SeZleben Tu ara odesme saparlamento sistemis momxreebi mis

dasabuTebas efeqturobis argumentiT, xolo saprezidento mmarTvelobis

mimdevrebi — pluralizmisa da konstitucionalizmis moSveliebiT? SeZleben Tu

ara odesme xelisufleba da misi opozicia erTi sistemis CarCoebSi konkurirebas

da ara erTmaneTis delegitimizacias? gamova Tu ara odesme saqarTvelo

«gardamavali periodis» marwuxebidan?

II mecadineoba

kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursuli

tranzitologia da demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvreba

demokratizaciis procesebis Seswavla, romelic politikuri mecnierebis

tranzitologiis qvedisciplinis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, meTodologiurad

umTavresad erTi - institucionaluri midgomis CarCoebSi warmoebs. es midgoma,

misi Tanamedrove versiis saxiT, romelic axali institucionalizmis saxeliTaa

cnobili, safuZvlad udevs rogorc kvlevebis umravlesobas, aseve, pirvel rigSi,

im taqsonomias, romelic am kvlevebs azrs aniWebs. es aris Tavad politikuri

reJimebis taqsonomia maTi demokratiuloba-arademokratiulobis Tval-

sazrisiT. disciplinis CarCoebSi “demokratia” gaiazreba rogorc reJimi (da ara

sazogadoebis an saxelmwifos maxasiaTebeli), xolo es reJimi ganmartebulia

politikur institutTa terminebSi, romelTa centralur elements warmoadgens

xelisuflebis regularuli, Tanaswori da Tavisufali arCeva sayovelTao

konkurenciuli arCevnebis meSveobiT. marTalia, dResdReobiT arsebobs

demokratiisTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebis CamonaTvalis mravali

varianti, magram miuxedavad definiciis saboloo da SeTanxmebuli variantis

ararsebobisa, empiriul kvlevebSi TiTqmis yvela gansazRvreba met-naklebad

momdinareobs da eyrdnoba demokratiis Sumpeteriseul institucionalur

gagebas.

am midgomis dominanturi pozicia ganpirobebulia ara imdenad Teoriuli

kvlevis Sida logikiT, aramed mas metwilad qmnis praqtikuli politikis

saWiroebebiT wayenebuli moTxovnebi. is iqmneba kvlevis gareTa politikuri

motivebiT. am gavlenas ganapirobebs TviT demokratiis cnebis uaRresad maRali

faseulobrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba, misi udidesi roli im sazogadoebriv

cvlilebebSi da masobriv moZraobebSi, romlebic msoflioSi xdeba. mas, agreTve,

ganapirobebs is, rom mecnierebi, romlebic demokratizaciis procesebs ikvleven,

eZeben ara imdenad Teoriul Sedegebs, romlebic martooden mecnierebas

gaamdidrebs, aramed politikur strategiebs, romlebic demokratizaciis

process xels Seuwyobs. maT sWirdebaT empiriulad xelSesaxebi da praqtikulad

10

iZleva SesaZleblobas pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad

gavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi esa Tu is Sexedulebebi. amis gageba SesaZlebeli

iqneboda mxolod damatebiTi kvlevebis CatarebiT.

tabula N 1 debulebebi, romlebic moyvanilia am tabulis marcxena svetSi, Seadgenen im

nakrebs, romelsac afasebdnen respondentebi. TiToeuli debulebis gaswvriv am

tabulaSi moyvanilia qulebi —6-dan +6-mde, romlebic asaxaven gamonaTqvamis

Sefasebas oTxi gamovlenili diskursis mier. diskursis nomeri miTiTebulia

Sesabamisi svetis TavSi. am tabulaSi 64 debuleba ganlagebulia TanmimdevrobiT

maqsimaluri konsesusisgan (yvela met-naklebad erTi azrisaa) maqsimalur

dapirispirebamde (arsebobs radikalurad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi).

faqtorebi (diskursebi)

debulebis N 1 2 3 4 nomeri

9 roca moralidan xdeba gadaxveva, konstitucia imisTvis aris, rom

es qceva miuaxlovos moralis dauwerel principebs, romlebic

kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze arsebobda 1 0 2 1

49 konstitucia unda Sesruldes yvela muxlSi. dauSvebelia, rom

SeiZlebodes konstituciis darRveva momavlis raime miznisTvis 4 5 4 2

64 konstituciis modeli unda emsaxurebodes demokratiis ganviTarebas,

politikuri konkurenciisa da politikuri azris ganviTarebas

qveyanaSi 2 3 3 4

14 demokratia aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, rodesac yvelas aqvs

garkveuli subieqturi azri, da im gansxvavebuli azrebidan

unda aiRo kargi azri 3 3 3 5

61 adgilobrivi saqme adgilzeve unda gadawydes da ar wavides TbilisSi 1 1 3 4

10 saqarTvelos konstitucia marto qarTvelebisTvis ar iwereba.

saqarTvelo mravalerovani saxelmwifoa, rac Zalian mtkivneulad

dadga exla 0 3 0 0

45 igive somxebi da TaTrebi ufro mravldebian, vidre qarTvelebi.

Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqea mTavari da ara qarTveli, maSin sul male

somexi iqneba saqarTvelos prezidenti, safrTxes vxedav me amaSi 1 -1 2 0

12 istorias marTaven ufro pirovnebebi 1 4 4 3

29 ar arsebobs, arc istoriulad da aranairad ar yofila, rom

saqarTveloSi rodesme regioni Tavis sityvas ambobdes -1 -4 -5 -4

53 mmarTveli aucileblad unda daemorCilos konstitucias. erTma

mmarTvelma rom konstitucia Secvalos, amis ufleba mas

namdvilad ar unda hqondes 6 5 3 6

36 vinc Cvenze meti icis da iuridiuli ganaTleba aqvs, iman icis,

ra doziT daarRvios kanoni, da es aris ubedureba -1 1 0 2

13 konstituciur saxelmwifoSi iseTi demokratiaa, rodesac xalxis

umravlesobas mTeli Zalaufleba ar ekuTvnis 0 -1 -3 1

28 komunistebis periodis konstituciiT, adamians hqonda yvelafris

ufleba _ dasvenebis, swavlis, muSaobis, garTobis, magram faqtiurad

araferi ar sruldeboda, es yvelaferi qaRaldze iyo -4 -1 -4 -1

7 nebismieri saxelmwifo aris Zaladobis iaraRi 0 -2 0 -3

59 unda gakeTdes ise, rom TiToeulma adamianma Tavisi Tavi saqmeSi ipovos,

saqmis keTebaSi, da ara parlamentSi eZios Tavisi Tavi 5 6 5 2

43

funqcionirebas.

saqarTvelos istoriis Tvalsawieridan es diskursi gvevlineba im midgomad,

romelic ara marto sabWoTa periodSi, aramed wina saukuneebSic, mravali gare

dampyroblis qveS saqarTvelos arsebobis dros, wesad da Cveulebad

Camoyalibda, im wesad da Cveulebad, romelmac TviTgadarCenisa da

TviTmoyofadobis SenarCunebis masobrivi strategiebi gansazRvra. is

mdgomareobs mtruli da ucxo garemosagan gamijvnaSi da ara masze zemoqmedebis

moxdenis mcdelobaSi.

am mxriv, mas mTavar oponirebas meore diskursi uwevs, romelic swored rom

sistemis SeqmniTaa dainteresebuli. meores yvelaferi imis Secvla surs, rac

meoTxesTvis TavSesafarsa da dasayrdens warmoadgens — warsuli, qarTuli

mentaliteti. Tuki meore diskursi sistemis garkveuli Rirebulebrivi

totalitarulobiT emuqreba, mesame _ diqtaturis niSnebs atarebs. amdenad, arc

mesame diskursia misTvis xsna, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul Rirebulebriv

ganwyobebs orive iziarebs. mis TvalSi, mesame diskursi, garkveulwilad,

religiuri fanatizmiTaa daavadebuli da Tavisi diqtatoruli midrekilebebiT

mas SeuZlia kerZo adamiani diqtatoris Zaladobis obieqtad gaxados. miuxedavad

yvelafrisa, meoTxe diskurss aqvs xelisuflebis ndoba, romelsac pirveli

diskursi uqarwylebs. meoTxe diskursis ganwyobas miimalos Tavis naWuWSi da

imedovnos, rom xelisufleba Tavis saqmes TviTon mixedavs, pirveli diskursi

ewinaaRmdegeba da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi poziciis dakavebisken ubiZgebs, rasac

is miCveuli ar aris.

daskvna

saqarTveloSi wina wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gvafiq-

rebinebs, rom mocemul kvlevaSi gamokveTili SexedulebaTa sistemebi sakmaod

mdgradia; maTi analogebi adre (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli samis) sxva gamok-

vlevebSic dafiqsirebula. es kidev ufro aZlierebs im mosazrebas, rom metad

mniSvnelovania maTi gaTvaliswineba konstituciuri mSeneblobis procesSi.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom respondentebis pasuxebi, socialuri molodinebis

gamo, SesaZloa ufro pozitiuria konstitucionalizmisa da demokratiis mimarT,

vidre respondentebis qceva naklebad sajaro politikur viTarebaSi, SeiZleba

Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom aq aRwerili diskursebi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

zogierTi maTganis radikaluri mimdevrebi, safrTxes uqmnian konstitu-

cionalizms. magram Tu davuSvebT, rom SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTganis

radikalizebis Tavidan acileba da maTi Sejereba, maSin davinaxavT, rom isini

qmnian normalur, jansaR politikur speqtrs, romelic analogiuria imisa, rac

SeiZleba moviZioT nebismier konstituciur liberalur demokratiaSi. maSa-

sadame, saqarTvelos problemaa ara is, rom romelime nawili sazogadoebisa

gamoiricxos politikuri procesidan, aramed is, rom Tavad am procesma xeli

Seuwyos yvela politikuri Sexedulebis saukeTeso miswrafebebis realizebas.

amgvari Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba

konstituciuri modelis SerCevas da qveynis politikuri sistemis insti-

tucionaluri mowyobis swor gansazRvras. ase magaliTad, amas xeli SeiZleba

Seuwyos ufro adekvaturi saarCevno sistemis SerCevam. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

rom tradicionalisturi politikuri SexedulebebisTvis ufro xelsayrelia

maJoritaruli sistema, xolo “antitradiculebisTvis” — proporciuli. Tu es

varaudi sworia (rac TavisTavad, damatebiT kvlevasa da gansjas moiTxovs), maSin

ras moutans saqarTvelos orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmna, sadac zeda palata

dakompleqtdeba maJoritari deputatebiT, xolo qveda — proporciuli wesiT

arCeuli wevrebiT? rogor unda ganawildes uflebamosilebebi am or palatas

Soris, rom aman ar gamoiwvios an sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis

politikuri Sexedulebebis ugulebelyofa, an konfliqti palatebs Soris?

es, ubralod, erT-erTi SesaZlo kiTxvaa, romelic am gamokvlevis Sedegebis

gaazrebisa da gamoyenebis savaraudo mimarTulebas moxazavs. kvlevis Sedegebis

analizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom mocemuli kvlevis meTodologia ar

42

ganxorcielebadi miznebi da kriteriumebi, romlebic politikosebis xelSi

moqmedebis gegmad da strategiad iqceva.

swored aseTi iyo Tavis droze demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli ganmartebis

bedic, Tumca ki Tavad ganmarteba praqtikuli miznebis mosamsaxureblad ar

Seqmnila. is, ubralod, civi omis periodSi ideologiuri dapirispirebis

artikulirebisTvis metad gamosadegi gamodga maTTvis, vinc liberalur

demokratias icavda e.w. saxalxo demokratiis sapirispirod. demokratiis ufro

tradiciuli gagebisgan gansxvavebiT (demokratia rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba),

is ar utovebda SesaZleblobas sabWouri tipis reJimebs hqonodaT pretenzia

demokratiulobaze.

demokratiis es institucionaluri, formalizebuli ganmarteba, agreTve,

gamosadegi aRmoCnda avtoritarul reJimebTan brZolis strategiis dasasa-

buTeblad. man ideologiurad daaSoriSora erTmaneTs iseTi cnebebi, rogo-

rebicaa demokratiuli reJimi, modernizebuli sazogadoeba da kapitalisturi

ekonomika da ukana planze gadaitana demokratiis mimarTeba sazogadoebrivi

mowyobis sxva aspeqtebTan. amiT man avtoritarul reJimebs gamoacala is

argumenti, rom mocemuli sazogadoeba SesaZloa demokratiisTvis mzad ar

yofiliyo. faqtobrivad, man struqturulad diferencirebuli sazogadoebis

mxolod erTi sistema gaaigiva demokratisTan, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada imis

dasabuTeba, rom amgvari sistemis danergva agrarul, ganuviTarebel Tu ub-

ralod Rarib qveynebSic demokratiis damkvidrebis tolfasi iqneboda.

magram bolo wlebis kvlevebi, da gansakuTrebiT ki mesame talRis de-

mokratiebis gamocdileba metyvelebs imaze, rom es midgoma metad gamartivebul

xedvas gvTavazobs da aRar esadageba Tanamedrove etapis arc mecnierul da arc

politikur amocanebs. demokratia dResdReobiT aRiarebulia erTaderT legi-

timur reJimad, magram rigi qveynebisa, romlebic formalurad Tu ideo-

logiurad Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis kriteriumebs esadagebian, Znelad Tu

pasuxobs dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiis idealebs, da, amave dros, arc

avtoritarul reJimebs ar warmoadgenen. am, e.w. minimaluri demokratiebis kla-

sificireba, iseve rogorc maTi Semdgomi evoluciis gzebi dRes axal kiTxvebs

badebs.

Tuki gavyvebiT robert dalis terminologias, da ganvasxvavebT demokratias

rogorc normatiul (mTeli sisruliT ganuxorcielebel) ideals poliarqiisgan,

romelic institutebis realur da realizebad nakrebs warmoadgens (nakrebs,

romelic kargad esadageba dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebis dRes arsebul

mowyobas), es problema sxvagvardac SeiZleba warmovaCinoT. niSnavs Tu ara

mocemul politiaSi poliarqiis institutebis damkvidreba demokratiis

idealebTan miaxloebas?

minimaluri demokratiebis problemasTan dabrunebisas vxedavT, rom maTi

“gansxvavebuloba” kargadaa gacnobierebuli mecnierebis mier. rogorc o’doneli

gviCvenebs, gansxvavebuli konteqstis fonze demokratiis institutebma SeiZleba

sul sxvadasxvagvarad imuSaon. ase, politiko-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

klientelisturi, partikularistuli konteqsti SesaZloa warmoadgendes urTi-

erTobaTa mdgrad modelebs, romlebic minimalur demokratias liberalur

modelad konsolidirebis saSualebas ar aZleven - imisda miuxedavad, rom reJimi

pasuxobs Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs. gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia, rom dasavlur socialur konteqstSi universalisturi agentis

arseboba win uswrebda demokratizacias, iseve rogorc dasavluri liberaluri

konstituciuri saxelmwifo ufro adre Seiqmna, vidre masobrivi demokratiebi.

ramdenad ganapiroba am konteqstma demokratiis institutebis dasavluri

funqcionaluri, normatiuli da bihevioruli specifika, da ramdenad aqvs

gavlena sxva tipis konteqstebs demokratiis amave maxasiaTeblebze sxvagan?

am kiTxvebis gaCenam Semdegi meTodologiuri gamoZaxilebi warmoSva Teoriul

kvlevebSi.

11

1. disciplinis CarCoebSi darCena: es midgoma miiCnevs, rom demokratiis

institutebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba gafarTovdes da moicvas ara marto

reJimis maxasiaTeblebi, aramed garkveuli konteqstualuri elemente-

bic. am gzas adganan is mkvlevrebi, romlebic demokratiis ganamartebas

amateben xan kanonis mmarTvelobas (rule of law) (riCard rouzi), xan

sazogadoebis struqturul diferenciacias (linci da stefani, rom-

lebic am maxasiaTeblebs latenturad konsolidirebuli demokratiis

cnebaSi deben). yvela es mcdeloba isev poliarqiis institutebis irgvliv

trialebs. ase magaliTad, o’doneli, miuxedavad imisa, rom acnobierebs

da aanalizebs konteqstis mniSvnelobas formaluri institutebis muSa-

obis analizisTvis, mainc demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvrebis

CarCoebSi rCeba da cnebis sakuTar gagebas isev da isev am centraluri

elementis irgvliv agebs. es araTanmimdevruloba meTodologiur

Secdomas waagavs, vinaidan Tuki erTi da igive institutebi sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobasa da funqcias iZenen konteqstisda mixedviT, maSin maTTvis

erTi da igive saxelis miniWeba umarTebuloa.

2. politikuri kulturis Seswavla. es gza sakmaod tradiculi da SedarebiT

nayofieri Cans. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, ronald inglehartis mid-

goma da faseulobebis msoflio gamokiTxvidan miRebuli Sedegebi. mok-

led rom SevajamoT, am gziT gamokveTilia garveuli kanonzomierebebi da

korelaciebi demokratiis funqcionirebasa, ekonomikur ganviTarebasa

daqveynis religiur da istoriul warsuls Soris. magram am midgomis

naklovaneba mdgomareobs masSi, rom is metad zogadia, da wina midgomis

sapirispirod politikurad mkveTrad neitraluri. anu, im daskvnis Sem-

TxvevaSic ki (ris safuZvelsac es gamokvlevebi iZleva), rom postsabWoTa

sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian wlebis ganmavlobaSi airCion korum-

pirebuli, arareprezentaciuli elitebi, es analizi usargebloa Sem-

dgomi demokratizaciis politikis SemuSavebis saWiroebis Tvalsawie-

ridan. is ubralod adasturebs, rom demokratizaciis saxeliT cnobili

gamowveva minimaluri demokratiebisTvis ufro metad saWiroebs moder-

nizaciul da ekonomikur gamoZaxils, vidre politikurs. magram amis

deterministuli gaziareba gvagdebs sxva ukiduresobaSi — institu-

cionaluri mSeneblobis mcdlobaze uaris TqmaSi.

3. zemoT moyvanil or midgomas Tu erTmaneTs davupirispirebT, maT Soris

Sualedur adgils daikavebs institucionaluri midgomis CarCoebis

gacdena da institutebis Seswavla maT konteqstualur mniSvnelobebTan

erTad, anu maTi legitimaciis sawyisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac ufro

diskursis analizis amocanaa. am midgomis arsi qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT

iqneba ganxiluli, aq ki mxolod mis avkargianobaze SevCerdebi. meTodis

dadebiT mxares warmoadgens institutebis mibma maT normatiul da

funqcionalur mniSvnelobebTan. es saSualebas iZleva avcdeT

demokratiis “komunizmad” gagebas - demokratis aRrevas ganviTarebis

windawin gansazRvrul elitistur gegmasTan, romelSic sazogadoeba

mxolod statistis, obieqtis rols TamaSobs. is aseve iZleva saSualebas

gadaiWras meore problema, romelic adre iyo naxsenebi -

demokratizaciis procesSi eqspertebis mier SemuSavebuli strategiebis

rolis gazviadeba. TviT cneba “demokratia” ar warmoadgens mkvlevarTa

sakuTrebas. igi mZlavr politikur datvirTvas atarebs, romelic masebis

mobilizebasa da politikur swrafvebs gansazRvravs. am sityvisTvis

12

meore diskursi miiCnevs, rom politikuri brZolebis dro damTavrebulia, da

dadga miRweuli politikuri Zalauflebis realizebis dro. politikuri dapi-

rispirebebis gagrZeleba misTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens da amdenad is gmobs

pirveli diskursis mcdelobebs, Sexedos movlenebs politikuri Tvalsawieridan

— saxelmwifo droSa ar unda iyos ganxiluli nacionaluri moZraobis droSad,

arsebuli xelisufleba — diqtaturad, xolo ZalauflebaSi revoluciiT mosuli

adamianebi — saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis uzurpatorebad. ganviTarebis swori

gezi gansazRvrulia; dadga dro, iuristebma is, ubralod, kanonebSi gadaitanon.

meore diskursisTvis did saSiSroebas warmoadgens meoTxe diskursic, romelic

SesaZloa am kanonebs ar daemorCilos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba,

mosaxleobis didi nawili, e.w. ubralo adamianebi, darCnen samarTlebrivi

regulirebis miRma da amiT daabrkolon ganviTareba. es isev korufciis wyaro

iqneba. amitom warsuli ukan unda movitovoT. kanonebis amoqmedebaSi saqar-

Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas ver davelodebiT. meore diskursi

mesamesac upirispirdeba mis orientaciaSi qarTul mentalitetze da tradiciul

Rirebulebebze. meore diskursi ar eTanxmeba konstituciaSi religiis dafiq-

sirebasac.

pirveli diskursi, meoresgan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar aris ganwyobili

Seafasos mdgomareoba, rogorc demokratiuli ganviTarebis sawindari. is aSka-

rad xedavs Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi diqtaturis niSnebs da sakuTari politikuri

uflebebis daculobis sawindarad konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebis gan-

mtkicebas moiazrebs. meore diskursi mis TvalSi bolSevikuri tipis tota-

litarizmis nairsaxeobis advokatad gamoiyureba, vinaidan politikurad

calmxrivad cvlis droSas, konstitucias da eufleba saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs.

am mxriv, meore diskurss, pirveli diskursis mixedviT, kvers ukravs mesame

diskursic, romelic miiCnevs, rom dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti da

prezidentma mTeli Zalaufleba unda itvirTos am mdgomareobidan qveynis

gamosayvanad. mesame diskursi, misi azriT, saerTod saSiSia demokratiisaTvis,

vinaidan naklebad afasebs kanonis uzenaesobis saWiroebas da ixreba

erTpirovnuli da konstitucionalizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego, mkacrad

maJoritaruli mmarTvelobisken, TiTqmis diqtaturisken. pirvelis TvalSi

meoTxe diskurss ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, is gulgrilia kon-

stituciis bolodroindeli xelyofis mimarT da ar iziarebs pirveli diskursis

SemarTebas imoqmedos politikurad anu xelisufleba xalxis kontrols

dauqvemdebaros.

mesame diskursi, meore diskuris msgavsad, imedianad uyurebs momavals,

radgan miaCnia, rom revoluciiT mosuli prezidenti xalxis umravlesobis nebas

ganasaxierebs da mis imedebs frTebs Seasxams: magaliTad, marTlmadideblur

religias gansakuTrebul statuss mianiWebs. Tumca, prezidentis Zalauflebas

SeiZleba winaRobebi Sexvdes, rac xalxis umravlesobis nebis aRsrulebas

gaarTulebs. mis TvalSi rogorc pirveli, ise meore diskursi xalxis nebis

aRsrulebas arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevs da amiT qarTul TviTmyofadobas da

identurobas safrTxes uqmnis. am diskursebs Soris is did sxvaobas ver xedavs,

garda imisa, rom pirveli saSiSia, radgan xelisuflebis opoziciuria, xolo

meore sxvanairad xedavs ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, anu zedmetad mimbaZvelia

dasavleTis. rac Seexeba meoTxes, isic safrTxes uqmnis xalxis nebis aRsrulebas

politikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis meSveobiT, vinaidan eSinia diqtaturis

da zedmetad zrunavs adamianis uflebebis dacvaze.

meoTxe diskursi iwyeba metad saintereso mtkicebiT “konstitucionerebisa”

da ubralo adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelic mravalmxrivad SeiZleba iqnes

interpretirebuli. erTi mxriv, is gvagonebs habermasiseuli sistemisa da

cxovrebis samyaros dapirispirebas da cxovrebis samyaros dacvis lozungs.

meore mxriv, is ara marto mkafiod asxvavebs kanonsa da morals (rasac

marqsistuli midgoma, liberalurisgan gansxvavebiT, ar akeTebda), aramed orives

mkafiod gamijnul samoqmedo arealebs uwesebs da adamianTa cxovrebas, pirvel

rigSi, moralis samyofelad ixilavs. da bolos, is SeiZleba gaviazroT

patnemiseul terminebiT, rogorc “amoraluri familizmi”, rac, respublikuri

cnobierebis sapirispirod, badebs korufcias da xels uSlis demokratiis

41

muSaoba (11, 46), amasTan, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs pirvel rigSi

profesionalebi unda ikavebdnen (57). korufciasTan brZolis sababiT

diqtaturis damyarebas me veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver daveTanxmebodi (50).

saxelmwifo ar unda iyos Zaladobis iaraRi (7); diqtaturasa da demokratias

Soris arsebobs didi sxvaoba, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom konstitucia unda

sruldebodes, is ar unda icvlebodes erTpirovnulad da unda iyos azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba (53, 14). kargia, rom mivdivarT dasavluri sistemisken, magram

yvelaferi iqauri aq, saqarTveloSi ar gamogvadgeba (30, 33). sulac ar iqneba

cudi, Tuki drodadro Cveni warsulisken mivixedavT da iqidanac karg magaliTebs

aviRebT (58). aseve adgilobrivi saqmeebi adgilzeve unda wydebodes da ar

midiodes TbilisSi gadasawyvetad (61), saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema

dRes Zalian mwvaved dgas (63).

ukeT rom gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ramdenad specifikuria mocemuli Sefasebebi ama

Tu im diskursisaTvis, sasargebloa, erTmaneTs SevadaroT 4-faqtoriani da 5-

faqtoriani ganawileba. ra Seicvleba, Tuki vecdebiT cotaTi ufro metad

davanawevroT SexedulebaTa speqtri? respondentebis 5 faqtorad danawilebis

SemTxvevaSi (romelic aq amdenad dawvrilebiT ar iqneba ganxiluli da mxolod

zogadad daxasiaTdeba), adre dafiqsirebuli pirveli da mesame diskursebi

praqtikulad igive rCeba. transformacias ganicdis mxolod meore da meoTxe

diskursebi. meore diskursi ganicdis radikalizacias diqtaturis mimar-

TulebiT. is ukve naklebad asxvavebs diqtaturas demokratiisgan, pozitiuri

xdeba “kargi diqtatoris” mimarT da ufro kategoriulad miiCnevs, rom

konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana aucileblobas warmoadgenda. meoTxe dis-

kursi iZens religiurobis niSnebs, kargavs nostalgiur ganwyobebs da xdeba

sakmaod kritikuli arsebuli xelisuflebisa da bolodroindeli movlenebis

mimarT. is inarCunebs Tavis tradicionalistur orientacias TviTmmarTve-

lobaze. xolo axladgamoyofili mexuTe diskursi ikavebs ufro medasavlur,

vidre tradicionalistur orientacias. amave dros, misi warmodgenebi

demokratiiisa da konstituciiis Sesaxeb imdagvaria, rom mas ufro “saxalxo

demokratia” unda vuwodoT, sabWouri tipis demokratiis msgavsad. marTalia, es

diskursi calsaxad momxrea konstituciuri demokratiisa da winaaRmdegia

diqtaturis, magram konstitucia da saxelmwifo mis cnobierebaSi bevri sabWouri

niSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. saxelmwifos droSa gamoxatavs am saxelmwifos

ideologias, konstitucia — samomavlo miznebs da morals; Tavad saxelmwifo

aris centralizebuli. es dominanti saxelmwifo “saxalxo demokratisTvis”

asatania imdenad, ramdenadac is ar gardaiqmneba diqtaturad da ar iWreba

adamianTa “cxovrebis samyaroSi”, maTi avtonomiurobis sferoSi. am pirobiT

“saxalxo demokrati” mxarSi amoudgeba arsebul xelisuflebas da miesalmeba

revoluciiT mosul mTavrobas. miuxedavad nostalgiisa Zvel droze, imedi aqvs,

rom naTeli momavali, romelsac axali xelisufleba usaxavs (“demokratia”

nacvlad “komunizmisa”), xalxisTvis sikeTis momtani aRmoCndeba.

5-faqtoriani sqemis moSvelieba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT ori

daskvna: a. religiuroba da midrekileba diqtaturisken ar aris mxolod mesame

diskursis maxasiaTebeli. meoresac, mis radikalur variantebSi, aqvs mid-

rekileba diqtaturisken, xolo konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebis momxreni

TiTqmis yvela diskursSi monawileoben. b. sabWouri droidan SemorCenili

warmodgenebi saxelmwifoze da konstituciaze sakmaod vrcladaa ganfenili; maT

Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT rogorc miznebze orientirebul antitradicionalizmSi,

aseve im winaRobebSi, romelsic mocemuli miznebis miRwevas uqmnis saxelmwifos

kontrolisgan adamianTa samyaros avtonomiurobis dacvis swrafva .

TiToeul aq dafiqsirebul SexedulebaTa sistemas aqvs rogorc keTil-

ganwyobili interpretacia — is, Tu rogor xedavs sakuTar Tavs, aseve kritikuli

xedva garedan — Tanac gansxvavebuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli diskursis

kuTxidan SevxedavT. garda amisa, SexedulebaTa TiToeuli sistema SeiZleba

zomierebisken ixrebodes da amiT uaxlovdebodes miRebul demokratiul

diskursebs, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia ganicdides radikalizacias da saSiSi

xdebodes demokratiisaTvis.

40

eqspertebis mier erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba, mniSvnelobisa,

romelic garkveul politikur strategias gulisxmobs, SeiZleba

ukavSirdebodes demokratizaciis metad ideologizebul, dogmatur

gagebas. midgomis sisuste mdgomareobs TviT meTodis sirTuleSi,

vinaidan mas Semoaqvs metad Znelad gazomvadi da gansazRvrebadi

diqotomiebi, iseTi tipis, rogoricaa codnisa da Sexedulebis,

filosofiisa da ideologiis, normisa da moralis dapirispireba, rac

iolad xelSesaxebi da gazomvadi faqtori ar aris.

qvemoT moyvanili iqneba magaliTi am meTodis gamoyenebisa, romelic

mdgomareobs TurqeTisa da aSS-s politikuri sistemebis diskursiul SedarebiT

analizSi.

TurqeTisa da amerikis politikuri sistemebis diskursiuli SedarebiTi

analizi

es magaliTi erTob egzotikuria da aqvs ufro meTodis sailustracio

daniSnuleba, vidre mecnieruli mtkicebulebis datvirTva. misi mizania

konstituciuri institutebis formalurad msgavsi, magram arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli arsis Cveneba, romelzedac zemoT iyo laparaki. am magaliTis

moyvaniT minda vaCveno, Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobs institutebis funqcionirebasa

da maT legitimizacias Soris.

TurqeTis politikuri sistema, iseve rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa,

formalurad konstituciur demokratias warmoadgens. Tumca ki, TurqeTi sxva

tipis demokratiaa. institucionaluri analiziT dakavebuli specialistis

Tvalsawieridan, es sxvaoba Cans im rolSi, romelsac Turquli demokratiis

SenarCunebaSi samxedroebi TamaSoben; igi aseve SeiZleba aRiweros liberaluri

institutebis sisusteSi, samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudulobaSi, mokled, es ar

aris im tipis sxvaoba, romlis aRwera SeuZlebelia institucionalur terminebSi.

Tumca ki amgvari aRwera bevrs arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ratom xdeba, rom am ori

qveynis erTob Tanamedrove konstituciebi sxvadasxvanairad muSaoben. am

sxvaobis arsi, Cemi azriT, ukeT gasagebi xdeba, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT am ori

qveynis politikuri sistemebis or simbolur reprezentacias: linkolnis

memorials vaSingtonSi da aTaTurqis mavzoleums ankaraSi.

am or memorials bevri saerTo niSani aqvs. orive ganlagebulia qveynis axal

dedaqalaqSi, romelic qveynis politikuri centria, magram imavdroulad ar

warmoadgens mis kulturul centrs; is viTardeba swored politikuri

institutebis erTobis saxiT. erTic da meorec ganasaxiereben pirovnebebs,

romlebic idgnen dRes arsebuli politikuri sistemis — demokratiis —

sawyisebTan; es memorialebi swored demokratiis monapovars axsenebs mnaxvels.

swored am miniSnebis gansamtkiceblad orive warmoadgens klasikuri berZnuli

stilis variaciebs Sesabamisi arqiteqturuli elementebiT.

magram maT Soris arsebobs arsebiTi sxvaobac. aTaTurqis mavzoleumi, garda

TviT mavzoleumisa, moicavs agreTve aTaTurqis muzeums. am muzeums emsaxurebian

gidebi, romlebic acnoben damTvaliereblebs mis biografias, aCveneben mis pirad

nivTebs, axseneben Rvawls da agrZnobineben am adamianis gansakuTrebulobas.

mavzoleums icavs Turquli gvardiis jariskacebi, romelTa forma (xaki TeTriT)

qmnis peizaJis ganuyofel komponents. aTaTurqis mavzoleumisgan gansxvavebiT

linkolnis memoriali gacilebiT ufro lakonuria. iq dgas linkolnis qandakeba,

xolo kedlebze amotvifrulia misi gamonaTqvamebi.

mesijebi, romlebsac damTavalierebeli iRebs am ori memorialisgan

arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. pirveli yuradRebas amaxvilebs pirovnebaze da mis

gansakuTrebulobaze, xolo meore — pirovnebis mier gaziarebul ideebze da maT

sayovelTaobaze. pirveli mesiji aris partikularistuli xasiaTis, is ar

gulisxmobs msjelobas, gansjas, aramed mxolod gaziarebas da aRiarebas, xolo

13

meore universalisturia da dikursul gagebas, kognitur, filosofiur

gaazrebas gulisxmobs.

Sesabamisad, Turquli saxelmwifo, romelic formalurad liberalur kons-

tituciur sawyisebzea agebuli, araformalurad ideologiur (politikur)

sawyisebs moicavs sabWoTa saxelmwifos msgavsad. swored aq unda veZeboT imis

mizezi, rom rule of law masSi arasruli da nakluli saxiTaa damkvidrebuli.

es magaliTi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Semdegi ori hipoTeza relevanturia

demokratizaciis procesebis Seswavlisadmi. pirveli: sabWoTa tipis politikuri

sistema istoriulad ar warmoadgens erTaderT ideologiur sawyisebze

dafuZnebul politikur sistemas, anu sistemas, romlis samarTlebrivi sawyisebi

raime tipis ideologiidan momdinareobs. saxelmwifo, romelic formalurad

liberalur demokratias warmoadgens, aseve SesaZloa araformalurad

ideologiurad iyos legitimizebuli. amasTan es ideologiuroba SeiZleba

qmnides mdgrad paternebs da ar iyos gardamavali da droebiTi xasiaTis. miT

ufro dRes, rodesac politikuri sistemis mosawyobad liberaluri demokratiis

legitimurobas alternativa ar gaaCnia.

TurqeTSi maRalia korufciis done, uaRresad dabalia ndoba poli-

tikosebisa da politikuri partiebis mimarT, xolo samxedroebisa da

armiis mimarT ndobis xarisxi Seudareblad maRalia. Tu ganvazogadebT, am

maCveneblebs da SevadarebT maT sxva ideologiuri (politikuri) demok-

ratiebis realobas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom korufciis maRali

maCveneblebi da politikosebis uaRresad dabali ndoba logikurad unda

iyos kavSirSi saxelmwifos ideologiurobasTan (politikur legiti-

mizebasTan), Tuki reJimi ar aris uaRresad mkacri da avtoritaruli (am

SemTxvevasi is SeiZleba TiTqmis totalitaruli reJimis niSnebs iZendes).

kavSirs saxelmwifos ideologiurobas da korufcias Soris am statiis

Semdgom paragrafebSi davubrundebiT.

14

umetes, rom Cveni politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi wyoba da uflebebi ukve

gansazRvrulia qveynis ZiriTadi kanoniT — konstituciiT (4). Zalian saSiSia,

rom gvyvades mmarTvelebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konstitucias da

cvlian mas erTpirovnulad, aravin unda amyarebdes diqtaturas im sababiT

rom xalxisTvis kargis gakeTeba unda (53, 43, 49). Cveni momavlis politikuri

xedva xom konstituciiTaa mocemuli (3), amitom mas unda emorCilebodes

uklebliv yvela, is unda sazRvravdes yvela adamianis cxovrebas (56). maSin

aRar gveqneba is problema rom warsuliT vcxovrobT, Cven unda

vcxovrobdeT dRevandeli dRiT, momavalze fiqriT (58). Cven xom sxva

civilizebuli erebisgan didad ar ganvsxvavdebiT (33). bunebrivia, rom

konstitucia vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Seicvala, raTa aRmoifxvras

samarTlebrivi vakuumi da saxelmwifo isev konstituciur mmarTvelobas

daubrundes (24, 35), Tanac cudi ar iyo is cvlilebebi, rac masSi Sevida:

parlamentma SeiZina mTavrobis kontrolis ZiriTadi berketi — misdami

undoblobis gamocxadebis SesaZlebloba, xolo prezidentis mier

parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba moagvarebs SesaZlo politikur

konfliqtebs (6, 5). modiT, am konstituciur cvlilebebs imas nu

davabralebT, rom axalma axalgazrda xelisuflebam is Tavis Tavze moirgo

(38), Tumca ki bunebrivia, rom isini, vinc revolucias awyobda, axla

Tanamdebobebsac ikaveben (52). is droSac, romelic saxelmwifo droSad

gamocxadda, kargia da momwons (17). qveynis winsvlas Zlieri regionebi

uSlian xels, magram wesrigis aRdgenaSi Cven am problemis mogvarebas ver

davelodebiT.

,

,

,

)

,

3. marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti

yvelaferi aewyoba, Tu konstituciaSi dafiqsirdeba marTlmadidebluri

religiis gansakuTrebuli statusi, xolo adamianebi dasaqmdebian,

gadasaxads gadaixdian, saxelmwifo biujets Seavseben da saxelmwifo

dadgeba fexze (34, 32). jerjerobiT viTareba mZimea, da amitom prezidentma

unda aiRos sakuTar Tavze mTeli pasuxismgebloba qveynis am mZime

mdgomareobidan gamoyvanaze (54); es ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTveloSi

damyardeba diqtatura (1), prezidenti xom xalxis umravlesobis nebas

gamoxatavs, da prezidentebi xom saerTod did rols TamaSoben yvelgan,

xolo qarTveli xalxi, saerTod, iseTi xalxia, rom unda hyavdes erTi

mmarTveli (40, 8, 18). saerTod, Cven iseTi mentaliteti gvaqvs, rom

yvelaferi, rac aris ucxouri, Tundac kargi iyos, SeiZleba aq,

saqarTveloSi, ar gamogvadges (33). isic ki dasaSvebia, rom dRes diqtatori

dagvWirdes, raTa xalxis interesebi davicvaT da korufcia davamarcxoT

(50), magram is mainc unda moqmedebdes konstituciis CarCoebSi, maSinac ki,

rodesac borotmoqmedebisgan icavs sazogadoebas (25). oRond konstitucia

xalxis umravlesobis Zalauflebas ar unda zRudavdes (13 ; xalxis mier

arCeul prezidentsa da parlaments maqsimalurad unda hqondes gazrdili

uflebebi, xolo daniSnul premier-ministrs _ maqsimalurad SezRuduli

(60). maSin parlamentis erTpartiuloba problema ki ar aris, aramed plusia

vinaidan demokratiis dros xalxi erTian miznebze ver Tanxmdeba, aris azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba, da am azrebidan unda aiRo erTi swori azri (27, 15, 14).

4. humanisti tradicionalisti

konstitucionerma unda daicvas konstitucia da kanonebi, xolo

Cveulebrivma adamianma adamianurad unda icxovros (56). Tumca, Cveulebrivi

adamianebi xSirad arRveven kanonebs da amis gamo iCagrebian, amitom

damnaSaveebTan brZolas axali xelisufleba cota frTxilad unda moekidos (44,

31). dResac xom xalxis 90 procenti imaze ocnebobs, rom cota mainc iyos

korumpirebuli, es realobaa (26). rac Seexeba Cems uflebebs, maT me TviTon

movuvli da davicav, dRes es problemas ar warmoadgens (55, 41). konstituciam, da

ara xalxis zewolam, unda uzrunvelyos xelisuflebis mdgradi da efeqturi

39

mesamesTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro emxroba pluralizmsa da Zalauflebis

danawilebis konstitucionalistur ideebs (sibrtyis marcxena mxare).

pirveli da meore diskursebis dapirispireba gacilebiT ufro metad exeba

mimdinare politikis Sefasebas. am mxriv, es diskursebi bevrad ufro

“politizirebuli” xasiaTiT gamoirCevian. “im droSas, romelic dRes frialebs”

nacionaluri moZraobis droSad ganixilavs pirveli diskursi, rasac

kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba meore (17). meore diskursi miesalmeba im faqts, rom

saxelmwifo struqturebi dakompleqtdes revoluciidan mosuli xalxiT, xolo

pirveli amas ar emxroba (52). pirveli diskursi kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba

mosazrebas, rom saWiro iyo konstituciuri cvlilebebis swrafad gatareba (35),

da rom prezidentis mier parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba xels Seuwyobs SesaZlo

politikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebas (5), meore diskursi ki, sakmaod dadebiTad

aris ganwyobili orive debulebis mimarT. Tumca, aRniSnuli ori diskursidan

verc erTi ver xedavs Zvrebs im mimarTulebiT, rom cxovreba konstituciis

mixedviT ewyoba, magram pirveli amaSi gacilebiT ufro kategoriulia (37).

diskursebis TvalnaTlivi warmoCenis metad efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens

am diskursebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli debulebebis gadmocema naratiuli teqstis

saxiT, romelsac Tavis naSromSi druzeki da holmsi mimarTven. TiToeuli

diskursis daxasiaTebisas, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veyrdnobiT, am diskursis

yvelaze gamokveTil mtkicebulebebs (romelTac mieca Sefaseba _6,_5,+5,+6) da

im debulebebs, romlebic mas sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs.

1. opozicioneri-konstitucionalisti

Zalian cudia, rom konstituciuri cvlilebebi ase swrafad ganxorcielda

(35). arc imis mere igrZnoba raime gaumjobeseba (37). mmarTveli aucileblad

unda emorCilebodes konstitucias, xolo konstitucia ar unda

moqmedebdes rogorc iuristebma ician — undaT aqeT moabaven qoTans yurs,

undaT _ iqiT, is calsaxad unda iyos gaSifruli; dauSvebelia, rom

mmarTveli erTpirovnulad cvlides mas da es cvlilebebic ar iyo saWiro

(53, 38, 48). naklebad veTanxmebi imas, rom istorias marTaven ufro

pirovnebebi (12), ar mgonia, rom dRes prezidentma mTeli pasuxismgebloba

unda itvirTos viTarebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo, an kanonmdebloba

sakuTar Tavze moirgos, Tanac hqondes parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba (54

16, 5), verc diqtaturas gavamarTleb im sababiT rom saWiroa korumpirebuli

CinovnikebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva (50). saerTod, Tuki qvemodan

xelisuflebas vinme ar mosTxovs, isini xalxze naklebad izruneben da

mxolod sakuTar interesebs daicaven (46), miT umetes, rom parlamenti

erTpartiulia da xSirad iq iseTi adamianebi arian, vinc sakuTari Tavi

sakuTari saqmis keTebaSi ver ipova (27, 59). magram xelisuflebisadmi

moTxovnebis wamoyeneba garTulebulia imitom, rom Cvens uflebebs xSirad

ver vicavT (41). es imitom xdeba, rom Cveni konstitucia im rols ar

asrulebs, rasac unda asrulebdes saerTod (19). Tavad xelisufleba

naklebad emorCileba kanons, xolo mmarTvelobaSi sxva faqtorebi ufro

muSaobs (42). damnaSaveebTan brZola ki gamoacxades, magram pasuxi aravis ar

agebines, SevardnaZiT dawyebuli (31), piriqiT, vinc kanons arRvevs, is win

midis, xolo revolucionerebi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs ikaveben, rac

dauSvebelia (52). revolucia ar amarTlebs konstituciis cvlilebas, da arc

demokratiis motana SeuZlia imitom, rom xalxis mmarTveloba, anu ideaSi

rac aris demokratia, saerTod miuRwevelia, rogorc Cans, samwuxarod. (24

21)

,

,

,

2. modernizatori

droa, xalxma Tavi daanebos politikosobas da yvelam Tavis saqmes mixedos

(59). rac Seexeba kanonebs, maT ufro kargad iuristebi mixedaven (23), miT

38

II kvira: saqarTvelo

I mecadineoba

saqarTveloSi konstituciis sajaro legitimacia 2004 wlis magaliTze

1. konstituciuri cvlilebebis ganxilvis dinamika da procesis monawileni

cnobili konstitucionalistis jon elsteris TqmiT, msoflioSi arsebobs

demokratiuli konstituciebi, miRebuli arademokratiuli gziT, magram ar

arsebobs demokratiuli gziT miRebuli arc erTi avtoritaruli konstitucia.7

konstituciis miRebis procesSi mniSvnelovania ori momenti: ramdenad

demokratiulia es procedura da ramdenad efuZneba axali konstituciis miReba

(Tu arsebul konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana) farTo da srulfasovan

msjelobas.

konstitucia, garda imisa, rom iyos demokratiuli, unda uzrunvelyofdes

mdgradi da efeqturi mmarTvelobis arsebobas. proceduruli TvalsazrisiT,

mdgradi da efeqturi mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis SemoReba saWiroebs, sul mcire,

am meqanizmebis irgvliv yvela gavleniani politikuri elitis SeTanxmebis

miRwevas. centraluri xelisuflebis mowyoba, pirvel rigSi, gavlenas axdens im

politikur aqtorebze, romlebic uSualod monawileoben xelisuflebis

ganxorcielebaSi. cvlilebebis miRebis momentSi xelisuflebaSi myof

politikosTa SeTanxmeba ver uzrunvelyofs modelis mdgradobas xelisuflebis

cvlilebis da momdevno arCevnebis Semdeg. amdenad, mdgradi mowyobisTvis

SeTanxmebaSi an unda monawileobdnen xelisuflebaSi im momentisTvis armyofi

Zalebic, an es Zalebi samudamod unda gairiyos politikidan; sxvagvarad,

konstituciis legitimacia iZens droebiT, gardamaval xasiaTs.

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis process ianvar-TebervalSi axasiaTebda Semdegi:

cvlilebebi muSavdeba kuluarulad da miiReba Zalian swrafad; mmarTvelobis

axali modelis SemmuSavebeli da ganmsazRvreli aris mxolod momavali

xelisuflebis sami xelmZRvaneli; politikaSi CarTuli sxva Zalebi ver axerxeben

procesis SeCerebas an sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvas; am procesis da mis

irgvliv warmarTuli debatebis qvemoT moyvanili qronologiuri aRwera naTlad

warmoaCnes im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic procesis aRniSnul maxasiaTeblebs

ukavSirdeba.

noembris saxelisuflebo krizisidan gamosvlis gzebis Ziebisas jer kidev im

dReebSi konstitucia, misi avkargianoba da SesaZlo gadamuSaveba kvlav

aqtualuri Tema xdeba. xolo „revoluciuri triumviratis“ xelSi Zalauflebis

gadasvlisTanave ikveTeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis gardauvaloba da maTi

ganxorcielebis mimarTuleba: sami lideri — mixeil saakaSvili, zurab Jvania da

nino burjanaZe — erTmaneTSi Tanxmdebian Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb. am

SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, mixeil saakaSvili xdeba saqarTvelos prezidenti, zurab

Jvania _ premier-ministri (im droisTvis jer ararsebuli Tanamdeboba), nino

burjanaZe _ parlamentis Tavmjdomare. am SeTanxmebam sajaro ganacxadis forma

miiRo, ramac mas TiTqmis sakanonmdeblo xasiaTi mianiWa. am SeTanxmebis

ganxorcielebas ki konstituciis Secvla esaWiroeboda.

vinaidan xelisuflebis axali konfiguracia, pirvel rigSi, am axali

mmarTveli elitis SeTanxmebas unda daeyrdnos, misi SemuSaveba daxurul kars

miRma iwyeba. masmedia da molaparakebis gareT darCenili is Zalebi, romlebmac

aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes noembris movlenebSi, cdiloben procesi sajaro

gaxadon. saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg (4 ianvari) iwyeba sajaro gamosvlebi

imaze, Tu ra tipis mmarTveloba iqneboda mizanSewonili saqarTvelosTvis

Seqmnil viTarebaSi. am gamosvlebSi fiqsirdeba garkveuli SeSfoTeba

7 Jon Elster, Ways of Constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge

University Press, 1997, p.125.

15

mosalodnel cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT („arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

skeptikurad uyureben momaval cvlilebebs“, I arxi), gamoiTqmeba survili

SenarCundes arsebuli sistema, xolo konstituciaSi cvlilebebi naCqarevad da

pirovnebebze morgebiT ar moxdes. xelisufleba Tavs aridebs oponentebis

kritikaze reagirebas, magram garkveuli gamonaTqvamebi, (magaliTad,

“saqarTvelos mTavroba Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT gaakeTebs [amas da amas]”. mixeil

saakaSvili, 10 ianvari), (am SemTxvevaSi) saprezidento sistemis SenarCunebaze

unda miuTiTebdes.

mas mere, rac 14 ianvars parlamenti, daCqarebuli wesiT, axal saxelmwifo

droSas amtkicebs, xolo 15 ianvars centraluri saarCevno komisia saprezidento

arCevnebis Sedegebs acxadebs, xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, ufro intensiuri

wesiT udgeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mzadebas, da es cvlilebebi kvlav

masmediis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva. kanonproeqti, romelic iusticiis

saministroSi muSavdeba, xdeba sameulis konsultaciebis sagani; 19 ianvars is

ixileba Sexvedraze zurab Jvanias, nino burjanaZis, zurab adeiSvilis, gigi

wereTlis da mixeil maWavarianis monawileobiT. imave dRes telearxebi iwyeben

laparaks imaze, rom axali kanonproeqtiT, saqarTvelos eyoleba “Zlieri

prezidenti, Zlieri premier ministri da susti parlamenti”; “parlamentis

Tavmjdomare qveynis meore piridan Camolaborantebulia da uuflebo mesame

pirad gvevlineba” (imedi, 19 ianvari). am msjelobas droebiT anelebs mixeil

saakaSvilis viziti davosSi da inauguraciis ceremonia (25 ianvari). inauguraciis

Semdeg sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilva meti intensivobiT axldeba,

vinaidan, rogorc Cans, ukve gansazRvrulia, rom mTavrobis dakompleqteba axali

konstituciis Sesabamisad unda moxdes, es ki moiTxovs, rom axali sakonstitucio

mowyoba ZalaSi Sevides araugvianes 8 Tebervlisa — sxva SemTxvevaSi mixeil

saakaSvils mouwevs 9 Tebervals parlamentisTvis ministrebis wardgena Zveli

modelis Sesabamisad.

prezidentis inauguraciis Semdeg nino burjanaZe ramdenime dRiT tovebs

saqarTvelos, rac fasdeba rogorc protesti, parlamentis uflebebis Sekvecis

sapasuxod. mxolod 1-2 Tebervals prezidenti saakaSvili, ucxoeTidan

dabrunebuli burjanaZe da zurab Jvania agrZeldeben molaparakebebs funqciebis

gadanawilebaze da parlamentis uflebebze. 2 Tebervals cxaddeba, rom

kompromisis miRweva SesaZlebelia. dRis bolosTvis sameulis erTianoba

aRdgenilia, imave dRes ikribeba sakonstitucio komisia, romelic, marTalia,

SemuSavebuli kanonproeqtis teqsts jer ar icnobs, magram, principSi, Tanxmobas

iZleva imaze, rom proeqti Sevides parlamentSi gansaxilvelad misi publikaciisa

da erTTviani ganxilvis gareSe.8

3 Tebervals ixsneba 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamentis sagazafxulo sesia

da imarTeba biuros sxdoma, romelzedac cxaddeba, rom kanonproeqti

imave kviris bolomde unda iqnes ganxiluli. dRis meore naxevarSi

kanonproeqti Semodis parlamentSi, mravldeba da miewodeba iuridiul

sakiTxTa komitets gansaxilvevlad. 5 Tebervals iwyeba kanonproeqtis

saparlamento ganxilva, romelic 6 Tebervals mTavrdeba proeqtis

damtkicebiT; proeqti saswrafod qveyndeba, rac saSualebas aZlevs

premier-ministrs, daakompleqtos ministrTa kabineti ukve axali kon-

stituciis Sesabamisad. amdenad, sakonstitucio cvlilebebis sapar-

lamento ganxilva xdeba elviseburi siswrafiT; saparlamento ganxilvis

procesi mis Sinaarsze did gavlenas ar axdens.

revoluciis gziT xelisuflebaSi mosuli Zalebi, marTalia, ar

cdiloben oponentebTan dialogis gamarTvas, samagierod, iswrafvian

xalxis umravlesobis mxardaWeris ganmtkicebas. procesis warmarTva

naCqarevad da viwro wreSi sulac ar niSnavs xelisuflebis mxridan

8 es gadawyvetileba argumentirebulia imiT, rom cvlilebebi arsebiTad imeorebs 2001

wlis gazafxulze parlamentSi eduard SevardnaZisis mier Semotanil da gamoqveynebul

kanonproeqts.

16

umravlesobis nebis SemzRudvelma konstituciam. konstituciis raobas yvelaze

didi mniSvneloba mianiWa meore diskursma, romlisTvisac konstitucia Tan

legalisturia (qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni) da Tan ideologiuri (politikuri

traqtati). am diskursisTvis konstitucia garkveulwilad saxelmwifo

ideologiis funqcias atarebs. mis msgavsad, mesame diskursic konstitucias

politikuri traqtatis rols aniWebs, oRond mas ufro xalxis umravlesobas

ukavSirebs da ara saxelmwifos. meoTxe diskursi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, metad

pragmatulia da konstituciaSi politikuri pluralizmis dacvasTan erTad,

pirvel rigSi, afasebs xelisuflebis politikuri mdgradobisa da efeqturobis

uzrunvelyofas. am pragmatizms uaryofs pirveli diskursi, romelic yvelaze

gulgrilia konstituciis raobis mimarT da ufro misi Secvlis proceduris

sakiTxebs ganicdis.

nakrebSi bevri iseTi gamonaTqvami aRmoCnda, romelic iZleva gamoyofili

diskursebis politikur SexedulebaTa mravalmxrivi analizis SesaZleblobas. es

gamonaTqvamebi moicavs damokidebulebaTa farTo speqtrs, romlebic vlindeba

adamianis uflebebis, demokratiis, diqtaturis, regionuli mowyobisa da

TviTmmarTvelobis, samarTlianobisa da sxva TemebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad,

iqmneba diskursebis Rrma analizis SesaZlebloba.

Tu davubrundebiT zemoT moyvanil organzomilebian klasifikacias,

davinaxavT, rom mesame da meoTxe diskursi aSkarad tradicionalistur

orientacias efuZneba (58, 63, 33, 61). isini, am mxriv, konservatiul xasiaTs

atareben, oRond erTi TaviseburebiT. maSin, rodesac dasavlur sazogadoebebSi

konservatiuli diskursebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia legitimaciis religiuri

sawyisebi, postsabWouri specifikidan gamomdinare, religia yvela

tradicionalistisTvis Tanabrad Rirebuli ar aris. mesame diskursi mZafrad

ganicdis marTlmadidebluri religiis statusis sakiTxs da emxroba am statusis

dafiqsirebas konstituciaSi (34), maSin, roca meoTxe diskursi indiferentulia

religiis politikuri statusis mimarT da ufro sabWouri tradiciis CarCoebSi

gaiazreba. amdenad, es ori diskursi — mesame da meoTxe — sibrtyis qveda nawilSi

unda moviazroT. pirveli ori diskursisgan gansxvavebiT, mesame da meoTxe

diskursebi ufro arian ganwyobili, ganixilon saxelmwifo droSa am saxelmwifos

ideologiis gamomxatvelad (2), naklebad mgrZnobiareni arian sakuTari

uflebebis darRvevisadmi (41), naklebad eSiniaT parlamentis erTpartiulobisa

(27) da kanonmdeblobis erT pirovnebaze morgebis (16). orive diskursi

pozitiuradaa ganwyobili dRevandeli xelisuflebis mimarT, vinaidan moswonT

axali, axalgazrda, energiuli mmarTvelebi (38), miaCniaT, rom axali xelisufleba

pirnaTlad asrulebs kanonebs (42) da sjeraT, rom kanonebis darRveva winsvlis

sawindari ar xdeba (44).

horizontalur ganzomilebaSi diskursebs Soris aseve arsebobs sxvaoba

mizanze da proceduraze orientaciebis TvalsazrisiT, oRond sibrtyis zeda

nawilSi diskursebs Soris gansxvavebas iwvevs erTi tipis sakiTxebi, xolo qveda

nawilSi _ sxva. pirveli da meore diskursi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba “vardebis

revoluciis” Semdgom konstituciaSi Setanil cvlilebebsa da saxelmwifo

droSis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo mesame da meoTxe — demokratiisa da

diqtaturis gagebis, agreTve religiis saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis konteqstSi.

Tu mesame diskursi emxroba imas, rom dRevandel gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi

prezidentma sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos mTeli pasuxismgebloba (54), da rom

qarTveli xalxi saerTod iseTia, romelsac unda hyavdes erTi mmarTveli (18),

meoTxe diskursi am debulebebs kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba. is ar iziarebs

diqtaturisa da demokratiis im gagebebs, romelsac mesame diskursi emxroba: am

ukanasknelis mixedviT, Tu erTi adamiani flobs mTel Zalauflebas da

gamoxatavs sazogadoebis nawilis interesebs, es demokratiaa da ara diqtatura

(8), anu erT xelSi mTeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba TavisTavad ar niSnavs

diqtaturas (1). miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tradicionalisturi diskursi

erTgvarad Tavs ikavebs konstituciuri cvlilebebis Sefasebisgan (SesaZloa,

sakmarisad kompetenturad ver grZnoben Tavs am sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi), es

sulac ar niSnavs, rom maT ar aqvT konstitucionalizmis principebis Sesaxeb

gamokveTili, Tanac urTierTsawinaaRmdego politikuri xedva. meoTxe diskursi

37

qarTvelebs ganixilaven, amdenad, maTTvis qveynis ganviTarebaze ufro mniS-

vnelovania qarTvelebisTvis adamianuri cxovrebis awyoba. sibrtyis zeda

marcxena meoTxedi, marjvena meoTxedis msgavsad, dasavluri nimuSebiTaa

STagonebuli, magram, misgan gansxvavebiT, maTSi ufro politikuri cxovrebis

wesebs eZebs, vidre politikuri gardaqmnebis miznebs.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT

imgvarad gansxvavdeba, rogorc am sibrtyis meoTxedebi, anu isini sakmaod

karg (Tumc, arazust) SesabamisobaSi arian moyvanili sibrtyis meoT-

xedebTan. pirobiTad Serqmeuli saxelebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vamtki-

coT, rom pirveli diskursi “modernizatori” imyofeba zeda marjvena

kuTxeSi, “marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti” _ qveda marjvenaSi,

“humanisti tradicionalisti” — qveda marcxenaSi, xolo “opozicioneri

konstitucionalisti” — zeda marcxenaSi.

1. “opozicioneri 2. “modernizatori”

konstitucionalisti”

davicvaT wavideT

liberaluri win, Sors warsulidan

demokratiuli

konstitucia

4. “humanisti 3. “marTlmadidebeli

tradicionalisti” tradicionalisti”

qarTvelebma adamianurad saqarTvelo unda

unda icxovron aRorZindes

es oTxi ganwyoba unda miviCnioT im devizebad, romlebic kargad asaxaven

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis prioritetebs.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri diskursebis analizi

SesaZlebelia Tu ara iTqvas, rom zemoT ganxiluli abstraqtuli modeli

gamodgeba realuri diskursebis aRsawerad, da saerTod, ras warmoadgenen isini?

tabula 1-Si moyvanilia is oTxi diskursi. romlebic gamoikveTa Cveni

gamokvlevis Sedegad.

zogadad, Cven mier dafiqsirebuli yvela diskursi eTanxmeba imas, rom

konstitucia unda Sesruldes yvela muxlSi da misi darRveva dauSvebelia, rom

demokratiis dros unda iyos azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da rom konstituciis modeli

unda uwyobdes xels demokratiisa da politikuri konkurenciis ganviTarebas

qveyanaSi, rom mmarTvelebi aucileblad unda emorCilebodnen konstitucias da

ar cvlidnen mas erTpirovnulad (49, 64, 14, 53). raSia sxvaoba maT Soris?

gamonaTqvamebis nakrebi, romelic respondentebis gamokiTxvas daedo safuZ-

vlad, sakmaod rTul, xSirad Rrma filosofiuri azris mqone debulebebs

moicavs. ase, qveynis konstituciis Sinaarsi, zogierTi mtkicebis mixedviT,

wminda legalisturia (4), zogierTis mixedviT — politikuri (3), is moralis

dacvas emsaxureba (9), uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis politikur mdgradobas da

efeqturobas (11), zRudavs xalxis umravlesobis Zalauflebas (13), emsaxureba

politikuri pluralizmis ganviTarebas (64). respondentebis SefasebebSi amgvari

konceptualuri gamonaTqvamebi, garkveulwilad daiCrdila politikurad ufro

aqtualuri sakiTxebiT. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moralze dafuZnebulma

konstituciam mTlianobaSi ufro dadebiTi Sefaseba miiRo, vidre xalxis

36

sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobis ignorirebas. piriqiT rogorc mixeil

saakaSvili, ise zurab Jvania cdilobs brifingebsa da interviuebSi

cvlilebebisa da daCqarebuli wesis gamarTlebas qveynis winaSe mdgari

gadaudebeli da mwvave problemebiT; rac SeiZleba Cqara unda Seiqmnas

mTavroba, romelic daiwyebs xalxis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis

Sesrulebas.9

mmarTvelobis winaSe mdgari amocanebis simwvavis gamo xelisuflebis mxridan

cvlilebebis daCqarebas oponentebi upirispireben konstitucionalizmis, kano-

nierebis da warmomadgenlobis dacvis moTxovnebs. oponentebis mxridan

gamoiTqmis mosazrebebi, rom procesi unda gaiwelos droSi, rom sakonstitucio

cvlilebebi moiTxovs ufro safuZvlian msjelobas da “met pativiscemas kano-

nierebis dacvis dapirebiT mosuli xelisuflebis mxridan“, da rom daCqarebuli

proceduris Sedegad arsebobs Zalauflebis SeuzRudavi koncentraciis saSiS-

roeba10. oponentebis azriT, darRveulia sakonstitucio moTxovna kanon-

proeqtis aucilebeli winaswari publikaciisa da erTTviani ganxilvis Sesaxeb,

xolo 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamenti vadagasulia, ar sargeblobs xalxis

mxardaWeriT da ar aris uflebamosili gadawyvitos konstituciuri mniSv-

nelobis sakiTxebi.

xelisufleba, Tavis mxriv, xalxis umravlesobis nebaze apelirebas aZlierebs

ori meqanizmiT: xelisuflebaSi armyofi politikuri Zalebis de-legitimaciiT

(erTi mxriv, nacionaluri moZraoba da mixeil saakaSvili gamoxatavs mTeli

xalxis nebas, xolo, meore mxriv, vinc ar dadga xalxis gverdze, iman politikuri

TviTmkvleloba Caidina11) da „legitimuri“ politikuri Zalebis mxridan

kritikis SezRudviT. satelevizio debatebis SezRudva, romelic 3 Tebervlidan

iwyeba12, ukavSirdeba ara imdenad sxva partiebisgan Tu politikuri Zalebisgan

kritikis acilebis survils, aramed „revoluciur ZalebSi“ ganxeTqilebis

saSiSroebas. am dReebSi mosalodneli dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad

cxaddeba „nacionaluri moZraobisa“ da „burjanaZe-demokratebis“ erT partiad

gaerTianebis Taobaze (rasac praqtikuli xorcSesxma im periodSi ar ewera),

magram es ar Svelis konstituciis irgvliv „revoluciur ZalebSi“ konsesusis

miRwevas. cxare Tavdasxma sakonstitucio proeqtze Tina xidaSelis, giga

bokerias (rusTavi2, 2 Tebervali) da koba daviTaSvilis mxridan (gadadga

nacionaluri moZraobis politikuri mdivnis Tanamdebobidan im motiviT, rom „ar

SeiZleba konstitucia ergebodes adamianebs da ara piriqiT, adamianebi unda

ergebodnen konstituciebs“, 3 Tebervali) safrTxes uqmnis mmarTveli Zalis ara

marto erTianobas, aramed legitimurobasac, mis moqmedebas ukargaven

erTaderTi swori gzis imijs. mixeil saakaSvilis reaqcia koba daviTaSvilis

gadadgomaze gamoricxavs am oponentebTan diskusiis warmarTvas: „me ar

mainteresebs pirovnebebi, Cems gverdze unda idges qarTveli xalxi. me mWirdeba

xalxis mxardaWera, me maqvs xalxis mxardaWera da. . . xalxis mxardaWeriT am

mafiasTan brZolas miviyvan bolomde“.

am gamonaTqvams, romelic zedmiwevniT udgeba araliberaluri demokratiis

legitimizebas, Cven kidev davubrundebiT.

9 „miviRoT es cvlilebebi, rogorc aris warmodgenili da mivceT, axal samTavrobo gunds

[SesaZlebloba] rom Seiqmnas da daiwyos energiulad nabijebis gadadgma qveynis

krizisidan gamosayvanad“ (mixeil saakaSvili, 4 Tebervali). 10 "teqstis Sinaarsi iyo gasaidumloebuli . . . gamoqveynebulic ki ar aris. . . xalxs ar

hqonda SesaZlebloba emsjela . . . aseTi cvlilebebi prezidents SeuzRudav

uflebamosilebas aZlevs" (zaqaria qucnaSvili, 5 Tebervali, parlamentis sxdoma). 11 "Zalian kargad viciT, vin miiTvisa xelisufleba. . . . xalxma aseT cvlilebebs ukve didi

xania dauWira mxari". (6 Tebervali, saparlamento ganxilva); „politikurma jgufebma,

vinc noembris movlenebis dros SevardnaZis mxares aRmoCndnen an barikadebis meore

mxares. . . , politikuri TviTmkvleloba Caidines. es aRar Seicvleba.“ (giga bokeria, 12

ianvari, imedi). 12 am sakiTxze ix. agreTve danarTi.

17

2. ra mimarTulebiT cvlilebebi? Sinaarsobrivi mxare

Tanamedrove konstituciebi, rogorc wesi, moicavs adamianis uflebebis

damcvel Tavebsa da ganayofebs. konstituciis es nawili, Tumca ki mniSvnelovania

liberalizmis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT, ar warmoadgens, rogorc amas xazs

usvams jovani sartori13, konstituciis Seqmnis mTavar mizans. SesaZloa

warmovidginoT konstitucia adamianTa uflebebis deklaraciis gareSe (mag. aSS-

is konstituciis Tavdapirveli varianti), magram SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT

konstitucia, romelic ar aregulirebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis

meqanizmebs da ar anawilebs funqciebs. konstitucia, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifo

Zalauflebis CarCoebs ayalibebs; 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebic,

ZiriTadad, centraluri xelisuflebis mowyobas Seexo.

2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mTavar Sinaarsobriv komponents

warmoadgenda ministrTa kabinetis SemoReba da premier-ministris Tanamdebobis

daweseba. es sakiTxi, romelic jer kidev eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis

periodSi mravaljer iqna wamoweuli sxvadasxva opoziciuri politikuri

partiisa da politikosis mier, yovelTvis efuZneboda mmarTvelobis efeqti-

anobis amaRlebis saWiroebas da prezident SevardnaZis garkveul gamijvnas Sida

ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebisgan. es winadadebebi modioda saparlamento

umravlesobidanac (moqalaqeTa kavSiri), romelic ibrZoda aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaze meti gavlenis mosapoveblad. amgvari iniciativebiT gamodioda

bevri opoziciuri partia, maT Soris tradicionalistebi da leiboristebi,

romelTac hqondaT sakuTari kanonproeqtebi, xolo mrewvelebs ministrTa

kabinetis SemoReba saprogramo dokumentSi hqondaT dafiqsirebuli. yvelaze

axlos ganxorcielebasTan es sakiTxi 2001 wlis gazafxulze mivida, rodesac

prezidentma parlamentSi gansaxilvelad Sesabamisi kanonproeqti Semoitana;

kanonproeqti sajaro ganxilvisTvis 2001 wlis gazafxulze gamoqveynda. Tumca am

dokumentis saparlamento ganxilva ver Sedga, vinaidan cxadi gaxda, rom is ver

Seagrovebda sakmarisi raodenobis momxreebs. kritikosTa nawilma xazi gausva

kanonproeqtis arademokratiulobas da kvlav wamowia saparlamento mmarTve-

lobis upiratesobis sakiTxi, xolo naklebad sajaro, kuluaruli winaaRmdegoba

gamoiwvia momavali premier-ministris (zurab Jvanias) kandidaturam.

2004 wels premier-ministris Tanamdebobis SemoRebis perspeqtivam Zveli dis-

kusiebis fonze Semdegi problemebi warmoSva: ra tipis cvlilebebs gamoiwvevda

es qveynis politikur mowyobaSi? ministrTa kabinetis Seqmna, romelsac uxel-

mZRvanelebs premier-ministri, TavisTavad arafers ambobs qveynis politikur

mowyobaze. ministrTa kabineti SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc saparlamento, ise

naxevradsaprezidento da supersaprezidento respublikebSi. am modelebis

nimuSebad sajaro diskursSi xSirad figurirebs “evropa”, “safrangeTi”, “ruseTi

da TurqmeneTi”: “es aris absoluturad evropuli modeli” (zurab Jvania, 27

ianvari, rusTavi 2); “safuZveli aris franguli modeli” (mixeil maWavariani, 27

ianvari, rusTavi 2); “es ar aris franguli modeli. praqtikacaa gansxvavebuli.

dgas rusulsa da Turqmenuls Soris. ar aris demokratiuli konstitucia” (koba

daviTaSvili, 5 Tebervali, saparlamento ganxilva). amgvari Sefasebebi ar

gansazRvraven calsaxad sasurveli modelis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, am droisTvis,

Tuki laparakia naxevradsaprezidento mowyobisken gadasvlaze, Zveli argumenti,

rom SevardnaZe ver uZRveba ekonomikas, aRar aris aqtualuri, piriqiT,

axladarCeul prezidentSi (noemberSi is jer kidev “gamarjvebuli xalxis

lideria”, magram misi momavali prezidentoba aravisSi eWvs ar iwvevs) aku-

mulirebulia xalxis mTeli imedebi momaval karg mmarTvelobasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. amdenad, Zveli miswrafeba prezidentis aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis Sez-

Rudvisa veRar amarTlebs saprezidento modelis uaryofas. meore mxriv, sa-

konstitucio cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalauflebis gadametebuli kon-

centrireba prezidentis xelSi, rogorc es 2001 wlis proeqtis kritikaSi dafiq-

sirda, rac kiTxvis qveS ayenebs revoluciis gacxadebul demokratiul xasiaTs.

tradiciulad, saparalamento modeli saqarTveloSi asocirebulia met

13 G. Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering, New York University Press, 1994, 1997

18

Sedegebs, risTvisac SemovitanT politikuri Sexedulebebis kidev ufro

abstraqtul, Teoriul models. miuxedavad imisa, rom es modeli ar warmoadgenda

analizis amosaval wertils, aramed swored analizis Sedegad Camoyalibda, misi

winaswari prezentacia mizanSewonilad gamoiyureba, vinaidan garkveulwilad

gauadvilebs mkiTxvels qvemoT moyvanili analizis gagebas.

warmovidginoT iseTi politikuri Sexedulebebis sistemebi, romlebic

SesaZlebelia ganvalagoT Semdegi organzomilebiani sibrtyis Sesabamis

meoTxedebSi; am sibrtyis ganzomilebebi Semdegi dapirispirebebiTaa

Seqmnili:

antitradicia

1 2

procedura mizani

4 3

tradicia

am sibrtyis vertikaluri ganzomileba pirobiTad SegviZlia gaviazroT,

rogorc opozicia “tradicia” _“antitradicia”. sibrtyis qveda nawilSi

imyofebian tradicionalistebi, romelTaTvisac politikuri legitimaciis

wyaros warmoadgens, pirvel rigSi, is, rac aris adgilobrivi, qarTuli, war-

sulidan momdinare, garkveuli CarCoebiT da identurobiT gamoyofili danar-

Ceni samyarosgan. ganzomilebis meore boloSi myofni met mniSvnelobas aniWeben

gare samyaros, dasavlur gamocdilebas, momavals, warsulis uaryofasac ki.

sibrtyis meore _ horizontaluri _ ganzomileba SeiZleba gaviazroT

rogorc damokidebuleba politikisadmi zogadad. sibrtyis marjvena mxares

imyofebian isini, vinc politikaSi yvelaze metad afasebs miznebs, xolo meore

mxare aqcents akeTebs wesebze, romlebsac misdeven politikosebi Tavisi

miznebis misaRwevad. am opozicias pirobiTad davarqmevT “procedurisa” da

“miznis” dapirispirebas. sailustraciod moviSvelioT demokratiis linkol-

niseuli cnobili ganmarteba _ “demokratia aris xalxis mmarTveloba, xalxis

mier ganxorcielebuli xalxisTvis”, “proceduris” mimdevrebi am gamonaTqvamSi

ufro did mniSvnelobas mianiWeben mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebas xalxis mier,

xolo “miznis” mimdevrebi imas, rom mmarTveloba iyos xalxisTvis.

aq gansamartavia, Tu ratom gamoviyeneT termini “antitradicia” sibrtyis

zeda nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad da ar davupirispireT “tradicias” “meda-

savleTeoba”, romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian saqarTveloSi cvlilebebis mosurne

reformatorebi. saqme isaa, rom es ukanaskneli cneba qarTul realobaSi

garkveulwilad “miTvisebuli” aqvs erT konkretul diskurss, maSin rodesac sxva

diskursebic acxadeben masze pretenzias. Cveni SexedulebiT, WeSmariti

“medasavleTeoba” mdgomareobs zemoT mocemuli sqemis centraluri zonisken

swrafvaSi da ara misi romelime ganapira ukiduresobis absolutizebaSi.

sibrtyis oTxive meoTxedi saWiro da aucilebeli komponentia imisa, rasac

avtorebi dasavlur liberalur demokratiad moiazreben, xolo WeSmaritad

“medasavluri” ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi Tanaarsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, radikalizaciisa da urTierTgandevnisgan Tavis aridebiT.

am dayofis Sesabamisad, sibrtyis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ganlagdebian isini,

visTvisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realobis rac SeiZleba swrafi

gardaqmna im nimuSebis misaRwevad, romlebic qveynis gareT, ufro ganviTarebul

demokratiebSi arsebobs. sibrtyis marjvena qveda meoTxedSi imyofebian isinic,

visTvisac qveynis swrafi ganviTareba prioritetia, oRond qarTul tradiciebze

da mentalitetze dayrdnobiT. qarTul tradiciebs aseve pirvel rigSi afaseben

sibrtyis qveda marcxena meoTxedSi, oRond maT matareblad isini pirvel rigSi

35

garkveul subieqturobas, metic, es subieqturoba kvlevis ganuyofel elements

warmoadgens.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saqarTveloSi am kvleviT dafiqsirebuli

diskursebis garda SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva, naklebad gavrcelebuli,

specifikuri diskursebi, romlebic sazogadoebis SedarebiT mcirericxovan,

magram mkveTrad gansxvavebul jgufebs axasiaTebs. aseTebad SeiZleba miviCioT,

magaliTad, araqarTulenovani erovnuli umciresobebi, romlebic am kvlevis

miRma darCnen. mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom kvleva gvaZlevs informacias

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis Sesaxeb, magram ar gamoricxavs

mcirericxovani jgufebis mkveTrad gansxvavebuli diskursebis arsebobas. arc is

unda dagvaviwydes, rom garda im adamianebisa, visac ganaTlebis, azrovnebisa

da/an politikuri informirebulobis wyalobiT SeeZlo SeTavazebuli

debulebebi sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT Seefasebina,, arsebobs

politikurad “qveda” socialuri fena im adamianebisa, romelTaTvis sakuTari

poziciis dafiqsireba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.

Sedegebis mokle Sejameba da Teoriuli ganzogadeba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobSi Cven mier gamovlenil iqna oTxi gansxvavebuli

diskursi, politikuri Sexedulebebis oTxi gansxvavebuli tipi. sanam maT

daxasiaTebaze gadavidodeT, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs

gansxvavebuloba politikur SexedulebebSi, razedac aq vsaubrobT.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi realuri adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTis sruli

antipodebi, romlebsac saerTo miswrafebebi ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad,

nebismier qarTvel moqalaqes surs, rom saqarTvelo aRorZindes, rom qarTvelebi

ukeTesad cxovrobdnen, rom gvqondes konstituciuri demokratiuli saxel-

mwifo da rom saqarTvelo Cadges Tanamderove civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. Tu

sakiTxs am kuTxiT mivudgebiT, did sxvaobas adamianebs Soris ver davinaxavT.

sxvaoba mJRavndeba maSin, rodesac maT vaiZulebT zemomoyvanil debulebaTa

Soris gamokveTon prioritetebi da moaxdinon Rirebulebebis ranJireba, anu

daafiqsiron, pirvel rigSi ras undaT miaRwion. realur cxovrebaSi adamianebs

amgvar moTxovnas uyenebs politikuri garemo — imis saWiroeba, rom arCeul iqnes

esa Tu is xelisufleba da gamoikveTos damokidebuleba ama Tu im politikuri

gadawyvetilebebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis prioritetebis mimarT.

imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaaris sxvaobebi Cndeba moqalaqeTa SexedulebebSi

realur viTarebaSi, Cven Semogvaqvs diskursebis abstraqtuli modeli, romel-

Sic, realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela diskursi (da maTi matarebeli

warmosaxviTi individebi) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs upirispirdeba,

anu e.w. veberiseuli “idealuri tipis” modeli. realur cxovrebaSi amgvari

idealuri tipis diskursebi wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, idealuri

tipebi gvexmareba gaverkveT im mravalferovan samyaroSi, romelic Cven irgvliv

arsebobs.

Cveni kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi idealuri tipisaa. isini mo-

cemulia tabula N 1-Si (ix. danarTi) oTxi idealuri Q-tipis saxiT, romlebic

Seesabameba statistikuri analizis oTxfaqtorian variants. TiToeuli gamo-

naTqvamis gaswvriv am tabulaSi moyvanilia qulebi —6-idan +6-mde, romlebic

asaxaven gamonaTqvamis Sefasebas im warmosaxviTi (bunebaSi, SesaZloa, arar-

sebuli) individis mier, romelic srul TanxmobaSi iqneboda mocemul

diskursTan. diskursis nomeri miTiTebulia Sesabamisi svetis TavSi. am tabulaSi

64 gamonaTqvami ganlagebulia mimdevrobiT maqsimaluri konsensusisgan (yvela

met-naklebad erTi azrisaa) maqsimalur dapirispirebamde (arsebobs radi-

kalurad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi).

arsebiTad, am tabulis gadmocemiT Tavdeba kvlevis empiriuli nawili;

Semdgomi etapi aris analizi da interpretacia — diskursebisTvis saxelebis

darqmeva, maTi naratiuli daxasiaTeba da Teoriuli gaazreba. ZiriTadad es

iqneba gakeTebuli Semdeg qveTavSi, sadac dawvrilebiT aRiwereba da

daxasiaTdeba kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli diskursebi. aq mokled SevajamebT

34

demokratiasTan, xolo saprezidento — diqtaturis saSiSroebasTan. Tumca, 2004

wlis ianvarSi eqspertebi, romlebic mmarTvelobis saukeTeso sistemis SerCevaze

msjeloben, TiTqmis erTxmad uaryofen saparlamento models, rogorc (bevris

TvalSi) sasurvels, magram mocemul realobaSi ganuxorcielebels. aseve, sak-

maod moulodnelad, arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda Sereuli

sistema; amdenad, alternatiuli winadadebebi sul ramdenimea: a) arsebuli

saprezidento sistemis SenarCuneba da mis farglebSi prezidentis mier

aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis nawilis delegireba premier-ministrze da kabinet-

ze; b) imave sistemaSi vice-prezidentis postis SemoReba (zurab JvaniasTvis); g)

centraluri xelisuflebis reformis SeTavseba saxelmwifos teritoriuli mow-

yobis mogvarebasTan da Zalauflebis teritoriul gadanawilebasTan; d) farTo-

masStabiani konstituciuri reformis dawyeba orwliani vadiT, xolo am re-

formis Sedegad SemuSavebuli modelis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave axali sapar-

lamento arCevnebis Catareba.

es winadadebebi, rogorc xelisuflebis iniciativis alternativa, msjelobis

sagani ar gamxdara, xolo momavali sistemis xasiaTi bolomde bundovani darCa.

Tavidan mixeil saakaSvili ramdenjerme axsenebs Zlier saprezidento mmar-

Tvelobas, romelSic premier-ministri saWiroa prezidentisgan yoveldRiuri

sazrunavis CamosaSoreblad14; am fonze xelisuflebis mxridan apelireba “evro-

pul” da “frangul” modelebze gaugebari rCeba. mxolod Tebervlis dasawyisSi,

nino burjanaZesTan kompromisis miRwevis Semdeg, mixeil saakaSvili acxadebs,

rom miRebuli modeliT “prezidentis uflebamosileba garkveulwilad izRude-

ba”, rom, “Tu prezidenti ver moipovebs parlamentSi umravlesobas, es preziden-

tis mdgomareobas Zalian gaarTulebs” (3 Tebervali) da rom “saqarTvelo gadadis

saprezidento respublikidan naxevrad -saprezidento modelze” (5 Tebervali).

oponentebi, cxadia, amgvar Sefasebas ar iziareben, maTTvis kanonproeqti

niSnavs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gadametebul gaZlierebas da avtori-

tarizmis saSiSroebas. Tumca, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tavdapirvel variant-

Tan SedarebiT saboloo variantis mixedviT parlamentis uflebamosilebebi

marTlac garkveulwilad gazrdilia. rogorc Cans, es exeba ZiriTadad

parlamentis daTxovnis SezRudvas garkveuli SemTxvevebis gansazRvriT da

parlamentis mier mTavrobis upirobo daTxovnis SesaZleblobas15. molapara-

kebaTa Sedegad parlamentis Tavmjdomare iZens garkveul damatebiT uflebebsac:

kontrols kontrolis palataze, parlamentis reglamentis da parlamentis

biujetis, aseve parlamentis Senobis gankargvas.

6 Tebervals miRebuli mmarTvelobis modeli ver povebs saboloo erTian

Sefasebas misi xasiaTis Taobaze. es sakiTxi, rogorc Cans, rCeba momavali

politikuri debatebis dRis wesrigSi: rogoria axali sistema — naxevrad-

saprezidento da “evropuli” Tu supersaprezidento da “Turqmenuli”,

demokratiuli Tu avtoritaruli. modelis xazgasmulad gardamavali, droebiTi

xasiaTi, rac dafiqsirda xelisuflebis yvela lideris gamosvlaSi16, nawilobriv

misi arasrulyofilebis irib aRiarebad unda iyos aRqmuli; Tumca, vada,

romliTac ganisazRvra misi moqmedeba (6-7 weli17), ris Semdegac, rogorc

gacxadda, saparlamento modelisken unda moxdes gadasvla, aseve miuTiTebs imas,

rom xelisufleba am gardamavali periodis asocirebas axdens sakuTari

mmarTvelobis periodTan.

14 “iqneba Zlieri saprezidento mmarTveloba” (mixeil saakaSvili, 18 ianvari, HTB);

15 “pirvel variantSi parlamenti iyo Zalian susti da me ar vapirebdi im variantiT

parlamentis Tavmjdomareobas”, nino burjanaZe, rusTavi 2, 2 Tebervali; “me am

berketebisTvis (parlamentis berketebzea saubari) erTi Tve vibrZodi, Torem erTi

Tvis win gamoqveyndeboda kanonproeqti” nino burjanaZe, mze, 4 Tebervali.

16 “is cvlilebebi, romlebic Cven Semogvaqvs, aris konstituciuri reformis dasawyisi,

es ar aris is modeli, romelic saqarTveloSi aTwleulebis manZilze unda darCes”

(zurab Jvania, 24 saaTi, 24 ianvari); 17 “batonma zurab Jvaniam mizanSewonilad miiCnia warmodgenili kanonproeqti miiRos

parlamentma im daTqmiT, rom 7 wlis Semdeg savaldebulo wesiT moxdeba konstituciis

gadasinjva” (sakonstitucio komisiis sxdomis oqmi, 2 Tebervali)

19

3. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi: pirovnebebi Tu institutebi

konstituciis morgeba pirovnebebze iyo erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri argumeti

cvlilebebis kritikosTa mxridan: “sami kaci dadga kibeze da Tqva: me unda viyo

prezidenti, me — premier-ministri, es — parlamentis Tavmjdomare, ori posti

arsebobs, axla mesame unda SemoviRoT — ase qveyana ar ewyoba” (12 ianvari, I arxi,

irakli melaSvili)

zogadad, mixeil saakaSvili rogorc sajaro gamosvlebSi, ise politikur

moqmedebaSi, zemoTmoyvanili citatisda miuxedavad, («me ar mainteresebs

pirovnebebi») did mniSvnelobas aniWebs swored pirovnebebs: roca akritikebs

Zvel politikur mowyobas, is personalurad eduard SevardnaZes adanaSaulebs

yvelaferSi; Tu cdilobs axsnas, ra Seicvleba ukeTesobisken momavalSi, pirvel

rigSi axsenebs mmarTvelobaSi axali, profesionali da wesieri adamianebis

mosvlas; Tu ebrZvis korufcias, is sjis konkretul pirebs. oponentebi,

sapirispirod, laparakoben swored institutebze da struqturebze, da ara

adamianebze.

pirovnebebisa da institutebis aRreva sakonstitucio cvlilebebis procesSi

marTlac aqtualuri sakiTxia; sami instituti — prezidenti, ministrTa kabineti

da parlamenti — modelis SemuSavebis procesSi ukve ganpirovnebulia sam

adamianSi, romlebic am molaparakebas awarmoeben.

zogadad, nebismieri politikosis racionaluri qceva mimarTulia misi

Zalauflebis gaZlierebaze da uflebamosilebebis zrdaze. magram es is

motivebia, romlebic ar gamodgeba ama Tu im qmedebis sajaro legitimaciisTvis.

sakuTari Zalaufleba sajarod politikosma ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi

interesiT unda gaamarTlos. amis magaliTia nino burjanaZis pasuxi

korespondentis pirdapir kiTxvaze, rodesac is uaryofs imas, rom sameulSi

midis brZola ZalauflebisaTvis, magram aRiarebs, rom “sadac xar, ginda rom meti

berketebi gqondes konkretuli saqmis gasakeTeblad” (2 Tebervali, rusTavi2).

sajaro legitimaciis aucilebloba am mxriv maxes ugebs politikoss, vinaidan

zRudavs misi manevrirebis vels. sajaro viTarebaSi mas ar SeuZlia

urTierTgamomricxavi argumentebiT sakuTari qmedebis gamarTleba; amdenad,

sajarooba politikis pozitiur, mastabilizebel da winaswarmetyvelebadobis

gamaZlierebel efeqts iZleva. legitimuri qmedeba unda Candes miukerZoebeli da

ar unda iyos TviTneburi. oponentebma SeiZleba ostaturad gamoiyenon Zveli

gamonaTqvamebi. ase, gazeTi 24 saaTi aqveynebs mixeil saakaSvilis 2001 wlis

intervius, sadac mixeil saakaSvili daaxloebiT im argumentaciiT gamodis

SevardnaZis proeqtis winaaRmdeg, rasac misi amJamindeli opozicia iyenebs

(pirovnebebze morgeba, safrangeTis modelis sanacvlod yirgizeTis modelTan

miaxloeba). xelisuflebis mxridan ki Zlier arguments warmoadgens is, rom

partiebi yovelTvis mxars uWerdnen ministrTa kabinetis SemoRebas, axla ki

gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uweven am ideis xorcSesxmas.

politikosTa racionaluri qcevis modeli TiTqmis zedmiwevniT udgeba

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis SemoqmedTa strategiis aRweras. sajarod rogorc

saakaSvili, ise Jvania ar laparakoben maT Soris warmoebul vaWrobaze

uflebamosilebebis Taobaze; isini warmoaCenen momaval cvlilebebs, rogorc

erTian proeqts, magram unda vivaraudoT, rom maT uwevT garkveuli brZola

uflebamosilebebis gadanawilebaze, vinaidan sajarod saakaSvili ufro

ganwyobilia ilaparakos Zlier saprezidento mmarTvelobaze, xolo Jvania —

pasuxismgeblobis mqone ministrTa kabinetze. gansxvavebulia momavali

parlamentis Tavmjdomaris pozicia, romelic parlamentis (da sakuTari)

uflebamosilebebis gazrdas ara marto kuluarulad icavs, aramed sajarodac

“Tavs iwonebs” imiT, rom moaxerxa parlamentis dacva gadametebuli

dasustebisgan. kidev erTi moTamaSe — parlamenti, romelic bolo momentSi iZens

gavlenas kanonproeqtze, kanonproeqtSi cvlilebebis Setanas TiTqmis ver

axerxebs (sxvaoba parlamentSi Semotanil teqtsa da saboloo teqsts Soris metad

mcirea) ; erTaderTi muxli, romelmac kenWisyraze sakmarisi raodenobis xmebi

ver daagrova, exeboda parlamentis wevrTa uflebebis SezRudvas — parlamentis

20

Sinaarsis mqone ar iyos. monacemebis analizisas pirvel rigSi saWiro xdeba imis

dadgena, Tu ramdeni faqtoris gamoyofa da analizi iqneba yvelaze koreqtuli.

saukeTeso dajgufebis dasadgenad mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos ori

kriteriumi — formaluri (daeyrdnos statistikur parametrebs) da Sinaarsob-

rivi (ugulebelyos is diskursuli dayofebi, romlebic nakleb Sinaarsobriv

datvirTvas atarebs). Cven gamoviyeneT orive kriteriumi. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda,

rom ori faqtoris (diskursis) dafiqsirebiT SesaZlebelia respondentebis

dayofa mxolod xelisuflebis momxre da mis mowinaaRmdege jgufebad, magram

verafers vityviT SedarebiT Rrma msoflmxedvelobiT sxvaobebze. amasTan,

metismetad bevri debuleba eqceoda konsensusis velSi (orive diskursi maTze

erTnairad reagirebda). es ukanaskneli viTareba gamovlinda, agreTve, sami

diskursis gamoyofis SemTxvevaSi. xuTze meti diskuris dafiqsireba Sinaar-

sobrivad naklebad Rirebuli iyo da qmnida erTi respondentiT gansazRvrul

diskursebs. oTxsa da xuT diskurss Soris arCevani gakeTda oTxi diskursis

sasargeblod im safuZvleze, rom oTxi faqtoris SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis yvela

gamokiTxuli respondenti mkafiod asociirebuli aRmoCnda ama Tu im

diskursTan, xuTfaqtoriani ganawileba ki bevr respondents tovebs myari

mikuTvnebulobis gareSe.

mas mere, rac dafiqsirebulia sakvlevi diskursebi, iwyeba maTi analizi.

diskursebis interpretaciisas da SedarebiTi analizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT

is, Tu rogor iyo Catarebuli kvleva da ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

respondentebi ama Tu im gamonaTqvams, rogor miawerdnen maT ama Tu im qulas.

kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom Cveulebrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvisgan

gansxvavebiT, am SemTxvevaSi respondentebi TiToeul gamonaTqvams sxva

gamonaTqvamebisgan damoukideblad ki ar afasebdnen, aramed axarisxebdnen maT

erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi. amitom, faqtorebis dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisi araa,

ubralod davakvirdeT im gamonaTqvamebs, romlebsac mieniWa yvelaze meti

mniSvneloba (absoluturi mniSvnelobiT, anu _6, _5 da +6, +5), da CavTvaloT,

rom isini sakmarisia faqtoris dasaxasiaTeblad. Cven aseve unda mivaqcioT

yuradReba reaqcias sxva gamonaTqvamebze da, agreTve, sxvaobas faqtorebs Soris,

Tundac is SedarebiT susti aqcentebiT iyos dafiqsirebuli. ase, magaliTad, me-3

faqtorisTvis 50-e gamonaTqvami “CvenTvis amJamad, am etapze yvelaze kargia

diqtatura. . . “ mxolod sustad dadebiTia (+1), magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

sxva faqtorebi am gamonaTqvams mkveTrad uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs (_5), es

pasuxi sagulisxmo informacias iZleva mesame diskursis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb.

aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TiTqmis yvela gamonaTqvami, romelic Cvens

politikur vels Seadgens, orazrovania da xSirad samazrovanic. sxvagvarad,,

respondentis mier ama Tu im frazisTvis —6-dan +6-mde qulis miniWeba xSir

SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva saSualebas gavigoT, ras gulisxmobs respondenti. amisTvis

saWiroa, kvlevis meTodikidan gamomdinare, Sefasdes ara calkeuli gamonaTqvami,

aramed es gamonaTqvami sxva pasuxebis fonze. amis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki,

obieqturad dafiqsirebuli diskursebis interpretacia subieqturobis

garkveul xarisxs mainc Seicavs da didadaa damokidebuli imazec, Tu ra codna

gagvaCnia zogadad saqarTvelos mdgomareobisa da masSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebis Sesaxeb. is faqti, rom winamdebare kvlevis avtorebi saqarTvelos

mkvidrni da politikuri procesebis monawileebic arian, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

momentebis Semcvelia. dadebiT mxares warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom miRebuli

monacemebi gaiazreboda im konteqstSi, romelsac qmnis Cveni codna

saqarTvelosa da masSi arsebuli procesebisa da dapirispirebebis Sesaxeb;

mniSvnelovan moments warmodgenda imis codnac, Tu ra konteqstSi Cndeboda esa

Tu is frazebi sadiskusio jgufebis Catarebisas. uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba

miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom Cven _ avtorebi, rogorc procesis monawileni,

TavisTavad ukve romelime diskursSi vimyofebiT. nebismier adamians sakuTari

diskursi yvelaze naTel ferebSi esaxeba, sxvisa ki ufro kritikuli da zogjer

antagonisturi ganxilvis sagani xdeba. Cven vecadeT, obieqturebi vyofilviyaviT

yvela diskursis mimarT, magram ar uarvyofT garkveuli aqcentebis gadatanis

SesaZleblobas sxva poziciis mqone mkiTxvelis mxridan. fenomenologiuri

midgoma, romlis CarCoebSic gakeTda es kvleva, aRiarebs sakuTar meTodSi

33

3. SefasebiTi (evalutive) — exeba faseulobebs, romlebic arsebobs an SeiZleba

arsebobdes;

4. dacviTi (advocative) — exeba imas, rac unda an ar unda arsebobdes.

zemoaRniSnuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze debulebaTa mTeli erToblioba

kategorizebul iqna 16 jgufad, anu miRebuli matricis 16 ujredis mixedviT.

debulebaTa klasificireba (identificireba) moxda 3 eqspertis mier

damoukideblad, miwerili kategoriebi sabolood Sejerebul iqna erTmaneTTan.

debulebaTa TiToeuli kategoriidan SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCa 4-4 debuleba

Q-nakrebisTvis, anu gakeTda 64 gamonaTqvamisgan Semdgari nakrebi. unda

aRiniSnos, rom gamonaTqvamebi rCeboda ucvleli saxiT (anu im saxiT, rogoradac

is warmoTqva avtorma), redaqtireba gulisxmobda mxolod Semoklebebsa da

gramatikul Sesworebebs. ramdenime debuleba damatebul iqna masmediidan,

radganac matricis zogierTi ujredi sakmarisad ver Seivso; garda amisa,

masmedidan Q-nakrebs daemata ramdenime iseTi gamonaTqvami, romelic Cveni

kvlevisTvis iyo arsebiTi, magram ar figurirebda fokus - jgufebis teqstebSi

(mag., 1328 da 17). debulebebis SerCevis SemTxveviTobis principi ar iyo mkacrad

daculi, vinaidan, Tu am gziT Q-nakrebSi xvdeboda ori Sinaarsobrivad TiTqmis

identuri gamonaTqvami, xdeboda erT-erTis amogdeba da mis magivrad sxva

gamonaTqvamis arCeva.

kvlevis mesame etapze Catarda individualuri interviuebi, romlis drosac

64 debuleba respondentebs unda daelagebinaT 13 jgufad (kvazinormaluri

ganawilebis saxiT) TiToeul SexedulebasTan Tanxmobis xarisxis mixedviT.

Sefaseba xdeboda 13-quliani skalis meSveobiT, 6-idan (“yvelaze metad

veTanxmebi”) 0-s gavliT _6-mde (“yvelaze naklebad veTanxmebi”)29. kvlevis am

etapze monawileoba miiRo 40 respondentma. maTi SerCeva xdeboda im

kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofda cvladebis

mravalferovnebas socialuri da politikuri maxasiaTeblebis TvalsazrisiT.

socialur maxasiaTeblebSi igulisxmeba asaki, ganaTleba, saqmianobis sfero,

materialuri keTildReobis xarisxi, sacxovrebeli adgili. respondentebi

SeirCnen 4 regionidan, kerZod: 25 adamiani Tbilisidan, xuT-xuTi ki baTumidan,

quTaisidan da goridan.

politikuri maxasiaTeblebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda politikur

mikuTvnebulobas. SerCeva moicavda adamianebs, romlebic aqtiurad

uWerdnen mxars ama Tu im partias an iyvnen romelime konkretuli partiis

wevrebi, agreTve maT, vinc opoziciurad an indiferentulad iyvnen

ganwyobili yvela partiis mimarT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom

aRniSnuli kvleva mimdinareobda sxva sociologiuri gamokiTxvis

paralelurad, romelic 1000 respondentze tardeboda, SemTxveviTi

SerCevis principi am SemTxvevaSic kargad iqna daculi. gamokiTxva

Catarda 2004 wlis Semodgomaze.

miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda specialurad Q-meTodisaTvis gankuTvnili

statistikuri programiT PQMethod2.11 (Brown et al.1999). faqtorulianalizi

warmoebda korelaciebis dadgeniT Q-nakrebebs Soris matricaSi 40X40, ris

Semdegac matricis analizi moxda centroiduli meTodisa da Varimax rotaciis

(Varimax rotation) meSveobiT.

kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT, rom faqtorebi, romlebsac mocemuli

statistikuri programa monacemebis damuSavebis Sedegad adgens, warmoadgens

diskursebs, romlebic axlosaa respondentebis garkveuli jgufis

SexedulebebTan. statistikur programas SeuZlia daakavSiros respondentebi

or, sam, da a.S. Svid faqtorTan, Tundac es faqtorebi Tanabrad mniSvnelovani da

28 aq da Semdgom Q-nakrebis gamonaTqvamebi aRniSnulia nomrebiT, romlebic Seesabameba

maT nomers tabula 1-Si. 29 ix. nax. 1

32

wevrTa imunitetis Sesustebas.18.

gacilebiT ufro umtkivneuloa iseTi cvlilebebi, romlebsac ara hyavT

uSualod pirovnulad dainteresebuli oponentebi an am oponentebs ara aqvT

sakmarisi berketebi sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. ase, magaliTad, axali

konstituciidan gaqra debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidents ara aqvs

ufleba ekavos partiis xelmZRvanelis posti. meore cvlileba exeboda im

amomrCevelTa raodenobas, romelic unda misuliyo saprezidento arCevnebSi,

rom es arCevnebi Semdgarad CaTvliliyo. axal variantSi gaqra amomrCevelTa 50%

-is monawileobis moTxovna. mesame SezRudva exeba parlamentis mier iseTi

kanonebis miRebas, romelTac SeiZleba mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe biujetis

xarjebi gazardon. samive Tavis droze gamoyenebuli iyo SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg

(is iyo moqalaqeTa kavSiris lideri; 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi

monawileTa raodenobis oficialuri monacemebi aradamajerebelia; winasaarCev-

no periodSi parlamenti Rebulobda populistur kanonebs pensiebis da

xelfasebis gazrdis Taobaze, romelTa aRsasruleblad biujetSi fuli ar iyo)

da SesaZloa Semotrialebuliyo mixeil saakaSvilis winaaRmdegac - is xom

~nacionaluri moZraobis~ erTpirovnuli da ualternativo lideria, xolo 2004

wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenoba aseve saTuoa. miuxedavad

imisa, rom erT-erTi — parlamentis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis SezRudva —

rogorc es nino burjanaZis replikidan Cans _ kamaTis sagani gamxdara kanon-

proeqtis momzadebis etapze, da yvela es cvlileba badebs kiTxvebs saparlamento

ganxilvisas, sabolood parlamenti maT mainc xmas aZlevs. samagierod,

konstruqtiuli Cans xelisuflebis urTierToba oponentebTan iseT sakiTxze,

romelic saerTod ar exeba Zalauflebis sakiTxebs — es aris ormagi moqalaqeobis

problema; am muxlis formulirebaSi mixeil saakaSvili did daTmobebze midis.

sxva Zalebi, romlebic pretenzias acxadeben politikur gavlenaze an

momavali politikuri brZolebisTvis emzadebian, kanonproeqts konstitucio-

nalizmisa da kanonis uzenaesobis Rirebulebebis Tvalsawieridan akritikeben,

razedac qvemoT gveqneba saubari; swored maTi misamarTiT warmoTqvams pre-

zidenti, konsolidaciis saWiroebaze saubris konteqstSi: «me ar mainteresebs

pirovnebebi, Cems gverdze dgas xalxi»; is gulisxmobs, rom «xalxs», rogorc

demokratiuli legitimaciis erTeuls, SeiZleba hyavdes mxolod erTi warmo-

madgenlobiTi mmarTveli, romlis irgvlivac konsolidirebuli iqneba mTeli

mmarTveloba; yvelas aqvs SesaZlebloba, am mmarTvelobaSi monawileoba miiRos,

magram es monawileoba politikur dapirispirebas gamoricxavs: “veraferi

aRudgeba win saqarTvelos konsolidaciis process, es aris Cemi iniciativa, minda

gaerTiandnen partiebi, gaerTiandnen politikosebi, Tu gvinda, rom amovZvreT im

wumpedan, romelSiac Cagvagdo SevardnaZem” (mixeil saakaSvili, 3 Tebervali)19.

4. ratom cvlilebebi? legitimacia da delegitimacia

mmarTvelobis efeqturobis amaRleba, rogorc ministrTa kabinetis

SemoRebis argumenti, jer kidev wina periodidan momdinareobda, rodesac,

praqtikulad, yvela politikuri Zala momxre iyo ministrTa kabinetis Seqmnisa,

saxelmwifos meTaurisa da mTavrobis meTauris postebis daSoriSorebis.

mTavrobis gunduri pasuxismgebloba, yoveldRiur saqmianobaze maqsimaluri

koncentrireba, reformebis gatareba da a.S. mudmivad figurirebs kanonproeqtis

18 es muxli ukve axali mowvevis parlamentis mier iqna Casworebuli. 19 mmarTvelobis konsolidacia, rogorc iyo naTqvami, gardamavali periodis dasaZ-

levadaa saWiro. ase, magaliTad, sakonstitucio kanonproeqtTan erTad parlamentSi

Semotanili kanonproeqti, romliTac prezidenti niSnavs raionis gamgeblebs da

aZlierebs prezidentis regionul rwmunebulTa instituts, marTldeba imiT, rom is

droebiTia, da saWiroa imitom, rom sxvanairad raionebi Zveli xelisuflebis momxreTa

mier iqneba marTuli, xolo «gardamaval periodSi Cven ver davuSvebdiT, rom qveynis

regionebi SevardnaZis kadrebiT gvemarTa» (zurab adeiSvili, 4 Tebervali, 24 saaTi).

21

damcvelTa gamosvlebSi20.

krizisuli mdgomareobis daZleva postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi kidev

ufro Zlieri argumentia Zalauflebis koncentraciis dasasabuTeblad;

kanonproeqti xazgasmulad mimarTulia gardamavali periodis daZlevaze, swraf

gardaqmnebze, romlebic xelisuflebam unda gaataros. „Cven gvWirdeba iseTi

cvlilebebi, romlebic mogvcemen saSualebas efeqturad vmarToT qveyana“

(mixeil saakaSvili, 29 ianvari, I arxi); “am kanonproeqtiT prezidents. . . eqneba

krizisuli situaciebis ganmuxtvis saSualeba. Tu parlamenti ar amtkicebs

biujets, da sakiTxebis blokireba specialurad xdeba, prezidents misi

daTxovnis ufleba eniWeba” (gigi wereTeli, 21 ianvari); „rodesac prezidenti da

premier-ministri Tvlian, rom es aris erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom qveyana

fexze dadges, am viTarebaSi bunebrivia, miRebul iqnes is modeli, romelic

imuSavebs da romelic efeqturi iqneba“ (nino burjanaZe, 2 Tebervali)

oponentebi Zalauflebis am koncentraciaSi diqtaturis niSnebs xedaven.

oponentebis azriT, cvlilebebma mospo ramdenime berketi, romlebiTac isar-

gebles Jvaniam da saakaSvilma SevardnaZis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da

romlebic momavalSi SeiZleboda maT winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina SesaZlo momdevno

opoziciebs. vinaidan 1995 wlis konstituciiT prezidents ar hqonda par-

lamentis daTxovnis ufleba, parlaments SeeZlo ukidures opoziciaSi gadasvla

da pasuxismgeblobis acilebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis efeqturi

moqmedebis blokireba, mmarTvelobiTi krizisis Seqmna da am krizisis gamoyeneba

prezidentis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. parlamentis daTxovnis uflebis

mopovebiT prezidenti iSorebs movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis saSiSroebas. “es

gundi Wris im tots, romlidanac movida” (koba daviTaSvili, 5 Tebervali).

kanonproeqtis Sinaarsis warmoCenis mTeli procesi, rogorc is warmod-

genilia sazogadoebis samsjavroze, SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc legitimaciisa

da de-legitimaciis brZola acdenil sibrtyeebSi. xelisufleba apelirebs

efeqtur mmarTvelobaze, gardamaval periodze, eqstremalur pirobebze, Zlier

xelisuflebaze krizisis dasaZlevad, evropul modelze, xalxis nebis aRsru-

lebaze, realobis gaTvaliswinebis saWiroebaze.

oponentebi operireben iseTi cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: demokratiis SezRudva,

gza diqtaturisken, tiranuli mmarTveloba, monarqia, rusuli modeli, Turq-

menizacia da sxva.

zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom acdenilia sibrtyeebi, romlebSic

imyofebian kanonproeqtis damcvelebi da maTi oponentebi. damcvelebs aqvT

pozitivisturi aqcenti efeqtur mmarTvelobaze; oponentebs _ normatiuli

SeSfoTeba konstitucionalizmis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT.

es acdena ar aris ganpirobebuli (didwilad) damcvelTa da oponentTa

Rirebulebrivi, msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebiT; is ukavSirdeba im rolur

sxvaobas, romelic maT Soris arsebobs realur politikur procesSi. anu:

opoziciad yofna saqarTveloSi niSnavs apelirebas uflebebze, Zalauflebis-

Tvis sazRvrebis dawesebaze da kanonis uzenaesobaze, xolo xelisuflebad yofna

— xalxis interesebze da realobis gaTvaliswinebaze. amgvari acdena, rogorc

Cans, tradiciulia da Cveuli bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli

politikuri sistemisTvis, romelSic politikuri sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi,

ixileba ara politikuri strategiis SemuSavebis horizontalur WrilSi

(partiebis konkurencia, dialoguri reJimi, erTi sibrtye), aramed vertikalur

ganzomilebaSi, legitimacia-delegitimaciis maneraSi (liberaluri sazogado-

ebrioba icavs sakuTar Tavs saxelmwifos gadametebuli zewolisgan). erTi mxriv,

efeqturi mmarTveloba da realobis gaTvaliswineba rogorc xelisuflebis

argumenti da, meore mxriv, diqtatura rogorc liberaluri da samarTlebrivi

Rirebulebebis damcveli opoziciis braldeba, aris is dominanaturi diskursi,

romelic damkvidrda saqarTveloSi.

20 “marTvis is stili, meqanizmebi, rac moqmedebda wina periodSi, araefeqturi iyo,

sakmaod rTul mdgomareobamde mivida qveynis ekonomikac, finansebic, energetikac, da

yvela is dargi, romelic TiTqos iyo saxelmwifo ministris koordinirebis qveS” (gigi

wereTeli, 12 ianvari, iberia).

22

socialuri maxasiaTeblebis TvalsazrisiT, SeZlebisdagvarad, mravalferovani

yofiliyo. fokus-jgufebi Catarda sam regionSi, kerZod, 2 jgufi TbilisSi da

TiTo-TiTo Sesabamisad quTaissa da TelavSi. sul Catarda 4 fokus-jgufi,

saSualod 8-10 monawiliT. diskusia grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 1,5 saaTi.

diskusiis warmarTvisas moderatori ar emyareboda winasawar SemuSavebul

kiTxvars, raTa minimumamde dayvaniliyo misi zegavlena jgufis wevrebze da

diskusias hqonoda spontanuri da Tavisufali xasiaTi. (gasaTvaliswinebelia

Temis sirTule da moqalaqeTa SexedulebaTa ganusazRvrelobis xarisxi am

maTTvis sakmaod ganyenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.)

fokus-jgufebis Canawerebi gaiSifra da maT safuZvelze gamoiyo

calkeuli frazebi, sul daaxloebiT 400 debuleba/ gamonaTqvami,

romelic exeboda politikur sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs. rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, Cveulebrivi, moqalaqeebisTvis bevrad ufro axloa

konstituciis is aspeqtebi, romlebic maT uSualod exeba, da ara

centraluri xelisuflebis mowyobis sakiTxebi. fokus -jgufebSi

wamoiWra iseTi Temebi rogorebicaa adamianis uflebebis dacva,

marTlmadidebluri religiis saxelmwifo statusis dafiqsireba,

moqalaqeoba da erovnuloba, regionebis TviTmmarTveloba da sxva. am

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb respondentebis azri, rogorc wesi, bevrad ufro

myarad aris Camoyalibebuli.

Semdgom etapze vaxdendiT TiToeuli am debulebis identificirebas da

kategorizebas diskursebis e.w. gasaRebis meSveobiT. gasaRebi warmoadgens

organzomilebian sistemas (diskursis elementi da mtkicebis tipi), romlis

TiToeul ganzomilebaze gamoiyofa oTxi parametri/kategoria. am ori

ganzomilebis kategoriaTa kombinacia iZleva ujredul struqturas (matricas)

4X4-ze, anu, saboloo jamSi, debulebaTa mTeli erToblioba 16 kategoriad

jgufdeba.

diskursis elementi

mtkicebis tipi ontologia aqtivoba motivi

bunebrivi da

arabunebrivi

urTierTobebi

gansazRvrebiTi 1 2 3 4 aRniSvniTi 5 6 7 8 SefasebiTi 9 10 11 12 dacviTi 13 14 15 16

diskursis elementebi gulisxmobs Semdeg kategoriebs:

1. ontologia (arsebuli) — realurad arsebuli institutebis, socialuri

jgufebis, pirovnebebis da a.S. erToblioba, anu es SeiZleba iyos eri,

politikuri sistema, politikosebi, individebi, klanebi da a.S.

2. aqtivoba (agency) — aqtivobis unari an SesaZlebloba, romelic miewereba, an

ar miewereba am arsebuls;

3. motivi: zogierT motivs SeiZleba eniWebodes pirvelxarisxovani

mniSvneloba, zogi ki — uaryofili an ugulebelyofil iqnes;

4. bunebrivi da arabunebrivi politikuri urTierTobebi (politikuri

Tanasworoba, erovnuli da klasobrivi konfliqtebi, ierarqiuli dayofa,

romelic efuZneba keTildReobis Tu politikuri interesebis xarisxs,

gamocdilebas, demografiul niSnebs da a.S.).

meore ganzomileba _ debulebis tipi — gulisxmobs Semdeg parametrebs:

1. gansazRvrebiTi (definitive) — exeba terminis mniSvnelobas;

2. aRniSvniTi (designative) — exeba faqtebs;

31

II mecadineoba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi

kvlevis meTodologia

mocemuli kvleva eyrdnoba ori midgomis kombinirebas. Tavisi arsiT is

interpretaciulia, magram amave dros iyenebs faqtobrivi masalis statistikur

analizs. kvleva, pirvel rigSi, mimarTulia qarTuli sazogadoebis gagebaze da

ara Seswavlaze am sityvis tradiciuli empiriuli mniSvnelobiT. mkiTxvels,

romelsac naklebad ainteresebs meTodologia, SeuZlia gamotovos es qveTavi da

gadavides Semdeg qveTavze.

politikuri Sexedulebebis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebuli diskursebis

gamosayofad gamoyenebul iqna faqtoruli analizi, saxeldobr, misi “Seb-

runebuli” varianti —_ e.w. “Q-meTodi” (romelic stefensonis mier Semo-

Tavazebuli “Q-sortirebis meTods efuZneba)26. rogorc cnobilia, tradiciuli

faqtoruli analizi (“R-meTodi”) iZleva ama Tu im fenomenis Tu obieqtis raobis

ganmsazRvreli, arsobrivi faqtorebis27 gamoyofis saSualebas, rac efuZneba

sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels Soris kavSiris dadgenis proceduras. miRebuli

interkorelaciaTa matricis maTematikuri damuSevebiT xerxdeba ZiriTadi

faqtorebis gamoyofa. Cveulebrivi faqtoruli analizisagan gansxvavebiT, “Q-

meTodis” SemTxvevaSi korelacia ara sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels aramed

respondentebs Soris ganisazRvreba. am gziT Sedgenili interkorelaciebis

matricis damuSavebiT miiRweva ara maxasiaTeblebis dajgufeba raime faqtoris

mixedviT, aramed TviT individebis dayofa garkveul jgufebad (da amis

safuZvelze faqtorebis dadgena). sxva sityvebiT,, aRniSnuli meTodi saSualebas

gvaZlevs davajgufoT respondentebi sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT maTi

SexedulebaTa sistemis erTgvarovnebis mixedviT da, Sesabamisad, davadginoT

sazogadoebaSi am TvalsazrisiT arsebuli diskursebi (anu TiTo gamovlenili

faqtori aris imavdroulad TiTo diskursi).

,

aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT vlindeba subieqtTa orientaciebi garkveuli

sakiTxis mimarT. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba sxvadasxva jgufis

warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebis sistemis Sedareba saTanado sferoSi. es

miiRweva subieqtis SefasebiTi reaqciis asaxviT TiToeulze im debulebebidan,

romlebic Sedis sakvlevi sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli Sexedulebebis nakrebSi (Q-

nakrebi). amasTan, individis pozicia ama Tu im Sexedulebis mimarT mniSvenelobas

iZens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ganixileba yvela sxva danarCen debulebaze

mis mierve gamoxatuli SefasebiTi reaqciebis konteqstSi.

Q-meTodologiis principiT agebuli kvleva ramdenime etaps moicavs. I etapze

mzaddeba debulebebi Q-nakrebisTvis, risTvisac gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebisa

da masmediis saSualebebis safuZvleze mopovebuli masala.

vinaidan kvleva miznad isaxavda im SexedulebaTa asaxvas, romlis matareblebi

Cveni sazogadoebis rigiTi moqalaqeebi arian, Q-nakrebisTvis debulebebis

Segrovebisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobodiT fokus-jgufebis masalas. Sesabamisad,

fokus jgufebis dakompleqtebisas vcdilobdiT, rom SerCeva demografiuli da

26 mocemuli kvlevis meTodologiis da Teoriuli midgomis safuZvlad gamoviyeneT

analogiuri kvleva, romelic Catarda 13 postkomunistur qveyanaSi arsebuli

politikuri diskursebis gamosavlenad. ix. John S.Druzek, Leslie T.Holmes, “Post-Communist Democratization; Political Discourses across Thirteen Countries”, Cambridge University Press, 2002

27 naTqvamis naTelsamyofad martiv magaliTs mivmarToT. vTqvaT, nebismier speqtralur

ferTa erToblioba SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc wrfivi funqcia sami ZiriTadi ferisa

(wiTeli, mwvane, lurji), anu es sami feri aris aRniSnuli fenomenis raobis

ganmsazRvreli sami ZiriTadi faqtori.

30

Tumca, mainc iyo garkveuli mcdelobebi, erTmaneTis sibrtyeebSi SeWri-

liyvnen da argumentebi gaecvalaT. ase, mixeil saakaSvilis momxre oponentebi,

romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli saakaSvilis reJimis de-legitimaciiT,

cdiloben, garda demokratiis SezRudvisa, ilaparakon SemoTavazebuli sistemis

araefeqturobaze. maTi azriT, modeli ganwirulia krizisisTvis, romelsac

warmoSobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT ori Zlieri figuris Tana-

arseboba. es argumenti sakmaod sustia, vinaidan “efeqturobis” ganzomileba,

maTi mxridan, ukavSirdeba mxolod aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xolo war-

momadgenlobiTobis — sakanonmdeblos, rac, TavisTavad, mxolod saprezidento

modelis maxasiaTebelia: “aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis filosofia ar

gulisxmobs imas, rom igi iyos warmomadgenlobiTi. igi unda iyos efeqturi”

(levan ramiSvili, 24 saaTi, 16 ianvari).

xelisufleba aseve cdilobs Tavi daicvas diqtaturis braldebisgan:

“diqtaturaze saubari aris metad upasuxismgeblo saubari. gamodis, rom evropis

uklebliv yvela qveyanaSi aris diqtatura”. (zurab Jvania, mze, 5 Tebervali); “is

opozicia, vinc axla xmaurobs parlamentSi, eseni arian SevardnaZistebi, da

magaTi mxridan demokratiaze xmauri cota uxerxulia” (mixeil saakaSvili, 5

Tebervali).

erTic da meorec kontrargumentaciaa, romelic diskursisaTvis ganmsaz-

Rvrel rols ar TamaSobs. wamyvani mainc rCeba legitimacia efeqturobiT (xe-

lisufleba) da delegitimacia usamarTlobiT (tirania, diqtatura) (opozicia).

Tu gavixsenebT, rom es diskursi warmoadgens dominantur politikur diskurss

xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris mTel postsabWoTa periodSi, SesaZloa vi-

laparakoT politikuri sistemis mdgradobaze da ara mis radikalur gardaqmnaze

noembris movlenebis Sedegad. xelisuflebasa da mis oponentebs Soris Senar-

Cunebulia uwindeli radikaluri gaxleCa da polarizeba Zveli niSniT:

Zalauflebis gadameteba, uzurpacia da diqtatura, rogorc opoziciis lo-

zungi; efeqturi mmarTvelobis dapireba da qveynis winsvlis uzrunvelyofa,

rogorc xelisuflebis argumenti. es ar waagavs politikur konkurencias par-

tiebs Soris; wamyvan diskurss ayalibebs sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos

dapirispireba21.

5. saxelmwifos legitimacia, adamianis uflebebi, kanonis uzenaesoba,

redistribucia da ganviTareba

efeqturi ganviTareba da swrafi gardaqmnebi Tu konstitucionalizmi da da-

culoba Zalauflebis koncentraciisgan: mJRavndeba Tu ara es dixotomia

mxolod sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi, Tu sxva politikur

movlenebSic vlindeba? saxelmwifos umaRlesi kanonis — konstituciis —

Sesworeba im fonze mimdinareobs, rodesac icvleba TviT saxelmwifos legi-

timaciis stili da misi funqcionireba. saxelmwifo iwyebs Zalovani struq-

turebis amoqmedebas wesrigis dasamyareblad da korufciasTan sabrZolvelad,

rac manamde praqtikulad ar xdeboda.

saxelmwifos postrevoluciuri gaZlierebis legitimacia poulobs sawyisebs

wesrigis damyarebaSi, saxelmwifo aparatis amoqmedebaSi da kanonis damrRvevTa

dasjadobaSi. dominantur diskursSi politikuri da samarTlebrivi pasuxis-

mgebloba saxelmwifos uwindel sisusteze uSualod “SevardnaZes da mis klans”

ekisreba, xolo wesrigisTvis brZola eyrdnoba gamijvnas xalxsa da “kri-

minalebsa” da “korufcionerebs” Soris: “vinc Seqmna es korufciuli sistema,

yvelam unda agos pasuxi Zalian mkacrad”; “unda damyardes wesrigi. . . SevardnaZem

yvelaferi waiRo saxlSi Tavis TanamzraxvelebTan erTad, xazina gaZarculia”;

“Cven viwyebT wesierad cxovrebas” (mixeil saakaSvili, davosi, 21 ianvari).

21 SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom opoziciuri politikuri partiebi saqarTveloSi Tavis

mTavar oponentad xSirad ara xelisuflebas, aramed masmedias asaxeleben.

23

saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrda simboluri agresiis, daSinebis Zlier sajaro

kampanias eyrdnoba. Zalovani struqturebis amoqmedebis da saxelmwifos gaaq-

tiurebis safuZveli, pirvel rigSi, mixeil sakaSvilis gancxadebebsa da mis

pirovnul nebaSi mdgomareobs. cxadia, mniSvneloba aqvs sajaro kampaniis sxva

elementebsac, rogoricaa: sanimuSo sadamsjelo aqciebi, Zalis demonstrireba,

sxva maRalCinosanTa gancxadebebi.

am periodSi axladdaniSnuli Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da axali prokurori

brals uyeneben mTel rig yofil Tu moqmed Tanamdebobis pirebs; xdeba maTi

dakaveba didi raodenobiT saxelmwifo Tanxebis datacebis (Tu Zalauflebis

gadametebis) braldebiT da maT samTviani winaswari patimrobebi efardeba. mas

mere, rac fexburTis federaciis prezidenti, romelsac gadasaxadebis

gadauxdeloba edeboda bralad, tovebs sapatimros saxelmwifosTvis dava-

lianebis dafarvis Semdeg, Cndeba eWvi (rac bevr SemTxvevaSi Semdeg dadasturda),

rom sxvebsac es bedi moeliT — biujetSi seriozuli Tanxis gadaricxvis

SemTxvevaSi maTi saqme sasamarTlo ganxilvamde da ganaCenis gamotanamde ar

mividoda.

kampaniis laitmotivia korufciasTan da danaSaulTan brZola. ~{axladdaniS-

nulma prokurorma unda} . . . korufciis gveleSapi Camarxos. kriminalebi gaweven

winaaRmdegobas, es winaaRmdegoba iqneba rogorc kriminaluri, aseve politikuri.

. . Cven gvaqvs sazogadoebis mxardaWeris imedi~ (mixeil saakaSvili, 12 ianvari); „me

vurCie, rogorc momavalma prezidentma. . . Cem kolegas, iusticiis ministrs, rom

cixeSi buntis nebismieri mcdelobisas _ da es minda kargad moisminon cixeSi

dabudebulma da mis gareT myofma kriminalebma _ gamoiyenon Zala da buntis

nebismieri mcdelobisas gaxsnan cecxli da adgilzeve gaanadguron yvela is

kriminali, romelic Seecdeba situaciis arevas» (mixeil saakaSvili, 12 ianvari) ;

«qurdebi da qurduli mentaliteti unda amoiZirkvos», «qurdi unda ijdes

cixeSi» (gia baramiZe, 2 Tebervali). Tumca, muqara mxolod kanonis damrRvevTa

misamarTiT ar gaismis. xuTjvriani droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebis

oponentebs 14 ianvris saparlamento sxdomaze vano merabiSvili Semdegnairad

pasuxobs : «es aris mcdeloba kontrrevoluciis da, Sesabamisad, kontrrevo-

lucionerebis mimarT saxelmwifo gamoiyenebs im meTodebs, romlebisac isini

Rirsebi arian».

am da sxva sityvier gancxadebebs amyarebs vizualuri masalebi: niRbiani Seia-

raRebuli policielebi Zalis gamoyenebiT miarbenineben samoqalaqo pirebs

cixeSi; xelketebiT erekebian xalxs mcirericxovani mitingebidan; atareben

operaciebs SeiaraRebuli jgufis dasakaveblad (zugdidSi jgufi ayvanilia

gamTeniisas sakuTar saxlebSi, arian daWrilebi, sakaciT mihyavT winaswari

dakavebis sakanSi guliT daavadebuli yofili ministri da a.S.).

amave periodSi mosaxleoba iwyebs winasaarCevno socialuri dapirebis Ses-

rulebis moTxovnas; am dapirebebSi Sedis pensiebis gaormageba, davalianebebis

dafarva da sxva. sxvadasxva regionSi iwyeba ltolvilebis, maswavleblebis,

pensionerebis gamosvlebi, romlebsac imedi miecaT, rom sajaro aqciebiT

miaRweven samarTliani moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, argadaxdili pensiebisa Tu

xelfasebis dafarvas. am moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SeuZlebloba (“biujeti

gaZarcvulia”) uSualod ukavSirdeba xelisuflebis mxridan im adamianebis

dakavebas, vinc wina xelisuflebaSi moRvaweobda. “es aris is xalxi, vis gamoc

pensioneri ar iRebs pensias, vis gamoc is devnili zugdidSi Tavisi ramodenime

laris gareSe rCeboda” (zurab Jvania, 22 ianari, rusTavi 2).

rogorc zemoT moyvanili citatebidan Cans, am diskursSi Znelia

samarTlebrivi danaSaulisa da politikuri danaSaulis garCeva. es problema

tipuria post-revoluciuri reJimebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben dasajon wina

reJimis damnaSaveebi; rogorc wesi, maT uWirT gaarCion samarTalaRsruleba da

politikuri SurisZieba. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac laparakia ekonomikur

danaSaulebze, miT umetes, Tu es danaSaulebi masiuria, anu kanonis universaluri

gamoyeneba gamoricxulia, arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom moxdes qonebis gadanawileba

Zveli elitidan axal mmarTvel elitaze, rac, gansakuTrebiT, xelisuflebis

dabal eSelonebSi da regionebSi iCens xolme Tavs.

saerTo interesis dacva Tu sakuTari politikuri Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba —

24

sazogadoebis gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs uTmobdnenen pirdapir eTers;

xelisuflebasTan radikalurad dapirispirebuli Zalebis speqtri — rogorc

“eqspertebis”, aseve politikosebis _ aq xSirad gacilebiT farTo iyo.

swored sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilva gaxda televiziis

Tavisuflebis pirveli postrevoluciuri seriozuli SezRudvis mizezi. manamde,

noembris Semdgom periodSi, ukve gamoiTqmeboda garkveuli eWvebi, rom sityvis

Tavisufleba postSevardnaZiseul epoqaSi veRar SenarCundeboda im doneze, rac

iyo; gaCnda amis garkveuli niSnebic, magram arsebobda ukeTesobis imedic. es

imedebi sustdeba mas mere, rac sakonstitucio kanonproeqtis gansajaroebasTan

erTad ramdenime arxis teleeTeridan erTdroulad gaqra popularuli sasaubro

programebi. pirdapir eTerSi gasuli es gadacemebi wina dReebSi did dros

uTmobda sakonstitucio cvlilebebis kritikas. rusTavi 2-is, imedis, mzeis da me-

9 arxis Ramis programebis gaqrobis Semdeg am sakiTxebze msjelobas ori arxis _

iberiis da kavkasiis _ sasaubro programebi iZleoda. es SedarebiT patara da

Raribi arxebi swored Tavisi simcirisa da siRaribis gamo ufro Tavisuflebi

arian sxva arxebTan SedarebiT. Tavisi formatiTa da xasiaTiT isini waagaven

komunalur mauwyeblobas, romelsac ara aqvs pretenzia mosaxleobis

umravlesobis yuradReba miipyros; amdenad, isini SedarebiT ukeT asrulebdnen

adamianTa uflebebisa da politikuri umciresobebisTvis sajaro sivrcis

uzrunvelyofis funqcias. konstituciuri cvlilebebis saparlamento ganxilvis

dReebSi mxolod maT hqondaT saparlamento opoziciisTvis eTeris

srulfasovani daTmobis SesaZlebloba.

amwuTieri, pirdapir eTerze orientirebuli vrceli sajaro sivrce did

gavlenas ver axdens sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvaze. yvela Sexeduleba,

gamosvla Tu sxva, rac cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqmeba, aris

zepirsityvieri informacia, saubari an monologi da ara werilobiTad

momzadebuli saavtoro dokumenti. es exeba ara marto satelevizio gamosvlebs,

sadac amgvari stili bunebrivia, aramed sagazeTo publikaciebsac, sadac Warbobs

interviuebi, mrgvali magidebis Canawerebi da sxva. erT-or vrcel,

specialistebis mier momzadebul publikacias, romelic gazeTebSi daibeWda,

procesze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia.25 vinaidan satelevizio gamosvlebis

umravlesoba iyo sakmaod mokle, Warbobda ufro SefasebiTi msjeloba da

SefasebiTi xasiaTis epiteTebi, rogorebicaa: “Zlieri”, “susti”, “evropuli”, sxv.

da lozungebi: “qveyana unda gamovides krizisidan”, “gza diqtaturisken”, sxv.,

monologi, da ara argumentirebuli dialogi.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos gamosvlebis metad cxare emociuri toni da

datvirTva. emociurobiT gamoirCeodnen ara marto oponentebi, aramed

xelisufalnic, gansakuTrebiT _ mixeil saakaSvili, romelic sajarod jer kidev

“gamarjvebuli xalxis lideris” paTosiT gamodioda. im iSviaT Sinaarsobriv

debatebSi, romlebic am periodSi mainc imarTeboda, kritikosebi emociurobiT

jabnidnen kanonproeqtis damcvel politikosebs.

25 erTaderTi werilobiTi komentari, romelic am periodSi gaJRerda, iyo veneciis

komisiiis wevris daskvna. bolo momentSi gamoCenili es daskvna argumentad gamoiyeneba

orive mxaris mier (saakaSvili: dadebiTad afaseben; opozicia: uaryofiTi Sefasebaa),

Tumca ki es dokumenti ara aqvT nanaxi parlamentis wevrebsac ki kanonproeqtis

saparlamento ganxilvisas.

29

emyareba, xelisuflebis Tvalsawieridan, saerTo nebas, xolo opoziciis

Tvalsawieridan, umravlesobis nebas, umciresobebis uflebebis ignorirebiT.

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis komunikaciuri konteqsti

mocemuli kvleva swavlobs 2004 wlis TebervalSi ganxorcielebuli

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis legitimacias, rogorc is warmoCinda saqarTvelos

sajaro sivrceSi 2004 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi. anu, garda garkveuli damxmare

xasiaTis empiriuli monacemebisa, aq ZiriTadad aRiwereba virtualuri sivrce,

romelSic warimarTa msjeloba. komunikaciurad es sivrce ZiriTadad

konstruirebulia telemauwyeblobiT da, Seudareblad naklebad, presiTa da

radioTi. televizia warmoadgens qveynis masobrivi politikuri komunikaciis

mTavar da, albaT, ukonkurento medias. mocemuli kvleva arsebiTad eyrdnoba im

informacias, romelic telearxebis mier iqna translirebuli.

kvlevis am specifikis gamo saWiroa davaxasiaToT sivrcis struqtura,

romelSiac warimarTa mocemuli msjeloba, anu vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra tipis

mauwyebloba Camoyalibda saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvis

momentisTvis.

noembris movlenebis wina periodSi televizia da presa sargeblobdnen

damoukideblobiT xelisuflebisgan; es TvalnaTliv Canda arsebuli xeli-

suflebis SeuzRudav kritikaSi. wina reJimis delegitimaciaSi mediam didi roli

Seasrula. am Tavisuflebis fonze Jurnalistika jer kidev ver gascda sabWour

propagandistul tradicias da ver daimkvidra axali, ufro liberaluri

profesiuli da eTikuri standartebi, romlebic miukerZoebeli obieqturi

mediis normebs daamkvidrebda. sabWouri tradiciis gavlena pirvel rigSi

ikveTeba mauwyeblobisa da presis ideologizirebul, propagandistul xasiaTSi.

telemauwyebloba, romelic komerciulad aramomgebiania da ZviradRirebuli

Tavisi mflobelebisTvis, am fonze institucionalurad politikur xasiaTs

iZens. anu misi ZiriTadi mizania ara komerciuli warmateba, aramed politikuri

zemoqmedebis moxdena, garkveuli sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. am periodSi

funqcionirebs ramdenime damoukidebeli arxi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva

rusTavi 2. es arxi liderobs politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi,

xelisuflebis kritikasa da mixeil saakaSvilisa da zurab Jvanias mxardaWeraSi.

"vardebis revoluciis" Semdeg es arxi sakuTar Tavs "gamarjvebuli xalxis

televizias" uwodebs.

Tuki noembramde yvela arxi met-naklebad xelisuflebas edga opoziciaSi,

noembris movlenebis Semdeg mauwyeblobis landSafti politikurad bevrad

ufro mravalferovani gaxda. ramdenime TviT myardeba viTareba, romelic

SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc "polarizebuli pluralizmi", sadac TiTqmis

nebismieri mayurebeli raRac sainformacio niSas mainc poulobs sakuTari

Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad.

mauwyebelTa politikuri mravalferovneba kargi magaliTia 14 ianvris

sainformacio gamoSvebaTa mier mowodebuli siaxle saxelmwifo droSis miRebis

Sesaxeb. rusTavi 2-i imedianad svamda kiTxvas: "Cabardeba Tu ara istorias Zvel

droSasTan erTad bolo wlebis yvela warumatebloba", iberia daCqarebuli wesiT

~nacionaluri moZraobis~ droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebas "Zaladobis"

aralegitimur statuss aniWebda: "gamarjvebulma gundma Zalis demonstrireba

kidev erTxel moaxdina"; imave aspeqts miaqcia yuradReba kavkasiam: "saakaSvilis

xuTjvriani droSa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSa xdeba".

vinaidan telemauwyebloba saqarTveloSi politikuri mobilizaciis da

propagandis gacilebiT ufro mZlavri iaraRia, vidre politikuri partia,

konstituciis ganxilva-arganxilvis bedi da am ganxilvaSi monawileTa vinaoba

didwilad mauwyeblobebze iyo damokidebuli. am periodSi yvela arxma farTod

gaaSuqa konstituciis cvlilebis procesi, magram gansxvavebuli elferiT. pro-

saxelisuflebo rusTavi 2, romelic aSkarad kritikuli aRmoCnda

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis SemoTavazebuli proeqtis mimarT, dainteresda

mxolod “revolucioneri” kritikosebis SexedulebebiT, sxva arxebi

28

es kiTxva bevr Jurnalists uCndeba. kanonis uzenaesoba da adamianis uflebebi

xdeba xelisuflebis kritikis laitmotivi. es kritika gaismis opoziciur

telearxebze da xelisuflebis momxreebi masSi ar monawileoben (albaT,

erTaderTi gamonaklisi elene TevdoraZea: «adamianebi iTxoven wesrigs, magram

ukanonobas ukanonobiT ar unda ebrZolo»(iberia, 14 ianvari). Cndeba informacia

patimrebis wamebis faqtebze, Cndeba moTxovnebi udanaSaulobis prezumfciis

dacvaze, gaismis gamoTqmebi; : «37 wlis anarekli», «diqtaturis dasawyisi»,

«represiebi» da sxva.

amdenad, saxelmwifos gaZlierebas, axlavs rogorc imedebi, ise SiSi.

imedebi socialuri samarTlianobisa da kanonierebis aRdgenisa da SiSi

saxelmwifos TviTnebobis, arasamarTlebrivi da araliberaluri

maxasiaTeblebis restavraciis. sabWouri gamocdileba da cnobierebis

narCenebi ar gamoricxavs orives SeTavsebas: “saakaSvils stalins veZaxiT...

kargia da samarTliani da imitom” (moqalaqe, 19 Tebervali, imedi).

samarTlianobis am gagebis sawyisebi isev sabWoTa saxelmwifos legitimaciaSi

unda veZioT. sabWoTa saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT stalinis periodSi,

axorcielebda or globalur ekonomikur da socialur funqcias: warmarTavda

sabWouri tipis modernizaciasa da ekonomikur winsvlas da axdenda ekonomikuri

produqciis redistribucias socialuri Tanasworobis principebis Sesabamisad.

manam, sanam arsebobda rwmena, rom am or funqcias saxelmwifo da misi winamZRoli

komunisturi partia warmatebiT axorcielebda, sistema legitimurobas

inarCunebda: is ar iyo, ubralod, despoturi, Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli

organizacia; saxelmwifo mosaxleobisaTvis socialuri samarTlianobis,

momavlis xedvisa da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis wyaros warmoadgenda.

demokratiul mmarTvelobaze da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasuli saxelmwifo,

cxadia, veRar Seasrulebda bevr im funqcias, rasac misgan mosaxleoba moeloda.

orive aspeqtSi — ganviTareba da samarTliani gadanawileba — saqarTveloSi mZime

krizisma daisadgura. wlebis ganmavlobaSi mSp-is zrda metad dabal doneze

rCeboda, xolo uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi katastrofulad izrdeboda.

Seiqmna klientelistur-korufciuli sistema, romelSic TiToeuli adamianis

TviTgadarCena misi piradi saqme gaxda.

axalma ekonomikurma urTierTobebma, rogorc Cans, ver gaxada ekonomikuri

uTanasworoba legitimuri da ver Seqmna sazogadoebis TvalSi misaRebi mdidarTa

fena. bolo wlebSi gamdidrebulTa winaaRmdeg mTavari argumenti aRmoCnda

korufcia: zogi gamdidrda qrTamebiT da Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebiT,

zogi — usamarTlo privatizebiTa da gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobiT. erTic da

meorec qmnida “kerZo mflobelobas” da ara “kerZo sakuTrebas” — politikur, da

ara samarTlebriv sawyisebze Seqmnil kapitals. am Tu sxva mizezebis gamo am

kapitalma ekonomikurad efeqturad ver imuSava da Tavisi arseboba ekonomikuri

zrdis maCveneblebiT ver gaamarTla.

politikuri mmarTvelobis cvlilebisTanave iwyeba am aramyarad

legalizebuli kapitalis amoReba, saxelmwifosTvis dabruneba da /an axali

gadanawileba (es bolo tendencia gansaxilvel periodSi jer sawyis etapze

imyofeba). yofil saxelmwifo moxeleebs uyeneben braldebebs Tanxebis

miTvisebaSi, romlebic xalxs unda daubrundes. sakonstitucio cvlilebebTan

erTad parlamentSi Sedis arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesworebebis paketi,

romelic akanonebs dausabuTebeli da ukanonod miTvisebuli qonebis

CamorTmevas, maT Soris _ qrTamiT privatizebuli kerZo sakuTrebisas.

es konteqsti garkveulwilad xsnis imas, Tu ratom ukavSirdeba

sakonstitucio diskursSi efeqturi ganviTarebis ganzomileba mxolod

xelisuflebis moqmedebas, xolo mis sapirispirod mxolod uflebrivi da

normatiuli maxasiaTeblebi figurirebs. rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, ise

samarTliani gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo kvlavac ganixileba

mTavar samoqmedo Zalad, xolo arsebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ver

poulobs, rogorc Cans, legitimur argumentacias sakuTari Tavis

sazogadoebrivi interesebis uzrunvelyofis wyarod warmosaCenad. martivad

rom vTqvaT, mmarTvelobis SezRudvisken da Tavisuflebisken swrafvis

25

dasabuTeba im argumentiT, rom es Tavisufleba imavdroulad sazogadoebis

efeqturi ganviTarebis sawindars warmoadgens, ver xerxdeba.

6. partia da saxelmwifo; axali droSa

erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelsac unda pasuxobdes konstitucia, aris

politikuri konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa: “konstituciuri modeli unda emsa-

xurebodes demokratiis ganviTarebas, politikuri konkurenciis ganviTarebas da

politikuri azris ganviTarebas qveyanaSi.” (daviT usufaSvili, 30 ianvari, imedi).

politikuri pluralizmi aris sabWoTa partia-saxelmwifos modelis sapiris-

piro instituti, romlis legitimacia gulisxmobs qveynis ganviTarebis

mravalferovani (da ara erTaderTi) politikuri ideologiebis legitimacias da

gamoricxavs erTi dominanturi partiis gansakuTrebul pirobebSi moqcevas.

sabWoTa konstituciis postsabWour, demokratiul konstituciad gardaqmnis

sakvanZo moments warmoadgenda misi me-6 muxlis gauqmeba. am muxliT kon-

stituciaSi dafiqsirebuli iyo erTpartiuloba da komunisturi partiis wam-

yvani da ganmsazRvreli roli saxelmwifoSi. mmarTveli partia, misi ideologia

da misi aparati, romelic yvela saxelmwifo struqturas dominirebda, qmnidnen

partia-saxelmwifos institucionalur models, romelic postsabWoTa periodSi

mmarTvelobis mraval Tandayolil naklovanebas ganapirobebda.

manZili partiebsa da saxelmwifos Soris, romelic liberalur demokratiebSi

arsebobs, am institutebis legitimaciis gansxvavebuli wesebiTaa ganpirobebuli

da uzrunvelyofili. partiebi pouloben legitimacias (xdebian legitimuri

mmarTvelebi) umravlesobis xmebiT — es aris demokratiuli legitimacia; saxel-

mwifo ganasaxierebs ara umravlesobas, aramed saerTo nebas (respublikuri prin-

cipi), romelic TiToeuli adamianis uflebebsac moicavs (liberaluri

ganzomileba). es sxvaoba umravlesobis nebasa (mmarTveli partia) da saerTo nebas

(saxelmwifo) Soris, waSlilia iseT struqturaSi, sadac demokratiuli umrav-

lesoba amarTlebs mmarTveli partiisadmi saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebas da

masTan aTqvefas.

bevris TvalSi, noembris movlenebis mizani partia-saxelmwifos sabWouri

tradiciis bolo gamovlinebaTa dasamareba iyo. magram ukve ianvarSi cxadi

gaxda, rom Zveli tradicia reinkarnacias axal mmarTvlobaSic povebda. amis erT-

erTi pirveli simboluri gamoxatuleba axali saxelmwifo droSis SemoReba

gaxldaT.22

“nacionaluri moZraobis” xuTjvriani droSa noembris movlenebamde

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mixeil saakaSvilisa da saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifoebriobis simbiozis simbolod iyo gamoyenebuli. is, evrokavSiris

droSasTan erTad, amSvenebda iusticiis ministr mixeil saakaSvilis oficialur

brifingebs, is frialebda Tbilisis sakrebulos Tavze, rodesac sakrebulos

mixeil saakaSvili Tavmjdomareobda. SevardnaZis gadadgomisTanave is afrialda

saxelmwifo kancelariis Tavze, Semdeg ki aslan abaSiZis reJimis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad iqna gamoyenebuli.23

22 garda am simboluri maxasiaTeblisa, Semdgom periodSi partia-saxelmwifos niSnebi sxva

maxasiaTeblebiTac myardeba. esenia saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biurokratiis masiuri

Senacvleba axali politikuri kadrebiT; erTpartiuli parlamenti da uaris Tqma

evropis sabWos moTxovnaze daiwios 7-procentiani saarCevno barieri; arCevnebiT

manipulirebis tradiciis gagrZeleba, maT Soris qveynis prezidentis aqtiuri Careva

winasaarCevno agitaciaSi sakuTari partiis sasargeblod da sxva. 23 analogiurad saakaSvilisa, aslan abaSiZe bolo wlebSi iyenebda muqi lurji feris

varskvlavebian droSas rogorc aRorZinebis kavSirisa, da, imavdroulad, aWaris

avtonomiis simbolos. am ori simoblikis dapirispireba xdeba politikuri brZolis

dominanti ianvarSi, baTumSi, sadac paralelurad imarTeba aslan abaSiZisa da mixeil

saakaSvilis momxreTa mitingebi. saakaSvilis momxreebi 12 da 13 ianvars cdiloben

avtonomiur respublikaSi xuTjvriani droSis aRmarTvas, magram uSedegod, vinaidan

aslan abaSiZis momxreebi amas ar uSveben. es brZola droSis aRsamarTavad axal

mimarTulebas iRebs 14 ianvars, rodesac saqarTvelos parlamenti cvlis saxelmwifo

26

xuTjvriani droSa Tavisi simbolikiT qarTvelTa umravlesobis mravali

Rirebulebis matarebelia. is religiuria, rac exmianeba qarTvelTa warmodgenas

imaze, rom qarTuli kultura saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi marTlmadideblurma

religiam Seinaxa. jvaris gamoCena saxelmwifo droSaze aZlierebs mosaxleobis

nawilis sanukvar ocnebas, rom marTlmadidebloba gamocxaddeba saxelmwifo

religiad. amave dros es droSa istoriulia: is figurirebs Zvel ruqebze da

xSirad interpretirebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis simbolod.

amdenad, is kargad Seesabameba mosaxleobis konservatuli nawilis Rirebulebebs

— ena mamuli, sarwmunoeba. meore mxriv, is revoluciuri Zalebis Rirebulebebsac

iTavsebs: evropa, reformebi, demokratia (gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

gamoiyeneba evropis droSasTan erTad, rogorc es iyo mixeil saakaSvilis

inauguraciis dros; Semdeg prezidentma gasca gankarguleba, rom yvela

saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi evropis droSac yofiliyo aRmarTuli)24.

amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali droSis simbolika xalxis umravlesobaSi

povebs legitimacias warsuliTac da momavliTac. amave dros, TviT droSis

Secvlis faqti da meTodi mwvave protests iwvevs xelisuflebis oponentebis

mxridan. maT mier is ar aRiqmeba saerTo nebis gamomxatvelad, aramed saerTo

nebis daqvemdebarebad kerZo politikur interesebze.

droSis gamocvla 14 ianvars imdenad moulodnelad moxda, rom kamaTebi

droSis Sesaxeb masmediaSi mxolod post-faqtum moxerxda. am kamaTebSi gamoiTqva

mravali argumenti rogorc droSis dasacavad (droSa lamazia; imedebis droSaa;

droSa unda gamoxatavdes saxelmwifo ideologias, am ideologiis safuZvelia

droSa, eklesia, rwmena, kultura), ise mis sawinaaRmdegod (es aris jvarosanTa da

ara qarTuli droSa; jvrebis forma sxvanairi unda yofiliyo; droSis wakiTxva

aracalsaxaa, rac dauSvebelia; Zveli droSac bevrisTvis Zvirfasia da misi

Seuracxyofa ar SeiZleboda; droSis gamocvla saxalxo msjelobas moiTxovda da

sxva). Tumca, mTavari, albaT mainc isaa, rom es aris, erTi mxriv, gamarjvebuli

xalxis droSa da axali saxalxo reJimis damyarebis simbolo, xolo meore mxriv,

es aris partiis droSa da amave dros saxelmwifoze politikuri moZraobis

mxridan Zaladobis simbolo. viTarebidan gamomdinare, xdeba droSis poli-

tizireba. anu, oponentebis TvalSi, swored is, rom esaa umravlesobis droSa, da

ara saerTo droSa, xdeba misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli elementi, iseve rogorc

~nacionaluri moZraoba~ maTTvis aris mxolod da mxolod politikuri moZraoba

da ara saerTo saxalxo moZraoba. droSis momxreebisTvis, romlebisTvisac

revoluciaSi «xalxma» gaimarjva, droSac saerTo nebasa da erTobis

gamomxatvelia, da misi politizireba, romelsac isini acnobiereben, mxolod

samwuxaro, magram umniSvnelo detalia.

~nacionaluri moZraobis~ droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebas ar

mohyolia Tavad moZraobisTvis axali, gansxvavebuli droSis daweseba. moZraoba

da droSa rCeba gaigivebuli, iseve rogorc droSa da saxelmwifo. SemdgomSi,

martis saparlamento arCevnebSi, ~nacionaluri moZraoba~ kvlavac am (awi ukve

saxelmwifo) droSiT monawileobs. amdenad, politikuri pluralizmis post-

sabWouri simbolo, partiebis Tanaswori da Tavisufali konkurencia, simbolur

legitimacias kargavs, xolo ~nacionaluri moZraobis~ politikuri kursi da neba

politikuri konkurenciis miRma aRmoCndeba.

droSis sakiTxi es isev partiisa da saxelmwifos mimarTebis sakiTxia.

~nacionaluri moZraoba~ miiCnevs, rom is, xalxis, rogorc erTianobis, nebas

gamoxatavs. droSis legitimacia, iseve rogorc konstituciis legitimacia,

simbolikas axali xuTjvriani droSiT: 19 ianvridan saakaSvilis moZraoba "Cveni aWara"

anaxlebs droSis aRmarTvis mcdelobebs da ukve TiTqmis legitimur sawyisebze

aTavsebs mas aWaris saxelmwifo dawesebulebebze, imavdroulad marTavs saxalxo

gamosvlebs aslan abaSiZis gadadgomis moTxovniT.

24 „qristianuli droSa es aris Cveni evropuli integraciis gamoxatuleba“ (mixeil

saakaSvili, 28 ianvari) ~Cveni uryevi kursi aris evropuli integracia. . . SemTxveviT ar

avwieT Cven dRes evropis droSa. es droSa saqarTvelos droSac aris imitom, rom

gamoxatavs Cveni istoriis, Cveni civilizaciis Cveni kulturis arss da Cveni momavlis

perspeqtivas da xedvas~ (25 ianvari, inauguracia).

27

dasabuTeba im argumentiT, rom es Tavisufleba imavdroulad sazogadoebis

efeqturi ganviTarebis sawindars warmoadgens, ver xerxdeba.

6. partia da saxelmwifo; axali droSa

erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelsac unda pasuxobdes konstitucia, aris

politikuri konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa: “konstituciuri modeli unda emsa-

xurebodes demokratiis ganviTarebas, politikuri konkurenciis ganviTarebas da

politikuri azris ganviTarebas qveyanaSi.” (daviT usufaSvili, 30 ianvari, imedi).

politikuri pluralizmi aris sabWoTa partia-saxelmwifos modelis sapiris-

piro instituti, romlis legitimacia gulisxmobs qveynis ganviTarebis

mravalferovani (da ara erTaderTi) politikuri ideologiebis legitimacias da

gamoricxavs erTi dominanturi partiis gansakuTrebul pirobebSi moqcevas.

sabWoTa konstituciis postsabWour, demokratiul konstituciad gardaqmnis

sakvanZo moments warmoadgenda misi me-6 muxlis gauqmeba. am muxliT kon-

stituciaSi dafiqsirebuli iyo erTpartiuloba da komunisturi partiis wam-

yvani da ganmsazRvreli roli saxelmwifoSi. mmarTveli partia, misi ideologia

da misi aparati, romelic yvela saxelmwifo struqturas dominirebda, qmnidnen

partia-saxelmwifos institucionalur models, romelic postsabWoTa periodSi

mmarTvelobis mraval Tandayolil naklovanebas ganapirobebda.

manZili partiebsa da saxelmwifos Soris, romelic liberalur demokratiebSi

arsebobs, am institutebis legitimaciis gansxvavebuli wesebiTaa ganpirobebuli

da uzrunvelyofili. partiebi pouloben legitimacias (xdebian legitimuri

mmarTvelebi) umravlesobis xmebiT — es aris demokratiuli legitimacia; saxel-

mwifo ganasaxierebs ara umravlesobas, aramed saerTo nebas (respublikuri prin-

cipi), romelic TiToeuli adamianis uflebebsac moicavs (liberaluri

ganzomileba). es sxvaoba umravlesobis nebasa (mmarTveli partia) da saerTo nebas

(saxelmwifo) Soris, waSlilia iseT struqturaSi, sadac demokratiuli umrav-

lesoba amarTlebs mmarTveli partiisadmi saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebas da

masTan aTqvefas.

bevris TvalSi, noembris movlenebis mizani partia-saxelmwifos sabWouri

tradiciis bolo gamovlinebaTa dasamareba iyo. magram ukve ianvarSi cxadi

gaxda, rom Zveli tradicia reinkarnacias axal mmarTvlobaSic povebda. amis erT-

erTi pirveli simboluri gamoxatuleba axali saxelmwifo droSis SemoReba

gaxldaT.22

“nacionaluri moZraobis” xuTjvriani droSa noembris movlenebamde

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mixeil saakaSvilisa da saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifoebriobis simbiozis simbolod iyo gamoyenebuli. is, evrokavSiris

droSasTan erTad, amSvenebda iusticiis ministr mixeil saakaSvilis oficialur

brifingebs, is frialebda Tbilisis sakrebulos Tavze, rodesac sakrebulos

mixeil saakaSvili Tavmjdomareobda. SevardnaZis gadadgomisTanave is afrialda

saxelmwifo kancelariis Tavze, Semdeg ki aslan abaSiZis reJimis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad iqna gamoyenebuli.23

22 garda am simboluri maxasiaTeblisa, Semdgom periodSi partia-saxelmwifos niSnebi sxva

maxasiaTeblebiTac myardeba. esenia saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biurokratiis masiuri

Senacvleba axali politikuri kadrebiT; erTpartiuli parlamenti da uaris Tqma

evropis sabWos moTxovnaze daiwios 7-procentiani saarCevno barieri; arCevnebiT

manipulirebis tradiciis gagrZeleba, maT Soris qveynis prezidentis aqtiuri Careva

winasaarCevno agitaciaSi sakuTari partiis sasargeblod da sxva. 23 analogiurad saakaSvilisa, aslan abaSiZe bolo wlebSi iyenebda muqi lurji feris

varskvlavebian droSas rogorc aRorZinebis kavSirisa, da, imavdroulad, aWaris

avtonomiis simbolos. am ori simoblikis dapirispireba xdeba politikuri brZolis

dominanti ianvarSi, baTumSi, sadac paralelurad imarTeba aslan abaSiZisa da mixeil

saakaSvilis momxreTa mitingebi. saakaSvilis momxreebi 12 da 13 ianvars cdiloben

avtonomiur respublikaSi xuTjvriani droSis aRmarTvas, magram uSedegod, vinaidan

aslan abaSiZis momxreebi amas ar uSveben. es brZola droSis aRsamarTavad axal

mimarTulebas iRebs 14 ianvars, rodesac saqarTvelos parlamenti cvlis saxelmwifo

26

xuTjvriani droSa Tavisi simbolikiT qarTvelTa umravlesobis mravali

Rirebulebis matarebelia. is religiuria, rac exmianeba qarTvelTa warmodgenas

imaze, rom qarTuli kultura saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi marTlmadideblurma

religiam Seinaxa. jvaris gamoCena saxelmwifo droSaze aZlierebs mosaxleobis

nawilis sanukvar ocnebas, rom marTlmadidebloba gamocxaddeba saxelmwifo

religiad. amave dros es droSa istoriulia: is figurirebs Zvel ruqebze da

xSirad interpretirebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis simbolod.

amdenad, is kargad Seesabameba mosaxleobis konservatuli nawilis Rirebulebebs

— ena mamuli, sarwmunoeba. meore mxriv, is revoluciuri Zalebis Rirebulebebsac

iTavsebs: evropa, reformebi, demokratia (gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

gamoiyeneba evropis droSasTan erTad, rogorc es iyo mixeil saakaSvilis

inauguraciis dros; Semdeg prezidentma gasca gankarguleba, rom yvela

saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi evropis droSac yofiliyo aRmarTuli)24.

amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali droSis simbolika xalxis umravlesobaSi

povebs legitimacias warsuliTac da momavliTac. amave dros, TviT droSis

Secvlis faqti da meTodi mwvave protests iwvevs xelisuflebis oponentebis

mxridan. maT mier is ar aRiqmeba saerTo nebis gamomxatvelad, aramed saerTo

nebis daqvemdebarebad kerZo politikur interesebze.

droSis gamocvla 14 ianvars imdenad moulodnelad moxda, rom kamaTebi

droSis Sesaxeb masmediaSi mxolod post-faqtum moxerxda. am kamaTebSi gamoiTqva

mravali argumenti rogorc droSis dasacavad (droSa lamazia; imedebis droSaa;

droSa unda gamoxatavdes saxelmwifo ideologias, am ideologiis safuZvelia

droSa, eklesia, rwmena, kultura), ise mis sawinaaRmdegod (es aris jvarosanTa da

ara qarTuli droSa; jvrebis forma sxvanairi unda yofiliyo; droSis wakiTxva

aracalsaxaa, rac dauSvebelia; Zveli droSac bevrisTvis Zvirfasia da misi

Seuracxyofa ar SeiZleboda; droSis gamocvla saxalxo msjelobas moiTxovda da

sxva). Tumca, mTavari, albaT mainc isaa, rom es aris, erTi mxriv, gamarjvebuli

xalxis droSa da axali saxalxo reJimis damyarebis simbolo, xolo meore mxriv,

es aris partiis droSa da amave dros saxelmwifoze politikuri moZraobis

mxridan Zaladobis simbolo. viTarebidan gamomdinare, xdeba droSis poli-

tizireba. anu, oponentebis TvalSi, swored is, rom esaa umravlesobis droSa, da

ara saerTo droSa, xdeba misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli elementi, iseve rogorc

~nacionaluri moZraoba~ maTTvis aris mxolod da mxolod politikuri moZraoba

da ara saerTo saxalxo moZraoba. droSis momxreebisTvis, romlebisTvisac

revoluciaSi «xalxma» gaimarjva, droSac saerTo nebasa da erTobis

gamomxatvelia, da misi politizireba, romelsac isini acnobiereben, mxolod

samwuxaro, magram umniSvnelo detalia.

~nacionaluri moZraobis~ droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebas ar

mohyolia Tavad moZraobisTvis axali, gansxvavebuli droSis daweseba. moZraoba

da droSa rCeba gaigivebuli, iseve rogorc droSa da saxelmwifo. SemdgomSi,

martis saparlamento arCevnebSi, ~nacionaluri moZraoba~ kvlavac am (awi ukve

saxelmwifo) droSiT monawileobs. amdenad, politikuri pluralizmis post-

sabWouri simbolo, partiebis Tanaswori da Tavisufali konkurencia, simbolur

legitimacias kargavs, xolo ~nacionaluri moZraobis~ politikuri kursi da neba

politikuri konkurenciis miRma aRmoCndeba.

droSis sakiTxi es isev partiisa da saxelmwifos mimarTebis sakiTxia.

~nacionaluri moZraoba~ miiCnevs, rom is, xalxis, rogorc erTianobis, nebas

gamoxatavs. droSis legitimacia, iseve rogorc konstituciis legitimacia,

simbolikas axali xuTjvriani droSiT: 19 ianvridan saakaSvilis moZraoba "Cveni aWara"

anaxlebs droSis aRmarTvis mcdelobebs da ukve TiTqmis legitimur sawyisebze

aTavsebs mas aWaris saxelmwifo dawesebulebebze, imavdroulad marTavs saxalxo

gamosvlebs aslan abaSiZis gadadgomis moTxovniT.

24 „qristianuli droSa es aris Cveni evropuli integraciis gamoxatuleba“ (mixeil

saakaSvili, 28 ianvari) ~Cveni uryevi kursi aris evropuli integracia. . . SemTxveviT ar

avwieT Cven dRes evropis droSa. es droSa saqarTvelos droSac aris imitom, rom

gamoxatavs Cveni istoriis, Cveni civilizaciis Cveni kulturis arss da Cveni momavlis

perspeqtivas da xedvas~ (25 ianvari, inauguracia).

27

emyareba, xelisuflebis Tvalsawieridan, saerTo nebas, xolo opoziciis

Tvalsawieridan, umravlesobis nebas, umciresobebis uflebebis ignorirebiT.

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis komunikaciuri konteqsti

mocemuli kvleva swavlobs 2004 wlis TebervalSi ganxorcielebuli

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis legitimacias, rogorc is warmoCinda saqarTvelos

sajaro sivrceSi 2004 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi. anu, garda garkveuli damxmare

xasiaTis empiriuli monacemebisa, aq ZiriTadad aRiwereba virtualuri sivrce,

romelSic warimarTa msjeloba. komunikaciurad es sivrce ZiriTadad

konstruirebulia telemauwyeblobiT da, Seudareblad naklebad, presiTa da

radioTi. televizia warmoadgens qveynis masobrivi politikuri komunikaciis

mTavar da, albaT, ukonkurento medias. mocemuli kvleva arsebiTad eyrdnoba im

informacias, romelic telearxebis mier iqna translirebuli.

kvlevis am specifikis gamo saWiroa davaxasiaToT sivrcis struqtura,

romelSiac warimarTa mocemuli msjeloba, anu vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra tipis

mauwyebloba Camoyalibda saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvis

momentisTvis.

noembris movlenebis wina periodSi televizia da presa sargeblobdnen

damoukideblobiT xelisuflebisgan; es TvalnaTliv Canda arsebuli xeli-

suflebis SeuzRudav kritikaSi. wina reJimis delegitimaciaSi mediam didi roli

Seasrula. am Tavisuflebis fonze Jurnalistika jer kidev ver gascda sabWour

propagandistul tradicias da ver daimkvidra axali, ufro liberaluri

profesiuli da eTikuri standartebi, romlebic miukerZoebeli obieqturi

mediis normebs daamkvidrebda. sabWouri tradiciis gavlena pirvel rigSi

ikveTeba mauwyeblobisa da presis ideologizirebul, propagandistul xasiaTSi.

telemauwyebloba, romelic komerciulad aramomgebiania da ZviradRirebuli

Tavisi mflobelebisTvis, am fonze institucionalurad politikur xasiaTs

iZens. anu misi ZiriTadi mizania ara komerciuli warmateba, aramed politikuri

zemoqmedebis moxdena, garkveuli sazogadoebrivi azris formireba. am periodSi

funqcionirebs ramdenime damoukidebeli arxi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva

rusTavi 2. es arxi liderobs politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi,

xelisuflebis kritikasa da mixeil saakaSvilisa da zurab Jvanias mxardaWeraSi.

"vardebis revoluciis" Semdeg es arxi sakuTar Tavs "gamarjvebuli xalxis

televizias" uwodebs.

Tuki noembramde yvela arxi met-naklebad xelisuflebas edga opoziciaSi,

noembris movlenebis Semdeg mauwyeblobis landSafti politikurad bevrad

ufro mravalferovani gaxda. ramdenime TviT myardeba viTareba, romelic

SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc "polarizebuli pluralizmi", sadac TiTqmis

nebismieri mayurebeli raRac sainformacio niSas mainc poulobs sakuTari

Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad.

mauwyebelTa politikuri mravalferovneba kargi magaliTia 14 ianvris

sainformacio gamoSvebaTa mier mowodebuli siaxle saxelmwifo droSis miRebis

Sesaxeb. rusTavi 2-i imedianad svamda kiTxvas: "Cabardeba Tu ara istorias Zvel

droSasTan erTad bolo wlebis yvela warumatebloba", iberia daCqarebuli wesiT

~nacionaluri moZraobis~ droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebas "Zaladobis"

aralegitimur statuss aniWebda: "gamarjvebulma gundma Zalis demonstrireba

kidev erTxel moaxdina"; imave aspeqts miaqcia yuradReba kavkasiam: "saakaSvilis

xuTjvriani droSa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSa xdeba".

vinaidan telemauwyebloba saqarTveloSi politikuri mobilizaciis da

propagandis gacilebiT ufro mZlavri iaraRia, vidre politikuri partia,

konstituciis ganxilva-arganxilvis bedi da am ganxilvaSi monawileTa vinaoba

didwilad mauwyeblobebze iyo damokidebuli. am periodSi yvela arxma farTod

gaaSuqa konstituciis cvlilebis procesi, magram gansxvavebuli elferiT. pro-

saxelisuflebo rusTavi 2, romelic aSkarad kritikuli aRmoCnda

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis SemoTavazebuli proeqtis mimarT, dainteresda

mxolod “revolucioneri” kritikosebis SexedulebebiT, sxva arxebi

28

es kiTxva bevr Jurnalists uCndeba. kanonis uzenaesoba da adamianis uflebebi

xdeba xelisuflebis kritikis laitmotivi. es kritika gaismis opoziciur

telearxebze da xelisuflebis momxreebi masSi ar monawileoben (albaT,

erTaderTi gamonaklisi elene TevdoraZea: «adamianebi iTxoven wesrigs, magram

ukanonobas ukanonobiT ar unda ebrZolo»(iberia, 14 ianvari). Cndeba informacia

patimrebis wamebis faqtebze, Cndeba moTxovnebi udanaSaulobis prezumfciis

dacvaze, gaismis gamoTqmebi; : «37 wlis anarekli», «diqtaturis dasawyisi»,

«represiebi» da sxva.

amdenad, saxelmwifos gaZlierebas, axlavs rogorc imedebi, ise SiSi.

imedebi socialuri samarTlianobisa da kanonierebis aRdgenisa da SiSi

saxelmwifos TviTnebobis, arasamarTlebrivi da araliberaluri

maxasiaTeblebis restavraciis. sabWouri gamocdileba da cnobierebis

narCenebi ar gamoricxavs orives SeTavsebas: “saakaSvils stalins veZaxiT...

kargia da samarTliani da imitom” (moqalaqe, 19 Tebervali, imedi).

samarTlianobis am gagebis sawyisebi isev sabWoTa saxelmwifos legitimaciaSi

unda veZioT. sabWoTa saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT stalinis periodSi,

axorcielebda or globalur ekonomikur da socialur funqcias: warmarTavda

sabWouri tipis modernizaciasa da ekonomikur winsvlas da axdenda ekonomikuri

produqciis redistribucias socialuri Tanasworobis principebis Sesabamisad.

manam, sanam arsebobda rwmena, rom am or funqcias saxelmwifo da misi winamZRoli

komunisturi partia warmatebiT axorcielebda, sistema legitimurobas

inarCunebda: is ar iyo, ubralod, despoturi, Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli

organizacia; saxelmwifo mosaxleobisaTvis socialuri samarTlianobis,

momavlis xedvisa da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis wyaros warmoadgenda.

demokratiul mmarTvelobaze da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasuli saxelmwifo,

cxadia, veRar Seasrulebda bevr im funqcias, rasac misgan mosaxleoba moeloda.

orive aspeqtSi — ganviTareba da samarTliani gadanawileba — saqarTveloSi mZime

krizisma daisadgura. wlebis ganmavlobaSi mSp-is zrda metad dabal doneze

rCeboda, xolo uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi katastrofulad izrdeboda.

Seiqmna klientelistur-korufciuli sistema, romelSic TiToeuli adamianis

TviTgadarCena misi piradi saqme gaxda.

axalma ekonomikurma urTierTobebma, rogorc Cans, ver gaxada ekonomikuri

uTanasworoba legitimuri da ver Seqmna sazogadoebis TvalSi misaRebi mdidarTa

fena. bolo wlebSi gamdidrebulTa winaaRmdeg mTavari argumenti aRmoCnda

korufcia: zogi gamdidrda qrTamebiT da Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebiT,

zogi — usamarTlo privatizebiTa da gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobiT. erTic da

meorec qmnida “kerZo mflobelobas” da ara “kerZo sakuTrebas” — politikur, da

ara samarTlebriv sawyisebze Seqmnil kapitals. am Tu sxva mizezebis gamo am

kapitalma ekonomikurad efeqturad ver imuSava da Tavisi arseboba ekonomikuri

zrdis maCveneblebiT ver gaamarTla.

politikuri mmarTvelobis cvlilebisTanave iwyeba am aramyarad

legalizebuli kapitalis amoReba, saxelmwifosTvis dabruneba da /an axali

gadanawileba (es bolo tendencia gansaxilvel periodSi jer sawyis etapze

imyofeba). yofil saxelmwifo moxeleebs uyeneben braldebebs Tanxebis

miTvisebaSi, romlebic xalxs unda daubrundes. sakonstitucio cvlilebebTan

erTad parlamentSi Sedis arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesworebebis paketi,

romelic akanonebs dausabuTebeli da ukanonod miTvisebuli qonebis

CamorTmevas, maT Soris _ qrTamiT privatizebuli kerZo sakuTrebisas.

es konteqsti garkveulwilad xsnis imas, Tu ratom ukavSirdeba

sakonstitucio diskursSi efeqturi ganviTarebis ganzomileba mxolod

xelisuflebis moqmedebas, xolo mis sapirispirod mxolod uflebrivi da

normatiuli maxasiaTeblebi figurirebs. rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, ise

samarTliani gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo kvlavac ganixileba

mTavar samoqmedo Zalad, xolo arsebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ver

poulobs, rogorc Cans, legitimur argumentacias sakuTari Tavis

sazogadoebrivi interesebis uzrunvelyofis wyarod warmosaCenad. martivad

rom vTqvaT, mmarTvelobis SezRudvisken da Tavisuflebisken swrafvis

25

saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrda simboluri agresiis, daSinebis Zlier sajaro

kampanias eyrdnoba. Zalovani struqturebis amoqmedebis da saxelmwifos gaaq-

tiurebis safuZveli, pirvel rigSi, mixeil sakaSvilis gancxadebebsa da mis

pirovnul nebaSi mdgomareobs. cxadia, mniSvneloba aqvs sajaro kampaniis sxva

elementebsac, rogoricaa: sanimuSo sadamsjelo aqciebi, Zalis demonstrireba,

sxva maRalCinosanTa gancxadebebi.

am periodSi axladdaniSnuli Sinagan saqmeTa ministri da axali prokurori

brals uyeneben mTel rig yofil Tu moqmed Tanamdebobis pirebs; xdeba maTi

dakaveba didi raodenobiT saxelmwifo Tanxebis datacebis (Tu Zalauflebis

gadametebis) braldebiT da maT samTviani winaswari patimrobebi efardeba. mas

mere, rac fexburTis federaciis prezidenti, romelsac gadasaxadebis

gadauxdeloba edeboda bralad, tovebs sapatimros saxelmwifosTvis dava-

lianebis dafarvis Semdeg, Cndeba eWvi (rac bevr SemTxvevaSi Semdeg dadasturda),

rom sxvebsac es bedi moeliT — biujetSi seriozuli Tanxis gadaricxvis

SemTxvevaSi maTi saqme sasamarTlo ganxilvamde da ganaCenis gamotanamde ar

mividoda.

kampaniis laitmotivia korufciasTan da danaSaulTan brZola. ~{axladdaniS-

nulma prokurorma unda} . . . korufciis gveleSapi Camarxos. kriminalebi gaweven

winaaRmdegobas, es winaaRmdegoba iqneba rogorc kriminaluri, aseve politikuri.

. . Cven gvaqvs sazogadoebis mxardaWeris imedi~ (mixeil saakaSvili, 12 ianvari); „me

vurCie, rogorc momavalma prezidentma. . . Cem kolegas, iusticiis ministrs, rom

cixeSi buntis nebismieri mcdelobisas _ da es minda kargad moisminon cixeSi

dabudebulma da mis gareT myofma kriminalebma _ gamoiyenon Zala da buntis

nebismieri mcdelobisas gaxsnan cecxli da adgilzeve gaanadguron yvela is

kriminali, romelic Seecdeba situaciis arevas» (mixeil saakaSvili, 12 ianvari) ;

«qurdebi da qurduli mentaliteti unda amoiZirkvos», «qurdi unda ijdes

cixeSi» (gia baramiZe, 2 Tebervali). Tumca, muqara mxolod kanonis damrRvevTa

misamarTiT ar gaismis. xuTjvriani droSis saxelmwifo droSad gamocxadebis

oponentebs 14 ianvris saparlamento sxdomaze vano merabiSvili Semdegnairad

pasuxobs : «es aris mcdeloba kontrrevoluciis da, Sesabamisad, kontrrevo-

lucionerebis mimarT saxelmwifo gamoiyenebs im meTodebs, romlebisac isini

Rirsebi arian».

am da sxva sityvier gancxadebebs amyarebs vizualuri masalebi: niRbiani Seia-

raRebuli policielebi Zalis gamoyenebiT miarbenineben samoqalaqo pirebs

cixeSi; xelketebiT erekebian xalxs mcirericxovani mitingebidan; atareben

operaciebs SeiaraRebuli jgufis dasakaveblad (zugdidSi jgufi ayvanilia

gamTeniisas sakuTar saxlebSi, arian daWrilebi, sakaciT mihyavT winaswari

dakavebis sakanSi guliT daavadebuli yofili ministri da a.S.).

amave periodSi mosaxleoba iwyebs winasaarCevno socialuri dapirebis Ses-

rulebis moTxovnas; am dapirebebSi Sedis pensiebis gaormageba, davalianebebis

dafarva da sxva. sxvadasxva regionSi iwyeba ltolvilebis, maswavleblebis,

pensionerebis gamosvlebi, romlebsac imedi miecaT, rom sajaro aqciebiT

miaRweven samarTliani moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, argadaxdili pensiebisa Tu

xelfasebis dafarvas. am moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SeuZlebloba (“biujeti

gaZarcvulia”) uSualod ukavSirdeba xelisuflebis mxridan im adamianebis

dakavebas, vinc wina xelisuflebaSi moRvaweobda. “es aris is xalxi, vis gamoc

pensioneri ar iRebs pensias, vis gamoc is devnili zugdidSi Tavisi ramodenime

laris gareSe rCeboda” (zurab Jvania, 22 ianari, rusTavi 2).

rogorc zemoT moyvanili citatebidan Cans, am diskursSi Znelia

samarTlebrivi danaSaulisa da politikuri danaSaulis garCeva. es problema

tipuria post-revoluciuri reJimebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben dasajon wina

reJimis damnaSaveebi; rogorc wesi, maT uWirT gaarCion samarTalaRsruleba da

politikuri SurisZieba. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac laparakia ekonomikur

danaSaulebze, miT umetes, Tu es danaSaulebi masiuria, anu kanonis universaluri

gamoyeneba gamoricxulia, arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom moxdes qonebis gadanawileba

Zveli elitidan axal mmarTvel elitaze, rac, gansakuTrebiT, xelisuflebis

dabal eSelonebSi da regionebSi iCens xolme Tavs.

saerTo interesis dacva Tu sakuTari politikuri Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba —

24

sazogadoebis gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs uTmobdnenen pirdapir eTers;

xelisuflebasTan radikalurad dapirispirebuli Zalebis speqtri — rogorc

“eqspertebis”, aseve politikosebis _ aq xSirad gacilebiT farTo iyo.

swored sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilva gaxda televiziis

Tavisuflebis pirveli postrevoluciuri seriozuli SezRudvis mizezi. manamde,

noembris Semdgom periodSi, ukve gamoiTqmeboda garkveuli eWvebi, rom sityvis

Tavisufleba postSevardnaZiseul epoqaSi veRar SenarCundeboda im doneze, rac

iyo; gaCnda amis garkveuli niSnebic, magram arsebobda ukeTesobis imedic. es

imedebi sustdeba mas mere, rac sakonstitucio kanonproeqtis gansajaroebasTan

erTad ramdenime arxis teleeTeridan erTdroulad gaqra popularuli sasaubro

programebi. pirdapir eTerSi gasuli es gadacemebi wina dReebSi did dros

uTmobda sakonstitucio cvlilebebis kritikas. rusTavi 2-is, imedis, mzeis da me-

9 arxis Ramis programebis gaqrobis Semdeg am sakiTxebze msjelobas ori arxis _

iberiis da kavkasiis _ sasaubro programebi iZleoda. es SedarebiT patara da

Raribi arxebi swored Tavisi simcirisa da siRaribis gamo ufro Tavisuflebi

arian sxva arxebTan SedarebiT. Tavisi formatiTa da xasiaTiT isini waagaven

komunalur mauwyeblobas, romelsac ara aqvs pretenzia mosaxleobis

umravlesobis yuradReba miipyros; amdenad, isini SedarebiT ukeT asrulebdnen

adamianTa uflebebisa da politikuri umciresobebisTvis sajaro sivrcis

uzrunvelyofis funqcias. konstituciuri cvlilebebis saparlamento ganxilvis

dReebSi mxolod maT hqondaT saparlamento opoziciisTvis eTeris

srulfasovani daTmobis SesaZlebloba.

amwuTieri, pirdapir eTerze orientirebuli vrceli sajaro sivrce did

gavlenas ver axdens sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilvaze. yvela Sexeduleba,

gamosvla Tu sxva, rac cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqmeba, aris

zepirsityvieri informacia, saubari an monologi da ara werilobiTad

momzadebuli saavtoro dokumenti. es exeba ara marto satelevizio gamosvlebs,

sadac amgvari stili bunebrivia, aramed sagazeTo publikaciebsac, sadac Warbobs

interviuebi, mrgvali magidebis Canawerebi da sxva. erT-or vrcel,

specialistebis mier momzadebul publikacias, romelic gazeTebSi daibeWda,

procesze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia.25 vinaidan satelevizio gamosvlebis

umravlesoba iyo sakmaod mokle, Warbobda ufro SefasebiTi msjeloba da

SefasebiTi xasiaTis epiteTebi, rogorebicaa: “Zlieri”, “susti”, “evropuli”, sxv.

da lozungebi: “qveyana unda gamovides krizisidan”, “gza diqtaturisken”, sxv.,

monologi, da ara argumentirebuli dialogi.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos gamosvlebis metad cxare emociuri toni da

datvirTva. emociurobiT gamoirCeodnen ara marto oponentebi, aramed

xelisufalnic, gansakuTrebiT _ mixeil saakaSvili, romelic sajarod jer kidev

“gamarjvebuli xalxis lideris” paTosiT gamodioda. im iSviaT Sinaarsobriv

debatebSi, romlebic am periodSi mainc imarTeboda, kritikosebi emociurobiT

jabnidnen kanonproeqtis damcvel politikosebs.

25 erTaderTi werilobiTi komentari, romelic am periodSi gaJRerda, iyo veneciis

komisiiis wevris daskvna. bolo momentSi gamoCenili es daskvna argumentad gamoiyeneba

orive mxaris mier (saakaSvili: dadebiTad afaseben; opozicia: uaryofiTi Sefasebaa),

Tumca ki es dokumenti ara aqvT nanaxi parlamentis wevrebsac ki kanonproeqtis

saparlamento ganxilvisas.

29

II mecadineoba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi

kvlevis meTodologia

mocemuli kvleva eyrdnoba ori midgomis kombinirebas. Tavisi arsiT is

interpretaciulia, magram amave dros iyenebs faqtobrivi masalis statistikur

analizs. kvleva, pirvel rigSi, mimarTulia qarTuli sazogadoebis gagebaze da

ara Seswavlaze am sityvis tradiciuli empiriuli mniSvnelobiT. mkiTxvels,

romelsac naklebad ainteresebs meTodologia, SeuZlia gamotovos es qveTavi da

gadavides Semdeg qveTavze.

politikuri Sexedulebebis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebuli diskursebis

gamosayofad gamoyenebul iqna faqtoruli analizi, saxeldobr, misi “Seb-

runebuli” varianti —_ e.w. “Q-meTodi” (romelic stefensonis mier Semo-

Tavazebuli “Q-sortirebis meTods efuZneba)26. rogorc cnobilia, tradiciuli

faqtoruli analizi (“R-meTodi”) iZleva ama Tu im fenomenis Tu obieqtis raobis

ganmsazRvreli, arsobrivi faqtorebis27 gamoyofis saSualebas, rac efuZneba

sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels Soris kavSiris dadgenis proceduras. miRebuli

interkorelaciaTa matricis maTematikuri damuSevebiT xerxdeba ZiriTadi

faqtorebis gamoyofa. Cveulebrivi faqtoruli analizisagan gansxvavebiT, “Q-

meTodis” SemTxvevaSi korelacia ara sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels aramed

respondentebs Soris ganisazRvreba. am gziT Sedgenili interkorelaciebis

matricis damuSavebiT miiRweva ara maxasiaTeblebis dajgufeba raime faqtoris

mixedviT, aramed TviT individebis dayofa garkveul jgufebad (da amis

safuZvelze faqtorebis dadgena). sxva sityvebiT,, aRniSnuli meTodi saSualebas

gvaZlevs davajgufoT respondentebi sakvlevi obieqtis mimarT maTi

SexedulebaTa sistemis erTgvarovnebis mixedviT da, Sesabamisad, davadginoT

sazogadoebaSi am TvalsazrisiT arsebuli diskursebi (anu TiTo gamovlenili

faqtori aris imavdroulad TiTo diskursi).

,

aRniSnuli meTodis meSveobiT vlindeba subieqtTa orientaciebi garkveuli

sakiTxis mimarT. amis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba sxvadasxva jgufis

warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebis sistemis Sedareba saTanado sferoSi. es

miiRweva subieqtis SefasebiTi reaqciis asaxviT TiToeulze im debulebebidan,

romlebic Sedis sakvlevi sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli Sexedulebebis nakrebSi (Q-

nakrebi). amasTan, individis pozicia ama Tu im Sexedulebis mimarT mniSvenelobas

iZens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ganixileba yvela sxva danarCen debulebaze

mis mierve gamoxatuli SefasebiTi reaqciebis konteqstSi.

Q-meTodologiis principiT agebuli kvleva ramdenime etaps moicavs. I etapze

mzaddeba debulebebi Q-nakrebisTvis, risTvisac gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebisa

da masmediis saSualebebis safuZvleze mopovebuli masala.

vinaidan kvleva miznad isaxavda im SexedulebaTa asaxvas, romlis matareblebi

Cveni sazogadoebis rigiTi moqalaqeebi arian, Q-nakrebisTvis debulebebis

Segrovebisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobodiT fokus-jgufebis masalas. Sesabamisad,

fokus jgufebis dakompleqtebisas vcdilobdiT, rom SerCeva demografiuli da

26 mocemuli kvlevis meTodologiis da Teoriuli midgomis safuZvlad gamoviyeneT

analogiuri kvleva, romelic Catarda 13 postkomunistur qveyanaSi arsebuli

politikuri diskursebis gamosavlenad. ix. John S.Druzek, Leslie T.Holmes, “Post-Communist Democratization; Political Discourses across Thirteen Countries”, Cambridge University Press, 2002

27 naTqvamis naTelsamyofad martiv magaliTs mivmarToT. vTqvaT, nebismier speqtralur

ferTa erToblioba SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc wrfivi funqcia sami ZiriTadi ferisa

(wiTeli, mwvane, lurji), anu es sami feri aris aRniSnuli fenomenis raobis

ganmsazRvreli sami ZiriTadi faqtori.

30

Tumca, mainc iyo garkveuli mcdelobebi, erTmaneTis sibrtyeebSi SeWri-

liyvnen da argumentebi gaecvalaT. ase, mixeil saakaSvilis momxre oponentebi,

romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli saakaSvilis reJimis de-legitimaciiT,

cdiloben, garda demokratiis SezRudvisa, ilaparakon SemoTavazebuli sistemis

araefeqturobaze. maTi azriT, modeli ganwirulia krizisisTvis, romelsac

warmoSobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT ori Zlieri figuris Tana-

arseboba. es argumenti sakmaod sustia, vinaidan “efeqturobis” ganzomileba,

maTi mxridan, ukavSirdeba mxolod aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, xolo war-

momadgenlobiTobis — sakanonmdeblos, rac, TavisTavad, mxolod saprezidento

modelis maxasiaTebelia: “aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis filosofia ar

gulisxmobs imas, rom igi iyos warmomadgenlobiTi. igi unda iyos efeqturi”

(levan ramiSvili, 24 saaTi, 16 ianvari).

xelisufleba aseve cdilobs Tavi daicvas diqtaturis braldebisgan:

“diqtaturaze saubari aris metad upasuxismgeblo saubari. gamodis, rom evropis

uklebliv yvela qveyanaSi aris diqtatura”. (zurab Jvania, mze, 5 Tebervali); “is

opozicia, vinc axla xmaurobs parlamentSi, eseni arian SevardnaZistebi, da

magaTi mxridan demokratiaze xmauri cota uxerxulia” (mixeil saakaSvili, 5

Tebervali).

erTic da meorec kontrargumentaciaa, romelic diskursisaTvis ganmsaz-

Rvrel rols ar TamaSobs. wamyvani mainc rCeba legitimacia efeqturobiT (xe-

lisufleba) da delegitimacia usamarTlobiT (tirania, diqtatura) (opozicia).

Tu gavixsenebT, rom es diskursi warmoadgens dominantur politikur diskurss

xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris mTel postsabWoTa periodSi, SesaZloa vi-

laparakoT politikuri sistemis mdgradobaze da ara mis radikalur gardaqmnaze

noembris movlenebis Sedegad. xelisuflebasa da mis oponentebs Soris Senar-

Cunebulia uwindeli radikaluri gaxleCa da polarizeba Zveli niSniT:

Zalauflebis gadameteba, uzurpacia da diqtatura, rogorc opoziciis lo-

zungi; efeqturi mmarTvelobis dapireba da qveynis winsvlis uzrunvelyofa,

rogorc xelisuflebis argumenti. es ar waagavs politikur konkurencias par-

tiebs Soris; wamyvan diskurss ayalibebs sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos

dapirispireba21.

5. saxelmwifos legitimacia, adamianis uflebebi, kanonis uzenaesoba,

redistribucia da ganviTareba

efeqturi ganviTareba da swrafi gardaqmnebi Tu konstitucionalizmi da da-

culoba Zalauflebis koncentraciisgan: mJRavndeba Tu ara es dixotomia

mxolod sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi, Tu sxva politikur

movlenebSic vlindeba? saxelmwifos umaRlesi kanonis — konstituciis —

Sesworeba im fonze mimdinareobs, rodesac icvleba TviT saxelmwifos legi-

timaciis stili da misi funqcionireba. saxelmwifo iwyebs Zalovani struq-

turebis amoqmedebas wesrigis dasamyareblad da korufciasTan sabrZolvelad,

rac manamde praqtikulad ar xdeboda.

saxelmwifos postrevoluciuri gaZlierebis legitimacia poulobs sawyisebs

wesrigis damyarebaSi, saxelmwifo aparatis amoqmedebaSi da kanonis damrRvevTa

dasjadobaSi. dominantur diskursSi politikuri da samarTlebrivi pasuxis-

mgebloba saxelmwifos uwindel sisusteze uSualod “SevardnaZes da mis klans”

ekisreba, xolo wesrigisTvis brZola eyrdnoba gamijvnas xalxsa da “kri-

minalebsa” da “korufcionerebs” Soris: “vinc Seqmna es korufciuli sistema,

yvelam unda agos pasuxi Zalian mkacrad”; “unda damyardes wesrigi. . . SevardnaZem

yvelaferi waiRo saxlSi Tavis TanamzraxvelebTan erTad, xazina gaZarculia”;

“Cven viwyebT wesierad cxovrebas” (mixeil saakaSvili, davosi, 21 ianvari).

21 SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom opoziciuri politikuri partiebi saqarTveloSi Tavis

mTavar oponentad xSirad ara xelisuflebas, aramed masmedias asaxeleben.

23

damcvelTa gamosvlebSi20.

krizisuli mdgomareobis daZleva postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi kidev

ufro Zlieri argumentia Zalauflebis koncentraciis dasasabuTeblad;

kanonproeqti xazgasmulad mimarTulia gardamavali periodis daZlevaze, swraf

gardaqmnebze, romlebic xelisuflebam unda gaataros. „Cven gvWirdeba iseTi

cvlilebebi, romlebic mogvcemen saSualebas efeqturad vmarToT qveyana“

(mixeil saakaSvili, 29 ianvari, I arxi); “am kanonproeqtiT prezidents. . . eqneba

krizisuli situaciebis ganmuxtvis saSualeba. Tu parlamenti ar amtkicebs

biujets, da sakiTxebis blokireba specialurad xdeba, prezidents misi

daTxovnis ufleba eniWeba” (gigi wereTeli, 21 ianvari); „rodesac prezidenti da

premier-ministri Tvlian, rom es aris erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom qveyana

fexze dadges, am viTarebaSi bunebrivia, miRebul iqnes is modeli, romelic

imuSavebs da romelic efeqturi iqneba“ (nino burjanaZe, 2 Tebervali)

oponentebi Zalauflebis am koncentraciaSi diqtaturis niSnebs xedaven.

oponentebis azriT, cvlilebebma mospo ramdenime berketi, romlebiTac isar-

gebles Jvaniam da saakaSvilma SevardnaZis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da

romlebic momavalSi SeiZleboda maT winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina SesaZlo momdevno

opoziciebs. vinaidan 1995 wlis konstituciiT prezidents ar hqonda par-

lamentis daTxovnis ufleba, parlaments SeeZlo ukidures opoziciaSi gadasvla

da pasuxismgeblobis acilebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis efeqturi

moqmedebis blokireba, mmarTvelobiTi krizisis Seqmna da am krizisis gamoyeneba

prezidentis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. parlamentis daTxovnis uflebis

mopovebiT prezidenti iSorebs movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis saSiSroebas. “es

gundi Wris im tots, romlidanac movida” (koba daviTaSvili, 5 Tebervali).

kanonproeqtis Sinaarsis warmoCenis mTeli procesi, rogorc is warmod-

genilia sazogadoebis samsjavroze, SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc legitimaciisa

da de-legitimaciis brZola acdenil sibrtyeebSi. xelisufleba apelirebs

efeqtur mmarTvelobaze, gardamaval periodze, eqstremalur pirobebze, Zlier

xelisuflebaze krizisis dasaZlevad, evropul modelze, xalxis nebis aRsru-

lebaze, realobis gaTvaliswinebis saWiroebaze.

oponentebi operireben iseTi cnebebiT, rogorebicaa: demokratiis SezRudva,

gza diqtaturisken, tiranuli mmarTveloba, monarqia, rusuli modeli, Turq-

menizacia da sxva.

zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom acdenilia sibrtyeebi, romlebSic

imyofebian kanonproeqtis damcvelebi da maTi oponentebi. damcvelebs aqvT

pozitivisturi aqcenti efeqtur mmarTvelobaze; oponentebs _ normatiuli

SeSfoTeba konstitucionalizmis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT.

es acdena ar aris ganpirobebuli (didwilad) damcvelTa da oponentTa

Rirebulebrivi, msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebiT; is ukavSirdeba im rolur

sxvaobas, romelic maT Soris arsebobs realur politikur procesSi. anu:

opoziciad yofna saqarTveloSi niSnavs apelirebas uflebebze, Zalauflebis-

Tvis sazRvrebis dawesebaze da kanonis uzenaesobaze, xolo xelisuflebad yofna

— xalxis interesebze da realobis gaTvaliswinebaze. amgvari acdena, rogorc

Cans, tradiciulia da Cveuli bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli

politikuri sistemisTvis, romelSic politikuri sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi,

ixileba ara politikuri strategiis SemuSavebis horizontalur WrilSi

(partiebis konkurencia, dialoguri reJimi, erTi sibrtye), aramed vertikalur

ganzomilebaSi, legitimacia-delegitimaciis maneraSi (liberaluri sazogado-

ebrioba icavs sakuTar Tavs saxelmwifos gadametebuli zewolisgan). erTi mxriv,

efeqturi mmarTveloba da realobis gaTvaliswineba rogorc xelisuflebis

argumenti da, meore mxriv, diqtatura rogorc liberaluri da samarTlebrivi

Rirebulebebis damcveli opoziciis braldeba, aris is dominanaturi diskursi,

romelic damkvidrda saqarTveloSi.

20 “marTvis is stili, meqanizmebi, rac moqmedebda wina periodSi, araefeqturi iyo,

sakmaod rTul mdgomareobamde mivida qveynis ekonomikac, finansebic, energetikac, da

yvela is dargi, romelic TiTqos iyo saxelmwifo ministris koordinirebis qveS” (gigi

wereTeli, 12 ianvari, iberia).

22

socialuri maxasiaTeblebis TvalsazrisiT, SeZlebisdagvarad, mravalferovani

yofiliyo. fokus-jgufebi Catarda sam regionSi, kerZod, 2 jgufi TbilisSi da

TiTo-TiTo Sesabamisad quTaissa da TelavSi. sul Catarda 4 fokus-jgufi,

saSualod 8-10 monawiliT. diskusia grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 1,5 saaTi.

diskusiis warmarTvisas moderatori ar emyareboda winasawar SemuSavebul

kiTxvars, raTa minimumamde dayvaniliyo misi zegavlena jgufis wevrebze da

diskusias hqonoda spontanuri da Tavisufali xasiaTi. (gasaTvaliswinebelia

Temis sirTule da moqalaqeTa SexedulebaTa ganusazRvrelobis xarisxi am

maTTvis sakmaod ganyenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.)

fokus-jgufebis Canawerebi gaiSifra da maT safuZvelze gamoiyo

calkeuli frazebi, sul daaxloebiT 400 debuleba/ gamonaTqvami,

romelic exeboda politikur sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs. rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, Cveulebrivi, moqalaqeebisTvis bevrad ufro axloa

konstituciis is aspeqtebi, romlebic maT uSualod exeba, da ara

centraluri xelisuflebis mowyobis sakiTxebi. fokus -jgufebSi

wamoiWra iseTi Temebi rogorebicaa adamianis uflebebis dacva,

marTlmadidebluri religiis saxelmwifo statusis dafiqsireba,

moqalaqeoba da erovnuloba, regionebis TviTmmarTveloba da sxva. am

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb respondentebis azri, rogorc wesi, bevrad ufro

myarad aris Camoyalibebuli.

Semdgom etapze vaxdendiT TiToeuli am debulebis identificirebas da

kategorizebas diskursebis e.w. gasaRebis meSveobiT. gasaRebi warmoadgens

organzomilebian sistemas (diskursis elementi da mtkicebis tipi), romlis

TiToeul ganzomilebaze gamoiyofa oTxi parametri/kategoria. am ori

ganzomilebis kategoriaTa kombinacia iZleva ujredul struqturas (matricas)

4X4-ze, anu, saboloo jamSi, debulebaTa mTeli erToblioba 16 kategoriad

jgufdeba.

diskursis elementi

mtkicebis tipi ontologia aqtivoba motivi

bunebrivi da

arabunebrivi

urTierTobebi

gansazRvrebiTi 1 2 3 4 aRniSvniTi 5 6 7 8 SefasebiTi 9 10 11 12 dacviTi 13 14 15 16

diskursis elementebi gulisxmobs Semdeg kategoriebs:

1. ontologia (arsebuli) — realurad arsebuli institutebis, socialuri

jgufebis, pirovnebebis da a.S. erToblioba, anu es SeiZleba iyos eri,

politikuri sistema, politikosebi, individebi, klanebi da a.S.

2. aqtivoba (agency) — aqtivobis unari an SesaZlebloba, romelic miewereba, an

ar miewereba am arsebuls;

3. motivi: zogierT motivs SeiZleba eniWebodes pirvelxarisxovani

mniSvneloba, zogi ki — uaryofili an ugulebelyofil iqnes;

4. bunebrivi da arabunebrivi politikuri urTierTobebi (politikuri

Tanasworoba, erovnuli da klasobrivi konfliqtebi, ierarqiuli dayofa,

romelic efuZneba keTildReobis Tu politikuri interesebis xarisxs,

gamocdilebas, demografiul niSnebs da a.S.).

meore ganzomileba _ debulebis tipi — gulisxmobs Semdeg parametrebs:

1. gansazRvrebiTi (definitive) — exeba terminis mniSvnelobas;

2. aRniSvniTi (designative) — exeba faqtebs;

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3. SefasebiTi (evalutive) — exeba faseulobebs, romlebic arsebobs an SeiZleba

arsebobdes;

4. dacviTi (advocative) — exeba imas, rac unda an ar unda arsebobdes.

zemoaRniSnuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze debulebaTa mTeli erToblioba

kategorizebul iqna 16 jgufad, anu miRebuli matricis 16 ujredis mixedviT.

debulebaTa klasificireba (identificireba) moxda 3 eqspertis mier

damoukideblad, miwerili kategoriebi sabolood Sejerebul iqna erTmaneTTan.

debulebaTa TiToeuli kategoriidan SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCa 4-4 debuleba

Q-nakrebisTvis, anu gakeTda 64 gamonaTqvamisgan Semdgari nakrebi. unda

aRiniSnos, rom gamonaTqvamebi rCeboda ucvleli saxiT (anu im saxiT, rogoradac

is warmoTqva avtorma), redaqtireba gulisxmobda mxolod Semoklebebsa da

gramatikul Sesworebebs. ramdenime debuleba damatebul iqna masmediidan,

radganac matricis zogierTi ujredi sakmarisad ver Seivso; garda amisa,

masmedidan Q-nakrebs daemata ramdenime iseTi gamonaTqvami, romelic Cveni

kvlevisTvis iyo arsebiTi, magram ar figurirebda fokus - jgufebis teqstebSi

(mag., 1328 da 17). debulebebis SerCevis SemTxveviTobis principi ar iyo mkacrad

daculi, vinaidan, Tu am gziT Q-nakrebSi xvdeboda ori Sinaarsobrivad TiTqmis

identuri gamonaTqvami, xdeboda erT-erTis amogdeba da mis magivrad sxva

gamonaTqvamis arCeva.

kvlevis mesame etapze Catarda individualuri interviuebi, romlis drosac

64 debuleba respondentebs unda daelagebinaT 13 jgufad (kvazinormaluri

ganawilebis saxiT) TiToeul SexedulebasTan Tanxmobis xarisxis mixedviT.

Sefaseba xdeboda 13-quliani skalis meSveobiT, 6-idan (“yvelaze metad

veTanxmebi”) 0-s gavliT _6-mde (“yvelaze naklebad veTanxmebi”)29. kvlevis am

etapze monawileoba miiRo 40 respondentma. maTi SerCeva xdeboda im

kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofda cvladebis

mravalferovnebas socialuri da politikuri maxasiaTeblebis TvalsazrisiT.

socialur maxasiaTeblebSi igulisxmeba asaki, ganaTleba, saqmianobis sfero,

materialuri keTildReobis xarisxi, sacxovrebeli adgili. respondentebi

SeirCnen 4 regionidan, kerZod: 25 adamiani Tbilisidan, xuT-xuTi ki baTumidan,

quTaisidan da goridan.

politikuri maxasiaTeblebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda politikur

mikuTvnebulobas. SerCeva moicavda adamianebs, romlebic aqtiurad

uWerdnen mxars ama Tu im partias an iyvnen romelime konkretuli partiis

wevrebi, agreTve maT, vinc opoziciurad an indiferentulad iyvnen

ganwyobili yvela partiis mimarT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom

aRniSnuli kvleva mimdinareobda sxva sociologiuri gamokiTxvis

paralelurad, romelic 1000 respondentze tardeboda, SemTxveviTi

SerCevis principi am SemTxvevaSic kargad iqna daculi. gamokiTxva

Catarda 2004 wlis Semodgomaze.

miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda specialurad Q-meTodisaTvis gankuTvnili

statistikuri programiT PQMethod2.11 (Brown et al.1999). faqtorulianalizi

warmoebda korelaciebis dadgeniT Q-nakrebebs Soris matricaSi 40X40, ris

Semdegac matricis analizi moxda centroiduli meTodisa da Varimax rotaciis

(Varimax rotation) meSveobiT.

kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT, rom faqtorebi, romlebsac mocemuli

statistikuri programa monacemebis damuSavebis Sedegad adgens, warmoadgens

diskursebs, romlebic axlosaa respondentebis garkveuli jgufis

SexedulebebTan. statistikur programas SeuZlia daakavSiros respondentebi

or, sam, da a.S. Svid faqtorTan, Tundac es faqtorebi Tanabrad mniSvnelovani da

28 aq da Semdgom Q-nakrebis gamonaTqvamebi aRniSnulia nomrebiT, romlebic Seesabameba

maT nomers tabula 1-Si. 29 ix. nax. 1

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wevrTa imunitetis Sesustebas.18.

gacilebiT ufro umtkivneuloa iseTi cvlilebebi, romlebsac ara hyavT

uSualod pirovnulad dainteresebuli oponentebi an am oponentebs ara aqvT

sakmarisi berketebi sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. ase, magaliTad, axali

konstituciidan gaqra debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidents ara aqvs

ufleba ekavos partiis xelmZRvanelis posti. meore cvlileba exeboda im

amomrCevelTa raodenobas, romelic unda misuliyo saprezidento arCevnebSi,

rom es arCevnebi Semdgarad CaTvliliyo. axal variantSi gaqra amomrCevelTa 50%

-is monawileobis moTxovna. mesame SezRudva exeba parlamentis mier iseTi

kanonebis miRebas, romelTac SeiZleba mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe biujetis

xarjebi gazardon. samive Tavis droze gamoyenebuli iyo SevardnaZis winaaRmdeg

(is iyo moqalaqeTa kavSiris lideri; 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi

monawileTa raodenobis oficialuri monacemebi aradamajerebelia; winasaarCev-

no periodSi parlamenti Rebulobda populistur kanonebs pensiebis da

xelfasebis gazrdis Taobaze, romelTa aRsasruleblad biujetSi fuli ar iyo)

da SesaZloa Semotrialebuliyo mixeil saakaSvilis winaaRmdegac - is xom

~nacionaluri moZraobis~ erTpirovnuli da ualternativo lideria, xolo 2004

wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenoba aseve saTuoa. miuxedavad

imisa, rom erT-erTi — parlamentis sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebis SezRudva —

rogorc es nino burjanaZis replikidan Cans _ kamaTis sagani gamxdara kanon-

proeqtis momzadebis etapze, da yvela es cvlileba badebs kiTxvebs saparlamento

ganxilvisas, sabolood parlamenti maT mainc xmas aZlevs. samagierod,

konstruqtiuli Cans xelisuflebis urTierToba oponentebTan iseT sakiTxze,

romelic saerTod ar exeba Zalauflebis sakiTxebs — es aris ormagi moqalaqeobis

problema; am muxlis formulirebaSi mixeil saakaSvili did daTmobebze midis.

sxva Zalebi, romlebic pretenzias acxadeben politikur gavlenaze an

momavali politikuri brZolebisTvis emzadebian, kanonproeqts konstitucio-

nalizmisa da kanonis uzenaesobis Rirebulebebis Tvalsawieridan akritikeben,

razedac qvemoT gveqneba saubari; swored maTi misamarTiT warmoTqvams pre-

zidenti, konsolidaciis saWiroebaze saubris konteqstSi: «me ar mainteresebs

pirovnebebi, Cems gverdze dgas xalxi»; is gulisxmobs, rom «xalxs», rogorc

demokratiuli legitimaciis erTeuls, SeiZleba hyavdes mxolod erTi warmo-

madgenlobiTi mmarTveli, romlis irgvlivac konsolidirebuli iqneba mTeli

mmarTveloba; yvelas aqvs SesaZlebloba, am mmarTvelobaSi monawileoba miiRos,

magram es monawileoba politikur dapirispirebas gamoricxavs: “veraferi

aRudgeba win saqarTvelos konsolidaciis process, es aris Cemi iniciativa, minda

gaerTiandnen partiebi, gaerTiandnen politikosebi, Tu gvinda, rom amovZvreT im

wumpedan, romelSiac Cagvagdo SevardnaZem” (mixeil saakaSvili, 3 Tebervali)19.

4. ratom cvlilebebi? legitimacia da delegitimacia

mmarTvelobis efeqturobis amaRleba, rogorc ministrTa kabinetis

SemoRebis argumenti, jer kidev wina periodidan momdinareobda, rodesac,

praqtikulad, yvela politikuri Zala momxre iyo ministrTa kabinetis Seqmnisa,

saxelmwifos meTaurisa da mTavrobis meTauris postebis daSoriSorebis.

mTavrobis gunduri pasuxismgebloba, yoveldRiur saqmianobaze maqsimaluri

koncentrireba, reformebis gatareba da a.S. mudmivad figurirebs kanonproeqtis

18 es muxli ukve axali mowvevis parlamentis mier iqna Casworebuli. 19 mmarTvelobis konsolidacia, rogorc iyo naTqvami, gardamavali periodis dasaZ-

levadaa saWiro. ase, magaliTad, sakonstitucio kanonproeqtTan erTad parlamentSi

Semotanili kanonproeqti, romliTac prezidenti niSnavs raionis gamgeblebs da

aZlierebs prezidentis regionul rwmunebulTa instituts, marTldeba imiT, rom is

droebiTia, da saWiroa imitom, rom sxvanairad raionebi Zveli xelisuflebis momxreTa

mier iqneba marTuli, xolo «gardamaval periodSi Cven ver davuSvebdiT, rom qveynis

regionebi SevardnaZis kadrebiT gvemarTa» (zurab adeiSvili, 4 Tebervali, 24 saaTi).

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3. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi: pirovnebebi Tu institutebi

konstituciis morgeba pirovnebebze iyo erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri argumeti

cvlilebebis kritikosTa mxridan: “sami kaci dadga kibeze da Tqva: me unda viyo

prezidenti, me — premier-ministri, es — parlamentis Tavmjdomare, ori posti

arsebobs, axla mesame unda SemoviRoT — ase qveyana ar ewyoba” (12 ianvari, I arxi,

irakli melaSvili)

zogadad, mixeil saakaSvili rogorc sajaro gamosvlebSi, ise politikur

moqmedebaSi, zemoTmoyvanili citatisda miuxedavad, («me ar mainteresebs

pirovnebebi») did mniSvnelobas aniWebs swored pirovnebebs: roca akritikebs

Zvel politikur mowyobas, is personalurad eduard SevardnaZes adanaSaulebs

yvelaferSi; Tu cdilobs axsnas, ra Seicvleba ukeTesobisken momavalSi, pirvel

rigSi axsenebs mmarTvelobaSi axali, profesionali da wesieri adamianebis

mosvlas; Tu ebrZvis korufcias, is sjis konkretul pirebs. oponentebi,

sapirispirod, laparakoben swored institutebze da struqturebze, da ara

adamianebze.

pirovnebebisa da institutebis aRreva sakonstitucio cvlilebebis procesSi

marTlac aqtualuri sakiTxia; sami instituti — prezidenti, ministrTa kabineti

da parlamenti — modelis SemuSavebis procesSi ukve ganpirovnebulia sam

adamianSi, romlebic am molaparakebas awarmoeben.

zogadad, nebismieri politikosis racionaluri qceva mimarTulia misi

Zalauflebis gaZlierebaze da uflebamosilebebis zrdaze. magram es is

motivebia, romlebic ar gamodgeba ama Tu im qmedebis sajaro legitimaciisTvis.

sakuTari Zalaufleba sajarod politikosma ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi

interesiT unda gaamarTlos. amis magaliTia nino burjanaZis pasuxi

korespondentis pirdapir kiTxvaze, rodesac is uaryofs imas, rom sameulSi

midis brZola ZalauflebisaTvis, magram aRiarebs, rom “sadac xar, ginda rom meti

berketebi gqondes konkretuli saqmis gasakeTeblad” (2 Tebervali, rusTavi2).

sajaro legitimaciis aucilebloba am mxriv maxes ugebs politikoss, vinaidan

zRudavs misi manevrirebis vels. sajaro viTarebaSi mas ar SeuZlia

urTierTgamomricxavi argumentebiT sakuTari qmedebis gamarTleba; amdenad,

sajarooba politikis pozitiur, mastabilizebel da winaswarmetyvelebadobis

gamaZlierebel efeqts iZleva. legitimuri qmedeba unda Candes miukerZoebeli da

ar unda iyos TviTneburi. oponentebma SeiZleba ostaturad gamoiyenon Zveli

gamonaTqvamebi. ase, gazeTi 24 saaTi aqveynebs mixeil saakaSvilis 2001 wlis

intervius, sadac mixeil saakaSvili daaxloebiT im argumentaciiT gamodis

SevardnaZis proeqtis winaaRmdeg, rasac misi amJamindeli opozicia iyenebs

(pirovnebebze morgeba, safrangeTis modelis sanacvlod yirgizeTis modelTan

miaxloeba). xelisuflebis mxridan ki Zlier arguments warmoadgens is, rom

partiebi yovelTvis mxars uWerdnen ministrTa kabinetis SemoRebas, axla ki

gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uweven am ideis xorcSesxmas.

politikosTa racionaluri qcevis modeli TiTqmis zedmiwevniT udgeba

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis SemoqmedTa strategiis aRweras. sajarod rogorc

saakaSvili, ise Jvania ar laparakoben maT Soris warmoebul vaWrobaze

uflebamosilebebis Taobaze; isini warmoaCenen momaval cvlilebebs, rogorc

erTian proeqts, magram unda vivaraudoT, rom maT uwevT garkveuli brZola

uflebamosilebebis gadanawilebaze, vinaidan sajarod saakaSvili ufro

ganwyobilia ilaparakos Zlier saprezidento mmarTvelobaze, xolo Jvania —

pasuxismgeblobis mqone ministrTa kabinetze. gansxvavebulia momavali

parlamentis Tavmjdomaris pozicia, romelic parlamentis (da sakuTari)

uflebamosilebebis gazrdas ara marto kuluarulad icavs, aramed sajarodac

“Tavs iwonebs” imiT, rom moaxerxa parlamentis dacva gadametebuli

dasustebisgan. kidev erTi moTamaSe — parlamenti, romelic bolo momentSi iZens

gavlenas kanonproeqtze, kanonproeqtSi cvlilebebis Setanas TiTqmis ver

axerxebs (sxvaoba parlamentSi Semotanil teqtsa da saboloo teqsts Soris metad

mcirea) ; erTaderTi muxli, romelmac kenWisyraze sakmarisi raodenobis xmebi

ver daagrova, exeboda parlamentis wevrTa uflebebis SezRudvas — parlamentis

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Sinaarsis mqone ar iyos. monacemebis analizisas pirvel rigSi saWiro xdeba imis

dadgena, Tu ramdeni faqtoris gamoyofa da analizi iqneba yvelaze koreqtuli.

saukeTeso dajgufebis dasadgenad mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos ori

kriteriumi — formaluri (daeyrdnos statistikur parametrebs) da Sinaarsob-

rivi (ugulebelyos is diskursuli dayofebi, romlebic nakleb Sinaarsobriv

datvirTvas atarebs). Cven gamoviyeneT orive kriteriumi. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda,

rom ori faqtoris (diskursis) dafiqsirebiT SesaZlebelia respondentebis

dayofa mxolod xelisuflebis momxre da mis mowinaaRmdege jgufebad, magram

verafers vityviT SedarebiT Rrma msoflmxedvelobiT sxvaobebze. amasTan,

metismetad bevri debuleba eqceoda konsensusis velSi (orive diskursi maTze

erTnairad reagirebda). es ukanaskneli viTareba gamovlinda, agreTve, sami

diskursis gamoyofis SemTxvevaSi. xuTze meti diskuris dafiqsireba Sinaar-

sobrivad naklebad Rirebuli iyo da qmnida erTi respondentiT gansazRvrul

diskursebs. oTxsa da xuT diskurss Soris arCevani gakeTda oTxi diskursis

sasargeblod im safuZvleze, rom oTxi faqtoris SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis yvela

gamokiTxuli respondenti mkafiod asociirebuli aRmoCnda ama Tu im

diskursTan, xuTfaqtoriani ganawileba ki bevr respondents tovebs myari

mikuTvnebulobis gareSe.

mas mere, rac dafiqsirebulia sakvlevi diskursebi, iwyeba maTi analizi.

diskursebis interpretaciisas da SedarebiTi analizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT

is, Tu rogor iyo Catarebuli kvleva da ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

respondentebi ama Tu im gamonaTqvams, rogor miawerdnen maT ama Tu im qulas.

kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom Cveulebrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvisgan

gansxvavebiT, am SemTxvevaSi respondentebi TiToeul gamonaTqvams sxva

gamonaTqvamebisgan damoukideblad ki ar afasebdnen, aramed axarisxebdnen maT

erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi. amitom, faqtorebis dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisi araa,

ubralod davakvirdeT im gamonaTqvamebs, romlebsac mieniWa yvelaze meti

mniSvneloba (absoluturi mniSvnelobiT, anu _6, _5 da +6, +5), da CavTvaloT,

rom isini sakmarisia faqtoris dasaxasiaTeblad. Cven aseve unda mivaqcioT

yuradReba reaqcias sxva gamonaTqvamebze da, agreTve, sxvaobas faqtorebs Soris,

Tundac is SedarebiT susti aqcentebiT iyos dafiqsirebuli. ase, magaliTad, me-3

faqtorisTvis 50-e gamonaTqvami “CvenTvis amJamad, am etapze yvelaze kargia

diqtatura. . . “ mxolod sustad dadebiTia (+1), magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

sxva faqtorebi am gamonaTqvams mkveTrad uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs (_5), es

pasuxi sagulisxmo informacias iZleva mesame diskursis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb.

aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TiTqmis yvela gamonaTqvami, romelic Cvens

politikur vels Seadgens, orazrovania da xSirad samazrovanic. sxvagvarad,,

respondentis mier ama Tu im frazisTvis —6-dan +6-mde qulis miniWeba xSir

SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva saSualebas gavigoT, ras gulisxmobs respondenti. amisTvis

saWiroa, kvlevis meTodikidan gamomdinare, Sefasdes ara calkeuli gamonaTqvami,

aramed es gamonaTqvami sxva pasuxebis fonze. amis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki,

obieqturad dafiqsirebuli diskursebis interpretacia subieqturobis

garkveul xarisxs mainc Seicavs da didadaa damokidebuli imazec, Tu ra codna

gagvaCnia zogadad saqarTvelos mdgomareobisa da masSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebis Sesaxeb. is faqti, rom winamdebare kvlevis avtorebi saqarTvelos

mkvidrni da politikuri procesebis monawileebic arian, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

momentebis Semcvelia. dadebiT mxares warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom miRebuli

monacemebi gaiazreboda im konteqstSi, romelsac qmnis Cveni codna

saqarTvelosa da masSi arsebuli procesebisa da dapirispirebebis Sesaxeb;

mniSvnelovan moments warmodgenda imis codnac, Tu ra konteqstSi Cndeboda esa

Tu is frazebi sadiskusio jgufebis Catarebisas. uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba

miviCnioT is garemoeba, rom Cven _ avtorebi, rogorc procesis monawileni,

TavisTavad ukve romelime diskursSi vimyofebiT. nebismier adamians sakuTari

diskursi yvelaze naTel ferebSi esaxeba, sxvisa ki ufro kritikuli da zogjer

antagonisturi ganxilvis sagani xdeba. Cven vecadeT, obieqturebi vyofilviyaviT

yvela diskursis mimarT, magram ar uarvyofT garkveuli aqcentebis gadatanis

SesaZleblobas sxva poziciis mqone mkiTxvelis mxridan. fenomenologiuri

midgoma, romlis CarCoebSic gakeTda es kvleva, aRiarebs sakuTar meTodSi

33

garkveul subieqturobas, metic, es subieqturoba kvlevis ganuyofel elements

warmoadgens.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saqarTveloSi am kvleviT dafiqsirebuli

diskursebis garda SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva, naklebad gavrcelebuli,

specifikuri diskursebi, romlebic sazogadoebis SedarebiT mcirericxovan,

magram mkveTrad gansxvavebul jgufebs axasiaTebs. aseTebad SeiZleba miviCioT,

magaliTad, araqarTulenovani erovnuli umciresobebi, romlebic am kvlevis

miRma darCnen. mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom kvleva gvaZlevs informacias

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis Sesaxeb, magram ar gamoricxavs

mcirericxovani jgufebis mkveTrad gansxvavebuli diskursebis arsebobas. arc is

unda dagvaviwydes, rom garda im adamianebisa, visac ganaTlebis, azrovnebisa

da/an politikuri informirebulobis wyalobiT SeeZlo SeTavazebuli

debulebebi sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT Seefasebina,, arsebobs

politikurad “qveda” socialuri fena im adamianebisa, romelTaTvis sakuTari

poziciis dafiqsireba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.

Sedegebis mokle Sejameba da Teoriuli ganzogadeba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobSi Cven mier gamovlenil iqna oTxi gansxvavebuli

diskursi, politikuri Sexedulebebis oTxi gansxvavebuli tipi. sanam maT

daxasiaTebaze gadavidodeT, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs

gansxvavebuloba politikur SexedulebebSi, razedac aq vsaubrobT.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi realuri adamianebi ar arian erTmaneTis sruli

antipodebi, romlebsac saerTo miswrafebebi ar gaaCniaT. ase magaliTad,

nebismier qarTvel moqalaqes surs, rom saqarTvelo aRorZindes, rom qarTvelebi

ukeTesad cxovrobdnen, rom gvqondes konstituciuri demokratiuli saxel-

mwifo da rom saqarTvelo Cadges Tanamderove civilizebuli qveynebis rigSi. Tu

sakiTxs am kuTxiT mivudgebiT, did sxvaobas adamianebs Soris ver davinaxavT.

sxvaoba mJRavndeba maSin, rodesac maT vaiZulebT zemomoyvanil debulebaTa

Soris gamokveTon prioritetebi da moaxdinon Rirebulebebis ranJireba, anu

daafiqsiron, pirvel rigSi ras undaT miaRwion. realur cxovrebaSi adamianebs

amgvar moTxovnas uyenebs politikuri garemo — imis saWiroeba, rom arCeul iqnes

esa Tu is xelisufleba da gamoikveTos damokidebuleba ama Tu im politikuri

gadawyvetilebebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis prioritetebis mimarT.

imaSi gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaaris sxvaobebi Cndeba moqalaqeTa SexedulebebSi

realur viTarebaSi, Cven Semogvaqvs diskursebis abstraqtuli modeli, romel-

Sic, realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela diskursi (da maTi matarebeli

warmosaxviTi individebi) mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTs upirispirdeba,

anu e.w. veberiseuli “idealuri tipis” modeli. realur cxovrebaSi amgvari

idealuri tipis diskursebi wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, idealuri

tipebi gvexmareba gaverkveT im mravalferovan samyaroSi, romelic Cven irgvliv

arsebobs.

Cveni kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi idealuri tipisaa. isini mo-

cemulia tabula N 1-Si (ix. danarTi) oTxi idealuri Q-tipis saxiT, romlebic

Seesabameba statistikuri analizis oTxfaqtorian variants. TiToeuli gamo-

naTqvamis gaswvriv am tabulaSi moyvanilia qulebi —6-idan +6-mde, romlebic

asaxaven gamonaTqvamis Sefasebas im warmosaxviTi (bunebaSi, SesaZloa, arar-

sebuli) individis mier, romelic srul TanxmobaSi iqneboda mocemul

diskursTan. diskursis nomeri miTiTebulia Sesabamisi svetis TavSi. am tabulaSi

64 gamonaTqvami ganlagebulia mimdevrobiT maqsimaluri konsensusisgan (yvela

met-naklebad erTi azrisaa) maqsimalur dapirispirebamde (arsebobs radi-

kalurad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi).

arsebiTad, am tabulis gadmocemiT Tavdeba kvlevis empiriuli nawili;

Semdgomi etapi aris analizi da interpretacia — diskursebisTvis saxelebis

darqmeva, maTi naratiuli daxasiaTeba da Teoriuli gaazreba. ZiriTadad es

iqneba gakeTebuli Semdeg qveTavSi, sadac dawvrilebiT aRiwereba da

daxasiaTdeba kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli diskursebi. aq mokled SevajamebT

34

demokratiasTan, xolo saprezidento — diqtaturis saSiSroebasTan. Tumca, 2004

wlis ianvarSi eqspertebi, romlebic mmarTvelobis saukeTeso sistemis SerCevaze

msjeloben, TiTqmis erTxmad uaryofen saparlamento models, rogorc (bevris

TvalSi) sasurvels, magram mocemul realobaSi ganuxorcielebels. aseve, sak-

maod moulodnelad, arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda Sereuli

sistema; amdenad, alternatiuli winadadebebi sul ramdenimea: a) arsebuli

saprezidento sistemis SenarCuneba da mis farglebSi prezidentis mier

aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis nawilis delegireba premier-ministrze da kabinet-

ze; b) imave sistemaSi vice-prezidentis postis SemoReba (zurab JvaniasTvis); g)

centraluri xelisuflebis reformis SeTavseba saxelmwifos teritoriuli mow-

yobis mogvarebasTan da Zalauflebis teritoriul gadanawilebasTan; d) farTo-

masStabiani konstituciuri reformis dawyeba orwliani vadiT, xolo am re-

formis Sedegad SemuSavebuli modelis ZalaSi SesvlisTanave axali sapar-

lamento arCevnebis Catareba.

es winadadebebi, rogorc xelisuflebis iniciativis alternativa, msjelobis

sagani ar gamxdara, xolo momavali sistemis xasiaTi bolomde bundovani darCa.

Tavidan mixeil saakaSvili ramdenjerme axsenebs Zlier saprezidento mmar-

Tvelobas, romelSic premier-ministri saWiroa prezidentisgan yoveldRiuri

sazrunavis CamosaSoreblad14; am fonze xelisuflebis mxridan apelireba “evro-

pul” da “frangul” modelebze gaugebari rCeba. mxolod Tebervlis dasawyisSi,

nino burjanaZesTan kompromisis miRwevis Semdeg, mixeil saakaSvili acxadebs,

rom miRebuli modeliT “prezidentis uflebamosileba garkveulwilad izRude-

ba”, rom, “Tu prezidenti ver moipovebs parlamentSi umravlesobas, es preziden-

tis mdgomareobas Zalian gaarTulebs” (3 Tebervali) da rom “saqarTvelo gadadis

saprezidento respublikidan naxevrad -saprezidento modelze” (5 Tebervali).

oponentebi, cxadia, amgvar Sefasebas ar iziareben, maTTvis kanonproeqti

niSnavs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gadametebul gaZlierebas da avtori-

tarizmis saSiSroebas. Tumca, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tavdapirvel variant-

Tan SedarebiT saboloo variantis mixedviT parlamentis uflebamosilebebi

marTlac garkveulwilad gazrdilia. rogorc Cans, es exeba ZiriTadad

parlamentis daTxovnis SezRudvas garkveuli SemTxvevebis gansazRvriT da

parlamentis mier mTavrobis upirobo daTxovnis SesaZleblobas15. molapara-

kebaTa Sedegad parlamentis Tavmjdomare iZens garkveul damatebiT uflebebsac:

kontrols kontrolis palataze, parlamentis reglamentis da parlamentis

biujetis, aseve parlamentis Senobis gankargvas.

6 Tebervals miRebuli mmarTvelobis modeli ver povebs saboloo erTian

Sefasebas misi xasiaTis Taobaze. es sakiTxi, rogorc Cans, rCeba momavali

politikuri debatebis dRis wesrigSi: rogoria axali sistema — naxevrad-

saprezidento da “evropuli” Tu supersaprezidento da “Turqmenuli”,

demokratiuli Tu avtoritaruli. modelis xazgasmulad gardamavali, droebiTi

xasiaTi, rac dafiqsirda xelisuflebis yvela lideris gamosvlaSi16, nawilobriv

misi arasrulyofilebis irib aRiarebad unda iyos aRqmuli; Tumca, vada,

romliTac ganisazRvra misi moqmedeba (6-7 weli17), ris Semdegac, rogorc

gacxadda, saparlamento modelisken unda moxdes gadasvla, aseve miuTiTebs imas,

rom xelisufleba am gardamavali periodis asocirebas axdens sakuTari

mmarTvelobis periodTan.

14 “iqneba Zlieri saprezidento mmarTveloba” (mixeil saakaSvili, 18 ianvari, HTB);

15 “pirvel variantSi parlamenti iyo Zalian susti da me ar vapirebdi im variantiT

parlamentis Tavmjdomareobas”, nino burjanaZe, rusTavi 2, 2 Tebervali; “me am

berketebisTvis (parlamentis berketebzea saubari) erTi Tve vibrZodi, Torem erTi

Tvis win gamoqveyndeboda kanonproeqti” nino burjanaZe, mze, 4 Tebervali.

16 “is cvlilebebi, romlebic Cven Semogvaqvs, aris konstituciuri reformis dasawyisi,

es ar aris is modeli, romelic saqarTveloSi aTwleulebis manZilze unda darCes”

(zurab Jvania, 24 saaTi, 24 ianvari); 17 “batonma zurab Jvaniam mizanSewonilad miiCnia warmodgenili kanonproeqti miiRos

parlamentma im daTqmiT, rom 7 wlis Semdeg savaldebulo wesiT moxdeba konstituciis

gadasinjva” (sakonstitucio komisiis sxdomis oqmi, 2 Tebervali)

19

2. ra mimarTulebiT cvlilebebi? Sinaarsobrivi mxare

Tanamedrove konstituciebi, rogorc wesi, moicavs adamianis uflebebis

damcvel Tavebsa da ganayofebs. konstituciis es nawili, Tumca ki mniSvnelovania

liberalizmis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT, ar warmoadgens, rogorc amas xazs

usvams jovani sartori13, konstituciis Seqmnis mTavar mizans. SesaZloa

warmovidginoT konstitucia adamianTa uflebebis deklaraciis gareSe (mag. aSS-

is konstituciis Tavdapirveli varianti), magram SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT

konstitucia, romelic ar aregulirebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis

meqanizmebs da ar anawilebs funqciebs. konstitucia, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifo

Zalauflebis CarCoebs ayalibebs; 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebic,

ZiriTadad, centraluri xelisuflebis mowyobas Seexo.

2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mTavar Sinaarsobriv komponents

warmoadgenda ministrTa kabinetis SemoReba da premier-ministris Tanamdebobis

daweseba. es sakiTxi, romelic jer kidev eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis

periodSi mravaljer iqna wamoweuli sxvadasxva opoziciuri politikuri

partiisa da politikosis mier, yovelTvis efuZneboda mmarTvelobis efeqti-

anobis amaRlebis saWiroebas da prezident SevardnaZis garkveul gamijvnas Sida

ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebisgan. es winadadebebi modioda saparlamento

umravlesobidanac (moqalaqeTa kavSiri), romelic ibrZoda aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaze meti gavlenis mosapoveblad. amgvari iniciativebiT gamodioda

bevri opoziciuri partia, maT Soris tradicionalistebi da leiboristebi,

romelTac hqondaT sakuTari kanonproeqtebi, xolo mrewvelebs ministrTa

kabinetis SemoReba saprogramo dokumentSi hqondaT dafiqsirebuli. yvelaze

axlos ganxorcielebasTan es sakiTxi 2001 wlis gazafxulze mivida, rodesac

prezidentma parlamentSi gansaxilvelad Sesabamisi kanonproeqti Semoitana;

kanonproeqti sajaro ganxilvisTvis 2001 wlis gazafxulze gamoqveynda. Tumca am

dokumentis saparlamento ganxilva ver Sedga, vinaidan cxadi gaxda, rom is ver

Seagrovebda sakmarisi raodenobis momxreebs. kritikosTa nawilma xazi gausva

kanonproeqtis arademokratiulobas da kvlav wamowia saparlamento mmarTve-

lobis upiratesobis sakiTxi, xolo naklebad sajaro, kuluaruli winaaRmdegoba

gamoiwvia momavali premier-ministris (zurab Jvanias) kandidaturam.

2004 wels premier-ministris Tanamdebobis SemoRebis perspeqtivam Zveli dis-

kusiebis fonze Semdegi problemebi warmoSva: ra tipis cvlilebebs gamoiwvevda

es qveynis politikur mowyobaSi? ministrTa kabinetis Seqmna, romelsac uxel-

mZRvanelebs premier-ministri, TavisTavad arafers ambobs qveynis politikur

mowyobaze. ministrTa kabineti SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc saparlamento, ise

naxevradsaprezidento da supersaprezidento respublikebSi. am modelebis

nimuSebad sajaro diskursSi xSirad figurirebs “evropa”, “safrangeTi”, “ruseTi

da TurqmeneTi”: “es aris absoluturad evropuli modeli” (zurab Jvania, 27

ianvari, rusTavi 2); “safuZveli aris franguli modeli” (mixeil maWavariani, 27

ianvari, rusTavi 2); “es ar aris franguli modeli. praqtikacaa gansxvavebuli.

dgas rusulsa da Turqmenuls Soris. ar aris demokratiuli konstitucia” (koba

daviTaSvili, 5 Tebervali, saparlamento ganxilva). amgvari Sefasebebi ar

gansazRvraven calsaxad sasurveli modelis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, am droisTvis,

Tuki laparakia naxevradsaprezidento mowyobisken gadasvlaze, Zveli argumenti,

rom SevardnaZe ver uZRveba ekonomikas, aRar aris aqtualuri, piriqiT,

axladarCeul prezidentSi (noemberSi is jer kidev “gamarjvebuli xalxis

lideria”, magram misi momavali prezidentoba aravisSi eWvs ar iwvevs) aku-

mulirebulia xalxis mTeli imedebi momaval karg mmarTvelobasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. amdenad, Zveli miswrafeba prezidentis aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis Sez-

Rudvisa veRar amarTlebs saprezidento modelis uaryofas. meore mxriv, sa-

konstitucio cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalauflebis gadametebuli kon-

centrireba prezidentis xelSi, rogorc es 2001 wlis proeqtis kritikaSi dafiq-

sirda, rac kiTxvis qveS ayenebs revoluciis gacxadebul demokratiul xasiaTs.

tradiciulad, saparalamento modeli saqarTveloSi asocirebulia met

13 G. Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering, New York University Press, 1994, 1997

18

Sedegebs, risTvisac SemovitanT politikuri Sexedulebebis kidev ufro

abstraqtul, Teoriul models. miuxedavad imisa, rom es modeli ar warmoadgenda

analizis amosaval wertils, aramed swored analizis Sedegad Camoyalibda, misi

winaswari prezentacia mizanSewonilad gamoiyureba, vinaidan garkveulwilad

gauadvilebs mkiTxvels qvemoT moyvanili analizis gagebas.

warmovidginoT iseTi politikuri Sexedulebebis sistemebi, romlebic

SesaZlebelia ganvalagoT Semdegi organzomilebiani sibrtyis Sesabamis

meoTxedebSi; am sibrtyis ganzomilebebi Semdegi dapirispirebebiTaa

Seqmnili:

antitradicia

1 2

procedura mizani

4 3

tradicia

am sibrtyis vertikaluri ganzomileba pirobiTad SegviZlia gaviazroT,

rogorc opozicia “tradicia” _“antitradicia”. sibrtyis qveda nawilSi

imyofebian tradicionalistebi, romelTaTvisac politikuri legitimaciis

wyaros warmoadgens, pirvel rigSi, is, rac aris adgilobrivi, qarTuli, war-

sulidan momdinare, garkveuli CarCoebiT da identurobiT gamoyofili danar-

Ceni samyarosgan. ganzomilebis meore boloSi myofni met mniSvnelobas aniWeben

gare samyaros, dasavlur gamocdilebas, momavals, warsulis uaryofasac ki.

sibrtyis meore _ horizontaluri _ ganzomileba SeiZleba gaviazroT

rogorc damokidebuleba politikisadmi zogadad. sibrtyis marjvena mxares

imyofebian isini, vinc politikaSi yvelaze metad afasebs miznebs, xolo meore

mxare aqcents akeTebs wesebze, romlebsac misdeven politikosebi Tavisi

miznebis misaRwevad. am opozicias pirobiTad davarqmevT “procedurisa” da

“miznis” dapirispirebas. sailustraciod moviSvelioT demokratiis linkol-

niseuli cnobili ganmarteba _ “demokratia aris xalxis mmarTveloba, xalxis

mier ganxorcielebuli xalxisTvis”, “proceduris” mimdevrebi am gamonaTqvamSi

ufro did mniSvnelobas mianiWeben mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebas xalxis mier,

xolo “miznis” mimdevrebi imas, rom mmarTveloba iyos xalxisTvis.

aq gansamartavia, Tu ratom gamoviyeneT termini “antitradicia” sibrtyis

zeda nawilis dasaxasiaTeblad da ar davupirispireT “tradicias” “meda-

savleTeoba”, romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian saqarTveloSi cvlilebebis mosurne

reformatorebi. saqme isaa, rom es ukanaskneli cneba qarTul realobaSi

garkveulwilad “miTvisebuli” aqvs erT konkretul diskurss, maSin rodesac sxva

diskursebic acxadeben masze pretenzias. Cveni SexedulebiT, WeSmariti

“medasavleTeoba” mdgomareobs zemoT mocemuli sqemis centraluri zonisken

swrafvaSi da ara misi romelime ganapira ukiduresobis absolutizebaSi.

sibrtyis oTxive meoTxedi saWiro da aucilebeli komponentia imisa, rasac

avtorebi dasavlur liberalur demokratiad moiazreben, xolo WeSmaritad

“medasavluri” ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi Tanaarsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, radikalizaciisa da urTierTgandevnisgan Tavis aridebiT.

am dayofis Sesabamisad, sibrtyis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi ganlagdebian isini,

visTvisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos realobis rac SeiZleba swrafi

gardaqmna im nimuSebis misaRwevad, romlebic qveynis gareT, ufro ganviTarebul

demokratiebSi arsebobs. sibrtyis marjvena qveda meoTxedSi imyofebian isinic,

visTvisac qveynis swrafi ganviTareba prioritetia, oRond qarTul tradiciebze

da mentalitetze dayrdnobiT. qarTul tradiciebs aseve pirvel rigSi afaseben

sibrtyis qveda marcxena meoTxedSi, oRond maT matareblad isini pirvel rigSi

35

qarTvelebs ganixilaven, amdenad, maTTvis qveynis ganviTarebaze ufro mniS-

vnelovania qarTvelebisTvis adamianuri cxovrebis awyoba. sibrtyis zeda

marcxena meoTxedi, marjvena meoTxedis msgavsad, dasavluri nimuSebiTaa

STagonebuli, magram, misgan gansxvavebiT, maTSi ufro politikuri cxovrebis

wesebs eZebs, vidre politikuri gardaqmnebis miznebs.

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili diskursebi erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT

imgvarad gansxvavdeba, rogorc am sibrtyis meoTxedebi, anu isini sakmaod

karg (Tumc, arazust) SesabamisobaSi arian moyvanili sibrtyis meoT-

xedebTan. pirobiTad Serqmeuli saxelebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vamtki-

coT, rom pirveli diskursi “modernizatori” imyofeba zeda marjvena

kuTxeSi, “marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti” _ qveda marjvenaSi,

“humanisti tradicionalisti” — qveda marcxenaSi, xolo “opozicioneri

konstitucionalisti” — zeda marcxenaSi.

1. “opozicioneri 2. “modernizatori”

konstitucionalisti”

davicvaT wavideT

liberaluri win, Sors warsulidan

demokratiuli

konstitucia

4. “humanisti 3. “marTlmadidebeli

tradicionalisti” tradicionalisti”

qarTvelebma adamianurad saqarTvelo unda

unda icxovron aRorZindes

es oTxi ganwyoba unda miviCnioT im devizebad, romlebic kargad asaxaven

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis prioritetebs.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri diskursebis analizi

SesaZlebelia Tu ara iTqvas, rom zemoT ganxiluli abstraqtuli modeli

gamodgeba realuri diskursebis aRsawerad, da saerTod, ras warmoadgenen isini?

tabula 1-Si moyvanilia is oTxi diskursi. romlebic gamoikveTa Cveni

gamokvlevis Sedegad.

zogadad, Cven mier dafiqsirebuli yvela diskursi eTanxmeba imas, rom

konstitucia unda Sesruldes yvela muxlSi da misi darRveva dauSvebelia, rom

demokratiis dros unda iyos azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da rom konstituciis modeli

unda uwyobdes xels demokratiisa da politikuri konkurenciis ganviTarebas

qveyanaSi, rom mmarTvelebi aucileblad unda emorCilebodnen konstitucias da

ar cvlidnen mas erTpirovnulad (49, 64, 14, 53). raSia sxvaoba maT Soris?

gamonaTqvamebis nakrebi, romelic respondentebis gamokiTxvas daedo safuZ-

vlad, sakmaod rTul, xSirad Rrma filosofiuri azris mqone debulebebs

moicavs. ase, qveynis konstituciis Sinaarsi, zogierTi mtkicebis mixedviT,

wminda legalisturia (4), zogierTis mixedviT — politikuri (3), is moralis

dacvas emsaxureba (9), uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis politikur mdgradobas da

efeqturobas (11), zRudavs xalxis umravlesobis Zalauflebas (13), emsaxureba

politikuri pluralizmis ganviTarebas (64). respondentebis SefasebebSi amgvari

konceptualuri gamonaTqvamebi, garkveulwilad daiCrdila politikurad ufro

aqtualuri sakiTxebiT. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moralze dafuZnebulma

konstituciam mTlianobaSi ufro dadebiTi Sefaseba miiRo, vidre xalxis

36

sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobis ignorirebas. piriqiT rogorc mixeil

saakaSvili, ise zurab Jvania cdilobs brifingebsa da interviuebSi

cvlilebebisa da daCqarebuli wesis gamarTlebas qveynis winaSe mdgari

gadaudebeli da mwvave problemebiT; rac SeiZleba Cqara unda Seiqmnas

mTavroba, romelic daiwyebs xalxis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis

Sesrulebas.9

mmarTvelobis winaSe mdgari amocanebis simwvavis gamo xelisuflebis mxridan

cvlilebebis daCqarebas oponentebi upirispireben konstitucionalizmis, kano-

nierebis da warmomadgenlobis dacvis moTxovnebs. oponentebis mxridan

gamoiTqmis mosazrebebi, rom procesi unda gaiwelos droSi, rom sakonstitucio

cvlilebebi moiTxovs ufro safuZvlian msjelobas da “met pativiscemas kano-

nierebis dacvis dapirebiT mosuli xelisuflebis mxridan“, da rom daCqarebuli

proceduris Sedegad arsebobs Zalauflebis SeuzRudavi koncentraciis saSiS-

roeba10. oponentebis azriT, darRveulia sakonstitucio moTxovna kanon-

proeqtis aucilebeli winaswari publikaciisa da erTTviani ganxilvis Sesaxeb,

xolo 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamenti vadagasulia, ar sargeblobs xalxis

mxardaWeriT da ar aris uflebamosili gadawyvitos konstituciuri mniSv-

nelobis sakiTxebi.

xelisufleba, Tavis mxriv, xalxis umravlesobis nebaze apelirebas aZlierebs

ori meqanizmiT: xelisuflebaSi armyofi politikuri Zalebis de-legitimaciiT

(erTi mxriv, nacionaluri moZraoba da mixeil saakaSvili gamoxatavs mTeli

xalxis nebas, xolo, meore mxriv, vinc ar dadga xalxis gverdze, iman politikuri

TviTmkvleloba Caidina11) da „legitimuri“ politikuri Zalebis mxridan

kritikis SezRudviT. satelevizio debatebis SezRudva, romelic 3 Tebervlidan

iwyeba12, ukavSirdeba ara imdenad sxva partiebisgan Tu politikuri Zalebisgan

kritikis acilebis survils, aramed „revoluciur ZalebSi“ ganxeTqilebis

saSiSroebas. am dReebSi mosalodneli dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad

cxaddeba „nacionaluri moZraobisa“ da „burjanaZe-demokratebis“ erT partiad

gaerTianebis Taobaze (rasac praqtikuli xorcSesxma im periodSi ar ewera),

magram es ar Svelis konstituciis irgvliv „revoluciur ZalebSi“ konsesusis

miRwevas. cxare Tavdasxma sakonstitucio proeqtze Tina xidaSelis, giga

bokerias (rusTavi2, 2 Tebervali) da koba daviTaSvilis mxridan (gadadga

nacionaluri moZraobis politikuri mdivnis Tanamdebobidan im motiviT, rom „ar

SeiZleba konstitucia ergebodes adamianebs da ara piriqiT, adamianebi unda

ergebodnen konstituciebs“, 3 Tebervali) safrTxes uqmnis mmarTveli Zalis ara

marto erTianobas, aramed legitimurobasac, mis moqmedebas ukargaven

erTaderTi swori gzis imijs. mixeil saakaSvilis reaqcia koba daviTaSvilis

gadadgomaze gamoricxavs am oponentebTan diskusiis warmarTvas: „me ar

mainteresebs pirovnebebi, Cems gverdze unda idges qarTveli xalxi. me mWirdeba

xalxis mxardaWera, me maqvs xalxis mxardaWera da. . . xalxis mxardaWeriT am

mafiasTan brZolas miviyvan bolomde“.

am gamonaTqvams, romelic zedmiwevniT udgeba araliberaluri demokratiis

legitimizebas, Cven kidev davubrundebiT.

9 „miviRoT es cvlilebebi, rogorc aris warmodgenili da mivceT, axal samTavrobo gunds

[SesaZlebloba] rom Seiqmnas da daiwyos energiulad nabijebis gadadgma qveynis

krizisidan gamosayvanad“ (mixeil saakaSvili, 4 Tebervali). 10 "teqstis Sinaarsi iyo gasaidumloebuli . . . gamoqveynebulic ki ar aris. . . xalxs ar

hqonda SesaZlebloba emsjela . . . aseTi cvlilebebi prezidents SeuzRudav

uflebamosilebas aZlevs" (zaqaria qucnaSvili, 5 Tebervali, parlamentis sxdoma). 11 "Zalian kargad viciT, vin miiTvisa xelisufleba. . . . xalxma aseT cvlilebebs ukve didi

xania dauWira mxari". (6 Tebervali, saparlamento ganxilva); „politikurma jgufebma,

vinc noembris movlenebis dros SevardnaZis mxares aRmoCndnen an barikadebis meore

mxares. . . , politikuri TviTmkvleloba Caidines. es aRar Seicvleba.“ (giga bokeria, 12

ianvari, imedi). 12 am sakiTxze ix. agreTve danarTi.

17

mosalodnel cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT („arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

skeptikurad uyureben momaval cvlilebebs“, I arxi), gamoiTqmeba survili

SenarCundes arsebuli sistema, xolo konstituciaSi cvlilebebi naCqarevad da

pirovnebebze morgebiT ar moxdes. xelisufleba Tavs aridebs oponentebis

kritikaze reagirebas, magram garkveuli gamonaTqvamebi, (magaliTad,

“saqarTvelos mTavroba Cemi xelmZRvanelobiT gaakeTebs [amas da amas]”. mixeil

saakaSvili, 10 ianvari), (am SemTxvevaSi) saprezidento sistemis SenarCunebaze

unda miuTiTebdes.

mas mere, rac 14 ianvars parlamenti, daCqarebuli wesiT, axal saxelmwifo

droSas amtkicebs, xolo 15 ianvars centraluri saarCevno komisia saprezidento

arCevnebis Sedegebs acxadebs, xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, ufro intensiuri

wesiT udgeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mzadebas, da es cvlilebebi kvlav

masmediis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva. kanonproeqti, romelic iusticiis

saministroSi muSavdeba, xdeba sameulis konsultaciebis sagani; 19 ianvars is

ixileba Sexvedraze zurab Jvanias, nino burjanaZis, zurab adeiSvilis, gigi

wereTlis da mixeil maWavarianis monawileobiT. imave dRes telearxebi iwyeben

laparaks imaze, rom axali kanonproeqtiT, saqarTvelos eyoleba “Zlieri

prezidenti, Zlieri premier ministri da susti parlamenti”; “parlamentis

Tavmjdomare qveynis meore piridan Camolaborantebulia da uuflebo mesame

pirad gvevlineba” (imedi, 19 ianvari). am msjelobas droebiT anelebs mixeil

saakaSvilis viziti davosSi da inauguraciis ceremonia (25 ianvari). inauguraciis

Semdeg sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxilva meti intensivobiT axldeba,

vinaidan, rogorc Cans, ukve gansazRvrulia, rom mTavrobis dakompleqteba axali

konstituciis Sesabamisad unda moxdes, es ki moiTxovs, rom axali sakonstitucio

mowyoba ZalaSi Sevides araugvianes 8 Tebervlisa — sxva SemTxvevaSi mixeil

saakaSvils mouwevs 9 Tebervals parlamentisTvis ministrebis wardgena Zveli

modelis Sesabamisad.

prezidentis inauguraciis Semdeg nino burjanaZe ramdenime dRiT tovebs

saqarTvelos, rac fasdeba rogorc protesti, parlamentis uflebebis Sekvecis

sapasuxod. mxolod 1-2 Tebervals prezidenti saakaSvili, ucxoeTidan

dabrunebuli burjanaZe da zurab Jvania agrZeldeben molaparakebebs funqciebis

gadanawilebaze da parlamentis uflebebze. 2 Tebervals cxaddeba, rom

kompromisis miRweva SesaZlebelia. dRis bolosTvis sameulis erTianoba

aRdgenilia, imave dRes ikribeba sakonstitucio komisia, romelic, marTalia,

SemuSavebuli kanonproeqtis teqsts jer ar icnobs, magram, principSi, Tanxmobas

iZleva imaze, rom proeqti Sevides parlamentSi gansaxilvelad misi publikaciisa

da erTTviani ganxilvis gareSe.8

3 Tebervals ixsneba 1999 wlis mowvevis parlamentis sagazafxulo sesia

da imarTeba biuros sxdoma, romelzedac cxaddeba, rom kanonproeqti

imave kviris bolomde unda iqnes ganxiluli. dRis meore naxevarSi

kanonproeqti Semodis parlamentSi, mravldeba da miewodeba iuridiul

sakiTxTa komitets gansaxilvevlad. 5 Tebervals iwyeba kanonproeqtis

saparlamento ganxilva, romelic 6 Tebervals mTavrdeba proeqtis

damtkicebiT; proeqti saswrafod qveyndeba, rac saSualebas aZlevs

premier-ministrs, daakompleqtos ministrTa kabineti ukve axali kon-

stituciis Sesabamisad. amdenad, sakonstitucio cvlilebebis sapar-

lamento ganxilva xdeba elviseburi siswrafiT; saparlamento ganxilvis

procesi mis Sinaarsze did gavlenas ar axdens.

revoluciis gziT xelisuflebaSi mosuli Zalebi, marTalia, ar

cdiloben oponentebTan dialogis gamarTvas, samagierod, iswrafvian

xalxis umravlesobis mxardaWeris ganmtkicebas. procesis warmarTva

naCqarevad da viwro wreSi sulac ar niSnavs xelisuflebis mxridan

8 es gadawyvetileba argumentirebulia imiT, rom cvlilebebi arsebiTad imeorebs 2001

wlis gazafxulze parlamentSi eduard SevardnaZisis mier Semotanil da gamoqveynebul

kanonproeqts.

16

umravlesobis nebis SemzRudvelma konstituciam. konstituciis raobas yvelaze

didi mniSvneloba mianiWa meore diskursma, romlisTvisac konstitucia Tan

legalisturia (qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni) da Tan ideologiuri (politikuri

traqtati). am diskursisTvis konstitucia garkveulwilad saxelmwifo

ideologiis funqcias atarebs. mis msgavsad, mesame diskursic konstitucias

politikuri traqtatis rols aniWebs, oRond mas ufro xalxis umravlesobas

ukavSirebs da ara saxelmwifos. meoTxe diskursi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, metad

pragmatulia da konstituciaSi politikuri pluralizmis dacvasTan erTad,

pirvel rigSi, afasebs xelisuflebis politikuri mdgradobisa da efeqturobis

uzrunvelyofas. am pragmatizms uaryofs pirveli diskursi, romelic yvelaze

gulgrilia konstituciis raobis mimarT da ufro misi Secvlis proceduris

sakiTxebs ganicdis.

nakrebSi bevri iseTi gamonaTqvami aRmoCnda, romelic iZleva gamoyofili

diskursebis politikur SexedulebaTa mravalmxrivi analizis SesaZleblobas. es

gamonaTqvamebi moicavs damokidebulebaTa farTo speqtrs, romlebic vlindeba

adamianis uflebebis, demokratiis, diqtaturis, regionuli mowyobisa da

TviTmmarTvelobis, samarTlianobisa da sxva TemebTan dakavSirebiT. Sesabamisad,

iqmneba diskursebis Rrma analizis SesaZlebloba.

Tu davubrundebiT zemoT moyvanil organzomilebian klasifikacias,

davinaxavT, rom mesame da meoTxe diskursi aSkarad tradicionalistur

orientacias efuZneba (58, 63, 33, 61). isini, am mxriv, konservatiul xasiaTs

atareben, oRond erTi TaviseburebiT. maSin, rodesac dasavlur sazogadoebebSi

konservatiuli diskursebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia legitimaciis religiuri

sawyisebi, postsabWouri specifikidan gamomdinare, religia yvela

tradicionalistisTvis Tanabrad Rirebuli ar aris. mesame diskursi mZafrad

ganicdis marTlmadidebluri religiis statusis sakiTxs da emxroba am statusis

dafiqsirebas konstituciaSi (34), maSin, roca meoTxe diskursi indiferentulia

religiis politikuri statusis mimarT da ufro sabWouri tradiciis CarCoebSi

gaiazreba. amdenad, es ori diskursi — mesame da meoTxe — sibrtyis qveda nawilSi

unda moviazroT. pirveli ori diskursisgan gansxvavebiT, mesame da meoTxe

diskursebi ufro arian ganwyobili, ganixilon saxelmwifo droSa am saxelmwifos

ideologiis gamomxatvelad (2), naklebad mgrZnobiareni arian sakuTari

uflebebis darRvevisadmi (41), naklebad eSiniaT parlamentis erTpartiulobisa

(27) da kanonmdeblobis erT pirovnebaze morgebis (16). orive diskursi

pozitiuradaa ganwyobili dRevandeli xelisuflebis mimarT, vinaidan moswonT

axali, axalgazrda, energiuli mmarTvelebi (38), miaCniaT, rom axali xelisufleba

pirnaTlad asrulebs kanonebs (42) da sjeraT, rom kanonebis darRveva winsvlis

sawindari ar xdeba (44).

horizontalur ganzomilebaSi diskursebs Soris aseve arsebobs sxvaoba

mizanze da proceduraze orientaciebis TvalsazrisiT, oRond sibrtyis zeda

nawilSi diskursebs Soris gansxvavebas iwvevs erTi tipis sakiTxebi, xolo qveda

nawilSi _ sxva. pirveli da meore diskursi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba “vardebis

revoluciis” Semdgom konstituciaSi Setanil cvlilebebsa da saxelmwifo

droSis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo mesame da meoTxe — demokratiisa da

diqtaturis gagebis, agreTve religiis saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis konteqstSi.

Tu mesame diskursi emxroba imas, rom dRevandel gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi

prezidentma sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos mTeli pasuxismgebloba (54), da rom

qarTveli xalxi saerTod iseTia, romelsac unda hyavdes erTi mmarTveli (18),

meoTxe diskursi am debulebebs kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba. is ar iziarebs

diqtaturisa da demokratiis im gagebebs, romelsac mesame diskursi emxroba: am

ukanasknelis mixedviT, Tu erTi adamiani flobs mTel Zalauflebas da

gamoxatavs sazogadoebis nawilis interesebs, es demokratiaa da ara diqtatura

(8), anu erT xelSi mTeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba TavisTavad ar niSnavs

diqtaturas (1). miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tradicionalisturi diskursi

erTgvarad Tavs ikavebs konstituciuri cvlilebebis Sefasebisgan (SesaZloa,

sakmarisad kompetenturad ver grZnoben Tavs am sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi), es

sulac ar niSnavs, rom maT ar aqvT konstitucionalizmis principebis Sesaxeb

gamokveTili, Tanac urTierTsawinaaRmdego politikuri xedva. meoTxe diskursi

37

mesamesTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro emxroba pluralizmsa da Zalauflebis

danawilebis konstitucionalistur ideebs (sibrtyis marcxena mxare).

pirveli da meore diskursebis dapirispireba gacilebiT ufro metad exeba

mimdinare politikis Sefasebas. am mxriv, es diskursebi bevrad ufro

“politizirebuli” xasiaTiT gamoirCevian. “im droSas, romelic dRes frialebs”

nacionaluri moZraobis droSad ganixilavs pirveli diskursi, rasac

kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba meore (17). meore diskursi miesalmeba im faqts, rom

saxelmwifo struqturebi dakompleqtdes revoluciidan mosuli xalxiT, xolo

pirveli amas ar emxroba (52). pirveli diskursi kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba

mosazrebas, rom saWiro iyo konstituciuri cvlilebebis swrafad gatareba (35),

da rom prezidentis mier parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba xels Seuwyobs SesaZlo

politikuri konfliqtebis mogvarebas (5), meore diskursi ki, sakmaod dadebiTad

aris ganwyobili orive debulebis mimarT. Tumca, aRniSnuli ori diskursidan

verc erTi ver xedavs Zvrebs im mimarTulebiT, rom cxovreba konstituciis

mixedviT ewyoba, magram pirveli amaSi gacilebiT ufro kategoriulia (37).

diskursebis TvalnaTlivi warmoCenis metad efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens

am diskursebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli debulebebis gadmocema naratiuli teqstis

saxiT, romelsac Tavis naSromSi druzeki da holmsi mimarTven. TiToeuli

diskursis daxasiaTebisas, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veyrdnobiT, am diskursis

yvelaze gamokveTil mtkicebulebebs (romelTac mieca Sefaseba _6,_5,+5,+6) da

im debulebebs, romlebic mas sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs.

1. opozicioneri-konstitucionalisti

Zalian cudia, rom konstituciuri cvlilebebi ase swrafad ganxorcielda

(35). arc imis mere igrZnoba raime gaumjobeseba (37). mmarTveli aucileblad

unda emorCilebodes konstitucias, xolo konstitucia ar unda

moqmedebdes rogorc iuristebma ician — undaT aqeT moabaven qoTans yurs,

undaT _ iqiT, is calsaxad unda iyos gaSifruli; dauSvebelia, rom

mmarTveli erTpirovnulad cvlides mas da es cvlilebebic ar iyo saWiro

(53, 38, 48). naklebad veTanxmebi imas, rom istorias marTaven ufro

pirovnebebi (12), ar mgonia, rom dRes prezidentma mTeli pasuxismgebloba

unda itvirTos viTarebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo, an kanonmdebloba

sakuTar Tavze moirgos, Tanac hqondes parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba (54

16, 5), verc diqtaturas gavamarTleb im sababiT rom saWiroa korumpirebuli

CinovnikebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva (50). saerTod, Tuki qvemodan

xelisuflebas vinme ar mosTxovs, isini xalxze naklebad izruneben da

mxolod sakuTar interesebs daicaven (46), miT umetes, rom parlamenti

erTpartiulia da xSirad iq iseTi adamianebi arian, vinc sakuTari Tavi

sakuTari saqmis keTebaSi ver ipova (27, 59). magram xelisuflebisadmi

moTxovnebis wamoyeneba garTulebulia imitom, rom Cvens uflebebs xSirad

ver vicavT (41). es imitom xdeba, rom Cveni konstitucia im rols ar

asrulebs, rasac unda asrulebdes saerTod (19). Tavad xelisufleba

naklebad emorCileba kanons, xolo mmarTvelobaSi sxva faqtorebi ufro

muSaobs (42). damnaSaveebTan brZola ki gamoacxades, magram pasuxi aravis ar

agebines, SevardnaZiT dawyebuli (31), piriqiT, vinc kanons arRvevs, is win

midis, xolo revolucionerebi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs ikaveben, rac

dauSvebelia (52). revolucia ar amarTlebs konstituciis cvlilebas, da arc

demokratiis motana SeuZlia imitom, rom xalxis mmarTveloba, anu ideaSi

rac aris demokratia, saerTod miuRwevelia, rogorc Cans, samwuxarod. (24

21)

,

,

,

2. modernizatori

droa, xalxma Tavi daanebos politikosobas da yvelam Tavis saqmes mixedos

(59). rac Seexeba kanonebs, maT ufro kargad iuristebi mixedaven (23), miT

38

II kvira: saqarTvelo

I mecadineoba

saqarTveloSi konstituciis sajaro legitimacia 2004 wlis magaliTze

1. konstituciuri cvlilebebis ganxilvis dinamika da procesis monawileni

cnobili konstitucionalistis jon elsteris TqmiT, msoflioSi arsebobs

demokratiuli konstituciebi, miRebuli arademokratiuli gziT, magram ar

arsebobs demokratiuli gziT miRebuli arc erTi avtoritaruli konstitucia.7

konstituciis miRebis procesSi mniSvnelovania ori momenti: ramdenad

demokratiulia es procedura da ramdenad efuZneba axali konstituciis miReba

(Tu arsebul konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana) farTo da srulfasovan

msjelobas.

konstitucia, garda imisa, rom iyos demokratiuli, unda uzrunvelyofdes

mdgradi da efeqturi mmarTvelobis arsebobas. proceduruli TvalsazrisiT,

mdgradi da efeqturi mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis SemoReba saWiroebs, sul mcire,

am meqanizmebis irgvliv yvela gavleniani politikuri elitis SeTanxmebis

miRwevas. centraluri xelisuflebis mowyoba, pirvel rigSi, gavlenas axdens im

politikur aqtorebze, romlebic uSualod monawileoben xelisuflebis

ganxorcielebaSi. cvlilebebis miRebis momentSi xelisuflebaSi myof

politikosTa SeTanxmeba ver uzrunvelyofs modelis mdgradobas xelisuflebis

cvlilebis da momdevno arCevnebis Semdeg. amdenad, mdgradi mowyobisTvis

SeTanxmebaSi an unda monawileobdnen xelisuflebaSi im momentisTvis armyofi

Zalebic, an es Zalebi samudamod unda gairiyos politikidan; sxvagvarad,

konstituciis legitimacia iZens droebiT, gardamaval xasiaTs.

sakonstitucio cvlilebebis process ianvar-TebervalSi axasiaTebda Semdegi:

cvlilebebi muSavdeba kuluarulad da miiReba Zalian swrafad; mmarTvelobis

axali modelis SemmuSavebeli da ganmsazRvreli aris mxolod momavali

xelisuflebis sami xelmZRvaneli; politikaSi CarTuli sxva Zalebi ver axerxeben

procesis SeCerebas an sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTvas; am procesis da mis

irgvliv warmarTuli debatebis qvemoT moyvanili qronologiuri aRwera naTlad

warmoaCnes im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic procesis aRniSnul maxasiaTeblebs

ukavSirdeba.

noembris saxelisuflebo krizisidan gamosvlis gzebis Ziebisas jer kidev im

dReebSi konstitucia, misi avkargianoba da SesaZlo gadamuSaveba kvlav

aqtualuri Tema xdeba. xolo „revoluciuri triumviratis“ xelSi Zalauflebis

gadasvlisTanave ikveTeba sakonstitucio cvlilebebis gardauvaloba da maTi

ganxorcielebis mimarTuleba: sami lideri — mixeil saakaSvili, zurab Jvania da

nino burjanaZe — erTmaneTSi Tanxmdebian Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb. am

SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, mixeil saakaSvili xdeba saqarTvelos prezidenti, zurab

Jvania _ premier-ministri (im droisTvis jer ararsebuli Tanamdeboba), nino

burjanaZe _ parlamentis Tavmjdomare. am SeTanxmebam sajaro ganacxadis forma

miiRo, ramac mas TiTqmis sakanonmdeblo xasiaTi mianiWa. am SeTanxmebis

ganxorcielebas ki konstituciis Secvla esaWiroeboda.

vinaidan xelisuflebis axali konfiguracia, pirvel rigSi, am axali

mmarTveli elitis SeTanxmebas unda daeyrdnos, misi SemuSaveba daxurul kars

miRma iwyeba. masmedia da molaparakebis gareT darCenili is Zalebi, romlebmac

aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes noembris movlenebSi, cdiloben procesi sajaro

gaxadon. saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg (4 ianvari) iwyeba sajaro gamosvlebi

imaze, Tu ra tipis mmarTveloba iqneboda mizanSewonili saqarTvelosTvis

Seqmnil viTarebaSi. am gamosvlebSi fiqsirdeba garkveuli SeSfoTeba

7 Jon Elster, Ways of Constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. Axel Hadenius, Cambridge

University Press, 1997, p.125.

15

meore universalisturia da dikursul gagebas, kognitur, filosofiur

gaazrebas gulisxmobs.

Sesabamisad, Turquli saxelmwifo, romelic formalurad liberalur kons-

tituciur sawyisebzea agebuli, araformalurad ideologiur (politikur)

sawyisebs moicavs sabWoTa saxelmwifos msgavsad. swored aq unda veZeboT imis

mizezi, rom rule of law masSi arasruli da nakluli saxiTaa damkvidrebuli.

es magaliTi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Semdegi ori hipoTeza relevanturia

demokratizaciis procesebis Seswavlisadmi. pirveli: sabWoTa tipis politikuri

sistema istoriulad ar warmoadgens erTaderT ideologiur sawyisebze

dafuZnebul politikur sistemas, anu sistemas, romlis samarTlebrivi sawyisebi

raime tipis ideologiidan momdinareobs. saxelmwifo, romelic formalurad

liberalur demokratias warmoadgens, aseve SesaZloa araformalurad

ideologiurad iyos legitimizebuli. amasTan es ideologiuroba SeiZleba

qmnides mdgrad paternebs da ar iyos gardamavali da droebiTi xasiaTis. miT

ufro dRes, rodesac politikuri sistemis mosawyobad liberaluri demokratiis

legitimurobas alternativa ar gaaCnia.

TurqeTSi maRalia korufciis done, uaRresad dabalia ndoba poli-

tikosebisa da politikuri partiebis mimarT, xolo samxedroebisa da

armiis mimarT ndobis xarisxi Seudareblad maRalia. Tu ganvazogadebT, am

maCveneblebs da SevadarebT maT sxva ideologiuri (politikuri) demok-

ratiebis realobas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom korufciis maRali

maCveneblebi da politikosebis uaRresad dabali ndoba logikurad unda

iyos kavSirSi saxelmwifos ideologiurobasTan (politikur legiti-

mizebasTan), Tuki reJimi ar aris uaRresad mkacri da avtoritaruli (am

SemTxvevasi is SeiZleba TiTqmis totalitaruli reJimis niSnebs iZendes).

kavSirs saxelmwifos ideologiurobas da korufcias Soris am statiis

Semdgom paragrafebSi davubrundebiT.

14

umetes, rom Cveni politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi wyoba da uflebebi ukve

gansazRvrulia qveynis ZiriTadi kanoniT — konstituciiT (4). Zalian saSiSia,

rom gvyvades mmarTvelebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konstitucias da

cvlian mas erTpirovnulad, aravin unda amyarebdes diqtaturas im sababiT

rom xalxisTvis kargis gakeTeba unda (53, 43, 49). Cveni momavlis politikuri

xedva xom konstituciiTaa mocemuli (3), amitom mas unda emorCilebodes

uklebliv yvela, is unda sazRvravdes yvela adamianis cxovrebas (56). maSin

aRar gveqneba is problema rom warsuliT vcxovrobT, Cven unda

vcxovrobdeT dRevandeli dRiT, momavalze fiqriT (58). Cven xom sxva

civilizebuli erebisgan didad ar ganvsxvavdebiT (33). bunebrivia, rom

konstitucia vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Seicvala, raTa aRmoifxvras

samarTlebrivi vakuumi da saxelmwifo isev konstituciur mmarTvelobas

daubrundes (24, 35), Tanac cudi ar iyo is cvlilebebi, rac masSi Sevida:

parlamentma SeiZina mTavrobis kontrolis ZiriTadi berketi — misdami

undoblobis gamocxadebis SesaZlebloba, xolo prezidentis mier

parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba moagvarebs SesaZlo politikur

konfliqtebs (6, 5). modiT, am konstituciur cvlilebebs imas nu

davabralebT, rom axalma axalgazrda xelisuflebam is Tavis Tavze moirgo

(38), Tumca ki bunebrivia, rom isini, vinc revolucias awyobda, axla

Tanamdebobebsac ikaveben (52). is droSac, romelic saxelmwifo droSad

gamocxadda, kargia da momwons (17). qveynis winsvlas Zlieri regionebi

uSlian xels, magram wesrigis aRdgenaSi Cven am problemis mogvarebas ver

davelodebiT.

,

,

,

)

,

3. marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti

yvelaferi aewyoba, Tu konstituciaSi dafiqsirdeba marTlmadidebluri

religiis gansakuTrebuli statusi, xolo adamianebi dasaqmdebian,

gadasaxads gadaixdian, saxelmwifo biujets Seavseben da saxelmwifo

dadgeba fexze (34, 32). jerjerobiT viTareba mZimea, da amitom prezidentma

unda aiRos sakuTar Tavze mTeli pasuxismgebloba qveynis am mZime

mdgomareobidan gamoyvanaze (54); es ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTveloSi

damyardeba diqtatura (1), prezidenti xom xalxis umravlesobis nebas

gamoxatavs, da prezidentebi xom saerTod did rols TamaSoben yvelgan,

xolo qarTveli xalxi, saerTod, iseTi xalxia, rom unda hyavdes erTi

mmarTveli (40, 8, 18). saerTod, Cven iseTi mentaliteti gvaqvs, rom

yvelaferi, rac aris ucxouri, Tundac kargi iyos, SeiZleba aq,

saqarTveloSi, ar gamogvadges (33). isic ki dasaSvebia, rom dRes diqtatori

dagvWirdes, raTa xalxis interesebi davicvaT da korufcia davamarcxoT

(50), magram is mainc unda moqmedebdes konstituciis CarCoebSi, maSinac ki,

rodesac borotmoqmedebisgan icavs sazogadoebas (25). oRond konstitucia

xalxis umravlesobis Zalauflebas ar unda zRudavdes (13 ; xalxis mier

arCeul prezidentsa da parlaments maqsimalurad unda hqondes gazrdili

uflebebi, xolo daniSnul premier-ministrs _ maqsimalurad SezRuduli

(60). maSin parlamentis erTpartiuloba problema ki ar aris, aramed plusia

vinaidan demokratiis dros xalxi erTian miznebze ver Tanxmdeba, aris azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba, da am azrebidan unda aiRo erTi swori azri (27, 15, 14).

4. humanisti tradicionalisti

konstitucionerma unda daicvas konstitucia da kanonebi, xolo

Cveulebrivma adamianma adamianurad unda icxovros (56). Tumca, Cveulebrivi

adamianebi xSirad arRveven kanonebs da amis gamo iCagrebian, amitom

damnaSaveebTan brZolas axali xelisufleba cota frTxilad unda moekidos (44,

31). dResac xom xalxis 90 procenti imaze ocnebobs, rom cota mainc iyos

korumpirebuli, es realobaa (26). rac Seexeba Cems uflebebs, maT me TviTon

movuvli da davicav, dRes es problemas ar warmoadgens (55, 41). konstituciam, da

ara xalxis zewolam, unda uzrunvelyos xelisuflebis mdgradi da efeqturi

39

muSaoba (11, 46), amasTan, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs pirvel rigSi

profesionalebi unda ikavebdnen (57). korufciasTan brZolis sababiT

diqtaturis damyarebas me veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver daveTanxmebodi (50).

saxelmwifo ar unda iyos Zaladobis iaraRi (7); diqtaturasa da demokratias

Soris arsebobs didi sxvaoba, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom konstitucia unda

sruldebodes, is ar unda icvlebodes erTpirovnulad da unda iyos azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba (53, 14). kargia, rom mivdivarT dasavluri sistemisken, magram

yvelaferi iqauri aq, saqarTveloSi ar gamogvadgeba (30, 33). sulac ar iqneba

cudi, Tuki drodadro Cveni warsulisken mivixedavT da iqidanac karg magaliTebs

aviRebT (58). aseve adgilobrivi saqmeebi adgilzeve unda wydebodes da ar

midiodes TbilisSi gadasawyvetad (61), saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema

dRes Zalian mwvaved dgas (63).

ukeT rom gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ramdenad specifikuria mocemuli Sefasebebi ama

Tu im diskursisaTvis, sasargebloa, erTmaneTs SevadaroT 4-faqtoriani da 5-

faqtoriani ganawileba. ra Seicvleba, Tuki vecdebiT cotaTi ufro metad

davanawevroT SexedulebaTa speqtri? respondentebis 5 faqtorad danawilebis

SemTxvevaSi (romelic aq amdenad dawvrilebiT ar iqneba ganxiluli da mxolod

zogadad daxasiaTdeba), adre dafiqsirebuli pirveli da mesame diskursebi

praqtikulad igive rCeba. transformacias ganicdis mxolod meore da meoTxe

diskursebi. meore diskursi ganicdis radikalizacias diqtaturis mimar-

TulebiT. is ukve naklebad asxvavebs diqtaturas demokratiisgan, pozitiuri

xdeba “kargi diqtatoris” mimarT da ufro kategoriulad miiCnevs, rom

konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana aucileblobas warmoadgenda. meoTxe dis-

kursi iZens religiurobis niSnebs, kargavs nostalgiur ganwyobebs da xdeba

sakmaod kritikuli arsebuli xelisuflebisa da bolodroindeli movlenebis

mimarT. is inarCunebs Tavis tradicionalistur orientacias TviTmmarTve-

lobaze. xolo axladgamoyofili mexuTe diskursi ikavebs ufro medasavlur,

vidre tradicionalistur orientacias. amave dros, misi warmodgenebi

demokratiiisa da konstituciiis Sesaxeb imdagvaria, rom mas ufro “saxalxo

demokratia” unda vuwodoT, sabWouri tipis demokratiis msgavsad. marTalia, es

diskursi calsaxad momxrea konstituciuri demokratiisa da winaaRmdegia

diqtaturis, magram konstitucia da saxelmwifo mis cnobierebaSi bevri sabWouri

niSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. saxelmwifos droSa gamoxatavs am saxelmwifos

ideologias, konstitucia — samomavlo miznebs da morals; Tavad saxelmwifo

aris centralizebuli. es dominanti saxelmwifo “saxalxo demokratisTvis”

asatania imdenad, ramdenadac is ar gardaiqmneba diqtaturad da ar iWreba

adamianTa “cxovrebis samyaroSi”, maTi avtonomiurobis sferoSi. am pirobiT

“saxalxo demokrati” mxarSi amoudgeba arsebul xelisuflebas da miesalmeba

revoluciiT mosul mTavrobas. miuxedavad nostalgiisa Zvel droze, imedi aqvs,

rom naTeli momavali, romelsac axali xelisufleba usaxavs (“demokratia”

nacvlad “komunizmisa”), xalxisTvis sikeTis momtani aRmoCndeba.

5-faqtoriani sqemis moSvelieba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT ori

daskvna: a. religiuroba da midrekileba diqtaturisken ar aris mxolod mesame

diskursis maxasiaTebeli. meoresac, mis radikalur variantebSi, aqvs mid-

rekileba diqtaturisken, xolo konstituciaSi religiis dafiqsirebis momxreni

TiTqmis yvela diskursSi monawileoben. b. sabWouri droidan SemorCenili

warmodgenebi saxelmwifoze da konstituciaze sakmaod vrcladaa ganfenili; maT

Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT rogorc miznebze orientirebul antitradicionalizmSi,

aseve im winaRobebSi, romelsic mocemuli miznebis miRwevas uqmnis saxelmwifos

kontrolisgan adamianTa samyaros avtonomiurobis dacvis swrafva .

TiToeul aq dafiqsirebul SexedulebaTa sistemas aqvs rogorc keTil-

ganwyobili interpretacia — is, Tu rogor xedavs sakuTar Tavs, aseve kritikuli

xedva garedan — Tanac gansxvavebuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli diskursis

kuTxidan SevxedavT. garda amisa, SexedulebaTa TiToeuli sistema SeiZleba

zomierebisken ixrebodes da amiT uaxlovdebodes miRebul demokratiul

diskursebs, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia ganicdides radikalizacias da saSiSi

xdebodes demokratiisaTvis.

40

eqspertebis mier erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba, mniSvnelobisa,

romelic garkveul politikur strategias gulisxmobs, SeiZleba

ukavSirdebodes demokratizaciis metad ideologizebul, dogmatur

gagebas. midgomis sisuste mdgomareobs TviT meTodis sirTuleSi,

vinaidan mas Semoaqvs metad Znelad gazomvadi da gansazRvrebadi

diqotomiebi, iseTi tipis, rogoricaa codnisa da Sexedulebis,

filosofiisa da ideologiis, normisa da moralis dapirispireba, rac

iolad xelSesaxebi da gazomvadi faqtori ar aris.

qvemoT moyvanili iqneba magaliTi am meTodis gamoyenebisa, romelic

mdgomareobs TurqeTisa da aSS-s politikuri sistemebis diskursiul SedarebiT

analizSi.

TurqeTisa da amerikis politikuri sistemebis diskursiuli SedarebiTi

analizi

es magaliTi erTob egzotikuria da aqvs ufro meTodis sailustracio

daniSnuleba, vidre mecnieruli mtkicebulebis datvirTva. misi mizania

konstituciuri institutebis formalurad msgavsi, magram arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli arsis Cveneba, romelzedac zemoT iyo laparaki. am magaliTis

moyvaniT minda vaCveno, Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobs institutebis funqcionirebasa

da maT legitimizacias Soris.

TurqeTis politikuri sistema, iseve rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa,

formalurad konstituciur demokratias warmoadgens. Tumca ki, TurqeTi sxva

tipis demokratiaa. institucionaluri analiziT dakavebuli specialistis

Tvalsawieridan, es sxvaoba Cans im rolSi, romelsac Turquli demokratiis

SenarCunebaSi samxedroebi TamaSoben; igi aseve SeiZleba aRiweros liberaluri

institutebis sisusteSi, samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudulobaSi, mokled, es ar

aris im tipis sxvaoba, romlis aRwera SeuZlebelia institucionalur terminebSi.

Tumca ki amgvari aRwera bevrs arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ratom xdeba, rom am ori

qveynis erTob Tanamedrove konstituciebi sxvadasxvanairad muSaoben. am

sxvaobis arsi, Cemi azriT, ukeT gasagebi xdeba, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT am ori

qveynis politikuri sistemebis or simbolur reprezentacias: linkolnis

memorials vaSingtonSi da aTaTurqis mavzoleums ankaraSi.

am or memorials bevri saerTo niSani aqvs. orive ganlagebulia qveynis axal

dedaqalaqSi, romelic qveynis politikuri centria, magram imavdroulad ar

warmoadgens mis kulturul centrs; is viTardeba swored politikuri

institutebis erTobis saxiT. erTic da meorec ganasaxiereben pirovnebebs,

romlebic idgnen dRes arsebuli politikuri sistemis — demokratiis —

sawyisebTan; es memorialebi swored demokratiis monapovars axsenebs mnaxvels.

swored am miniSnebis gansamtkiceblad orive warmoadgens klasikuri berZnuli

stilis variaciebs Sesabamisi arqiteqturuli elementebiT.

magram maT Soris arsebobs arsebiTi sxvaobac. aTaTurqis mavzoleumi, garda

TviT mavzoleumisa, moicavs agreTve aTaTurqis muzeums. am muzeums emsaxurebian

gidebi, romlebic acnoben damTvaliereblebs mis biografias, aCveneben mis pirad

nivTebs, axseneben Rvawls da agrZnobineben am adamianis gansakuTrebulobas.

mavzoleums icavs Turquli gvardiis jariskacebi, romelTa forma (xaki TeTriT)

qmnis peizaJis ganuyofel komponents. aTaTurqis mavzoleumisgan gansxvavebiT

linkolnis memoriali gacilebiT ufro lakonuria. iq dgas linkolnis qandakeba,

xolo kedlebze amotvifrulia misi gamonaTqvamebi.

mesijebi, romlebsac damTavalierebeli iRebs am ori memorialisgan

arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. pirveli yuradRebas amaxvilebs pirovnebaze da mis

gansakuTrebulobaze, xolo meore — pirovnebis mier gaziarebul ideebze da maT

sayovelTaobaze. pirveli mesiji aris partikularistuli xasiaTis, is ar

gulisxmobs msjelobas, gansjas, aramed mxolod gaziarebas da aRiarebas, xolo

13

1. disciplinis CarCoebSi darCena: es midgoma miiCnevs, rom demokratiis

institutebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba gafarTovdes da moicvas ara marto

reJimis maxasiaTeblebi, aramed garkveuli konteqstualuri elemente-

bic. am gzas adganan is mkvlevrebi, romlebic demokratiis ganamartebas

amateben xan kanonis mmarTvelobas (rule of law) (riCard rouzi), xan

sazogadoebis struqturul diferenciacias (linci da stefani, rom-

lebic am maxasiaTeblebs latenturad konsolidirebuli demokratiis

cnebaSi deben). yvela es mcdeloba isev poliarqiis institutebis irgvliv

trialebs. ase magaliTad, o’doneli, miuxedavad imisa, rom acnobierebs

da aanalizebs konteqstis mniSvnelobas formaluri institutebis muSa-

obis analizisTvis, mainc demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvrebis

CarCoebSi rCeba da cnebis sakuTar gagebas isev da isev am centraluri

elementis irgvliv agebs. es araTanmimdevruloba meTodologiur

Secdomas waagavs, vinaidan Tuki erTi da igive institutebi sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobasa da funqcias iZenen konteqstisda mixedviT, maSin maTTvis

erTi da igive saxelis miniWeba umarTebuloa.

2. politikuri kulturis Seswavla. es gza sakmaod tradiculi da SedarebiT

nayofieri Cans. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, ronald inglehartis mid-

goma da faseulobebis msoflio gamokiTxvidan miRebuli Sedegebi. mok-

led rom SevajamoT, am gziT gamokveTilia garveuli kanonzomierebebi da

korelaciebi demokratiis funqcionirebasa, ekonomikur ganviTarebasa

daqveynis religiur da istoriul warsuls Soris. magram am midgomis

naklovaneba mdgomareobs masSi, rom is metad zogadia, da wina midgomis

sapirispirod politikurad mkveTrad neitraluri. anu, im daskvnis Sem-

TxvevaSic ki (ris safuZvelsac es gamokvlevebi iZleva), rom postsabWoTa

sazogadoebebi ganwirulni arian wlebis ganmavlobaSi airCion korum-

pirebuli, arareprezentaciuli elitebi, es analizi usargebloa Sem-

dgomi demokratizaciis politikis SemuSavebis saWiroebis Tvalsawie-

ridan. is ubralod adasturebs, rom demokratizaciis saxeliT cnobili

gamowveva minimaluri demokratiebisTvis ufro metad saWiroebs moder-

nizaciul da ekonomikur gamoZaxils, vidre politikurs. magram amis

deterministuli gaziareba gvagdebs sxva ukiduresobaSi — institu-

cionaluri mSeneblobis mcdlobaze uaris TqmaSi.

3. zemoT moyvanil or midgomas Tu erTmaneTs davupirispirebT, maT Soris

Sualedur adgils daikavebs institucionaluri midgomis CarCoebis

gacdena da institutebis Seswavla maT konteqstualur mniSvnelobebTan

erTad, anu maTi legitimaciis sawyisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac ufro

diskursis analizis amocanaa. am midgomis arsi qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT

iqneba ganxiluli, aq ki mxolod mis avkargianobaze SevCerdebi. meTodis

dadebiT mxares warmoadgens institutebis mibma maT normatiul da

funqcionalur mniSvnelobebTan. es saSualebas iZleva avcdeT

demokratiis “komunizmad” gagebas - demokratis aRrevas ganviTarebis

windawin gansazRvrul elitistur gegmasTan, romelSic sazogadoeba

mxolod statistis, obieqtis rols TamaSobs. is aseve iZleva saSualebas

gadaiWras meore problema, romelic adre iyo naxsenebi -

demokratizaciis procesSi eqspertebis mier SemuSavebuli strategiebis

rolis gazviadeba. TviT cneba “demokratia” ar warmoadgens mkvlevarTa

sakuTrebas. igi mZlavr politikur datvirTvas atarebs, romelic masebis

mobilizebasa da politikur swrafvebs gansazRvravs. am sityvisTvis

12

meore diskursi miiCnevs, rom politikuri brZolebis dro damTavrebulia, da

dadga miRweuli politikuri Zalauflebis realizebis dro. politikuri dapi-

rispirebebis gagrZeleba misTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens da amdenad is gmobs

pirveli diskursis mcdelobebs, Sexedos movlenebs politikuri Tvalsawieridan

— saxelmwifo droSa ar unda iyos ganxiluli nacionaluri moZraobis droSad,

arsebuli xelisufleba — diqtaturad, xolo ZalauflebaSi revoluciiT mosuli

adamianebi — saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis uzurpatorebad. ganviTarebis swori

gezi gansazRvrulia; dadga dro, iuristebma is, ubralod, kanonebSi gadaitanon.

meore diskursisTvis did saSiSroebas warmoadgens meoTxe diskursic, romelic

SesaZloa am kanonebs ar daemorCilos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba,

mosaxleobis didi nawili, e.w. ubralo adamianebi, darCnen samarTlebrivi

regulirebis miRma da amiT daabrkolon ganviTareba. es isev korufciis wyaro

iqneba. amitom warsuli ukan unda movitovoT. kanonebis amoqmedebaSi saqar-

Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas ver davelodebiT. meore diskursi

mesamesac upirispirdeba mis orientaciaSi qarTul mentalitetze da tradiciul

Rirebulebebze. meore diskursi ar eTanxmeba konstituciaSi religiis dafiq-

sirebasac.

pirveli diskursi, meoresgan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar aris ganwyobili

Seafasos mdgomareoba, rogorc demokratiuli ganviTarebis sawindari. is aSka-

rad xedavs Seqmnil mdgomareobaSi diqtaturis niSnebs da sakuTari politikuri

uflebebis daculobis sawindarad konstitucionalizmis safuZvlebis gan-

mtkicebas moiazrebs. meore diskursi mis TvalSi bolSevikuri tipis tota-

litarizmis nairsaxeobis advokatad gamoiyureba, vinaidan politikurad

calmxrivad cvlis droSas, konstitucias da eufleba saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs.

am mxriv, meore diskurss, pirveli diskursis mixedviT, kvers ukravs mesame

diskursic, romelic miiCnevs, rom dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti da

prezidentma mTeli Zalaufleba unda itvirTos am mdgomareobidan qveynis

gamosayvanad. mesame diskursi, misi azriT, saerTod saSiSia demokratiisaTvis,

vinaidan naklebad afasebs kanonis uzenaesobis saWiroebas da ixreba

erTpirovnuli da konstitucionalizmis principebis sawinaaRmdego, mkacrad

maJoritaruli mmarTvelobisken, TiTqmis diqtaturisken. pirvelis TvalSi

meoTxe diskurss ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi cnobiereba, is gulgrilia kon-

stituciis bolodroindeli xelyofis mimarT da ar iziarebs pirveli diskursis

SemarTebas imoqmedos politikurad anu xelisufleba xalxis kontrols

dauqvemdebaros.

mesame diskursi, meore diskuris msgavsad, imedianad uyurebs momavals,

radgan miaCnia, rom revoluciiT mosuli prezidenti xalxis umravlesobis nebas

ganasaxierebs da mis imedebs frTebs Seasxams: magaliTad, marTlmadideblur

religias gansakuTrebul statuss mianiWebs. Tumca, prezidentis Zalauflebas

SeiZleba winaRobebi Sexvdes, rac xalxis umravlesobis nebis aRsrulebas

gaarTulebs. mis TvalSi rogorc pirveli, ise meore diskursi xalxis nebis

aRsrulebas arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevs da amiT qarTul TviTmyofadobas da

identurobas safrTxes uqmnis. am diskursebs Soris is did sxvaobas ver xedavs,

garda imisa, rom pirveli saSiSia, radgan xelisuflebis opoziciuria, xolo

meore sxvanairad xedavs ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, anu zedmetad mimbaZvelia

dasavleTis. rac Seexeba meoTxes, isic safrTxes uqmnis xalxis nebis aRsrulebas

politikuri Zalauflebis koncentraciis meSveobiT, vinaidan eSinia diqtaturis

da zedmetad zrunavs adamianis uflebebis dacvaze.

meoTxe diskursi iwyeba metad saintereso mtkicebiT “konstitucionerebisa”

da ubralo adamianebis Sesaxeb, romelic mravalmxrivad SeiZleba iqnes

interpretirebuli. erTi mxriv, is gvagonebs habermasiseuli sistemisa da

cxovrebis samyaros dapirispirebas da cxovrebis samyaros dacvis lozungs.

meore mxriv, is ara marto mkafiod asxvavebs kanonsa da morals (rasac

marqsistuli midgoma, liberalurisgan gansxvavebiT, ar akeTebda), aramed orives

mkafiod gamijnul samoqmedo arealebs uwesebs da adamianTa cxovrebas, pirvel

rigSi, moralis samyofelad ixilavs. da bolos, is SeiZleba gaviazroT

patnemiseul terminebiT, rogorc “amoraluri familizmi”, rac, respublikuri

cnobierebis sapirispirod, badebs korufcias da xels uSlis demokratiis

41

funqcionirebas.

saqarTvelos istoriis Tvalsawieridan es diskursi gvevlineba im midgomad,

romelic ara marto sabWoTa periodSi, aramed wina saukuneebSic, mravali gare

dampyroblis qveS saqarTvelos arsebobis dros, wesad da Cveulebad

Camoyalibda, im wesad da Cveulebad, romelmac TviTgadarCenisa da

TviTmoyofadobis SenarCunebis masobrivi strategiebi gansazRvra. is

mdgomareobs mtruli da ucxo garemosagan gamijvnaSi da ara masze zemoqmedebis

moxdenis mcdelobaSi.

am mxriv, mas mTavar oponirebas meore diskursi uwevs, romelic swored rom

sistemis SeqmniTaa dainteresebuli. meores yvelaferi imis Secvla surs, rac

meoTxesTvis TavSesafarsa da dasayrdens warmoadgens — warsuli, qarTuli

mentaliteti. Tuki meore diskursi sistemis garkveuli Rirebulebrivi

totalitarulobiT emuqreba, mesame _ diqtaturis niSnebs atarebs. amdenad, arc

mesame diskursia misTvis xsna, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul Rirebulebriv

ganwyobebs orive iziarebs. mis TvalSi, mesame diskursi, garkveulwilad,

religiuri fanatizmiTaa daavadebuli da Tavisi diqtatoruli midrekilebebiT

mas SeuZlia kerZo adamiani diqtatoris Zaladobis obieqtad gaxados. miuxedavad

yvelafrisa, meoTxe diskurss aqvs xelisuflebis ndoba, romelsac pirveli

diskursi uqarwylebs. meoTxe diskursis ganwyobas miimalos Tavis naWuWSi da

imedovnos, rom xelisufleba Tavis saqmes TviTon mixedavs, pirveli diskursi

ewinaaRmdegeba da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi poziciis dakavebisken ubiZgebs, rasac

is miCveuli ar aris.

daskvna

saqarTveloSi wina wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gvafiq-

rebinebs, rom mocemul kvlevaSi gamokveTili SexedulebaTa sistemebi sakmaod

mdgradia; maTi analogebi adre (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirveli samis) sxva gamok-

vlevebSic dafiqsirebula. es kidev ufro aZlierebs im mosazrebas, rom metad

mniSvnelovania maTi gaTvaliswineba konstituciuri mSeneblobis procesSi.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom respondentebis pasuxebi, socialuri molodinebis

gamo, SesaZloa ufro pozitiuria konstitucionalizmisa da demokratiis mimarT,

vidre respondentebis qceva naklebad sajaro politikur viTarebaSi, SeiZleba

Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom aq aRwerili diskursebi an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

zogierTi maTganis radikaluri mimdevrebi, safrTxes uqmnian konstitu-

cionalizms. magram Tu davuSvebT, rom SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTganis

radikalizebis Tavidan acileba da maTi Sejereba, maSin davinaxavT, rom isini

qmnian normalur, jansaR politikur speqtrs, romelic analogiuria imisa, rac

SeiZleba moviZioT nebismier konstituciur liberalur demokratiaSi. maSa-

sadame, saqarTvelos problemaa ara is, rom romelime nawili sazogadoebisa

gamoiricxos politikuri procesidan, aramed is, rom Tavad am procesma xeli

Seuwyos yvela politikuri Sexedulebis saukeTeso miswrafebebis realizebas.

amgvari Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba

konstituciuri modelis SerCevas da qveynis politikuri sistemis insti-

tucionaluri mowyobis swor gansazRvras. ase magaliTad, amas xeli SeiZleba

Seuwyos ufro adekvaturi saarCevno sistemis SerCevam. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

rom tradicionalisturi politikuri SexedulebebisTvis ufro xelsayrelia

maJoritaruli sistema, xolo “antitradiculebisTvis” — proporciuli. Tu es

varaudi sworia (rac TavisTavad, damatebiT kvlevasa da gansjas moiTxovs), maSin

ras moutans saqarTvelos orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmna, sadac zeda palata

dakompleqtdeba maJoritari deputatebiT, xolo qveda — proporciuli wesiT

arCeuli wevrebiT? rogor unda ganawildes uflebamosilebebi am or palatas

Soris, rom aman ar gamoiwvios an sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis

politikuri Sexedulebebis ugulebelyofa, an konfliqti palatebs Soris?

es, ubralod, erT-erTi SesaZlo kiTxvaa, romelic am gamokvlevis Sedegebis

gaazrebisa da gamoyenebis savaraudo mimarTulebas moxazavs. kvlevis Sedegebis

analizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom mocemuli kvlevis meTodologia ar

42

ganxorcielebadi miznebi da kriteriumebi, romlebic politikosebis xelSi

moqmedebis gegmad da strategiad iqceva.

swored aseTi iyo Tavis droze demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli ganmartebis

bedic, Tumca ki Tavad ganmarteba praqtikuli miznebis mosamsaxureblad ar

Seqmnila. is, ubralod, civi omis periodSi ideologiuri dapirispirebis

artikulirebisTvis metad gamosadegi gamodga maTTvis, vinc liberalur

demokratias icavda e.w. saxalxo demokratiis sapirispirod. demokratiis ufro

tradiciuli gagebisgan gansxvavebiT (demokratia rogorc xalxis mmarTveloba),

is ar utovebda SesaZleblobas sabWouri tipis reJimebs hqonodaT pretenzia

demokratiulobaze.

demokratiis es institucionaluri, formalizebuli ganmarteba, agreTve,

gamosadegi aRmoCnda avtoritarul reJimebTan brZolis strategiis dasasa-

buTeblad. man ideologiurad daaSoriSora erTmaneTs iseTi cnebebi, rogo-

rebicaa demokratiuli reJimi, modernizebuli sazogadoeba da kapitalisturi

ekonomika da ukana planze gadaitana demokratiis mimarTeba sazogadoebrivi

mowyobis sxva aspeqtebTan. amiT man avtoritarul reJimebs gamoacala is

argumenti, rom mocemuli sazogadoeba SesaZloa demokratiisTvis mzad ar

yofiliyo. faqtobrivad, man struqturulad diferencirebuli sazogadoebis

mxolod erTi sistema gaaigiva demokratisTan, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada imis

dasabuTeba, rom amgvari sistemis danergva agrarul, ganuviTarebel Tu ub-

ralod Rarib qveynebSic demokratiis damkvidrebis tolfasi iqneboda.

magram bolo wlebis kvlevebi, da gansakuTrebiT ki mesame talRis de-

mokratiebis gamocdileba metyvelebs imaze, rom es midgoma metad gamartivebul

xedvas gvTavazobs da aRar esadageba Tanamedrove etapis arc mecnierul da arc

politikur amocanebs. demokratia dResdReobiT aRiarebulia erTaderT legi-

timur reJimad, magram rigi qveynebisa, romlebic formalurad Tu ideo-

logiurad Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis kriteriumebs esadagebian, Znelad Tu

pasuxobs dasavleTis liberaluri demokratiis idealebs, da, amave dros, arc

avtoritarul reJimebs ar warmoadgenen. am, e.w. minimaluri demokratiebis kla-

sificireba, iseve rogorc maTi Semdgomi evoluciis gzebi dRes axal kiTxvebs

badebs.

Tuki gavyvebiT robert dalis terminologias, da ganvasxvavebT demokratias

rogorc normatiul (mTeli sisruliT ganuxorcielebel) ideals poliarqiisgan,

romelic institutebis realur da realizebad nakrebs warmoadgens (nakrebs,

romelic kargad esadageba dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebis dRes arsebul

mowyobas), es problema sxvagvardac SeiZleba warmovaCinoT. niSnavs Tu ara

mocemul politiaSi poliarqiis institutebis damkvidreba demokratiis

idealebTan miaxloebas?

minimaluri demokratiebis problemasTan dabrunebisas vxedavT, rom maTi

“gansxvavebuloba” kargadaa gacnobierebuli mecnierebis mier. rogorc o’doneli

gviCvenebs, gansxvavebuli konteqstis fonze demokratiis institutebma SeiZleba

sul sxvadasxvagvarad imuSaon. ase, politiko-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

klientelisturi, partikularistuli konteqsti SesaZloa warmoadgendes urTi-

erTobaTa mdgrad modelebs, romlebic minimalur demokratias liberalur

modelad konsolidirebis saSualebas ar aZleven - imisda miuxedavad, rom reJimi

pasuxobs Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs. gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia, rom dasavlur socialur konteqstSi universalisturi agentis

arseboba win uswrebda demokratizacias, iseve rogorc dasavluri liberaluri

konstituciuri saxelmwifo ufro adre Seiqmna, vidre masobrivi demokratiebi.

ramdenad ganapiroba am konteqstma demokratiis institutebis dasavluri

funqcionaluri, normatiuli da bihevioruli specifika, da ramdenad aqvs

gavlena sxva tipis konteqstebs demokratiis amave maxasiaTeblebze sxvagan?

am kiTxvebis gaCenam Semdegi meTodologiuri gamoZaxilebi warmoSva Teoriul

kvlevebSi.

11

sistemidan gadaxrad. am sistemis gaazreba SesaZlebelia misi arSemdgari

alternativebis dafiqsrebiT. es ar aris liberaluri demokratia, sadac

mmarTvelebi modian xelisuflebaSi arCevnebis gziT, moqmedeben konstitu-

cionalizmis CarCoebSi da arCevnebSi damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi gadadian

(droebiT) opoziciaSi momavali gamarjvebis imediT. aseTi sistemisTvis auci-

lebelia «eTikuri» politikuri partiebi, anu iseTi partiebi, romlebic

politikuri brZolisa da politikuri kamaTis wesebs ar cvlian imisda mixedviT,

arian isini xelisuflebaSi Tu opoziciaSi. es ar aris diqtatura, sadac xalxis

neba arafers niSnavs da sadac xalxi xelisuflebis Secvlas saerTod ver

axerxebs. diqtaturis damyarebas saqarTveloSi swored Zlieri da

mravalricxovani kerZo interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba. es aris sistema, romelSic

marTaven adamianebi, magram ara kanonebi.

mizezebi am mdgomareobisa SeiZleba bevr faqtorSi veZioT, magram kavSiri

institutebsa da diskursebs Soris aSkaraa. Seiqmneba Tu ara odesme iseTi

viTareba, rodesac «efeqturoba» da «samarTlianoba» erT sibrtyeSi

gadainacvlebs? SeZleben Tu ara odesme saparlamento sistemis momxreebi mis

dasabuTebas efeqturobis argumentiT, xolo saprezidento mmarTvelobis

mimdevrebi — pluralizmisa da konstitucionalizmis moSveliebiT? SeZleben Tu

ara odesme xelisufleba da misi opozicia erTi sistemis CarCoebSi konkurirebas

da ara erTmaneTis delegitimizacias? gamova Tu ara odesme saqarTvelo

«gardamavali periodis» marwuxebidan?

II mecadineoba

kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursuli

tranzitologia da demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvreba

demokratizaciis procesebis Seswavla, romelic politikuri mecnierebis

tranzitologiis qvedisciplinis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, meTodologiurad

umTavresad erTi - institucionaluri midgomis CarCoebSi warmoebs. es midgoma,

misi Tanamedrove versiis saxiT, romelic axali institucionalizmis saxeliTaa

cnobili, safuZvlad udevs rogorc kvlevebis umravlesobas, aseve, pirvel rigSi,

im taqsonomias, romelic am kvlevebs azrs aniWebs. es aris Tavad politikuri

reJimebis taqsonomia maTi demokratiuloba-arademokratiulobis Tval-

sazrisiT. disciplinis CarCoebSi “demokratia” gaiazreba rogorc reJimi (da ara

sazogadoebis an saxelmwifos maxasiaTebeli), xolo es reJimi ganmartebulia

politikur institutTa terminebSi, romelTa centralur elements warmoadgens

xelisuflebis regularuli, Tanaswori da Tavisufali arCeva sayovelTao

konkurenciuli arCevnebis meSveobiT. marTalia, dResdReobiT arsebobs

demokratiisTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobebis CamonaTvalis mravali

varianti, magram miuxedavad definiciis saboloo da SeTanxmebuli variantis

ararsebobisa, empiriul kvlevebSi TiTqmis yvela gansazRvreba met-naklebad

momdinareobs da eyrdnoba demokratiis Sumpeteriseul institucionalur

gagebas.

am midgomis dominanturi pozicia ganpirobebulia ara imdenad Teoriuli

kvlevis Sida logikiT, aramed mas metwilad qmnis praqtikuli politikis

saWiroebebiT wayenebuli moTxovnebi. is iqmneba kvlevis gareTa politikuri

motivebiT. am gavlenas ganapirobebs TviT demokratiis cnebis uaRresad maRali

faseulobrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba, misi udidesi roli im sazogadoebriv

cvlilebebSi da masobriv moZraobebSi, romlebic msoflioSi xdeba. mas, agreTve,

ganapirobebs is, rom mecnierebi, romlebic demokratizaciis procesebs ikvleven,

eZeben ara imdenad Teoriul Sedegebs, romlebic martooden mecnierebas

gaamdidrebs, aramed politikur strategiebs, romlebic demokratizaciis

process xels Seuwyobs. maT sWirdebaT empiriulad xelSesaxebi da praqtikulad

10

iZleva SesaZleblobas pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad

gavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi esa Tu is Sexedulebebi. amis gageba SesaZlebeli

iqneboda mxolod damatebiTi kvlevebis CatarebiT.

tabula N 1 debulebebi, romlebic moyvanilia am tabulis marcxena svetSi, Seadgenen im

nakrebs, romelsac afasebdnen respondentebi. TiToeuli debulebis gaswvriv am

tabulaSi moyvanilia qulebi —6-dan +6-mde, romlebic asaxaven gamonaTqvamis

Sefasebas oTxi gamovlenili diskursis mier. diskursis nomeri miTiTebulia

Sesabamisi svetis TavSi. am tabulaSi 64 debuleba ganlagebulia TanmimdevrobiT

maqsimaluri konsesusisgan (yvela met-naklebad erTi azrisaa) maqsimalur

dapirispirebamde (arsebobs radikalurad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi).

faqtorebi (diskursebi)

debulebis N 1 2 3 4 nomeri

9 roca moralidan xdeba gadaxveva, konstitucia imisTvis aris, rom

es qceva miuaxlovos moralis dauwerel principebs, romlebic

kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze arsebobda 1 0 2 1

49 konstitucia unda Sesruldes yvela muxlSi. dauSvebelia, rom

SeiZlebodes konstituciis darRveva momavlis raime miznisTvis 4 5 4 2

64 konstituciis modeli unda emsaxurebodes demokratiis ganviTarebas,

politikuri konkurenciisa da politikuri azris ganviTarebas

qveyanaSi 2 3 3 4

14 demokratia aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, rodesac yvelas aqvs

garkveuli subieqturi azri, da im gansxvavebuli azrebidan

unda aiRo kargi azri 3 3 3 5

61 adgilobrivi saqme adgilzeve unda gadawydes da ar wavides TbilisSi 1 1 3 4

10 saqarTvelos konstitucia marto qarTvelebisTvis ar iwereba.

saqarTvelo mravalerovani saxelmwifoa, rac Zalian mtkivneulad

dadga exla 0 3 0 0

45 igive somxebi da TaTrebi ufro mravldebian, vidre qarTvelebi.

Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqea mTavari da ara qarTveli, maSin sul male

somexi iqneba saqarTvelos prezidenti, safrTxes vxedav me amaSi 1 -1 2 0

12 istorias marTaven ufro pirovnebebi 1 4 4 3

29 ar arsebobs, arc istoriulad da aranairad ar yofila, rom

saqarTveloSi rodesme regioni Tavis sityvas ambobdes -1 -4 -5 -4

53 mmarTveli aucileblad unda daemorCilos konstitucias. erTma

mmarTvelma rom konstitucia Secvalos, amis ufleba mas

namdvilad ar unda hqondes 6 5 3 6

36 vinc Cvenze meti icis da iuridiuli ganaTleba aqvs, iman icis,

ra doziT daarRvios kanoni, da es aris ubedureba -1 1 0 2

13 konstituciur saxelmwifoSi iseTi demokratiaa, rodesac xalxis

umravlesobas mTeli Zalaufleba ar ekuTvnis 0 -1 -3 1

28 komunistebis periodis konstituciiT, adamians hqonda yvelafris

ufleba _ dasvenebis, swavlis, muSaobis, garTobis, magram faqtiurad

araferi ar sruldeboda, es yvelaferi qaRaldze iyo -4 -1 -4 -1

7 nebismieri saxelmwifo aris Zaladobis iaraRi 0 -2 0 -3

59 unda gakeTdes ise, rom TiToeulma adamianma Tavisi Tavi saqmeSi ipovos,

saqmis keTebaSi, da ara parlamentSi eZios Tavisi Tavi 5 6 5 2

43

62 Tu Cven gvinda saxelmwifod yofna, modiT, adamianis uflebebs

davaneboT Tavi. es aris Semogdebuli Tema, raTa daingres

saxelmwifoebi da mivideT kosmopolitizmamde -2 -4 -2 -4

47 daviT aRmaSenebels yvelaze didi problemebi Seuqmna swored

zedmetad gaZlierebulma regionebma -2 2 -1 -1

22 exla ar aris komunizmi, rom adamianma raRac ver Tqvas da ver

gamovides xmamaRla. amis gamo aravin ar mogklavs da araferi -3 -2 1 0

48 konstitucia ar unda moqmedebdes, rogorc iuristebma ician — undaT

aqeT moabaven qoTans yurs, unda - iqiT. konstitucia calsaxad unda

iyos gaSifruli 6 4 0 3

21 xalxis mmarTveloba, anu ideaSi, rac aris demokratia, ubralod ver

iqneba verasodes. iqneba yovelTvis xelisufleba da xalxi 3 1 -1 0

57 sakadro politikaSi udidesi mniSvneloba unda eniWebodes pirovnul

faqtors, vinaidan Tu pirovneba ar aris Cveneburi gagebiT dadebiTi,

misi daniSvna arafers Secvlis 0 1 -1 -3

3 konstitucia es aris politikuri traqtati, romelzec eri momavlis

Senebis perspeqtivas afuZnebs 2 5 3 0

60 xalxis mier arCeul prezidents da parlaments maqsimalurad didi

uflebebi unda hqondeT, xolo premier-ministrs, romelic daniSnulia,

maqsimalurad unda SeezRudos uflebebi -3 -2 2 -1

51 sanam kanonebi ar gveqneba, arc xelfasi gveqneba, arc saWmeli,

arc sasmeli -2 -2 2 1

20 konstituciis bevri ram irRveva, imitom, rom ar aris obieqturi

sasamarTlo sistema 3 4 0 -1

26 xalxis 90 procenti mainc ocnebobs imaze, rom cota korumpirebuli

mainc iyos, es realobaa -3 0 -2 2

25 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac borotmoqmedis dasja da borotmoqmedisgan

sazogadoebis dacva moiTxovs konstituciis darRvevas -1 -2 -4 1

24 aseTi revoluciebi, rogoric CvenTan moxda - vardebis revolucia,

yovelTvis iwvevs konstituciur cvlilebebs -3 2 2 1

43 Tu kargi diqtatori xar da Sen xalxs kargi raRaceebi daanaxe,

Tu Seni saqmianobiT xalxi karg mdgomareobaSia, didi ramea exla, diqtatori -3 -6 -2 -2

6 parlamentis mxridan mTavrobis kontrolis ZiriTadi berketi aris

misdami undoblobis gamocxadeba -2 3 -2 -3

11 konstituciuri mowyobis ZiriTadi amocanaa xelisuflebis politikuri

mdgradobisa da efeqturobis uzrunvelyofa -2 0 1 4

15 demokratia aris mmarTvelobis forma, sadac mTeli sazogadoeba

SeTanxmebulia raRac erT faseulobaze da raRac erTi mizani aqvs 1 2 -4 -1

5 prezidentis mier parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba aris SesaZlo

politikuri konfliqtis mogvarebis gza -4 2 -1 -1

39 rac Seexeba premier-ministris sakiTxs, xalxma gansxvaveba ar icis

premier-ministrsa da saxelmwifo ministrs Soris 1 -4 1 -3

52 ar SeiZleba, xalxi, romelic awyobs revolucias da dgas quCaSi,

ijdes kabinetebSi 2 -4 -1 0

23 zog SemTxvevaSi me SeiZleba iuristze meti vicode kanonSi, vinaidan man

icis is, rac iswavla, me ki masze metad vici cxovreba -1 -6 -1 -1

2 saxelmwifos droSa aris am saxelmwifos ideologiis gamomxatveli -2 -3 1 3

19 Cveni konstitucia im rols ar asrulebs, rasac unda asrulebdes

konstitucia saerTod 4 -1 -1 -2

44

masSi arsebobs adamianTa didi erTobliobebi, romlebic met-naklebad msgavsad

fiqroben da politikur movlenebs msgavsad afaseben. sazogadoebaSi arsebul

politikuri Sexedulebebis am Sekrul sistemebs Cven aq politikuri diskursebis

saxeliT movixseniebT. konstituciis legitimaciis analizisas saWiroa sazo-

gadoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri diskursebis gamokveTa da

Seswavla. demokratiis erT-erT ZiriTad principad unda miviCnioT is, rom

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela Sexeduleba uflebamosilia sakuTari wvlili

Seitanos qveynis politikuri sistemis formirebasa da funqcionirebaSi.

araliberaluri demokratia, rogorc vTqviT, konstitucionalizmisa da

liberalizmis naklebobas ganicdis da iswrafvis mTeli Zalaufleba arCeuli

lideris xelSi moaqcios. SemdgomSi Cven am dilemas saqarTvelos magaliTze

ganvixilavT. Cveni mizani iqneba aviRoT erTi case study, 2004 wlis sakonstitucio

cvlilebebi, da gavaanalizoT isini ori miznis misarwevad : pirveli, da uSualo,

gavigoT institucionaluri sakonstitucio mowyobis legitimaciis sawyisebi

saqarTveloSi, da meore, viswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba amgvari sakiTxebis

kvleva.

2004 wlis konstituciuri cvlilebebis SemoqmedTa mizans aSkarad ar

warmoadgenda politikuri pluralizmis institucionalizacia da umravlesobis

nebis konstitucionalizmis CarCoebSi moqceva. piriqiT, aqcenti keTdeboda

konsolidaciaze, krizisidan gamosvlaze da maqsimalurad swrafi gardaqmnebisa

da reformebis gatarebaze. axali modelis droebiTi, gardamavali xasiaTi

ukavSirdeba im konteqsts, romelic mudmivad figurirebs sakonstitucio

ganxilvebis procesSi. es aris is, rom noembris movlenebi iyo ara ubralod

xelisuflebis cvlilebis momenti, aramed sistemuri gardaqmna, revolucia,

warsulTan radikaluri gaxleCa, sxva sistemaze gadasvla. mixeil saakaSvilis

gamosvlebSi amas mudam esmeva xazi: "ise, rogorc iyo, aRar iqneba", "up-

recedento", ~saqarTveloSi postsabWouri sistema imsxvreva~ (mixeil saakaSvili,

davosi, 22 ianvari).

erTi sistemidan sxva sistemaze gadasvla, qveynis mmarTvelTa nebiT war-

marTuli, droebiTi viTareba, romelic sayovelTao ayvavebas da bednierebas

moitans, oRond _ momavalSi, daCqarebuli ganviTareba, romelsac politikuri

xelmZRvaneloba warmarTavs da romelic civilizebul qveynebTan (am SemTxvevaSi

«evropa») dagvaaxlovebs, brZola erTi muWa «kriminalebis» winaaRmdeg,

romlebic am winsvlas xels uSlian, es yvelaferi metad tradiciulia da nacnobi

postsabWouri sivrcisTvis.

saqarTveloSi bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi sami reJimi gamoicvala, da arc

erTxel — arCevnebis gziT. arCevnebi mxolod postfaqtum tardeboda ukve

aRiarebuli xelisuflebis legitimirebisTvis. damarcxebuli politikuri Zala

arc erTxel ar darCenila politikaSi, aramed samudamo marginalizacias

ganicdida. garda zviad gamsaxurdiasi da jaba ioselianisa, yvela axali

politikuri lideri wina xelisuflebis wevric iyo. TiToeul mmarTvelobas

hyavda erTi qarizmatuli lideri, erTi mmarTveli partia da revanSis mosurne

dauZinebeli mtrebi, romelTa TvalSi xelisufleba diqtatorulia, xolo misi

legitimuroba _ saTuo da aramyari.

ratom aris saqarTveloSi swored aseTi da ara sxva institucionaluri gan-

viTareba? SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobrivi daskvnebis gakeTebis gareSe institutebi

davukavSiroT politikuri diskursis xasiaTs.

Tuki opozicia yovelTvis diqtaturis braldebiT gamodis, xolo xeli-

sufleba Tavs sasikeTo gardaqmnebiTa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTlebs

(rogorc es sami bolo reJimis dros xdeboda), maSin mosalodnelia Semdegi: sanam

xelisufleba popularulia — moxdeba mis mier Zalauflebis gadameteba (amas

mmarTvelobis saWiroebebi moiTxovs), xolo, rodesac is popularobas dakargavs

— gaCndeba revoluciuri moTxovnebi mis gadayenebaze xalxis mxridan, romelic

daujerebs opozicias imaSi, rom araefeqturobas reJimis diqtatoruli xasiaTi

ganapirobebda.

am fonze rogorc «vardebis revolucia», ise momdevno sakonstitucio

cvlilebebi gamoiyureba kanonzomierad, stabiluri sistemis nawilad, da ara am

9

axali demokratiebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom araliberalur demok-

ratiebSi konstitucionalizmis damkvidreba bevrad ufro Znelia, vidre met-

naklebad samarTliani arCevnebis Catareba. tokviliseulma gafrTxilebam, rom

xalxis umravlesobis nebam SeiZleba pirovnebis Tavisufleba SezRudos, axal

demokratiebSi TvalnaTlivi institucionaluri gansaxiereba pova. Tumca, es

dilema postsabWouri sivrcisTvis arc axalia da arc ucnobi.

“saxalxo demokratiad” wodebuli sabWoTa reJimis konstituciaSi bevri

liberaluri Rirebuleba iyo deklarirebuli, romlebic arasdros reali-

zebula, gansakuTrebiT, totalitarizmis periodSi6. garda amisa, konstituciis

arseboba, Tundac is srulad iyos realizebuli, TavisTavad ar niSnavs

mmarTvelobis konstitucionalizmis principebze agebas. sabWoTa kavSiris kon-

stitucia Zalauflebis koncentraciis SezRudvis principebis ganxorcielebas

ar iTvaliswinebda. piriqiT, is amkvidrebda komunisturi partiis mmarTvel rols

sazogadoebaSi da demokratiuli centralizmis principebze agebul mmarTve-

lobas efuZneboda. gansxvavebuli iyo sabWoTa samarTlis filosofiac. Tu

komunisturi partiis mmarTveloba saxelmwifo aparats amyarebda, misi ideo-

logia sabWoTa kanonis wyaros warmoadgenda, samarTlisa da konstitucio-

nalizmis sanacvlod. kanonis idea iyo ara uflebebis dacva, aramed _ marTulTa

daqvemdebareba saxelmwifo Zalauflebisadmi mmarTveli partiis mier gansaz-

Rvruli miznebis misaRwevad. kerZo adamiani da kerZo sfero garkveul legi-

timacias mxolod bolo, post-totalitarul periodSi iZens, rodesac sustdeba

ideologiis gavlena da sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Zalismieri meTodebi.

Tu sabWoTa dros legitimuri iyo Zalauflebis koncentracia komunizmis

misaRwevad da “amerikis dasawevad da gasaswrebad”, ratom ar unda iyos

legitimuri misi koncentracia postsabWoTa periodSi swrafi reformebis

gasatareblad da “evropis” dasawevad? Tu legitimuri iyo “eqspropriatorTa

eqspropriacia” da mSromelTa mZarcveli kapitalistebis ganadgureba, ratom ar

unda iyos legitimuri “ukanonod miTvisebuli qonebis” yvela xerxiT amoReba?

Tu legitimuri iyo saxelmwifos ageba mmarTveli ideologiis sawyisebze, ratom

ar unda aigos saxelmwifo ganaxlebuli ideologiis sawyisebze axla?

demokratia, rogorc xalxis mmarTvelobis Teoria, am kiTxvebze pasuxs ver iZ-

leva, Tuki is moklebulia liberalur da respublikur komponentebs,

konstitucionalizmisa da kanonis uzenaesobis principebs. qvemoT vnaxavT,

rogor upirispirdeba erTmaneTs es midgomebi da principebi Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos politikur diskursSi.

qveynis konstitucia gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor aris mowyobili am qveynis

politikuri sistema. konstitucia, Tuki is sruldeba, qmnis politikis “ConCxs”,

politikuri moqmedebis wesebsa da kanonebs, romlebic politikuri procesis

monawileebs maTi qcevis normebsa da taqtikas karnaxobs. politikuri procesis

monawileebma, Tavis mxriv, ician, Tu ras moelian isini politikuri sistemisgan,

ras aqceven yuradRebas yvelaze metad da ratom aris mocemuli politikuri

sistema maTTvis misaRebi Tu miuRebeli. konstituciisa da moqalaqeebis am

urTierTqmedebaSi dgindeba konstituciis namdvili arsi da mniSvneloba sazo-

gadoebisTvis, vlindeba misi susti da Zlieri mxareebi, ikveTeba misi Semdgomi

gardaqmnis perspeqtivebi.

diskursuli analizisas sazogadoebas vikvlevT rogorc subieqturi Sexedu-

lebebisa da warmodgenebis mqone adamianTa urTierTobis sivrces. urTierToben

ra erTmaneTTan da politikuri sistemis institutebTan, moqalaqeebi sinam-

dvilis sakuTar suraTs xataven, romelic Seferilia mocemuli individis

politikuri SexedulebebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. amitom, iseTi cnebebi,

rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, demokratia, kanoni, konstitucia da a.S. sxvadasxva

adamianisTvis SeiZleba gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis fenomenebs

warmoadgendes. amdenad, politikuri sazogadoeba ara Tu erTgvarovania, aramed

6 sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi totalitaruli da posttotalitaruli periodebis erTma-

neTisgan gancalkeveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan saxelmwifos, reJimisa da kanonis legi-

timaciam am ukanasknel (posttotalitarul) periodSi seriozuli transformacia

ganicada.

8

16 Tu kanonmdebloba erT pirovnebazea morgebuli, maSin mas SeiZleba ara

Tu prezidenti, aramed monarqi vuwodoT 4 2 0 -2

46 xelisuflebas Tu viRaca qvemodan ar mosTxovs, isini erTmaneTSi

yovelTvis SeTanxmdebian da Zalian bednierad icxovreben 5 1 1 -3

41 dRes SeiZleba vicodeT, ra aris Cveni ufleba, magram, samwuxarod,

maT ganxorcielebas sxva faqtorebi gansazRvravs 3 1 -2 -4

58 . saqarTvelos problema is aris, rom warsuliT vcxovrobT. warsuliT

cxovreba ar unda iyos, adamiani unda cxovrobdes dRevandeliT,

xvalindelze fiqriT -1 3 0 -5

55 me unda viyo Cemi uflebis ardarRvevis sadarajoze. me unda movuaro

am problemas 1 -1 -3 5

27 Cveni parlamenti erTpartiulia da, bunebrivia, rom gava is, rac unda

mTavrobas, Tundac xalxisTvis ar iyos misaRebi 4 0 -3 -2

63 pirvel rigSi unda gaerTiandes saqarTvelo da Semdeg vilaparakoT

konstituciaze -1 -3 4 4

50 CvenTvis am etapze, yvelaze kargia diqtatura _ erTi gamokveTili

Zalauflebis mqone adamiani, romelic SeZlebs winaaRmdegoba gauwios

im patara Cinovnikebs, romlebic darbian da cdiloben TavisTvis

rac SeiZleba meti moixveWon -5 -5 1 -5

40 evropis qveynebSi bevrma ar icis, vin aris prezidenti, radgan iq

prezidenti petre iqneba Tu pavle, amiT Zireuli cvlilebebi ar moxdeba 0 -3 -5 2

18 qarTveli xalxi, saerTod, iseTi xalxia, rom unda yavdes erTi

mmarTveli -4 -3 4 -4

44 vinc kanons daarRvevs, is midis win, da vinc amas ver akeTebs, is sawyalia,

mouxerxebelia, patiosania da sacodavi 1 0 -3 -6

32 yvelaferi aewyoba, Tuki yvelas eqneba samsaxuri da gadasaxads gadaixdis,

maSin Seivseba es biujeti da saxelmwifo dadgeba fexze -1 4 6 1

33 yvelaferi momwons, rac aris kargi, magram qarTuli mentaliteti iseTi

ramaa, rom germanuli da amerikuli, inglisuri da iaponuri aq

saqarTveloSi ar gamomadgeba 2 -1 5 5

4 konstitucia qveynis ZiriTadi kanonia, romelic gansazRvravs am

saxelmwifos politikur Tu sazogadoebriv wyobas, agreTve TiToeuli

moqalaqis uflebebs 2 6 -3 3

8 demokratia diqtaturisgan gansxvavdeba mxolod imiT, rom sazogadoebis

raRac nawils SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze 0 0 5 -5

37 am axal periodSi ukve raRac Zvrebi aris, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

vicxovroT marTla konstituciis Tanaxmad -6 -1 0 1

38 es konstituciuri cvlilebebi iyo saWiro. imitom, rom axalgazrdoba

movida, energiiT savse da Zalian kargi, mcodneebi arian -5 -3 2 1

42 dRes mTavaria xelisuflebidan wamosuli direqtivebi, gavleniani nacnobebi

da a.S.. igive xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad emorCilebian

kanons da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris kanonis uzenaesoba 5 1 -4 -2

31 damnaSaves pasuxi agebine. am mTavrobis xelSi pasuxnagebi me jer aravin

ar minaxavs, SevardnaZiT dawyebuli 2 -2 -2 -6

30 SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTveloSi ver gaigebdi, vin iyo

ufrosi da vin - umcrosi. axali xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg, ukve

midian dasavluri sistemisken -4 1 -5 3

17 is droSa, romelic dRes frialebs, aris nacionaluri moZraobis droSa 3 -5 1 -1

35 sworia, rom Cqara ganxorcielda konstituciuri cvlilebebi, qveyana

konstituciur vakuumSi iyo. revolucia moxda da sxva gamosavali ar iyo -6 2 -1 0

45

1 diqtatura ar niSnavs imas, rom romelime adamianis ufleba darRveulia.

es niSnavs imas, rom erTi adamiani flobs mTlianad Zalauflebas 0 0 -6 2

56 konstitucionerma unda daicvas konstitucia da kanonebi, xolo

Cveulebrivma adamianma adamianurad unda icxovros 0 -5 1 6

34 Caideba konstituciaSi religia Tu ara, amas didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs.

xar marTlmadidebeli da xa.r, iq ewereba Tu ara, amas mniSvneloba ara aqvs -1 -1 -6 0

54 dRes aris gansakuTrebuli momenti, amitom prezidentma unda aiRos Tavis

Tavze pasuxisgebloba da mas unda hqondes gansakuTrebuli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba -5 0 6 -2

46

I kvira: Teoria da meTodologia

I mecadineoba

konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,

respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan

mimarTebaSi

jer kidev 1997 wels cnobili analitikosi farid zaqaria werda, rom msof-

lios sul ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi “demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebi...

ugulebelyofen maTi Zalauflebis konstituciur farglebs da sakuTar moqa-

laqeebs ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs arTmeven”1. demokratizaciis

mesame talRam msoflioSi axali fenomeni, axali tipis reJimi warmoqmna, romel-

sac araliberaluri demokratiis saxeli ewoda. am reJimma iseTi maxasiaTeblebi

SeiZina, romlebic Zvel liberalur demokratiebSi ar iyo warmodgenili. Zveli

dasavluri demokratiebisgan gansxvavebiT, am reJimebSi masobrivi demokratia da

sayovelTao xmis ufleba ufro adre da safuZvlianad damkvidrda, vidre

konstituciuri liberalizmi: “demokratia yvavis, konstituciuri liberalizmi

ki — ara”2. sayovelTaod arCeuli, popularuli mmarTvelebi ar eridebian imas,

rom parlamentebsa da konstituciis CarCoebs gverdi auaron, qveyana sapre-

zidento brZanebulebebiT marTon, saxelmwifo aparati opoziciisa da Tavisu-

fali presis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebi Se-

laxon. es movlenebi mraval da mraval qveyanaSia dafiqsirebuli, rogorc

laTinur amerikaSi, ise yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi. regularuli da sayo-

velTao arCevnebis Catareba am qveynebSi ver uzrunvelyofs kanonis uzenaesobas,

korufciis SezRudvasa da karg mmarTvelobas Zalauflebis konstituciur

CarCoebSi. aseTi qveynebis ricxvs saqarTveloc unda mivakuTvnoT.

demokratia, konstitucionalizmi da liberalizmi araliberalur demokra-

tiebSi erTmaneTTan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi modis. saqme isaa, rom kons-

titucionalizmi da liberalizmi, orive, arsebiTad, xelisuflebis SezRudvis,

SezRuduli mmarTvelobis Teoriasa da praqtikas ganasaxiereben, xolo de-

mokratia xalxis umravlesobis mier arCeul liderTa xelSi Zalauflebis

maqsimalur akumulirebasa da gamoyenebas eswrafvis. maSin, roca Zvel demok-

ratiebSi demokratiis, konstitucionalizmisa da liberalizmis principebi

garveul dabalansebul sistemas qmnis, axal demokratiebSi demokratiis prin-

cipebi aSkarad Warbobs da Zirs uTxris liberaluri demokratiis arsebobisTvis

aucilebel danarCen komponentebs3: “demokratiulad arCeul mTavrobebs axa-

siaTebT imis dajerebis tendencia, rom maT absoluturi Zalaufleba ekuTvniT,

aman ki SeiZleba Zalauflebis centralizacia gamoiwvios”.4 imave movlenas aRwers

gilermo o’doneli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom Zlier liderebs, romlebsac

sjeraT, rom xalxis saxeliT laparakoben, gulwrfelad ar esmiT, ratom unda

dauqvemdebaron Zalaufleba konstituciur SezRudvebs, Tu maTi saqmianoba

(rogorc wesi, es korufciasTan brZolas exeba), xalxisTvis sikeTis momtania5.

1 farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRzeveba”, sazogadoeba da politika, N3, CIPDD,

Tbilisi, 2000 (Foreign Affairs, 1997, N6), gv.27. 2 iqve, gv.28 3 gilermo o’doneli, zaqariasgan gansxvavebiT, erTmaneTs upirispirebs ara demokratiasa

da konstituciur liberalizms, aramed xazs usvams liberalur demokratiaSi demok-

ratiis, liberalizmisa da respublikanizmis politikuri tradiciebis Tanaarsebobis

aucileblobas. es sxvaoba midgomebSi, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, gadaulaxavi ar aris,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom konstitucionalizmi swored respublikuri azrovnebis

produqts warmoadgens. 4 iqve, gv. 35-36 5 G.O'Donnell. Horisontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3, 1998

7

Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press

4. G.O'Donnell. 1998 Horisontal Accontability in New Democracies. Journal of Democracy, v.9, N.3

5. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 2000

6. Sartory, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 1994

7. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University Press, 1997

8. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. by Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997

9. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 2000

10. Norberto Bobbio Democracy and Dictatorship

11. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 1997

12. farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRweveba”, sazogadoeba da

politika, N3, CIPDD, Tbilisi, 2000

6

Marina Muskhelishvili

CONSTITUTION AND ITS DISCOURSIVE LEGITIMATION Description of workshop Workshop will consist of 8 two-hour meetings, held during 4 weeks. Week 1: 2 lectures will be devoted to theoretical concepts and approaches:

1. Constitution and political institutions in their relationship with liberal, republican and democratic political traditions;

2. Methodology of research: institutional vs. discursive approaches Week 2: Case of Georgia, and research about Georgia – 2 lectures

1. Case Study – Constitutional amendments of 2004 2. Political perceptions of Georgian population –discourse analyses

Week 3 – seminars. Specific aspects and issues will be considered; students will get better understanding of specific problematic and will work out topics for their own presentations. They will also get consultancy and recommendations concerning additional reading.

Week 4: Presentations by students and discussions. Aims of Workshop The workshop is aiming to teach students creative fluency in methods of discourse analyses and to practices skills of independent research. Students should demonstrate the ability to compare to each other concepts, which derive from different disciplines and the ability to use them, when analyzing reality. Evaluation Attendance – 30% Participation and comprehension of theoretical concepts - 40% Presentation and essay – 30% Bibliography

13. qrestomatia politikis TeoriaSi, romelic momzadda 2004 wels; 14. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The

Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990. 15. Dryzek, John S. Holmes, Leslie, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political

Discourses Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press 16. G.O'Donnell. 1998 Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies. Journal of

Democracy, v.9, N.3 17. H. de Soto, The Mystery of Capital, Basik Books, 2000 18. Sartory, Giovanni. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. An Inquiry into

Structures, Incentives and Outcomes. London, Macmillan, 1994 19. Bernard Manin, The Principles of Representative Government, Cambridge University

Press, 1997 20. Jon Elster, Ways of constitution-making, in: Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, ed. by

Axel Hadenius, Cambridge University Press, 1997 21. Th.Hnaf, Gh.Nodia. Georgia - Lurching to Democracy. From Agnostic Tolerance to

Pious Jacobinism: Societal Change and People's Reactions. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 2000

22. Norberto Bobbio Democracy and Dictatorship 23. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, Cultural, Economic and

Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press, 1997 24. farid zaqaria, “araliberaluri talRis aRweveba”, sazogadoeba da politika, N3, CIPDD,

Tbilisi, 2000

47

Brief outline 1. Institutional peculiarities of new democracies: as it is widely observed third wave of democratization produced regimes, which have formally applied institutions of democracy and market economy, but this institutions work differently, than in Western social context. Many authors refer to the peculiarity of Western experience, where formal political institutions are uneasy mixture of three political traditions – democracy, liberalism and republicanism. Liberal constitutional principles, as Zakaria points out, were established there far before democracy. Principles of limited government, which is core principle of constitutional arrangement of power, comes in contradiction with the principles of people’s democracies, which are more traditional for the post-Soviet space. First lecture will be devoted to the principles of constitutionalism and to their origins in political thought and historical context of the West. To underline peculiarity of post-Soviet development, several comparisons will be emphasized: constitutionalism vs. democratic centralism; pluralism vs. state ideology; multiparty system vs. party-state system, et. Specific knowledge, such as presidential, semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, majoritarian and proportional rule, et. will be touched in brief, provided that not all students will be aware of these theories. Specific focus will be made on constitution. A country’s constitution defines how a country’s political system is organized. The constitution, if abided by, builds a “skeleton” of politics by setting the rules and laws of political action that in turn prescribe norms of conduct and strategies of action for the participants in political processes. The participants in political processes, for their part, have their own expectations of the political system, know what is the most valued and why a given political system is acceptable or unacceptable for them. The process of such interaction between the constitution and the citizens establishes the genuine essence and significance of the constitution to society, reveals its strong and weak points and outlines the prospects of its further reform. Society, on its turn, is a space where people who have subjective views and opinions interact. While interacting with each other and the institutions of the political system, citizens draw up their own versions of reality that are tinted by their own political views and ideologies. Therefore such notions as democracy, law, constitution, etc. may carry different meanings and may have different values for different people. Thus, apart from being heterogeneous, political society consists of large groups of people whose views are more or less similar and who evaluate political developments in a similar manner. Such a cohesive systems of political views are referred to as political discourses. 2. New democracies of the third wave of democratization have developed as a project, heavily influenced by institutional approach as a main principle of democratization policies. Theoretical thinking of new democracies also is based mostly on this (institutional) methodology of research. Both create problems and have limitations, which do not allow practitioners and researchers to overcome gap between formal arrangement and real functioning of these institutions, which is far from expected standards. This extreme of activities, which is highly optimistic in its expectations, produced reaction, which goes to the opposite extreme. The opposite, conservative opinion and stream of research concentrates on political culture. It produces pessimistic perspectives for new democracies, saying, that political culture of given societies is not favorable for democracy, and that functioning of the institutions of democracy cannot be achieved there due to the civilization differences and peculiarities of the correspondent societies. The middle way between these two extremes is exemplified by discursive approach to democracy research, and correspondent flexible policies of democracy building. This approach is aiming to study neither separately institutions, nor political culture, but takes them in their interrelation. It studies discursive fields – institutions taken with their meaning for society. Being phenomenological, rather than empirical, this approach has advantages and disadvantages as well. In terms of measurement, labeling and comparison, it does not provide criteria for democracy practitioners and democracy researchers, which could serve as a checking point for the success or failure in democracy building activities in a given country. Positive side of this is that from discursive perspective the process should not be measured in teleological manner, as a linear development with the known in advance output. Democracy is not what experts think it is. Democracy, according to the discursive approach,

48

seminaris aRwera

seminari Sedgeba 8 mecadineobisgan 4 kviris ganmavlobaSi.

pirveli kvira - 2 seminari daeTmoba Teoriuli cnebebisa da midgomebis Seswavla-

gameorebas

1. konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,

respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan

mimarTebaSi

2. kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursuli

meore kvira - saqarTvelo da kvlevebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb — 2 seminari daeTmoba

saqarTvelos realobis Seswavlas.

1. Case Study — 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebi

2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi — diskursuli

analizi

mesame kvira — saseminaro muSaoba; iqneba ganxiluli konkretuli sakiTxebi,

studentebi ufro Rrmad Caswvdebian problematikas da SeimuSaveben sakuTari

prezentaciebis sakiTxebs; miiReben rekomendaciebs damatebiT sakiTxav

literaturasTan dakavSirebiT.

meoTxe kvira — studentebis prezentaciebi da maTi namuSevrebis garCeva.

seminaris mizani

seminaris mizania studentebma SemoqmedebiTad Seiswavlon diskursuli analizis

meTodi da SeiZinon damoukidevbeli analizis unar-Cvevebi. studentebma unda

SeZlon daukavSiron erTmaneTs sxvadasxva disciplinaruli cnebebis

urTierTdakavSireba da maTi gamoyeneba realobis saanalizod.

Sefaseba:

daswreba— 30%

monawileoba da Teoriuli nawilis aTvisebis demonstrireba — 40%

prezentacia da werilobiTi referati — 30%

sakiTxavi literatura:

1. qrestomaTia politikis TeoriaSi, romelic momzadda 2004 wels;

2. John Druzek, “The Informal Logic of Institutional Design”, in: Goodin R., (ed.) The Theory of Institutional Design, CUP, 1990.

3. Dryzek, John S. Holmes, Leslie, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political

5

1. opozicioneri-konstitucionalisti 38

2. modernizatori 38

3. marTlmadidebeli tradicionalisti 39

4. humanisti tradicionalisti 39

daskvna 42

CONSTITUTION AND ITS DISCOURSIVE LEGITIMATION 47

4

is something, that population of given society thinks it is. Correspondingly political institutions should be designed out of perceptions of population about what these institutions. Only communicative and competitive efforts of population, straggling to represent itself through the social contract, can produce that kind of constitution, which will be followed by its citizens and abided by government. In other words, institutions have outputs, which depend not only on a design of these institutions, but also on a process, by which the institutions were adopted. 3. Case Study: Georgia, constitutional amendments of 2004. In January-February of 2004, after the Rose Revolution, constitutional amendments were adopted, changing structure of central governance. Post of Prime Minister was introduced, and cabinet system of governance changed former arrangement, where the President was the Head of state and the government at the same time (so called American model). Correspondingly the Presidents acquired right to dismiss Parliament in a case of governmental crises. Case study studied the process, as it was articulated in Georgian media. It showed what kind of arguing emerged between government and its opponents. It also studied context of these debates – what kind of development was underway in legitimation of state, economic relations and other fields, relevant to the constitutional arrangement. The principles of constitutionalism were stressed by the opponents of government, who opposed constitutional amendments, Contrary to them government was emphasizing necessity of rapid development, effective governance, overcoming difficult period, et. The main direction of the debates followed traditional dominant public discourse in Georgia: legitimation and delegitimation, rather than constructive political competition: government legitimizing its (often non-constitutional) actions by the values of development and effective rule; opposition de-legitimizing government by accusations in dictatorship, concentration of power, violation of human rights, ets. This type of relationships among ruling authorities and society is stable feature of public space in Georgia, which did not change after the revolution. To develop into the more regular, electoral liberal democracy, based on constitutional checks on power, public discourse has to develop in one of two directions: a. to shift from the watchdog function only to the more positive and participatory style of policy deliberation. That means, that it should react not ex-post, criticizing government, but ex-antre, directing government through public opinion formation, what should be done and how. b. Media and civil society should withdraw from the central place in political struggles in Georgia, providing public space for party competition. In this case all people, who have strong political perceptions, express themselves not only in a public, that means, without taking any responsibility, but also struggle for power and potentially express readiness of taking responsibility of governance. Those who participate in a public as members of civil society take function of neutral observers (i.e. journalists), helping general public to make sense from political competition. Unfortunately, public space in Georgia is not developing in either of these two directions. It means, that political system has taken stable form, which has revolution-like events as its stable characteristic. This is legacy of Soviet system, having such features, as party-state rule, strong concentration of power in hands of one leader, low legitimacy of private sphere, et. These legacies were well represented in a period of constitutional debates by such initiatives, as changing state flag and struggling with corruption. Both discourses were included in a study as an important part of development. 4. Political perceptions of Georgian population. Research on constitutional issues, as they appear in Georgian political a latent discourse was based on application of specific technology, provides picture of ideal type political discourses, existing across Georgian society. The research is based on Q-methodology. It was conducted as following: several discussion groups were conducted both in Tbilisi and regions; Texts of the groups were transcript and split into separate phrases. These phrases (expressions) were classified by specific technology according specific discourse parameters, and from each category 4 expressions were selected. Finally, 64 phrases formed Q-sort, which was used to question respondents. Results were processed with the specially designed statistical program. Finally four ideal type discourses were identified. This discourses form four quarters of two-dimensional field, which provides useful tool to think of Georgian society and its perceptions. As the research demonstrates, all Georgians are in favor of rule of law, democracy,

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constitutionalism, human rights and other principles, underlying political system. However they tend to see these differently, to prioritize different aspects and to make different emphasizes. Each of these four discourses can go to extreme and become intolerable to the other three, but they can also come close to each other and to form healthy context of political competition and deliberation.

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s a r C e v i

I kvira: Teoria da meTodologia 7

I mecadineoba

konstitucia da politikuri institutebi liberalur,

respublikur da demokratiul politikur tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi 7

II mecadineoba

kvlevis meTodebi: institucionaluri da diskursuli

tranzitologia da demokratiis Sumpeteriseuli gansazRvreba 10

TurqeTisa da amerikis politikuri

sistemebis diskursiuli SedarebiTi analizi 13

II kvira: saqarTvelo 15

I mecadineoba

saqarTveloSi konstituciis sajaro legitimacia 2004 wlis magaliTze 15

1. konstituciuri cvlilebebis

ganxilvis dinamika da procesis monawileni 15

2. ra mimarTulebiT cvlilebebi? Sinaarsobrivi mxare 18

3. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi: pirovnebebi Tu institutebi 20

4. ratom cvlilebebi? legitimacia da delegitimacia 21

5. saxelmwifos legitimacia, adamianis uflebebi,

kanonis uzenaesoba, redistribucia da ganviTareba 23

6. partia da saxelmwifo; axali droSa 26

II mecadineoba

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri Sexedulebebi 30

kvlevis meTodologia 30

Sedegebis mokle Sejameba da Teoriuli ganzogadeba 34

saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri diskursebis analizi 36

3