marian p. kazmierkowski - document sans...

Marian P. Kazmierkowski 12 January, 2010 - INP Toulouse, France 1

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Marian P. Kazmierkowski


• Introduction• Renewable Energy Sources (RES)

- Wind Energy- Ocean Wave Energy

• Role of Power Electronics--Semiconductor Power Devices- Power Converter Topologies- Energy Conversion and Control Methods- Control of Grid-Connected Converters

• Summary and Conclusions


•The model of university of technology, was designed by theFrench, who in 1794 founded the School of Technology in Paris

• Later universities of technology were opened in Prague (in 1806),Vienna (1815) and in Karlsruhe (1824)

• The originsThe origins ofof WarsawWarsaw UniversityUniversity of Technologyof Technology datedate back toback to18261826 when engineering education was begun in Warsawwhen engineering education was begun in WarsawEngineeringEngineering SchoolSchool

•• TodayToday Warsaw University of TechnologyWarsaw University of Technology (i(inn PolishPolish::Politechnika WarszawskaPolitechnika Warszawska)) is the largest academic school ofis the largest academic school oftechnology in Poland, employingtechnology in Poland, employing 2.2.435435 academicacademic teachersteachersincludingincluding 155155 titulartitular professorsprofessors

•• OverOver 30.00030.000 studentsstudents

•• 1919 facultiesfaculties•••• MostMost of them areof them are loclocaatedted inin WarsawWarsaw


• Faculty of Architecture• Faculty of Automobiles and Heavy Machinery Engineering• Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering• Faculty of Chemistry• Faculty of Civil Engineering

• Faculty of Electrical Engineering• Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology• Faculty of Environmental Engineering• Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography• Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering• Faculty of Mathematic and Information Science• Faculty of Mechatronies• Faculty of Physics• Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering• Faculty of Production Engineering• Faculty of Transport• Faculty of Management• Faculty of Buissnes and Administration


• The Faculty of Electrical Engineering was established in 1921

• Student enrolment: - 700 annually and the total number of

students is over 3000, including extra-mural students

• Academic staff: - 172, including 24 professors, 14 associate

professors and 134 assistant professors

• Technical and administrative staff: – 110.

GENERAL INFORMATION


The Main Building The ‘Old boiler-house’

The Building of Electrical Engineering The map of the Main Campus


• Global consumption of electrical energy increases systematically –it will be doubled within 20 years

• Deregulation of energy market has lowered investments in largerpower plant, thus the need for new electrical power sources may bevery high in the near future

• Two major directions of technological changes will play importantroles:

Change the electrical power production sources from theconventional fossil (and short term) based energy sources torenewable energy sources (RES),

Wide application of high efficient power electronics in powergeneration, transmission, distribution and end-user systems.

• An example is wind energy which thanks to application of powerelectronic converters is changing from being a minor energy sourceto be acting as an important power source in present-day energysystem (for example in Denmark over 20% of the whole electricalenergy consumption)


•Main advantages of RES:•Pollution-free power generation•Inexhaustible resources of primary energy

•Main disadvantages:•Higher costs•Uncontrollability•Availability with strong daily and seasonal pattern – verydifferent characteristics of power demand by consumer

•Power electronics as interface between electric generator and grid:•increase total efficiency and•control active and reactive power and•improve power quality.


PWMWind

Ocean

FuelCell

Input PowerUtilityGrid

LocalLoad

LocalLoad

· Input PowerControl

· Maximum powerPoint Tracker

· Generator SpeedControl

Overall SystemControl andMonitoring

· Grid MonitoringModule

· Grid SynchronizationModule

· Grid ImpedanceEstimation Module

P ref Q ref

PowerConverter

PVPhotovoltaic

Load System


6,1 7,6 10

,2 13,6 17

,4 23,9

31,1

39,4

31 47,6

2

59,0

91

74,0

52

93,8

35

120,

798

0,00

30,00

60,00

90,00

120,00

150,00

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

GLOBAL CUMULATIVE INSTALLED CAPACITY 1996-2008MW


USA

Germany

Spain

China

India

Italy

France

UKDenmark

Portugal

Rest of world

TOP 10 TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY 2008

MW %USA 25,17 20,8

Germany 23,903 19,8Spain 16,754 13,9China 12,21 10,1India 9,615 8Italy 3,736 3,1

France 3,404 2,8UK 3,241 2,7

Denmark 3,18 2,6Portugal 2,862 2,4Rest ofworld 16,693 13,8

total top10 104,104 86,2

Worldtotal 120,798 100


• Ocean Energy Conversion in Europe

Recent advancements and prospects

“The oceans cover 75% of the world surface andas such ocean energy is a global resource. Thereare different forms of renewable energy availablein the oceans:

waves,currents,thermal gradients,salinity gradients,the tides,and others.

Ways to exploit these high energy densitiesresources are being investigated worldwide.”


Worlds electricity consumption 16,000 TWh/yearWorlds electricity consumption 16,000 TWh/year

• The theoretical global resource is estimated to be in theorder of:– 8,000 - 80,000 TWh/year for wave energy;– 800 TWh/year for tidal current energy;– 2,000 TWh/year for salinity gradient energy;– 10,000 TWh/year for ocean thermal energy

Source: EC SET plan, World Energy Council


Physics and Resource

Source:[Ocean Energy Conversion in Europe ]

The power in a wave is proportional to the square of the amplitudeand to the period of the motion. Long period (~7-10 s), largeamplitude (~2 m) waves have average power commonly exceeding40-50 kW per meter width of oncoming wave.


WaveEnergyCentre

High energy density per m2

Sea states are very stableWaves are easy to forecast (6 days)


State of the ArtState of the Art –– this technology is underthis technology is underdevelopmentdevelopment

AWS, PortugalAWS, Portugal2001, 2MW2001, 2MW WaveDragon, DenmarkWaveDragon, Denmark

2003, 20kW2003, 20kW

Pelamis, UKPelamis, UK2005, 750kW2005, 750kW

AquaBuoy, USAAquaBuoy, USA2007, 200kW2007, 200kW


•PMMS, Consent and CDM (UK)

•University Wales Swansea, environment,(UK)

•Warsaw Univ. of Technology,Converter Power Take Off - PTO(PL)•Dr. Techn. Olav Olsen, Concept design (N)

•NIRAS AS, Consult. Eng., Wave models(DK)

•ESBI Engineering Ltd., Grid issues,(IE/UK)

•Aalborg Univ., Hydraulics & Coastal Lab.(DK)

•Techn. Univ. Munich, Hydro Turbine design(D)

•Kössler G.m.b.H., Manufacturer of HT (A)

•Balslev A/S, Consulting Engineers (DK)

•Wave Energy Centre, Wave train (PT)

•Wave Dragon ApS/Ltd, Coordination,(DK/UK)

•TecDragon SA, Development Portugal (PT)


Turbineoutlet

Reservoir

Waves overtoppingthe doubly curvedramp

The Wave Dragon is a slack-moored wave energy converter thatcan be deployed alone or in parks wherever a sufficient waveclimate and a water depth of more than 25 m is found.

www.wavedragon.net

Climate Power production12 kW/m 1½ MW 4 GWh/y/unit

24 kW/m 4 MW 12 GWh/y/unit36 kW/m 7 MW 20 GWh/y/unit48 kW/m 11 MW 35 GWh/y/unitWave reflector


Optimal turbineregulation, control of water levelin reservoir

Optimal crest height regulation, control of air in chambers

The Wave Energy Device:Wave Dragon

ICSTEP 2006, Tamil Nadu, India

dcI gen_dcI

cIdcU SU

~3Gene-rator


www.wavedragon.net


Mooring principleMooring principle

Wave Dragon Ltd


•7 units in a 4 km line resulting in a power plant,size: 50 – 80 MW.

•A size of 3.2 km2, which is 75% of the space neededfor offshore wind farms at the same power.

•At deep water (more than 25 meter) almost withoutvisual impact.

4 km


Development of power semiconductor devices in thepast and in the future.

Based on: B. J. Baliga, „Power IC’s in the saddle”, IEEE Spectrum, July 1995


0 1MVA 10 MVA 100 MVA

150 kV

15 kV

7.2kV

2.3 kV

690 VLVIGBTModule

HVIGBTModule

IGCTPresspack

IGBTPresspack

SC

Vll

0 1MVA 10 MVA 100 MVA

150 kV

15 kV

7.2kV

2.3 kV

690 VLVIGBTModule

HVIGBTModule

IGCTPresspack

IGBTPresspack

SC

Vll


Back-to-back Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) also calledAC/DC/AC converter is basic unit for generator-gridintegration.

Switch mode operation with Pulse Witdth Modulation (PWM)control.


Power Flow

IDC>0

IDC<0

Basic Power Electronic Building Block (PEBB)


•Reduced voltage stress on every swtich•Better power quality in comarison to 2-level (lower THD)•Smaller LCL filter


Henri Foch

Thierry A. Meynard


Phase-Neutral Voltage


Reduced power converter with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

•Power converter 30% of nominal power•Control of active and reactive power•Solution dominated on the wind turbine market


Full scale converter with squiriel cage induction generator and mechanical gear•Higher losses•Best technical solution


Full scale converter with permenent magnet synchronous generator

Marian P. Kazmierkowski 12 January, 2010 - INP Toulouse, France 46i

Full scale converter with multi-pole permenent magnet synchronous generator without mechanicalgear


•A low head turbine with directdriven and submersible PMG(cylinder gate is not shown)•24 pole PMG

• A low head turbine withgearbox and induction generator(cylinder gate partly open)

Marian P. Kazmierkowski 12 January, 2010 - INP Toulouse, France 48www.wavedragon.net

20 generators in 5 sections. One converter dedicated for eachgenerator.


ControlControl of AC/DC/ACof AC/DC/AC ConverterConverter


Direct Power Control with Space VectorModulation (DPC-SVM) Patent ICIE


From the top: grid voltage, gridcurrent, active and reactive power


DPC-SVM with Harmonic Compensation


DPC-SVM with Voltage Dips Compensation


• Ocean wave technologies are not yet economically competetivewith more mature wind energy technology.

• Power electronics:• decuopling RES generator from the grid and local loads• increases total efficiency by appropiate speed and powercontrol• Change basic characteristics of the RES from being energysources to be an active power source thanks to fast control ofactive and reactive power• improves power quality in terms of higher harmonics andvoltage dips compensation

• Currently, power electronics has achieved price per producedkW so low that becomes very atractive for RES

• It is belived that thanks to continous developments in powersemicondutor devices, modularity and funcionality, powerelectronics will have strong impact on wind and ocean waveenergy in coming decades.


NewNew MultilevelMultilevel MVMV -- AC/DC/ACAC/DC/AC ConverterConverter

Company: ABBModel: ACS 2000,Power: 400 – 1000 kVA,Voltage: 6.0 – 6.9 kV

Production: ABB ód , Poland

Based on Developments:by Foch and Meynard,INP–LEEI, Toulouse


MoreMore informationinformation::www.isep.pw.edu.plwww.isep.pw.edu.pl/ICG/ICG

Thank you for your attention

www.wavedragon.net

marian p. kazmierkowski - document sans...

Documents