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Regional Table Top Exercise for Countries of Middle East and North Africa

Tunisia; 11 – 13 July 2017

Mariano Ramos

Surveillance

Chargé de Mission – OIE Programmes Department

World Organisation for Animal Health · Protecting animals, Preserving our future | 2

Rinderpest: surveillance considerations

Key definitions and criteria

Critical components in the design

Performance: assessment and evaluation on

surveillance systems

Data sources

Tools and applications

Agenda


Chapter 1

Key definitions and criteria


How do countries do to deal against

animal diseases?

How can we detect animal

diseases?


Setting up a system

for animal disease control

All animal diseases are of our interest ?

• Private profession

• Public profession

Are there priorities ?

• Assessment

• Impact

• Decisions

Taking decisions

• Public goods

• Actors

Consensus

Agreements

Based on:

• Priorities

• Structure

• Operability

• Action plan


The Animal Health status

Animal Health Status

Applying animal disease

control measures

Identifying animal

diseases

Control

purposes

Eradication

purposes


Surveillance: its importance

Animal health surveillance has always been an essential activity of

Veterinary Services, necessary:

for the detection of diseases,

for monitoring disease trends,

as a tool for controlling endemic and exotic diseases,

to support claims for freedom from disease, infection or residues,

to provide data to support the risk analysis process in trade decision making

for both animal health and public health purposes,

to evaluate the economic loss caused by diseases,

to provide data required for international trade of animals and animal

products and

to substantiate the rationale for sanitary measures.

7


SurveillanceKey definitions and criteria

Passive surveillance

Notification received from:

• producers,

• veterinarians in the field,

• slaughterhouse/abattoir

inspection

• or a diagnostic laboratory

Active surveillance

• Game of priorities

• Assessment on impact

• Perspectives:

PH/WL/Stakeholders

• Needs for disease information

• Budget limitations

Core component for the early warning systems


Surveillance in a glance

Design:

critical

components

Data sourceTools and

applications

Definition

and core

concepts

Performance:

assessment

and evaluation

on surveillance

systems


Chapter 2

Critical components in the design


Setting up the surveillance plan

1. What is the purpose of the surveillance plan?

2. What is the scope of the surveillance plan?

3. Who is the intended audience for the

surveillance plan? Who will ultimately read and

use it?

4. Who are the customers using the information

and how will they benefit from surveillance?

5. Who are the members of the surveillance

planning team and what are their roles and

responsibilities?

6. What background and supporting information

are needed for the development of the

surveillance plan?


Surveillance system process and actors

National Veterinary Services and laboratory

• Data management and analyses

• Scope and objectives of surveillance (Steering committee)

• Surveillance protocols and implementation (Technical committee)

Data centralisation

Veterinary Services and laboratorios at lower administrative unit

Data centralisation and validation

Local veterinarians, technicians, wildlife management personnel,

paraprofessionals and Community animal health workers

Data reporting and collection

Farms Markets SlaughterhousesBorder

controlWildlife

Feed

back

of in

form

atio

n

Field level

Local level

Intermediate level

Central level


Selection of appropriate methodsSeveral questions to determine methods or tools

What are the purpose(s)

and objectives

of the system?

Which animals constitute the

population of interest and at what

level (e.g. herd, individual)?

What surveillance type(s)

would be appropriate (i.e.

active, passive)?

What surveillance method

(e.g. survey, tissue sample

collection, observational)?

How does one select

which animals will be

included (e.g. random,

risk-based)?

How will the results of the surveillance be shared

with stakeholders (e.g. verbal report, electronic

report, team meeting)?

How often (e.g. annually, monthly)?

How will the data be analyzed? What is the analysis

intended to provide (e.g. management practices in

a population, disease prevalence, documentation of

disease freedom)?

How/where are data maintained (e.g. paper, local

spreadsheet, centralized database)?

Do any kind of tissue or other materials need to be

collected for analysis (e.g. feed, blood/sera,

tissue)? If so, what kind of tests will be performed?

What data need to be collected in the field (e.g.

breed, age, herd size, management practices)?


Other critical components in the design

Nature of disease or conditions

Expected outputs or outcomes of surveillance

Selection of the methods and tools available

Planning the use of data sources

Target population data

Sampling strategies

Data processing and analysis

Investigation procedures

14


Other critical components in the design

Communication, reporting and sharing of

information

Planning performance measurements

Surveillance system implementation

priorities, timeline and internal

communications

Cost-effectiveness and funding


Chapter 3

Performance: assessment and evaluation

on surveillance systems


Performance: assessment and evaluation on

surveillance systems

For overall assessment

• Structure of the evaluation

• Quality attributes

• Cost and cost-effectiveness

Evaluation of the Veterinary Services

• The OIE PVS Pathway


Elements of a surveillance system to be

described in the evaluationObjectives: i.e. enabling trade, enhancing

production or profitability, mitigating human

health risks, protecting biodiversity, etc.

Health event: case definitions

Surveillance activities including populations under

surveillance, i.e. passive reporting from different

sources, periodic sampling to estimate prevalence,

active risk-based screening of selected production

establishments or conservation areas, etc. Logistics: describe data type, data sources,

data collection and storage, data analysis,

data reporting, frequency and distribution of

data reports

Stakeholders, authority and

responsibilities

Description of relevant regulations

Estimated costs: budget description

1

3

5

7

2

4

6


Evaluation of a surveillance system

Identify objectives of the evaluation

Which questions we wish to ask

and what we want to achieve with surveillance

Describe the surveillance system

Question 1:

What are the purpose and objectives and are

they appropriate?

Question 2:

What are the impacts of the system?

Question 3:

Is the combination of surveillance activities

best suited to meet the surveillance

objectives?

Question 4:

Are the selected surveillance activities being

implemented well?

Conclusions and recommendations

1

3

5

7

2

4

6


OIE PVS Pathway

The OIE collaborates with governments, donors and other stakeholders

Sustainable consolidation of national animal health systems


Surveillance in the PVS pathway

Fundamental component II:

• Technical authority and capability

Critical competency 5:

• Epidemiological surveillance and early

detection


Epidemiological surveillance and early detection

Critical Competency Nº II – 5 of the PVS EvaluationII-5 Epidemiological

surveillance and early

detection

Levels of advancement

The authority and capability

of the VS to determine,

verify and report on the

sanitary status of the

animal populations,

including wildlife, under

their mandate.

A. Passive

epidemiological

Surveillance

< 1 The VS have no passive surveillance programme.

2 The VS conduct passive surveillance for some relevant diseases and have

the capacity to produce national reports on some diseases.

3

The VS conduct passive surveillance in compliance with OIE standards for

some relevant diseases at the national level through appropriate networks in

the field, whereby samples from suspect cases are collected and sent for

laboratory diagnosis with evidence of correct results obtained. The VS have a

basic national disease

reporting system.

4

The VS conduct passive surveillance and report at the national level in

compliance with OIE standards for most relevant diseases. Producers and

other interested parties are aware of and comply with their obligation to report

the suspicion and occurrence of notifiable diseases to the VS.

> 5 The VS regularly report to producers and other interested parties and the

international community (where applicable) on the findings of passive

surveillance programmes.


Epidemiological surveillance and early detection

Critical Competency Nº II – 5 of the PVS Evaluation

II-5 Epidemiological

surveillance and early

detection

Levels of advancement

The authority and capability

of the VS to determine,

verify and report on the

sanitary status of the

animal populations,

including wildlife, under

their mandate.

B. Active epidemiological

Surveillance

< 1 The VS have no active surveillance programme.

2 The VS conduct active surveillance for some relevant diseases (of economic and

zoonotic importance) but apply it only in a part of susceptible populations and/or do

not update it regularly.

3 The VS conduct active surveillance in compliance with scientific principles and OIE

standards for some relevant diseases and apply it to all susceptible populations but

do not update it regularly.

4 The VS conduct active surveillance in compliance with scientific principles and OIE

standards for some relevant diseases, apply it to all susceptible populations, update

it regularly and report the results systematically.

> 5 The VS conduct active surveillance for most or all relevant diseases and apply it to

all susceptible populations. The surveillance programmes are evaluated and meet

the country’s OIE obligations.

Terrestrial Code References:

Points 6, 7 and 9 of Article 3.1.2. on Fundamental principles of quality: Veterinary legislation/General

organisation/Procedures and standards.

Points 1-3 of Article 3.2.8. on Animal health controls: Animal health status/Animal health control/National animal disease

Reporting systems.

Sub-points a) i), ii) and iii) of Point 7 of Article 3.2.14. on Animal health: Description of and sample reference data from

any national animal disease reporting system controlled and operated or coordinated by the Veterinary

Services/Description of and sample reference data from other national animal disease reporting systems controlled and

operated by other organisations which make data and results available to Veterinary Services/Description and relevant

data of current official control programmes including:… or eradication programmes for specific diseases.


Chapter 4

Data sources


Data sources

Personnel involved in data collection

• people in contact with animals

• diagnosticians

• people able to collect, organise and analyse

the data;

• people who can assess the information

generated


Data sources

Where can surveillance data be collected

and accessed?

• a) interviews and questionnaires;

• b) observations;

• c) review of records or other documents.

• d) collection may varies as surveillance

Passive

Active


Data sources

Notifications

Slaughterhouse/abattoir surveillance

Engagement of hunters and others in wildlife surveillance

Vector surveillance

Indirect indicators

Import and export testing

Vaccination records

Production records

Mortality and animal disposal data

Animal movement records

Population data

Media-based surveillance

Advantages

Limitations


Chapter 5




Application of surveillance strategies

• Disease presence

• Absence of disease

• Monitoring progress



Classic tools

• Case definition

• Surveys and

sampling design

• Reporting systems

• Compensation

issues

• Passive surveillance

• Active surveillance

Sentinel herds or animals

Participatory surveillance

Syndromic surveillance

Serological surveillance

and immunity coverage

Vector surveillance

• Chemical residue

surveillance



Tools for optimisation of surveillance

systems

• Risk-based surveillance

• Integration of data from multiple sources

• Epidemiological modeling


OIE Publications Unit

www.oie.int/catalogue/eCAT2017.pdf

• Standards

• Review

• Bulletin

• Proceedings & Compendiums

• Thematic publications

• Technical Series

http://www.oie.int/catalogue/eCAT2017.pdf


Chapter 1

Rinderpest: surveillance considerations


OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code

Section 1.Animal disease diagnosis, surveillance and

notification

Chapter 1.1.Notification of diseases, infections and

infestations, and provision of epidemiological

information

Chapter 1.2.Criteria for the inclusion of diseases, infections

and infestations in the OIE list

Chapter 1.3.Diseases, infections and infestations listed by

the OIE

Chapter 1.4.Animal health surveillance

Chapter 1.5.Surveillance for arthropod vectors of animal

diseases

Chapter 1.6.Procedures for self declaration and for official

recognition by the OIE

Volume 1: General provisions


Chapter 8.15. Rinderpest standards

Article 8.15.3: Ongoing surveillance post global

freedom

• annual re-confirmation of rinderpest absence is no

longer required.

• countries are still required:

to carry out general surveillance in accordance with Chapter 1.4. to detect

rinderpest should it recur and

to comply with OIE reporting obligations concerning the occurrence of

unusual epidemiological events in accordance with Chapter 1.1.

Countries should also maintain national contingency plans for responding

to events suggestive of rinderpest.


Rinderpest: surveillance perspective

RP is an animal disease globally eradicated in 2011

Passive surveillance is the most likely way in which:

• new or emerging disease will be detected

• an intentional introduction of disease would be detected

(bioterrorism)

Active surveillance:

• Syndromic surveillance

Stomatitis-enteritis syndrome

Sudden death

• Die-off mortality in cattle / buffalo with negative results for other

etiology usual findings


Conclusion

Surveillance for the veterinary community is very

important.

Several fields use different data sources for

different purposes.

Integration of surveillance systems - e.g.

• Animal Health

• Public Health

Other perspectives in the future ?

• Animal Health

• Law Enforcement / Security

12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France

www.oie.int

[email protected] - [email protected]

Mariano Ramos

Thank you for your attention

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