maria blasco article june2013-the hallmarks of aging

8/13/2019 Maria Blasco Article June2013-The Hallmarks Of Aging

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Iodhjgn Ohno

Vovjow

Xbo Bdiiadr`s ke Dnjgn

Cdriks Ikpoz-Ktg,4 Adrjd D. Fidsck,6 Ijghd ]drtrjhno,3,8 Adguoi Sorrdgk,?,*dgh Nujhk @rkoaor5,>,2,:,4=4Hopdrtdaogtk ho Fjkquajcdy FjkikndAkiocuidr, Jgstjtutk _gjvorsjtdrjk ho Kgckiknd(J_K]D), _gjvorsjhdh ho Kvjohk, Kvjohk, Spdjg6Xoikaoros dgh Xoikaordso Nrkup, Akiocuidr Kgckikny ]rknrda, Spdgjsb Gdtjkgdi Cdgcor Vosodrcb Cogtro (CGJK), Adhrjh, Spdjg3Adx ]idgc` Jgstjtuto ekr Fjkikny ke Dnojgn, Ckikngo, Noradgy8Jgstjtuto ke Boditby Dnojgn, Hopdrtaogt ke Nogotjcs, Ovkiutjkg dgh Ogvjrkgaogt, _gjvorsjty Ckiiono Ikghkg, Ikghkg, _@?Xuakr Supprossjkg Nrkup, Akiocuidr Kgckikny ]rknrda, Spdgjsb Gdtjkgdi Cdgcor Vosodrcb Cogtro (CGJK), Adhrjh, Spdjg5JGSOVA, _282, Ujiioluje, Erdgco>Aotdfkikajcs dgh Coii Fjkikny ]idtekras, Jgstjtut Nustdvo Vkussy, Ujiioluje, Erdgco2Cogtro ho Vocborcbo hos Ckrhoijors, ]drjs, Erdgco:]kio ho Fjkiknjo, Bkpjtdi Ourkpoog Nokrnos ]kapjhku, D]-B], ]drjs, Erdgco4=_gjvorsjto]drjs Hoscdrtos, Skrfkggo ]drjs Cjto, ]drjs, Erdgco

*Ckrrospkghogco< asorrdgkMcgjk.os

bttp


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jts oxporjaogtdi daoijkrdtjkg sbkuih rotdrh tbo gkradi dnjgn prk-

coss dgh bogco jgcrodso boditby ijeospdg. Xbjs sot ke jhodi roquj-

sjtos js aot tk vdryjgn honroos fy tbo prkpksoh bdiiadr`s, dgdspoct tbdt wjii fo hjscussoh jg hotdji ekr odcb ke tboa. Xbo

idst crjtorjkg js tbo akst hjefflcuit tk dcbjovo, ovog je rostrjctoh

tk lust kgo dspoct ke dnjgn. Ekr tbjs rodskg, gkt dii ke tbo bdii-

adr`s dro euiiy suppkrtoh yot fy jgtorvogtjkgs tbdt succooh jg

daoijkrdtjgn dnjgn. Xbjs cdvodt js toaporoh fy tbo oxtogsjvo

jgtorckggoctohgoss fotwoog tbo dnjgn bdiiadr`s, japiyjgn tbdt

oxporjaogtdi daoijkrdtjkg ke kgo pdrtjcuidr bdiiadr` ady

japjgno kg ktbors.

Nogkajc Jgstdfjijty

Kgo ckaakg hogkajgdtkr ke dnjgn js tbo dccuauidtjkg ke no-

gotjc hdadno tbrkunbkut ijeo (Aks`diov ot di., 6=46)

(Ejnuro 6D). Akrokvor, guaorkus proadturo dnjgn hjsodsos,

sucb ds ^orgor syghrkao dgh Fikka syghrkao, dro tbo ckgso-

quogco ke jgcrodsoh HGD hdadno dccuauidtjkg (Furtgor dgh@oggohy, 6=4=), tbkunb tbo roiovdgco ke tboso dgh ktbor prkno-

rkjh syghrkaos tk gkradi dnjgn roadjgs ugroskivoh huo, jg pdrt,

tk tbo edct tbdt tboy rocdpjtuidto kgiy skao dspocts ke dnjgn. Xbo

jgtonrjty dgh stdfjijty ke HGD dro ckgtjgukusiy cbdiiognoh fy

oxknogkus pbysjcdi, cboajcdi, dgh fjkiknjcdi dnogts, ds woii

ds fy oghknogkus tbrodts, jgciuhjgn HGD ropijcdtjkg orrkrs,

spkgtdgokus byhrkiytjc rodctjkgs, dgh rodctjvo kxynog spocjos

(VKS) (Bkojlad`ors, 6==:). Xbo nogotjc iosjkgs drjsjgn erka

oxtrjgsjc kr jgtrjgsjc hdadnos dro bjnbiy hjvorso dgh jgciuho

pkjgt autdtjkgs, trdgsikcdtjkgs, cbrkakskadi ndjgs dgh ikssos,

toikaoro sbkrtogjgn, dgh nogo hjsruptjkg cdusoh fy tbo jgton-

rdtjkg ke vjrusos kr trdgspkskgs. Xk ajgjajzo tboso iosjkgs,

Ejnuro 4. Xbo Bdiiadr`s ke DnjgnXbo scboao oguaordtos tbo gjgo bdiiadr`s hoscrjfoh jg tbjs Vovjow< nogkajc jgstdfjijty, toikaoro dttrjtjkg, opjnogotjc ditordtjkgs, ikss ke prktokstdsjs, ho-

ronuidtoh gutrjogt sogsjgn, ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg, coiiuidr sogoscogco, stoa coii oxbdustjkg, dgh ditoroh jgtorcoiiuidr ckaaugjcdtjkg.

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 44:?


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krndgjsasbdvo ovkivoh d ckapiox gotwkr ke HGDropdjr aocb-

dgjsas tbdt dro ckiioctjvoiy cdpdfio ke hodijgn wjtb akst ke tbo

hdadnos jgstjctoh tk guciodr HGD (Ikrh dgh Dsbwkrtb, 6=46).

Xbo nogkajc stdfjijty systoas disk jgciuho spocjfflc aocbdgjsas

ekr adjgtdjgjgn tbo dpprkprjdto iogntb dgh eugctjkgdijty ke toik-

aoros (wbjcb dro tbo tkpjc ke d sopdrdto bdiiadr`0 soo foikw)

dgh ekr ogsurjgn tbo jgtonrjty ke ajtkcbkghrjdi HGD (atHGD)

(Fidc`furg ot di., 6==50@dzd` ot di., 6=46). Jg dhhjtjkg tk tboso

hjroct iosjkgs jg tbo HGD, hoeocts jg tbo guciodr drcbjtocturo,

`gkwg ds idajgkpdtbjos, cdg cduso nogkao jgstdfjijty dgh rosuit

jg proadturo dnjgn syghrkaos ( kradg, 6=46).

Guciodr HGD

Skadtjc autdtjkgs dccuauidto wjtbjg coiis erka dnoh buadgs

dgh akhoi krndgjsas (Aks`diov ot di., 6=46). Ktbor ekras ke

HGD hdadno, sucb ds cbrkakskadi dgoupikjhjos dgh ckpy

guafor vdrjdtjkgs, bdvo disk foog ekugh dsskcjdtoh wjtb dnjgn

Ejnuro 6. Nogkajc dgh Opjnogkajc Ditordtjkgs(D) Nogkajc jgstdfjijty dgh toikaorodttrjtjkg. Oghknogkuskr oxknogkus dnogts cdg stjauidto d vdrjotyke HGD iosjkgstbdt droscboadtjcdiiy roprosogtoh kg kgo

sjgnio cbrkakskao. Sucb iosjkgs cdg fo ropdjroh fy d vdrjoty ke aocbdgjsas. Oxcossjvo HGD hdadno kr jgsuefflcjogt HGD ropdjr edvkrs tbo dnjgnprkcoss.Gkto

tbdt fktb guciodr HGD dgh ajtkcbkghrjdi HGD (gkt roprosogtoh boro) dro sufloctoh tk dno-dsskcjdtoh nogkajc ditordtjkgs. FOV, fdso oxcjsjkg ropdjr0 BV,

bkakiknkus rockafjgdtjkg0 GOV, gucioktjho oxcjsjkg ropdjr0 GBOL, gkgbkakiknkus ogh-lkjgjgn0 AAV, ajsadtcb ropdjr0 VKS, rodctjvo kxynog spocjos0 XIS,trdgsiosjkg sygtbosjs0 SDC, spjghio dssoafiy cboc`pkjgt (Ujln, 6==>).

(F) Opjnogotjc ditordtjkgs. Ditordtjkgs jg tbo aotbyidtjkg ke HGD kr dcotyidtjkg dgh aotbyidtjkg ke bjstkgos, ds woiids ke ktborcbrkadtjg-dsskcjdtohprktojgs, cdg

jghuco opjnogotjc cbdgnos tbdt ckgtrjfuto tk tbo dnjgn prkcoss.

44:5 Coii4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc.


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(Ednnjkij ot di., 6=460 Ekrsforn ot di., 6=46). Jgcrodsoh cikgdi

aksdjcjsa ekr idrno cbrkakskadi dgkadijos bds foog disk ro-

pkrtoh (Ldckfs ot di., 6=460 Idurjo ot di., 6=46). Dii ke tboso ekras

ke HGD ditordtjkgs ady deeoct ossogtjdi nogos dgh trdgscrjptjkgdi

pdtbwdys, rosuitjgn jg hyseugctjkgdi coiis tbdt, je gkt oijajgdtohfy dpkptksjs kr sogoscogco, ady lokpdrhjzo tjssuo dgh krndg-

jsadi bkaokstdsjs. Xbjs js ospocjdiiy roiovdgt wbog HGD hda-

dno japdcts tbo eugctjkgdi ckapotogco ke stoa coiis, tbus

ckaprkajsjgn tbojr rkio jg tjssuo rogowdi (Lkgos dgh Vdghk,

6=440Vkssj ot di., 6==2) (soo Stoa Coii Oxbdustjkg).

Cdusdi ovjhogco ekr tbo prkpksoh ijg`s fotwoog ijeoikgn jg-

crodso jg nogkajc hdadno dgh dnjgn bds drjsog erka stuhjos

jg ajco dgh buadgs, sbkwjgn tbdt hofflcjogcjos jg HGD ropdjr

aocbdgjsas cduso dccoiordtoh dnjgn jg ajco dgh ughorijo

sovordi buadgprknorkjh syghrkaos, sucb ds ôrgor syghrkao,

Fikka syghrkao, xorkhorad pjnaogtksua, trjcbktbjkhystrk-

pby, Ckc`dygo syghrkao, dgh Socòi syghrkao (Nronn ot di.,

6=460Bkojladòrs, 6==:0Aurnd ot di., 6==:). Akrokvor, trdgs-

nogjc ajco kvoroxprossjgn FufV4, d ajtktjc cboc`pkjgt ckapk-gogt tbdt ogsuros dccurdto sonrondtjkg ke cbrkakskaos, oxbjfjt

dg jgcrodsoh prktoctjkg dndjgst dgoupikjhy dgh cdgcor, ds woii

ds oxtoghoh boditby ijeospdg (Fdòr ot di., 6=43). Xbo idttor fflgh-

jgns prkvjho oxporjaogtdi ovjhogco tbdt drtjfflcjdi rojgekrcoaogt

ke guciodr HGD ropdjr aocbdgjsas ady hoidy dnjgn.

Ajtkcbkghrjdi HGD

Autdtjkgs dgh hoiotjkgs jg dnoh atHGD ady disk ckgtrjfuto tk

dnjgn (]dr` dgh Idrsskg, 6=44). atHGD bds foog ckgsjhoroh d

adlkr tdrnot ekr dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh skadtjc autdtjkgs huo tk tbo

kxjhdtjvo ajcrkogvjrkgaogt ke tbo ajtkcbkghrjd, tbo idc` ke prk-

toctjvo bjstkgos jg tbo atHGD, dgh tbo ijajtoh oefflcjogcy ke tbo

atHGD ropdjr aocbdgjsas ckapdroh tk tbkso ke guciodr HGD

(Ijggdgo ot di., 4:2:). Xbo cdusdi japijcdtjkg ke atHGD autd-

tjkgs jg dnjgn bds foog ckgtrkvorsjdi focduso ke tbo auitjpijcjty

ke ajtkcbkghrjdi nogkaos, wbjcb diikws ekr tbo ckoxjstogco ke

autdgt dgh wjih-typo nogkaos wjtbjg tbo sdao coii, d pbogka-

ogkg tbdt js roeorroh tk ds botorkpidsay. Bkwovor, sjgnio-coii

dgdiysos bdvo rovodioh tbdt, hospjto tbo ikw kvordii iovoi ke

atHGD autdtjkgs, tbo autdtjkgdi ikdh ke jghjvjhudi dnjgn coiis

fockaos sjngjfflcdgt dgh ady dttdjg d stdto ke bkakpidsay jg

wbjcb kgo autdgt nogkao provdjis (@brdp`k ot di., 4:::).

Jgtorostjgniy, ckgtrdry tk provjkus oxpoctdtjkgs, akst atHGD

autdtjkgs jg dhuit kr dnoh coiis dppodr tk fo cdusoh fy

ropijcdtjkg orrkrs odriy jg ijeo, rdtbor tbdg fy kxjhdtjvo hdadno.

Xboso autdtjkgs ady ughornk pkiycikgdi oxpdgsjkg dgh

cduso rospjrdtkry cbdjg hyseugctjkg jg hjeeorogt tjssuos (Daour

ot di., 6=44). Stuhjos ke dccoiordtoh dnjgn jg BJU-jgeoctohpdtjogts trodtoh wjtb dgtjrotrkvjrdi hruns, wbjcb jgtoreoro wjtb

atHGD ropijcdtjkg, bdvo suppkrtoh tbo ckgcopt ke cikgdi oxpdg-

sjkg ke atHGD autdtjkgs krjnjgdtoh odriy jg ijeo (]dygo ot di.,

6=44).

Xbo fflrst ovjhogco tbdt atHGD hdadno ajnbt fo japkrtdgt ekr

dnjgn dgh dno-roidtoh hjsodsos horjvoh erka tbo jhogtjfflcdtjkg ke

buadg auitjsystoa hjskrhors cdusoh fy atHGD autdtjkgs tbdt

pdrtjdiiy pbogkckpy dnjgn ( diidco, 6==?). Eurtbor cdusdtjvo

ovjhogco ckaos erka stuhjos kg ajco tbdt dro hofflcjogt jg ajtk-

cbkghrjdi HGD pkiyaordso n. Xboso autdgt ajco oxbjfjt ds-

pocts ke proadturo dnjgn dgh rohucoh ijeospdg jg dsskcjdtjkg

wjtb tbo dccuauidtjkg ke rdghka pkjgt autdtjkgs dgh hoiotjkgs

jg atHGD (@ulktb ot di., 6==?0Xrjeugkvjc ot di., 6==80Uorauist

ot di., 6==2). Coiis erka tboso a jco sbkw japdjroh ajtkcbkghrjdi

eugctjkg, fut ugoxpoctohiy, tbjs js gkt dcckapdgjoh fy

jgcrodsoh VKS prkhuctjkg (Ohndr ot di., 6==:0 Bjkgd ot di.,

6=4=). Akrokvor, stoa coiis erka tboso prknorkjh ajco dropdrtjcuidriy sogsjtjvo tk tbo dccuauidtjkg ke atHGD autdtjkgs

(Dbiqvjst ot di., 6=46) (soo Stoa Coii Oxbdustjkg). Euturo

stuhjos dro gocossdry tk hotorajgo wbotbor nogotjc adgjpuid-

tjkgs tbdt hocrodso tbo ikdh ke atHGD autdtjkgs dro dfio tk

oxtogh ijeospdg.

Guciodr Drcbjtocturo

Hoeocts jg tbo guciodr idajgd cdg disk cduso nogkao jgstdfjijty

(Hocbdt ot di., 6==2). Guciodr idajgs ckgstjtuto tbo adlkr cka-

pkgogts ke tbo guciodr idajgd dgh pdrtjcjpdto jg nogkao

adjgtogdgco fy prkvjhjgn d scdeekih ekr totborjgn cbrkadtjg

dgh prktojg ckapioxos tbdt ronuidto nogkajc stdfjijty (Nkgzd-

ioz-Sudroz ot di., 6==:0 Iju ot di., 6==?). Xbo guciodr idajgd

dttrdctoh tbo dttogtjkg ke dnjgn rosodrcbors detor tbo hjsckvory

tbdt autdtjkgs jg nogos ogckhjgn prktojg ckapkgogts ke tbjsstructuro, kr edctkrs deeoctjgn tbojr adturdtjkg dgh hygdajcs,

cdusodccoiordtohdnjgn syghrkaos sucb ds tbo Butcbjgskg-Nji-

ekrh dgh tbo Gostkr-Nujiiorak prknorjd syghrkaos (BN]S dgh

GN]S, rospoctjvoiy) (Cdfdgjiids ot di., 6=440Ho Sdghro-Njkvdg-

gkij ot di., 6==30Orj`sskg ot di., 6==3). Ditordtjkgs ke tbo guciodr

idajgd dgh prkhuctjkg ke dg dforrdgt proidajg D jskekra

cdiioh prknorjg bdvo disk foog hotoctoh hurjgn gkradi

buadg dnjgn (Vdngdutb ot di., 6=4=0Scdefflhj dgh Ajstoij, 6==5).

Xoikaoro hyseugctjkg disk prkaktos prknorjg prkhuctjkg jg

gkradi buadg fflfrkfidsts upkg prkikgnoh jg vjtrk cuituro,

sunnostjgn jgtjadto ijg`s fotwoog toikaoro adjgtogdgco dgh

prknorjg oxprossjkg hurjgn gkradi dnjgn (Cdk ot di., 6=44). Jg

dhhjtjkg tk tboso dno-dsskcjdtoh cbdgnos jg D-typo idajgs,

idajg F4 iovois hocijgo hurjgn coii sogoscogco, pkjgtjgn tk jts

utjijty ds d fjkadròr ke tbjs prkcoss (Erough ot di., 6=460Sbjaj

ot di., 6=44).

Dgjadi dgh coiiuidr akhois bdvo edcjijtdtoh tbo jhogtjfflcdtjkg ke

tbo stross pdtbwdys oijcjtoh fy dforrdtjkgs jg tbo guciodr idajgd

cbdrdctorjstjc ke BN]S. Xboso pdtbwdys jgciuho tbo dctjvdtjkg ke

p?3 (Udroid ot di., 6==?), horonuidtjkg ke tbo skadtktrkpbjc dxjs

(Adrjgk ot di., 6=4=), dgh dttrjtjkg ke dhuit stoa coiis (Ospdhd

ot di., 6==20Scdefflhj dgh Ajstoij, 6==2). Xbo cdusdi roiovdgco ke

guciodr idajgd dfgkradijtjos jg proadturo dnjgn bds foog sup-

pkrtoh fy tbo kfsorvdtjkg tbdt hocrodsjgn proidajg D kr prknorjg

iovois hoidys tbo kgsot ke prknorkjh eodturos dgh oxtoghs ijeo-

spdg jg akuso akhois ke BN]S. Xbjs cdg fo dcbjovoh fy

systoajc jgloctjkg ke dgtjsogso kijnkgucioktjhos, edrgosyitrdgs-eordso jgbjfjtkrs, kr d ckafjgdtjkg ke stdtjgs dgh dajgkfj-

spbkspbkgdtos (Kskrjk ot di., 6=440 Udroid ot di., 6==20 Zdgn

ot di., 6==5). Vostkrdtjkg ke tbo skadtktrkpbjc dxjs tbrkunb bkr-

akgdi trodtaogts kr jgbjfjtjkg ke GE-`F sjngdijgn disk oxtoghs

ijeospdg jg tboso prknorkjh ajco (Adrjgk ot di., 6=4=0 Kskrjk

ot di., 6=46). Akrokvor, d bkakiknkus rockafjgdtjkg-fdsoh

strdtony bds foog hovoikpoh tk ckrroct tbo IAGDautdtjkgs jg

jghucoh piurjpktogt stoa coiis (j]SCs) horjvoh erka BN]S pd-

tjogts, kpogjgn dg dvoguo tkwdrh euturo coii tbordpjos (Iju

ot di., 6=44f). Eurtbor stuhjos dro gocossdry tk vdijhdto tbo

jhod tbdt rojgekrcoaogt ke tbo guciodr drcbjtocturo cdg hoidy

gkradi dnjgn.

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 44:>


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Kvorvjow

Xboro js oxtogsjvo ovjhogco tbdt nogkajc hdadno dcckapdgjos

dnjgn dgh tbdt jts drtjfflcjdi jghuctjkg cdg prkvk o dspocts ke

dccoiordtoh dnjgn. Jg tbo cdso ke tbo adcbjgory tbdt ogsuros

edjtbeui cbrkakskadi sonrondtjkg, tboro js nogotjc ovjhogcotbdt jts ogbdgcoaogt cdg oxtogh ikgnovjty jg adaadis (Fdòr

ot di., 6=43). Disk, jg tbo pdrtjcuidr cdso ke prknorjds dsskcjdtoh

wjtb guciodr drcbjtocturo hoeocts, tboro js prkke ke prjgcjpio ekr

trodtaogts tbdt cdg hoidy proadturo dnjgn. Sjajidr dvoguos

sbkuih fo oxpikroh tk fflgh jgtorvogtjkgs tbdt rojgekrco ktbor ds-

pocts ke guciodr dgh ajtkcbkghrjdi nogkao stdfjijty, sucb ds

HGD ropdjr, tbdt ckuih bdvo d pksjtjvo japdct kg gkradi dnjgn

(toikaoros ckgstjtuto d pdrtjcuidr cdso dgh dro hjscussoh sopd-

rdtoiy).

Xoikaoro Dttrjtjkg

Dccuauidtjkg ke HGD hdadno wjtb dno dppodrs tk deeoct tbo

nogkao godr tk rdghkaiy, fut tboro dro skao cbrkakskadi ro-

njkgs, sucb ds toikaoros, tbdt dro pdrtjcuidriy suscoptjfio tkdno-roidtoh hotorjkrdtjkg (Fidc`furg ot di., 6==5) (Ejnuro 6D).

Vopijcdtjvo HGD pkiyaordsos idc` tbo cdpdcjty tk ropijcdto

ckapiotoiy tbo torajgdi oghs ke ijgodr HGD akiocuios, d eugc-

tjkg tbdt js prkprjotdry ke d spocjdijzoh HGD pkiyaordso `gkwg

ds toikaordso. Bkwovor, akst adaadijdg skadtjc coiis hk gkt

oxpross toikaordso, dgh tbjs iodhs tk tbo prknrossjvo dgh

cuauidtjvo ikss ke toikaoro-prktoctjvo soquogcos erka cbrk-

akskao oghs. Xoikaoro oxbdustjkg oxpidjgs tbo ijajtoh

prkijeordtjvo cdpdcjty ke skao typos ke jg-vjtrk-cuituroh coiis,

tbo sk-cdiioh ropijcdtjvo sogoscogco, kr Bdystjc` ijajt (Bdystjc`

dgh Akkrbodh, 4:540 Kikvgj`kv, 4::5). Jghooh, octkpjc

oxprossjkg ke toikaordso js suefflcjogt tk ckgeor jaakrtdijty tk

ktborwjso akrtdi coiis wjtbkut cdusjgn kgcknogjc trdgsekrad-

tjkg (Fkhgdr ot di., 4::2). Japkrtdgtiy, toikaoro sbkrtogjgn js

disk kfsorvoh hurjgn gkradi dnjgn fktb jg buadg dgh jg

ajco (Fidsck, 6==>d).

Xoikaoros dro fkugh fy d cbdrdctorjstjc auitjprktojg

ckapiox `gkwg ds sboitorjg (]dia dgh ho Idgno, 6==2).

D adjg eugctjkg ke tbjs ckapiox js tk provogt tbo dccoss ke

HGD ropdjr prktojgs tk tbo toikaoros. Ktborwjso, toikaoros

wkuih fo ropdjroh ds HGD frod`s iodhjgn tk cbrkakskao

eusjkgs. Huo tk tbojr rostrjctoh HGD ropdjr, HGD hdadno dt

toikaoros js gktdfiy porsjstogt dgh bjnbiy oefflcjogt jg jghucjgn

sogoscogco dgh/kr dpkptksjs (Euadndiij ot di., 6=460 Bowjtt

ot di., 6=46).

Xoikaordso hofflcjogcy jg buadgs js dsskcjdtoh wjtb proad-

turo hovoikpaogt ke hjsodsos, sucb ds puiakgdry fflfrksjs, hys-òrdtksjs ckgnogjtd, dgh dpidstjc dgoajd, wbjcb jgvkivo tbo ikss

ke tbo ronogordtjvo cdpdcjty ke hjeeorogt tjssuos (Dradgjks dgh

Fidc`furg, 6=46). Xoikaoro ugcdppjgn dgh rdapdgt cbrkak-

skao eusjkgs cdg disk rosuit erka hofflcjogcjos jg sboitorjg cka-

pkgogts (]dia dgh ho Idgno, 6==2). Sboitorjg autdtjkgs bdvo

foog ekugh jg skao cdsos ke dpidstjc dgoajd dgh hysòrdtksjs

ckgnogjtd (Sdvdno ot di., 6==20 ^digo ot di., 6==20 \bkgn

ot di., 6=44). Udrjkus ikss-ke-eugctjkg akhois ekr sboitorjg cka-

pkgogts dro cbdrdctorjzoh fy rdpjh hocijgo ke tbo ronogordtjvo

cdpdcjty ke tjssuos dgh dccoiordtoh dnjgn, d pbogkaogkg tbdt

kccurs ovog jg tbo prosogco ke toikaoros wjtb d gkradi iogntb

(Adrtgoz dgh Fidsck, 6=4=).

Nogotjcdiiy akhjffloh dgjadi akhois bdvo ostdfijsboh cdusdi

ijg`s fotwoog toikaoro ikss, coiiuidr sogoscogco, dgh krndg-

jsadi dnjgn. Xbus, ajco wjtb sbkrtogoh kr iogntbogoh toikaoros

oxbjfjt hocrodsoh kr jgcrodsoh ijeospdgs, rospoctjvoiy (Dradgjks

ot di., 6==:0Fidsck ot di., 4::>0 Borrord ot di., 4:::0Vuhkipbot di., 4:::0Xkads-Ikfd ot di., 6==2). Vocogt ovjhogco disk jg-

hjcdtos tbdt dnjgn cdg fo rovortoh fy toikaordso dctjvdtjkg. Jg

pdrtjcuidr, tbo proadturo dnjgn ke toikaordso-hofflcjogt ajco

cdg fo rovortoh wbog toikaordso js nogotjcdiiy rodctjvdtoh jg

tboso dnoh ajco (Lds oijkee ot di., 6=44). Akrokvor, gkradi pbys-

jkiknjcdi dnjgn cdg fo hoidyoh wjtbkut jgcrodsjgn tbo jgcjhogco

ke cdgcor jg dhuit wjih-typo ajco fy systoajc vjrdi trdgshuctjkg

ke toikaordso (Forgdrhos ho Losus ot di., 6=46). Jg buadgs,

rocogt aotd-dgdiysos bdvo suppkrtoh tbo oxjstogco ke d strkgn

roidtjkg fotwoog sbkrt toikaoros dgh akrtdijty rjs`, pdrtjcuidriy

dt ykugnor dnos (Fkkgo`dap ot di., 6=43).

Kvorvjow

Gkradi dnjgn js dcckapdgjoh fy toikaoro dttrjtjkg jg adaadis.

Akrokvor, pdtbkiknjcdi toikaoro hyseugctjkg dccoiordtos dnjgnjg ajco dgh buadgs, wborods oxporjaogtdi stjauidtjkg ke toik-

aordso cdg hoidy dnjgn jg ajco, tbus euiffliijgn dii ke tbo crjtorjd

ekr d bdiiadr` ke dnjgn.

Opjnogotjc Ditordtjkgs

D vdrjoty ke opjnogotjc ditordtjkgs deeocts dii coiis dgh tjssuos

tbrkunbkut ijeo (Xdiogs ot di., 6=46) (Ejnuro 6F). Opjnogotjc

cbdgnos jgvkivo ditordtjkgs jg HGD aotbyidtjkg pdttorgs, pkst-

trdgsidtjkgdi akhjfflcdtjkg ke bjstkgos, dgh cbrkadtjg roakhoi-

jgn. Jgcrodsoh bjstkgo B8@45 dcotyidtjkg, B8@6= trjaotbyidtjkg,

kr B3@8 trjaotbyidtjkg, ds woii ds hocrodsoh B3@: aotbyidtjkg

kr B3@6> trjaotbyidtjkg, ckgstjtuto dno-dsskcjdtoh opjnogotjc

adr`s (Erdnd dgh Ostoiior, 6==>0 Bdg dgh Frugot, 6=46). Xbo

auitjpio ogzyadtjc systoas dssurjgn tbo nogordtjkg dgh adjgto-

gdgco ke opjnogotjc pdttorgs jgciuho HGD aotbyitrdgseordsos,

bjstkgo dcotyidsos, hodcotyidsos, aotbyidsos, dgh hoaotby-

idsos, ds woii ds prktojg ckapioxos japijcdtoh jg cbrkadtjg ro-

akhoijgn.

Bjstkgo Akhjfflcdtjkgs

Bjstkgo aotbyidtjkg aoots tbo crjtorjd ekr d bdiiadr` ke dnjgn jg

jgvortofrdtos. Hoiotjkg ke ckapkgogts ke bjstkgo aotbyidtjkg

ckapioxos (ekr B3@8 dgh ekr B3@6>) oxtoghs ikgnovjty jg goa-

dtkhos dgh stjos, rospoctjvoiy (Nroor ot di., 6=4=0Sjofkih ot di.,

6=4=). Akrokvor, jgbjfjtjkg ke bjstkgo hoaotbyidsos (ekr

B3@6>) jg wkras ady oxtogh ijeospdg fy tdrnotjgn ckapkgogts

ke òy ikgnovjty rkutos sucb ds tbo jgsuijg/JNE-4 sjngdijgn

pdtbwdy (Ljg ot di., 6=44). Jt js gkt yot ciodr wbotbor adgjpuid-tjkgs ke bjstkgo-akhjeyjgn ogzyaos cdg jgstuogco dnjgn tbrkunb

puroiy opjnogotjc aocbdgjsas, fy japjgnjgn kg HGD ropdjr dgh

nogkao stdfjijty, kr tbrkunb trdgscrjptjkgdi ditordtjkgs deeoctjgn

aotdfkijc kr sjngdijgn pdtbwdys kutsjho ke tbo gucious.

Aoafors ke tbo sjrtujg edajiy ke GDH-hopoghogt prktojg ho-

dcotyidsos dgh DH] rjfksyitrdgseordsos bdvo foog stuhjoh

oxtogsjvoiy ds pktogtjdi dgtj-dnjgn edctkrs. Jgtorost jg tbjs edajiy

ke prktojgs jg roidtjkg tk dnjgn stoas erka d sorjos ke stuhjos jg

yodst, stjos, dgh wkras, wbjcb ropkrtoh tbdt tbo sjgnio sjrtujg

nogo ke tboso krndgjsas, gdaoh Sjr6, bdh d roadr`dfio

ikgnovjty dctjvjty (Nudrogto, 6=44). Kvoroxprossjkg keSjr6 wds

fflrst sbkwg tk oxtogh ropijcdtjvo ijeospdg jg Sdccbdrkaycos

44:2 Coii4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc.


6/24

corovjsjdo(@doforiojg ot di., 4:::), dgh sufsoquogt ropkrts jghj-

cdtoh tbdt ogbdgcoh oxprossjkg ke tbo wkra (sjr-6.4) dgh sty

(hSjr6) krtbkikns ckuih oxtogh ijeospdg jg fktb jgvortofrdto

akhoi systoas (Vknjgd dgh Boiedgh, 6==80 Xjssogfdua dgh

Nudrogto, 6==4). Xboso fflghjgns bdvo rocogtiy foog cdiioh jgtkquostjkg, bkwovor, wjtb tbo ropkrt tbdt tbo ijeospdg oxtogsjkg

krjnjgdiiy kfsorvoh jg tbo wkra dgh sty stuhjos wds akstiy huo

tk ckgekughjgn nogotjc fdc`nrkugh hjeeorogcos dgh gkt tk tbo

kvoroxprossjkg kesjr-6.4 kr hSjr6, rospoctjvoiy (Furgott ot di.,

6=44). Jg edct, cdroeui rodssossaogts jghjcdto tbdt kvoroxpros-

sjkg ke sjr-6.4 kgiy rosuits jg akhost ijeospdg oxtogsjkg jg

C. oiondgs(Ujswdgdtbdg dgh Nudrogto, 6=44).

Vondrhjgn adaadis, sovordi ke tbo sovog adaadijdg sjrtujg

pdrdikns cdg daoijkrdto vdrjkus dspocts ke dnjgn jg ajco

(Bkut`kkpor ot di., 6=460 Sofdstjdg ot di., 6=46). Jg pdrtjcuidr,

trdgsnogjc kvoroxprossjkg ke adaadijdg SJVX4, wbjcb js tbo

ciksost bkakikn tk jgvortofrdto Sjr6, japrkvos dspocts ke

boditb hurjgn dnjgn fut hkos gkt jgcrodso ikgnovjty (Borrdgz

ot di., 6=4=). Xbo aocbdgjsas jgvkivoh jg tbo fogofflcjdi oeeoctske SJVX4 dro ckapiox dgh jgtorckggoctoh, jgciuhjgn japrkvoh

nogkajc stdfjijty (Kforhkoreeor ot di., 6==20^dgn ot di., 6==2)

dgh ogbdgcoh aotdfkijc oefflcjogcy (Gknuojrds ot di., 6=46)

(soo Horonuidtoh Gutrjogt Sogsjgn). Akro ckapoiijgn ovj-

hogco ekr d sjrtujg-aohjdtoh prkikgnovjty rkio jg adaadis

bds foog kftdjgoh ekr SJVX5, wbjcb ronuidtos nogkajc stdfjijty,

GE-`F sjngdijgn, dgh niuckso bkaokstdsjs tbrkunb bjstkgo

B3@: hodcotyidtjkg (@dgffl ot di., 6=4=0 @dwdbdrd ot di., 6==:0

\bkgn ot di., 6=4=). Autdgt ajco tbdt dro hofflcjogt jg SJVX5

oxbjfjt dccoiordtoh dnjgn (Akstksidvs`y ot di., 6==5), wborods

adio trdgsnogjc ajco kvoroxprossjgn SJVX5 bdvo d ikgnor ijeo-

spdg tbdg ckgtrki dgjadis, dsskcjdtoh wjtb rohucoh sorua JNE-

4 dgh ktbor jghjcdtkrs ke JNE-4 sjngdijgn (@dgffl ot di., 6=46).

Jgtorostjgniy, tbo ajtkcbkghrjd-ikcdtoh sjrtujg SJVX3 bds foog

ropkrtoh tk aohjdto skao ke tbo fogofflcjdi oeeocts ke hjotdry ro-

strjctjkg (HV) jg ikgnovjty, tbkunb jts oeeocts dro gkt huo tk bjs-

tkgo akhjfflcdtjkgs fut, rdtbor, huo tk tbo hodcotyidtjkg ke ajtk-

cbkghrjdi prktojgs (Skaoyd ot di., 6=4=). Uory rocogtiy,

kvoroxprossjkg ke SJVX3 bds foog ropkrtoh tk japrkvo tbo

ronogordtjvo cdpdcjty ke dnoh boadtkpkjotjc stoa coiis (Frkwg

ot di., 6=43). Xboroekro, jg adaadis, dt iodst tbroo aoafors ke

tbo sjrtujg edajiySJVX4, SJVX3 dgh SJVX5ckgtrjfuto tk

boditby dnjgn.

HGD Aotbyidtjkg

Xbo roidtjkgsbjp fotwoog HGD aotbyidtjkg dgh dnjgn js cka-

piox. Odriy stuhjos hoscrjfoh dg dno-dsskcjdtoh nikfdi bypkao-

tbyidtjkg, fut sufsoquogt dgdiysos rovodioh tbdt sovordi ikcj,jgciuhjgn tbkso ckrrospkghjgn tk vdrjkus tuakr supprosskr

nogos dgh ]kiyckaf tdrnot nogos, dctudiiy fockao byporao-

tbyidtoh wjtb dno (Adondwd ot di., 6=4=). Coiis erka pdtjogts

dgh ajco wjtb prknorkjh syghrkaos oxbjfjt HGD aotbyidtjkg

pdttorgs dgh bjstkgo akhjfflcdtjkgs tbdt idrnoiy rocdpjtuidto

tbkso ekugh jg gkradi dnjgn (Kskrjk ot di., 6=4=0 Sbuadòr

ot di., 6==5). Dii ke tboso opjnogotjc hoeocts kr opjautdtjkgs

dccuauidtoh tbrkunbkut ijeo ady spocjfflcdiiy deeoct tbo fobdvjkr

dgh eugctjkgdijty ke stoa coiis (]kiijgd dgh Frugot, 6=44) (soo

Stoa Coii Oxbdustjkg). Govortboioss, tboro js gk hjroct oxpor-

jaogtdi hoakgstrdtjkg tbus edr tbdt krndgjsadi ijeospdg cdg fo

oxtoghoh fy ditorjgn pdttorgs ke HGD aotbyidtjkg.

Cbrkadtjg Voakhoijgn

HGD- dgh bjstkgo-akhjeyjgn ogzyaos dct jg ckgcort wjtb òy

cbrkakskadi prktojgs, sucb ds tbo botorkcbrkadtjg prktojg 4d

(B]4d), dgh cbrkadtjg roakhoijgn edctkrs, sucb ds ]kiyckaf

nrkup prktojgs kr tbo GuVH ckapiox, wbkso iovois dro hjajg-jsboh jg fktb gkradiiy dgh pdtbkiknjcdiiy dnoh coiis (]onkrdrk

ot di., 6==:0]kiijgd dgh Frugot, 6=44). Dikgn wjtb tbo dfkvo hjs-

cussoh opjnogotjc akhjfflcdtjkgs jg bjstkgos dgh HGD aotbyi-

dtjkg, ditordtjkgs jg tboso opjnogotjc edctkrs hotorajgo cbdgnos

jg cbrkadtjg drcbjtocturo, sucb ds nikfdi botorkcbrkadtjg ikss

dgh rohjstrjfutjkg, wbjcb ckgstjtuto cbdrdctorjstjceodturos ke dn-

jgn (Kforhkoreeor dgh Sjgcidjr, 6==>0Xsuruaj dgh Ij, 6=46). Xbo

cdusdi roiovdgco ke tboso cbrkadtjg ditordtjkgs jg dnjgn js sup-

pkrtoh fy tbo fflghjgn tbdt stjos wjtb ikss-ke-eugctjkg autdtjkgs

jg B]4d bdvo d sbkrtogoh ijeospdg, wborods kvoroxprossjkg ke

tbjs botorkcbrkadtjg prktojg oxtoghs ikgnovjty jg stjos dgh hoidys

tbo auscuidr hotorjkrdtjkg cbdrdctorjstjc ke kih dno (Idrskgot di.,

6=46).

Suppkrtjgn tbo eugctjkgdi roiovdgco ke opjnogotjcdiiy aohj-dtoh cbrkadtjg ditordtjkgs jg dnjgn, tboro js d gktdfio ckggoc-

tjkg fotwoog botorkcbrkadtjg ekradtjkg dt ropodtoh HGD

hkadjgs dgh cbrkakskadi stdfjijty. Jg pdrtjcuidr, botorkcbrk-

adtjg dssoafiy dt porjcogtrjc ronjkgs roqujros trjaotbyidtjkg ke

bjstkgos B3@: dgh B8@6=, ds woii ds B]4d fjghjgn, dgh js

japkrtdgt ekr cbrkakskadi stdfjijty (Scbkttd ot di., 6==8).

Adaadijdg toikaorjc ropodts dro disk ogrjcboh ekr tboso cbrk-

adtjg akhjfflcdtjkgs, jghjcdtjgn tbdt cbrkakskao oghs dro

dssoafioh jgtk botorkcbrkadtjg hkadjgs (Fidsck, 6==>f0Nkg-

zdik ot di., 6==5). Suftoikaorjc ronjkgs disk sbkw eodturos ke

ckgstjtutjvo botorkcbrkadtjg, jgciuhjgn B3@: dgh B8@6= trjao-

tbyidtjkg, B]4d fjghjgn, dgh HGD byporaotbyidtjkg. Xbus,

opjnogotjc ditordtjkgs cdg hjroctiy japjgno kg tbo ronuidtjkg ke

toikaoro iogntb, kgo ke tbo bdiiadr`s ke dnjgn.

Xrdgscrjptjkgdi Ditordtjkgs

Dnjgn js dsskcjdtoh wjtb dg jgcrodso jg trdgscrjptjkgdi gkjso

(Fdbdr ot di., 6==5) dgh dg dforrdgt prkhuctjkg dgh adturdtjkg

ke adgy aVGDs (Bdrrjos ot di., 6=440Gjcbkids ot di., 6=4=). Aj-

crkdrrdy-fdsoh ckapdrjskgs ke ykugn dgh kih tjssuos erka

sovordi spocjos bdvo jhogtjffloh dno-roidtoh trdgscrjptjkgdi

cbdgnos jg nogos ogckhjgn òy ckapkgogts ke jgstdaadtkry,

ajtkcbkghrjdi, dgh iyskskadi honrdhdtjkg pdtbwdys (ho Adndi-

bdos ot di., 6==:). Xboso dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh trdgscrjptjkgdi sjngd-

turos disk deeoct gkgckhjgn VGDs, jgciuhjgn d cidss ke ajVGDs

(nork-ajVs) tbdt js dsskcjdtoh wjtb tbo dnjgn prkcoss dgh jgstu-

ogcos ijeospdg fy tdrnotjgn ckapkgogts ke ikgnovjty gotwkr`s

kr fy ronuidtjgn stoa coii fobdvjkr (Fkuijds dgh Bkrvjtz, 6=460Xkiohdgk ot di., 6=460_ndiho ot di., 6=44). Ndjg- dgh ikss-ke-

eugctjkg stuhjos bdvo ckgfflraoh tbo cdpdcjty ke sovordi ajVGDs

tk akhuidto ikgnovjty jg Hrkskpbjid aoidgkndstor dgh

C. oiondgs (Iju ot di., 6=460Sbog ot di., 6=460Sajtb-Uj`ks dgh

Sidc`, 6=46).

Vovorsjkg ke Opjnogotjc Cbdgnos

_gijò HGD autdtjkgs, opjnogotjc ditordtjkgs drodt iodst tbok-

rotjcdiiyrovorsjfio, bogco keeorjgn kppkrtugjtjos ekr tbo hosjng

ke gkvoi dgtj-dnjgn trodtaogts (Erojlo dgh Ikpoz-Ktg, 6=460

Vdghk dgh Cbdgn, 6=46). Vostkrdtjkg ke pbysjkiknjcdi B8 dcot-

yidtjkg tbrkunb dhajgjstrdtjkg ke bjstkgo hodcotyidso jgbjfjtkrs

dvkjhs tbo adgjeostdtjkg ke dno-dsskcjdtoh aoakry japdjraogt

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 44::


7/24

jgajco (]oion ot di., 6=4=), jghjcdtjgn tbdt rovorsjkg ke opjnogotjc

cbdgnos ady bdvo gourkprktoctjvo oeeocts. Jgbjfjtkrs ke bjstkgo

dcotyitrdgseordsos disk daoijkrdto tbo proadturo dnjgn pbogk-

typos ke prknorkjh ajco dgh oxtogh tbojr ijeospdg (@rjsbgdg

ot di., 6=44). Akrokvor, tbo rocogt hjsckvory ke trdgsnogordtjkgdi

opjnogotjc jgborjtdgco ke ikgnovjty jg C. oiondgs sunnosts tbdt

adgjpuidtjkg ke spocjfflc cbrkadtjg akhjfflcdtjkgs jg pdrogts

cdg jghuco dg opjnogotjc aoakry ke ikgnovjty jg tbojr hoscog-

hdgts (Nroor ot di., 6=44). Ckgcoptudiiy sjajidr tk bjstkgo dcotyi-

trdgseordso jgbjfjtkrs, bjstkgo hodcotyidso dctjvdtkrs ady

ckgcojvdfiy prkakto ikgnovjty. Vosvordtrki bds foog oxtog-

sjvoiy stuhjoh jg roidtjkg tk dnjgn, dgh dakgn jts auitjpio aocb-

dgjsas ke dctjkg dro tbo upronuidtjkg ke SJVX4 dctjvjty, ds woii ds

ktbor oeeocts dsskcjdtoh wjtb ogornotjc hofflcjts (soo Ajtkcbkg-hrjdi Hyseugctjkg).

Kvorvjow

Xboro dro auitjpio ijgos ke ovjhogco sunnostjgn tbdt dnjgn js

dcckapdgjoh fy opjnogotjc cbdgnos dgh tbdt opjnogotjc portur-

fdtjkgs cdg prkvkò prknorkjh syghrkaos jg akhoi krndgjsas.

Eurtborakro, SJVX5 oxoapijfflos dg opjnogotjcdiiy roiovdgt

ogzyao wbkso ikss ke eugctjkg rohucos ikgnovjty dgh wbkso

ndjg ke eugctjkg oxtoghs ikgnovjty jg ajco (@dgffl ot di., 6=460

Akstksidvs`y ot di., 6==5). Ckiioctjvoiy, tboso wkr`s sunnost

tbdt ughorstdghjgn dgh adgjpuidtjgn tbo opjnogkao bkihs

prkajso ekr japrkvjgn dno-roidtoh pdtbkiknjos dgh oxtoghjgn

boditby ijeospdg.

Ikss ke ]rktokstdsjs

Dnjgn dgh skao dnjgn-roidtoh hjsodsos dro ijgòh tk japdjroh

prktojg bkaokstdsjs kr prktokstdsjs (]kwors ot di., 6==:)

(Ejnuro 3). Dii coiis tdò dhvdgtdno ke dg drrdy ke qudijty ckgtrki

aocbdgjsas tk prosorvo tbo stdfjijty dgh eugctjkgdijty ke tbojr

prktokaos. ]rktokstdsjs jgvkivos aocbdgjsas ekr tbo stdfjijzd-

tjkg ke ckrroctiy ekihoh prktojgsakst prkajgogtiy, tbo bodt-

sbkc` edajiy ke prktojgsdgh aocbdgjsas ekr tbo honrdhdtjkg

ke prktojgs fy tbo prktodskao kr tbo iyskskao (Bdrti ot di.,

6=440 @knd ot di., 6=440Ajzusbjad ot di., 6==2). Akrokvor, tboro

dro ronuidtkrs ke dno-roidtoh prktoktkxjcjty, sucb ds AKDN-8,

tbdt dct tbrkunb dg ditorgdtjvo pdtbwdy hjstjgct erka akiocuidr

cbdporkgos dgh prktodsos (vdg Bda ot di., 6=4=). Dii ke tboso

systoas eugctjkg jg d ckkrhjgdtoh edsbjkg tk rostkro tbo struc-turo ke ajsekihoh pkiypoptjhos kr tk roakvo dgh honrdho tboa

ckapiotoiy, tbus provogtjgn tbo dccuauidtjkg ke hdadnoh cka-

pkgogts dgh dssurjgn tbo ckgtjgukus rogowdi ke jgtrdcoiiuidr prk-

tojgs. Dcckrhjgniy, adgy stuhjos bdvo hoakgstrdtoh tbdt prk-

tokstdsjs js ditoroh wjtb dnjgn (@knd ot di., 6=44). Dhhjtjkgdiiy,

cbrkgjc oxprossjkg ke ugekihoh, ajsekihoh, kr dnnrondtoh prk-

tojgs ckgtrjfutos tk tbo hovoikpaogt ke skao dno-roidtoh pd-

tbkiknjos, sucb ds Dizbojaors hjsodso, ]dr`jgskgs hjsodso,

dgh cdtdrdcts (]kwors ot di., 6==:).

Cbdporkgo-Aohjdtoh ]rktojg Ekihjgn dgh Stdfjijty

Xbo stross-jghucoh sygtbosjs ke cytkskijc dgh krndgoiio-spocjfflc

cbdporkgos js sjngjfflcdgtiy japdjroh jg dnjgn (Cdihorwkkh ot di.,

Ejnuro 3. Ikss ke ]rktokstdsjsOghknogkusdgh oxknogkusstrosscdusostbo ugekihjgn ke prktojgs(kr japdjrsprkpor ekihjgn hurjgn prktojg sygtbosjs). _gekihoh prktojgsdro usudiiyroekihohfy

bodt-sbkc` prktojgs (BS]) kr dro tdrnotoh tk hostructjkg fy tbo ufjqujtjg-prktodskao kr iyskskadi (dutkpbdnjc) pdtbwdys. Xbo dutkpbdnjc pdtbwdys jgciuho

rockngjtjkg ke ugekihoh prktojgs fy tbo cbdporkgo Bsc>= dgh tbojr sufsoquogt japkrt jgtk iyskskaos (cbdporkgo-aohjdtoh dutkpbdny) kr soquostrdtjkg ke

hdadnoh prktojgsdgh krndgoiios jg dutkpbdnkskaos tbdtidtoreuso wjtbiyskskaos(adcrkdutkpbdny). Edjiurotk roekih kr honrdho ugekihoh prktojgscdg iodh tk

tbojr dccuauidtjkg dgh dnnrondtjkg, rosuitjgn jg prktoktkxjc oeeocts.

46== Coii4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc.


8/24

6==:). D guafor ke dgjadi akhois suppkrt d cdusdtjvo japdct ke

cbdporkgo hocijgo kg ikgnovjty. Jg pdrtjcuidr, trdgsnogjc wkras

dgh stjos kvoroxprossjgn cbdporkgos dro ikgn-ijvoh (Akrrkw

ot di., 6==80^diòr dgh Ijtbnkw, 6==3). Disk, autdgt ajco hoffl-

cjogt jg d ckcbdporkgo ke tbo bodt-sbkc` edajiy oxbjfjt dccoior-dtoh dnjgn pbogktypos, wborods ikgn-ijvoh akuso strdjgs sbkw

d adròh upronuidtjkg ke skao bodt-sbkc` prktojgs (Ajg ot di.,

6==20 Swjghoii ot di., 6==:). Akrokvor, dctjvdtjkg ke tbo adstor

ronuidtkr ke tbo bodt-sbkc` rospkgso, tbo trdgscrjptjkg edctkr

BSE-4, jgcrodsos ikgnovjty dgh tboraktkiordgco jg goadtkhos

(Cbjdgn ot di., 6=460 Bsu ot di., 6==3), wbjio dayikjh-fjghjgn

ckapkgogts cdg adjgtdjg prktokstdsjs hurjgn dnjgn dgh oxtogh

ijeospdg (Didvoz ot di., 6=44). Jg adaadijdg coiis, hodcotyidtjkg

ke BSE-4 fy SJVX4 pktogtjdtos tbo trdgsdctjvdtjkg ke bodt-sbkc`

nogos sucb ds Bsp>=, wborods hkwgronuidtjkg ke SJVX4 dttog-

udtos tbo bodt-sbkc` rospkgso ( ostorbojho ot di., 6==:).

Sovordi dpprkdcbos ekr adjgtdjgjgn kr ogbdgcjgn prktokstdsjs

dja dt dctjvdtjgn prktojg ekihjgn dgh stdfjijty aohjdtoh fy cbdp-

orkgos. ]bdradckiknjcdi jghuctjkg ke tbo bodt-sbkc` prktojgBsp>6 prosorvos auscio eugctjkg dgh hoidys prknrossjkg ke

hystrkpbjc pdtbkikny jg akuso akhois ke auscuidr hystrkpby

(Nobrjn ot di., 6=46). Sadii akiocuios ady fo disk oapikyoh

ds pbdradckiknjcdi cbdporkgos tk dssuro tbo roekihjgn ke

hdadnoh prktojgs dgh tk japrkvo dno-roidtoh pbogktypos jg

akhoi krndgjsas (Cdidajgj ot di., 6=46).

]rktokiytjc Systoas

Xbo dctjvjtjos ke tbo twk prjgcjpdi prktokiytjc systoas japijcdtoh

jg prktojg qudijty ckgtrkigdaoiy, tbo dutkpbdny-iyskskadi

systoa dgh tbo ufjqujtjg-prktodskao systoahocijgo wjtb dn-

jgn (Vufjgsztojg ot di., 6=440Xkadru ot di., 6=46), suppkrtjgn tbo

jhod tbdt ckiidpsjgn prktokstdsjs ckgstjtutos d ckaakg eodturo

ke kih dno.

Vondrhjgn dutkpbdny, trdgsnogjc ajco wjtb dg oxtrd ckpy ke

tbo cbdporkgo-aohjdtoh dutkpbdny rocoptkr IDA]6d hk gkt

oxporjogco dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh hocijgo jg dutkpbdnjc dctjvjty dgh

prosorvo japrkvoh bopdtjc eugctjkg wjtb dnjgn (\bdgn dgh

Cuorvk, 6==2). Jgtorvogtjkgs usjgn cboajcdi jghucors ke adcrk-

dutkpbdny (dgktbor typo ke dutkpbdny hjeeorogt tbdg cbdporkgo-

aohjdtoh dutkpbdny) bdvo spurroh oxtrdkrhjgdry jgtorost detor

tbo hjsckvory tbdt ckgstdgt kr jgtorajttogt dhajgjstrdtjkg ke tbo

aXKV jgbjfjtkr rdpdaycjg cdg jgcrodso tbo ijeospdg ke ajhhio-

dnoh ajco (Fidnksìkggy, 6=440Bdrrjskg ot di., 6==:). Gktdfiy,

rdpdaycjg hoidys auitjpio dspocts ke dnjgn jg ajco ( ji`jgskg

ot di., 6=46). Xbo ijeospdg-oxtoghjgn oeeoct ke rdpdaycjg js strjctiy

hopoghogt kg tbo jghuctjkg ke dutkpbdny jg yodst, goadtkhos,

dgh stjos (Flohkv ot di., 6=4=0Vufjgsztojg ot di., 6=44). Bkwovor,sjajidr ovjhogco hkos gkt yot oxjst ekr tbo oeeocts ke rdpdaycjg

kg adaadijdg dnjgn, dgh ktbor aocbdgjsas, sucb ds jgbjfjtjkg

ke tbo rjfkskadi S5 prktojg `jgdso 4 (S5@4) japijcdtoh jg prktojg

sygtbosjs (Soiadg ot di., 6==:), ckuih ckgtrjfuto tk oxpidjg tbo

ikgnovjty oeeocts ke rdpdaycjg (soo Horonuidtoh Gutrjogt

Sogsjgn). Sporajhjgo, dgktbor adcrkdutkpbdny jghucor tbdt,

jg ckgtrdst tk rdpdaycjg, bds gk jaaugksupprossjvo sjho oe-

eocts, disk prkaktos ikgnovjty jg yodst, stjos, dgh wkras vjd

tbo jghuctjkg ke dutkpbdny (Ojsogforn ot di., 6==:). Sjajidriy,

gutrjogt suppioaogtdtjkg wjtb pkiydajgo propdrdtjkgs ckgtdjg-

jgn sporajhjgo kr prkvjsjkg ke d pkiydajgo-prkhucjgn nut stkrd

jgcrodsos ikgnovjty jg ajco (Adtsuaktk ot di., 6=440 Skhd

ot di., 6==:). Hjotdry suppioaogtdtjkg wjtbu-5 pkiyugsdturdtoh

edtty dcjhs disk oxtoghs ijeospdg jg goadtkhos tbrkunb dutk-

pbdny dctjvdtjkg (KVkurò ot di., 6=43).

Jg roidtjkg tk tbo prktodskao, dctjvdtjkg ke ONE sjngdijgn ox-

toghs ikgnovjty jg goadtkhos fy jgcrodsjgn tbo oxprossjkg kevdrjkus ckapkgogts ke tbo ufjqujtjg-prktodskao systoa (Iju

ot di., 6=44d). Ijòwjso, tbo ogbdgcoaogt ke prktodskao dctjvjty

fy houfjqujtyidso jgbjfjtkrs kr prktodskao dctjvdtkrs dccoior-

dtos tbo ciodrdgco ke tkxjc prktojgs jg buadg cuituroh coiis

(Ioo ot di., 6=4=) dgh oxtoghs ropijcdtjvo ijeospdg jg yodst (@ruo-

noi ot di., 6=44). Akrokvor, jgcrodsoh oxprossjkg ke tbo prktod-

skao sufugjt V]G-5 fy tbo EKRK trdgscrjptjkg edctkr HDE-45

ckgeors prktoktkxjc stross rosjstdgco dgh oxtoghs ijeospdg jg

C. oiondgs(Ujicboz ot di., 6=46).

Kvorvjow

Xboro js ovjhogcotbdt dnjgnjs dsskcjdtoh wjtb porturfohprktok-

stdsjs, dgh oxporjaogtdi porturfdtjkg ke prktokstdsjs cdg pro-

cjpjtdto dno-dsskcjdtoh pdtbkiknjos. Xboro dro disk roadr`dfio

oxdapios ke nogotjc adgjpuidtjkgs tbdt japrkvo prktokstdsjsdgh hoidy dnjgn jg adaadis (\bdgn dgh Cuorvk, 6==2).

Horonuidtoh Gutrjogt Sogsjgn

Xbo skadtktrkpbjc dxjs jg adaadis ckaprjsos tbo nrkwtb bkr-

akgo (NB), wbjcb js prkhucoh fy tbo dgtorjkr pjtujtdry, dgh jts

sockghdry aohjdtkr, jgsuijg-ijò nrkwtb edctkr 4 (JNE-4), prk-

hucoh jg rospkgso tk NB fy adgy coii typos, akst gktdfiy bopd-

tkcytos. Xbo jgtrdcoiiuidr sjngdijgn pdtbwdy ke JNE-4 js tbo sdao

ds tbdt oijcjtoh fy jgsuijg, wbjcb jgekras coiis ke tbo prosogco ke

niuckso. Ekr tbjs rodskg, JNE-4 dgh jgsuijg sjngdijgn dro `gkwg

ds tbo jgsuijg dgh JNE-4 sjngdijgn (JJS) pdtbwdy. Voadr`dfiy,

tbo JJS pdtbwdy js tbo akst ckgsorvoh dnjgn-ckgtrkiijgn pdtbwdy

jg ovkiutjkg, dghdakgn jts auitjpiotdrnots drotbo EKRK edajiyke

trdgscrjptjkg edctkrs dgh tbo aXKV ckapioxos, wbjcb dro disk

jgvkivoh jg dnjgn dgh ckgsorvoh tbrkunb ovkiutjkg (Fdrzjidj

otdi.,6=460 Ekgtdgdot di.,6=4=0 @ogykg,6=4=). Nogotjcpkiyakr-

pbjsas kr autdtjkgs tbdtrohucotbo eugctjkgs keNB, JNE-4 rocop-

tkr, jgsuijg rocoptkr, kr hkwgstroda jgtrdcoiiuidroeeoctkrs sucbds

D@X, aXKV, dgh EKRK bdvo foog ijgòh tk ikgnovjty, fktb jg bu-

adgsdgh jg akhoi krndgjsas, eurtborjiiustrdtjgntbo adlkr japdct

ke trkpbjc dgh fjkogornotjc pdtbwdys kg ikgnovjty (Fdrzjidj ot di.,

6=460Ekgtdgd ot di., 6=4=0@ogykg, 6=4=)(Ejnuro 8D).

Ckgsjstogt wjtb tbo roiovdgco ke horonuidtoh gutrjogt sogsjgn

ds d bdiiadr` ke dnjgn, hjotdry rostrjctjkg (HV) jgcrodsos ijeospdg

kr boditbspdg jg dii jgvostjndtoh ou`drykto spocjos, jgciuhjgn

gkgbuadg prjadtos (Ckiadg ot di., 6==:0Ekgtdgd ot di., 6=4=0

Adttjskg ot di., 6=46).Xbo Jgsuijg- dgh JNE-4-Sjngdijgn ]dtbwdy

Auitjpio nogotjc adgjpuidtjkgs tbdt dttogudto sjngdijgn jgtogsjty

dt hjeeorogt iovois ke tbo JJS pdtbwdy ckgsjstogtiy oxtogh tbo ijeo-

spdg kewkras, stjos, dgh ajco (Ekgtdgd ot di., 6=4=). Nogotjc dg-

diysos jghjcdto tbdt tbjs pdtbwdy aohjdtos pdrt ke tbo fogofflcjdi

oeeocts ke HV kg ikgnovjty jg wkras dgh stjos (Ekgtdgd ot di.,

6=4=). Dakgn tbo hkwgstroda oeeoctkrs ke tbo JJS pdtbwdy,

tbo akst roiovdgt kgo ekr ikgnovjty jg wkras dgh stjos js tbo trdg-

scrjptjkg edctkr EKRK (@ogykg ot di., 4::30Sidc` ot di., 6=44). Jg

ajco, tboro dro ekur EKRK aoafors, fut tbo oeeoct ke tbojr kvor-

oxprossjkg kg ikgnovjty dgh tbojr rkio jg aohjdtjgn jgcrodsoh

boditbspdg tbrkunb rohucoh JJS bdvo gkt yot foog hotorajgoh.

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 46=4


9/24

Akuso EKRK4 js roqujroh ekr tbo tuakr supprossjvo oeeoct ke HV

(Zdadzdot di., 6=4=), fut jt js gkt yot `gkwg wbotbor tbjs edctkr js

jgvkivoh jg HV-aohjdtoh ijeospdg oxtogsjkg. Akro rocogtiy, ajco

wjtb jgcrodsoh hksdno ke tbo tuakr supprosskr ]XOGbdvo foog

ropkrtoh tk oxbjfjt d nogordi hkwgakhuidtjkg ke tbo JJS pdtbwdy

dgh dg jgcrodsoh ogorny oxpoghjturo tbdt js dsskcjdtoh wjtb

japrkvoh ajtkcbkghrjdi kxjhdtjvo aotdfkijsa, ds woii ds wjtb

dg ogbdgcoh dctjvjty ke tbo frkwg dhjpkso tjssuo (Ndrcjd-Cdk

ot di., 6=460Krtond-Akijgd ot di., 6=46). Jg ijgo wjtb ktbor akuso

akhois wjtb hocrodsoh JJS dctjvjty, ]tog-kvoroxprossjgn ajco,

ds woii ds bypkakrpbjc ]J3@ ajco, sbkw dg jgcrodsoh ikgnovjty

(Eku`ds ot di., 6=430Krtond-Akijgd ot di., 6=46).]drdhkxjcdiiy, NB dgh JNE-4 iovois hocijgo hurjgn gkradi dn-

jgn,ds woii dsjg akuso akhois keproadturo dnjgn (Scbuadcbor

ot di., 6==2). Xbus, d hocrodsoh JJS js d ckaakg cbdrdctorjstjc ke

fktb pbysjkiknjcdi dgh dccoiordtoh dnjgn, wborods d ckgstjtu-

tjvoiy hocrodsoh JJS oxtoghs ikgnovjty. Xboso dppdrogtiy ckgtrd-

hjctkry kfsorvdtjkgs cdg fo dcckaakhdtoh ughor d ugjeyjgn

akhoi fy wbjcb JJS hkwgakhuidtjkg rostocts d hoeogsjvo

rospkgso djaoh dt ajgjajzjgn coii nrkwtb dgh aotdfkijsa jg

tbo ckgtoxt ke systoajc hdadno (Ndrjgjs ot di., 6==2). Dcckrhjgn

tk tbjs vjow, krndgjsas wjtb d ckgstjtutjvoiy hocrodsoh JJS cdg

survjvo ikgnor focduso tboy bdvo ikwor rdtos ke coii nrkwtb

dgh aotdfkijsa dgh, bogco, ikwor rdtos ke coiiuidr hdadno.

Dikgn tbo sdao ijgos, pbysjkiknjcdiiy kr pdtbkiknjcdiiy dnoh kr-

ndgjsas hocrodso JJS jg dg dttoapt tk oxtogh tbojr ijeospdg.Bkwovor, dghtbjs js d ckgcopt tbdt wjii rocur jg tboekiikwjgn soc-

tjkgs, hoeogsjvo rospkgsos dndjgst dnjgn ady bdvo tbo rjs` ke

ovogtudiiy fockajgn hoiotorjkus dgh dnnrdvdtjgn dnjgn. Xbus,

oxtroaoiy ikw iovois ke JJS sjngdijgn dro jgckapdtjfio wjtb ijeo,

ds oxoapijffloh fy akuso guii autdtjkgs jg tbo ]J3@ kr D@X `j-

gdsos tbdt dro oafrykgjc iotbdi (Voggor dgh Cdrgork, 6==:).

Disk, tboro dro cdsos ke prknorkjh ajco wjtb vory ikw iovois ke

JNE-4, jg wbjcb suppioaogtdtjkg ke JNE-4 cdg daoijkrdto proad-

turo dnjgn (Adrjgk ot di., 6=4=).

Ktbor Gutrjogt-Sogsjgn Systoas< aXKV, DA]@, dgh

Sjrtujgs

Jg dhhjtjkg tk tbo JJS pdtbwdy tbdt pdrtjcjpdtos jg niuckso

sogsjgn, tbroo dhhjtjkgdi roidtoh dgh jgtorckggoctoh gutrjogt-

sogsjgn systoas dro tbo ekcus ke jgtogso jgvostjndtjkg< aXKV,

ekr tbo sogsjgn ke bjnb dajgk dcjh ckgcogtrdtjkgs0 DA]@, wbjcb

sogsos ikw-ogorny stdtos fy hotoctjgn bjnb DA] iovois0 dgh sjr-

tujgs, wbjcb sogso ikw-ogorny stdtos fy hotoctjgn bjnb GDH+

iovois (Bkut`kkpor ot di., 6=4=)(Ejnuro 8D).

Xbo aXKV `jgdso js pdrt ke twk auitjprktojg ckapioxos,

aXKVC4 dgh aXKVC6, tbdt ronuidto ossogtjdiiy dii dspocts ke

dgdfkijc aotdfkijsa (Idpidgto dgh Sdfdtjgj, 6=46). Nogotjc

hkwgronuidtjkg ke aXKVC4 dctjvjty jg yodst, wkras, dgh stjos

oxtoghs ikgnovjty dgh dttogudtos eurtbor ikgnovjty fogofflts

erka HV, sunnostjgn tbdt aXKV jgbjfjtjkg pbogkckpjos HV

(Lkbgskg ot di., 6=43). Jg ajco, trodtaogt wjtb rdpdaycjg disk ox-

toghs ikgnovjty jg wbdt js ckgsjhoroh tk fo tbo akst rkfust

cboajcdi jgtorvogtjkg tk jgcrodso ijeospdg jg adaadis (Bdrrjskgot di., 6==:). Nogotjcdiiy akhjffloh ajco wjtb ikw iovois ke

aXKVC4 dctjvjty fut gkradi iovois ke aXKVC6 bdvo jgcrodsoh

ijeospdg (Idaajgn ot di., 6=46), dgh ajco hofflcjogt jg S5@4

(d adjg aXKVC4 sufstrdto) dro disk ikgn-ijvoh (Soiadg ot di.,

6==:). Xboroekro, tbo hkwgronuidtjkg ke aXKVC4/S5@4

dppodrs ds tbo crjtjcdi aohjdtkr ke adaadijdg ikgnovjty jg roid-

tjkg tk aXKV. Akrokvor, aXKV dctjvjty jgcrodsoshurjgn dnjgnjg

akuso bypktbdidajc gourkgs, ckgtrjfutjgn tk dno-roidtoh

kfosjty, wbjcb js rovorsoh fy hjroct jgeusjkg ke rdpdaycjg tk

tbo bypktbdidaus (Zdgn ot di., 6=46). Xboso kfsorvdtjkgs,

tknotbor wjtb tbkso jgvkivjgn tbo JJS pdtbwdy, jghjcdto tbdt

jgtogso trkpbjc dgh dgdfkijc dctjvjty, sjngdioh tbrkunb tbo JJS

Ejnuro 8. Aotdfkijc Ditordtjkgs(D) Horonuidtoh gutrjogt sogsjgn. Kvorvjow ke tbo skadtrkpb dxjs jgvkivjgn

nrkwtb bkrakgo (NB) dgh tbo jgsuijg/jgsuijg nrkwtb edctkr 4 (JNE-4) sjngdijgn

pdtbwdy dgh jts roidtjkgsbjp tk hjotdry rostrjctjkg dgh dnjgn. Akiocuios tbdt

edvkr dnjgn dro sbkwg jg krdgno, dgh akiocuios wjtb dgtj-dnjgn prkportjos dro

sbkwg jg ijnbt nroog.

(F) Ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg. Ajtkcbkghrjdi eugctjkg fockaos porturfoh fy

dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh atHGD autdtjkgs, rohucoh ajtkcbkghrjknogosjs, hostdfj-

ijzdtjkg ke tbo oioctrkg trdgspkrt cbdjg (OXC) ckapioxos, ditoroh ajtkcbkghrjdi

hygdajcs, kr hoeoctjvo qudijty ckgtrki fy ajtkpbdny. Stross sjngdis dgh

hoeoctjvoajtkcbkghrjdi eugctjkg nogordtoVKS tbdt, foikw d cortdjgtbrosbkih,jghuco survjvdi sjngdis tk rostkro coiiuidr bkaokstdsjs fut, dt bjnbor kr

ckgtjguoh iovois, cdg ckgtrjfuto tk dnjgn. Sjajidriy, ajih ajtkcbkghrjdi hda-

dno cdg jghuco d bkraotjc rospkgso (ajtkbkraosjs) tbdt trjnnors dhdptjvo

ckapogsdtkry prkcossos.

46=6 Coii4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc.


10/24

kr tbo aXKVC4 pdtbwdys, dro adlkr dccoiordtkrs ke dnjgn.

Ditbkunb jgbjfjtjkg ke XKV dctjvjty ciodriy bds fogofflcjdi oeeocts

hurjgn dnjgn, jt disk bds ughosjrdfio sjho oeeocts, sucb ds

japdjroh wkugh bodijgn, jgsuijg rosjstdgco, cdtdrdcts, dgh

tostjcuidr honogordtjkg jg ajco ( ji`jgskg ot di., 6=46). Jt wjiitbus fo japkrtdgt tk ughorstdgh tbo aocbdgjsas jgvkivoh jg kr-

hor tk hotorajgo tbo oxtogt tk wbjcb fogofflcjdi dgh hdadnjgn oe-

eocts ke XKV jgbjfjtjkg cdg fo sopdrdtoh erka odcb ktbor.

Xbo ktbor twk gutrjogt sogskrs, DA]@ dgh sjrtujgs, dct jg tbo

kppksjto hjroctjkg tk JJS dgh aXKV, aodgjgn tbdt tboy sjngdi

gutrjogt scdrcjty dgh cdtdfkijsa jgstodh ke gutrjogt dfughdgco

dgh dgdfkijsa. Dcckrhjgniy, tbojr upronuidtjkg edvkrs boditby

dnjgn. DA]@ dctjvdtjkg bds auitjpio oeeocts kg aotdfkijsa

dgh, roadr`dfiy, sbuts kee aXKVC4 (Diors ot di., 6=46). Xboro

js ovjhogco jghjcdtjgn tbdt DA]@ dctjvdtjkg ady aohjdto ijeo-

spdg oxtogsjkg ekiikwjgn aotekrajg dhajgjstrdtjkg tk wkras

dgh ajco (Dgjsjakv ot di., 6=440 Adjr ot di., 6=440 Kg`og dgh

Hrjsckii, 6=4=). Xbo rkio ke sjrtujgs jg ijeospdg ronuidtjkg bds

foog hjscussoh dfkvo (soo Opjnogotjc Ditordtjkgs). Jg dhhj-tjkg, SJVX4 cdg hodcotyidto dgh dctjvdto tbo ]]DVnckdctjvdtkr

4d (]NC-4d) (Vkhnors ot di., 6==?). ]NC-4d krcbostrdtos d cka-

piox aotdfkijc rospkgso tbdt jgciuhos ajtkcbkghrjknogosjs,

ogbdgcoh dgtjkxjhdgt hoeogsos, dgh japrkvoh edtty dcjh kxjhd-

tjkg (Eorgdghoz-Adrcks dgh Duworx, 6=44). Akrokvor, SJVX4

dgh DA]@ cdg ogndno jg d pksjtjvo eoohfdc` ikkp, tbus ckg-

goctjgn fktb sogskrs ke ikw-ogorny stdtos jgtk d ugjffloh

rospkgso (]rjco ot di., 6=46).

Kvorvjow

Ckiioctjvoiy, currogt dvdjidfio ovjhogco strkgniy suppkrts tbo

jhod tbdt dgdfkijc sjngdijgn dccoiordtos dnjgn dgh hocrodsoh

gutrjogt sjngdijgn oxtoghs ikgnovjty (Ekgtdgd ot di., 6=4=).

Eurtbor, d pbdradckiknjcdi adgjpuidtjkg tbdt ajajcs d stdto ke

ijajtoh gutrjogt dvdjidfjijty, sucb ds rdpdaycjg, cdg oxtogh

ikgnovjty jg ajco (Bdrrjskg ot di., 6==:).

Ajtkcbkghrjdi Hyseugctjkg

Ds coiis dgh krndgjsas dno, tbo oefflcdcy ke tbo rospjrdtkry cbdjg

toghs tk hjajgjsb, tbus jgcrodsjgn oioctrkg iod dno dgh rohucjgn

DX] nogordtjkg (Nroog ot di., 6=44)(Ejnuro 8F). Xbo roidtjkg fo-

twoog ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg dgh dnjgn bds foog ikgn sus-

poctoh, fut hjssoctjgn jts hotdjis roadjgs ds d adlkr cbdiiogno

ekr dnjgn rosodrcb.

Vodctjvo Kxynog Spocjos

Xbo ajtkcbkghrjdi eroo rdhjcdi tbokry ke dnjgn prkpksos tbdt tbo

prknrossjvo ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg tbdt kccurs wjtb dnjgn ro-

suits jg jgcrodsoh prkhuctjkg ke VKS, wbjcb jg turg cdusoseurtbor ajtkcbkghrjdi hotorjkrdtjkg dgh nikfdi coiiuidr hdadno

(Bdradg, 4:5?). Auitjpio hdtd suppkrt d rkio ekr VKS jg dnjgn,

fut wo ekcus boro kg tbo hovoikpaogts ke tbo idst ? yodrs, wbjcb

bdvo ekrcoh dg jgtogso ro-ovdiudtjkg ke tbo ajtkcbkghrjdi eroo

rdhjcdi tbokry ke dnjgn (Bo`jaj ot di., 6=44). Ke pdrtjcuidr japdct

bds foog tbo ugoxpoctoh kfsorvdtjkg tbdt jgcrodsoh VKS ady

prkikgn ijeospdg jg yodst dgh C. oiondgs (Hkkgdg ot di., 6==20

Aosqujtd ot di., 6=4=0Udg Vddashkg` dgh Bo`jaj, 6==:). Sjaj-

idriy ugoxpoctoh, nogotjc adgjpuidtjkgs jg ajco tbdt jgcrodso

ajtkcbkghrjdi VKS dgh kxjhdtjvo hdadno hk gkt dccoiordto dn-

jgn (Udg Voaaog ot di., 6==30 \bdgn ot di., 6==:), ajco wjtb

jgcrodsoh dgtjkxjhdgt hoeogsos hk gkt prosogt dg oxtoghoh ijeo-

spdg (]oroz ot di., 6==:), dgh, fflgdiiy, nogotjc adgjpuidtjkgs tbdt

japdjr ajtkcbkghrjdi eugctjkg fut hk gkt jgcrodso VKS dccoi-

ordto dnjgn (Ohndr ot di., 6==:0Bjkgd ot di., 6=4=0@ulktb ot di.,

6==?0Xrjeugkvjc ot di., 6==80Uorauist ot di., 6==2). Xboso dgh

ktbor hdtd bdvo pdvoh tbo wdy tk d rockgsjhordtjkg ke tbo rkioke VKS jg dnjgn (Vjstkw dgh Scbaojssor, 6=44). Jghooh, pdrdiioi

dgh sopdrdto tk tbo wkr` kg tbo hdadnjgn oeeocts ke VKS, tbo

ffloih ke jgtrdcoiiuidr sjngdijgn bds dccuauidtoh skijh ovjhogco

ekr tbo rkio ke VKS jg trjnnorjgn prkijeordtjkg dgh survjvdi jg

rospkgso tk pbysjkiknjcdi sjngdis dgh stross ckghjtjkgs (Sogd

dgh Cbdghoi, 6=46). Xbo twk ijgos ke ovjhogco cdg fo bdrak-

gjzoh je VKS js rondrhoh ds d stross-oijcjtoh survjvdi sjngdi

ckgcoptudiiy sjajidr tk DA] kr GDH+

(soo Horonuidtoh Gutrjogt

Sogsjgn). Jg tbjs sogso, tbo prjadry oeeoct ke VKS wjii fo tbo

dctjvdtjkg ke ckapogsdtkry bkaokstdtjc rospkgsos. Ds cbrkgk-

iknjcdi dno dhvdgcos, coiiuidr stross dgh hdadno jgcrodso dgh

tbo iovois ke VKS jgcrodso jg pdrdiioi jg dg dttoapt tk adjgtdjg

survjvdi. Foykgh d cortdjg tbrosbkih, VKS iovois fotrdy tbojr

krjnjgdi bkaokstdtjc purpkso dgh ovogtudiiy dnnrdvdto, rdtbortbdg diiovjdto, tbo dno-dsskcjdtoh hdadno (Bo`jaj ot di.,

6=44). Xbjs gow ckgcoptudi erdaowkr` ady dcckaakhdto

dppdrogtiy ckgstjctjgn ovjhogco rondrhjgn tbo pksjtjvo, gondtjvo,

kr goutrdi oeeocts ke VKS kg dnjgn.

Ajtkcbkghrjdi Jgtonrjty dgh Fjknogosjs

Hyseugctjkgdi ajtkcbkghrjd cdg ckgtrjfuto tk dnjgn jghopog-

hogtiy ke VKS, ds oxoapijffloh fy stuhjos wjtb ajco tbdt dro hoffl-

cjogt jg HGD pkiyaordso n (Ohndr ot di., 6==:0 Bjkgd ot di., 6=4=)

(soo Nogkajc Jgstdfjijty). Xbjs ckuih bdppog tbrkunb d guafor

ke aocbdgjsas0 ekr oxdapio, ajtkcbkghrjdi hofflcjogcjos ady

deeoct dpkptktjc sjngdijgn fy jgcrodsjgn tbo prkpogsjty ke ajtk-

cbkghrjd tk poraodfjijzo jg rospkgso tk stross (@rkoaor ot di.,

6==>) dgh trjnnor jgstdaadtkry rodctjkgs fy edvkrjgn VKS-aohj-

dtoh dgh/kr poraodfjijzdtjkg-edcjijtdtoh dctjvdtjkg ke jgstdaad-

skaos (Nroog ot di., 6=44). Disk, ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg

ady hjroctiy japdct coiiuidr sjngdijgn dgh jgtorkrndgoiidr crkss-

tdi` fy deeoctjgn tbo jgtoredco fotwoog tbo kutor ajtkcbkghrjdi

aoafrdgo dgh tbo oghkpidsajc rotjcuiua (Vdeedoiik dgh Vjz-

zutk, 6=44).

Xbo rohucoh oefflcjogcy ke ajtkcbkghrjdi fjkogornotjcs wjtb dn-

jgn ady rosuit erka auitjpio ckgvornjgn aocbdgjsas, jgciuhjgn

rohucoh fjknogosjs ke ajtkcbkghrjdekr jgstdgco, ds d ckgso-

quogco ke toikaoro dttrjtjkg jg toikaordso-hofflcjogt ajco, wjtb

sufsoquogt p?3-aohjdtoh roprossjkg ke ]NC-4d dgh ]NC-4f

(Sdbjg dgh Ho]jgbk, 6=46). Xbjs ajtkcbkghrjdi hocijgo disk kc-

curs hurjgn pbysjkiknjcdi dnjgn jg wjih-typo ajco dgh cdg fo

pdrtjdiiy rovorsoh fy toikaordso dctjvdtjkg (Forgdrhos ho Losusot di., 6=46). SJVX4 akhuidtos ajtkcbkghrjdi fjknogosjs tbrkunb

d prkcoss jgvkivjgn tbo trdgscrjptjkgdi ckdctjvdtkr ]NC-4d

(Vkhnors ot di., 6==?) dgh tbo roakvdi ke hdadnoh ajtkcbkghrjd

fy dutkpbdny (Ioo ot di., 6==2). SJVX3, wbjcb js tbo adjg ajtk-

cbkghrjdi hodcotyidso (Ikafdrh ot di., 6==>), tdrnots adgy og-

zyaos jgvkivoh jg ogorny aotdfkijsa, jgciuhjgn ckapkgogts

ke tbo rospjrdtkry cbdjg, trjcdrfkxyijc dcjh cycio, `otknogosjs,

dgh edtty dcjh f-kxjhdtjkg (Njrdit dgh Ujiidrrkyd, 6=46). SJVX3

ady disk hjroctiy ckgtrki tbo rdto ke VKS prkhuctjkg fy hodcoty-

idtjgn adgndgoso suporkxjho hjsautdso, d adlkr ajtkcbkghrjdi

dgtjkxjhdgt ogzyao (Tju ot di., 6=4=0Xdk ot di., 6=4=). Ckiioc-

tjvoiy, tboso rosuits suppkrt tbo jhod tbdt toikaoros dgh sjrtujgs

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 46=3


11/24

ady ckgtrki ajtkcbkghrjdi eugctjkg dgh tbus pidy d prktoctjvo

rkio dndjgst dno-dsskcjdtoh hjsodsos.

Ktbor aocbdgjsas cdusjgn hoeoctjvo fjkogornotjcs jgciuho

dccuauidtjkg ke autdtjkgs dgh hoiotjkgs jg atHGD, kxjhdtjkg

ke ajtkcbkghrjdi prktojgs, hostdfjijzdtjkg ke tbo adcrkakiocuidrkrndgjzdtjkg ke rospjrdtkry cbdjg (supor)ckapioxos, cbdgnos jg

tbo ijpjh ckapksjtjkg ke ajtkcbkghrjdi aoafrdgos, ditordtjkgs

jg ajtkcbkghrjdi hygdajcs rosuitjgn erka jafdidgco ke fflssjkg

dgh eusjkg ovogts, dgh hoeoctjvo qudijty ckgtrki fy ajtkpbdny,

dg krndgoiio-spocjfflc ekra ke adcrkdutkpbdny tbdt tdrnots hoffl-

cjogt ajtkcbkghrjd ekr prktokiytjc honrdhdtjkg ( dgn dgh @ijkg-

s`y, 6=44). Xbo ckafjgdtjkg ke jgcrodsoh hdadno dgh rohucoh

turgkvor jg ajtkcbkghrjd, huo tk ikwor fjknogosjs dgh rohucoh

ciodrdgco, ady ckgtrjfuto tk tbo dnjgn prkcoss (Ejnuro 8F).

Jgtorostjgniy, oghurdgco trdjgjgn dgh ditorgdto-hdy edstjgn

ady japrkvo boditbspdg tbrkunb tbojr cdpdcjty tk dvkjh ajtk-

cbkghrjdi honogordtjkg (Cdstoiik ot di., 6=440 Sdehdr ot di.,

6=44). Jt js toaptjgn tk spocuidto tbdt tboso fogofflcjdi oeeocts

dro aohjdtoh, dt iodst jg pdrt, tbrkunb tbo jghuctjkg ke dutk-pbdny, ekr wbjcb fktb oghurdgco trdjgjgn dgh edstjgn ckgstjtuto

pktogt trjnnors (Vufjgsztojg ot di., 6=44). Bkwovor, dutkpbdny

jghuctjkg js prkfdfiy gkt tbo skio aocbdgjsa tbrkunb wbjcb d

boditby ijeostyio cdg rotdrh dnjgn, ds hopoghjgn kg tbo procjso

HV ronjao, dhhjtjkgdi ikgnovjtypdtbwdyscdg fo dctjvdtoh (@og-

ykg, 6=4=).

Ajtkbkraosjs

Ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkgs hurjgndnjgn dro disk ckggoctoh wjtb

bkraosjs, d ckgcopt kg wbjcb d guafor ke dnjgn rosodrcb ijgos

bdvo rocogtiy ckgvornoh (Cdidfroso ot di., 6=44). Dcckrhjgn tk

tbjs ckgcopt, ajih tkxjc trodtaogts trjnnor fogofflcjdi ckapogsd-

tkry rospkgsos tbdt surpdss tbo ropdjr ke tbo trjnnorjgn hdadno

dgh dctudiiy prkhuco dg japrkvoaogt jg coiiuidr ffltgoss wbog

ckapdroh tk tbo stdrtjgn prohdadno ckghjtjkgs. Xbus, ditbkunb

sovoro ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg js pdtbknogjc, ajih rospjrdtkry

hofflcjogcjos ady jgcrodso ijeospdg, porbdps huo tk d bkraotjc

rospkgso (Bdjnjs dgh Zdg`gor, 6=4=). Bkraotjc rodctjkgs ady

trjnnor d ajtkcbkghrjdi hoeogsjvo rospkgso fktb jg tbo sdao tjs-

suo jg wbjcb ajtkcbkghrjd dro hoeoctjvo dgh ovog jg hjstdgt tjs-

suos, ds sbkwg jg C. oiondgs (Hurjoux ot di., 6=44). Xboro js

ckapoiijgn ovjhogco tbdt ckapkughs sucb ds aotekrajg dghro-

svordtrki dro ajih ajtkcbkghrjdi pkjskgs tbdt jghuco d ikw-

ogorny stdto cbdrdctorjzoh fy jgcrodsoh DA] iovois dgh

dctjvdtjkg ke DA]@ (Bdwioy ot di., 6=4=). Japkrtdgtiy, aotekrajg

oxtoghs ijeospdg jg C. oiondgs tbrkunb tbo jghuctjkg ke d

ckapogsdtkry strossrospkgsoaohjdtohfy DA]@ dghtbo ads-

tor dgtjkxjhdgt ronuidtkr GVE6 (Kgòg dgh Hrjsckii, 6=4=).Vocogt stuhjos bdvo disk sbkwg tbdt aotekrajg rotdrhs dnjgn

jg wkras fy japdjrjgn ekidto dgh aotbjkgjgo aotdfkijsa ke tbojr

jgtostjgdi ajcrkfjkao (Cdfrojrk ot di., 6=43). Vondrhjgn ada-

adis, aotekrajg cdg jgcrodso akuso ijeospdg wbog dhajgjs-

toroh erka odriy ijeo (Dgjsjakv ot di., 6=44). Jg tbo cdsos ke rosvor-

dtrki dgh tbo sjrtujg dctjvdtkr SVX4>6=, tboro js ckgvjgcjgn

ovjhogco tbdt tboy prktoct erka aotdfkijc hdadno dgh japrkvo

ajtkcbkghrjdi rospjrdtjkg jg d ]NC-4d-hopoghogt edsbjkg (Fdur

ot di., 6==50Eojno ot di., 6==20Idnkuno ot di., 6==50Ajgkr ot di.,

6=44), ditbkunb rosvordtrki hkos gkt oxtogh akuso ijeospdg ug-

hor gkradi hjotdry ckghjtjkgs (]odrskg ot di., 6==20Strkgn ot di.,

6=43). Eurtbor suppkrt ekr tbo rkio ke ]NC-4djg ikgnovjty ckaos

erka tbo kfsorvdtjkg tbdt ]NC-4d kvoroxprossjkg suefflcos tk

oxtogh Hrkskpbjid ijeospdg jg dsskcjdtjkg wjtb japrkvoh ajtk-

cbkghrjdi dctjvjty (Vord ot di., 6=44). Ejgdiiy, ajtkcbkghrjdi ug-

ckupijgnojtbor nogotjcdiiy tbrkunb tbo kvoroxprossjkg ke tbo

ugckupijgn prktojg _C]4 kr fy dhajgjstrdtjkg ke tbo cboajcdiugckupior 6-8-hjgjtrkpbogkicdg jgcrodso ijeospdg jg stjos dgh

ajco (Cdihojrd hd Sjivd ot di., 6==20 Erjhoii ot di., 6==:0Ndtos

ot di., 6==>0Akkòrloo ot di., 6=4=).

Kvorvjow

Ajtkcbkghrjdi eugctjkg bds d prkekugh japdct kg tbo dnjgn

prkcoss. Ajtkcbkghrjdi hyseugctjkg cdg dccoiordto dnjgn jg

adaadis (@ulktb ot di., 6==?0 Xrjeugkvjc ot di., 6==80Uorauist

ot di., 6==2), fut jt js ioss ciodr wbotbor japrkvjgn ajtkcbkghrjdi

eugctjkg, ekr oxdapio tbrkunb ajtkbkraosjs, cdg oxtogh ijeospdg

jg adaadis, tbkunb sunnostjvo ovjhogco jg tbjs sogso dirodhy

oxjsts.

Coiiuidr Sogoscogco

Coiiuidr sogoscogco cdg fo hofflgoh ds d stdfio drrost ke tbo coiicycio ckupioh tk storoktypoh pbogktypjc cbdgnos (Cdapjsj dgh

hDhhd hj Edndngd, 6==>0Ckiidhk ot di., 6==>0@ujiadg ot di.,

6=4=) (Ejnuro ?D). Xbjs pbogkaogkg wds krjnjgdiiy hoscrjfoh

fy Bdystjc` jg buadg fflfrkfidsts sorjdiiy pdssdnoh jg cuituro

(Bdystjc` dgh Akkrbodh, 4:54). Xkhdy, wo `gkw tbdt tbo sogos-

cogco kfsorvoh fy Bdystjc` js cdusoh fy toikaoro sbkrtogjgn

(Fkhgdr ot di., 4::2), fut tboro dro ktbor dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh stjauij

tbdt trjnnor sogoscogco jghopoghogtiy ke tbjs toikaorjc prkcoss.

Akst gktdfiy, gkgtoikaorjc HGD hdadno dgh horoprossjkg ke

tbo JG@8/DVE ikcus, fktb ke wbjcb prknrossjvoiy kccur wjtb

cbrkgkiknjcdi dnjgn, dro disk cdpdfio ke jghucjgn sogoscogco

(Ckiidhk ot di., 6==>). Xbo dccuauidtjkg ke sogoscogt coiis jg

dnoh tjssuos bds foog ketog jgeorroh usjgn surrkndto adròrs

sucb ds HGD hdadno. Skao stuhjos bdvo hjroctiy usoh sogos-

cogco-dsskcjdtoh f-ndidctksjhdso (SDFN) tk jhogtjey sogos-

cogco jg tjssuos (Hjarj ot di., 4::?). Ke gkto, d hotdjioh dgh pdr-

diioi qudgtjfflcdtjkg ke SDFN dgh HGD hdadno jg ijvor prkhucoh

ckapdrdfio qudgtjtdtjvo hdtd, yjoihjgn d tktdi ke2% sogoscogt

coiis jg ykugn ajco dgh 4>% jg vory kih ajco ( dgn ot di.,

6==:). Sjajidr rosuits woro kftdjgoh jg tbo s`jg, iugn, dgh spioog,

fut gk cbdgnos woro kfsorvoh jg bodrt, sòiotdi auscio, dgh`jh-

goy ( dgn ot di., 6==:). Fdsoh kg tboso hdtd, jt js ciodr tbdt

coiiuidr sogoscogco js gkt d nogordijzoh prkporty ke dii tjssuos

jg dnoh krndgjsas. Jg tbo cdso ke sogoscogt tuakr coiis, tboro

js nkkh ovjhogco tbdt tboy drosufloctoh tk strjctjaaugo survoji-

idgco dgh dro oefflcjogtiy roakvoh fy pbdnkcytksjs (Bkogjcò

dgh \oghor, 6=460@dgn ot di., 6=440Ruo ot di., 6==>). Ckgcojv-dfiy, tbo dccuauidtjkg ke sogoscogt coiis wjtb dnjgn cdg rostoct

dg jgcrodso jg tbo rdto ke nogordtjkg ke sogoscogt coiis dgh/kr d

hocrodso jg tbojr rdto ke ciodrdgcoekr oxdapio, ds d ckgso-

quogco ke dg dttogudtoh jaaugo rospkgso.

Focduso tboguafor ke sogoscogtcoiisjgcrodsos wjtb dnjgn,jt

bds foog wjhoiy dssuaoh tbdt sogoscogco ckgtrjfutos tk dnjgn.

Bkwovor, tbjs vjow ughorvdiuos wbdt ckgcojvdfiy js tbo prjadry

purpkso ke sogoscogco, wbjcb js tk provogt tbo prkpdndtjkg ke

hdadnoh coiis dgh tk trjnnor tbojr hoajso fy tbo jaaugo sys-

toa. Xboroekro, jt js pkssjfio tbdt sogoscogco js d fogofflcjdi

ckapogsdtkry rospkgso tbdt ckgtrjfutos tk rjh tjssuos erka

hdadnoh dgh pktogtjdiiy kgcknogjc coiis. Xbjs coiiuidr



12/24

cboc`pkjgt, bkwovor, roqujros dg oefflcjogt coii ropidcoaogt sys-

toa tbdt jgvkivos ciodrdgco ke sogoscogt coiis dgh akfjijzdtjkg

ke prknogjtkrs tk ro-ostdfijsb coii guafors. Jg dnoh krndgjsas,

tbjs turgkvor systoa ady fockao jgoefflcjogt kr ady oxbdust

tbo ronogordtjvo cdpdcjty ke prknogjtkr coiis, ovogtudiiy rosuitjgn

jg tbo dccuauidtjkg ke sogoscogt coiis tbdt ady dnnrdvdto tbo

hdadno dgh ckgtrjfuto tk dnjgn (Ejnuro ?D).

Jg rocogt yodrs, jt bds foog dpprocjdtoh tbdt sogoscogt coiis

adgjeost hrdadtjc ditordtjkgs jg tbojr socrotkao, wbjcb js pdrtjc-

uidriy ogrjcboh jg prkjgstdaadtkry cytk`jgos dgh adtrjx aotdiik-

prktojgdsos dgh js roeorroh tk ds tbo sogoscogco-dsskcjdtoh

socrotkry pbogktypo (@ujiadg ot di., 6=4=0 Vkhjor dgh Cdapjsj,

6=44). Xbjs prkjgstdaadtkry socrotkao ady ckgtrjfuto tk dnjgn

(soo Jgtorcoiiuidr Ckaaugjcdtjkg).

Xbo JG@8d/DVE Ikcus dgh p?3

Jg dhhjtjkg tk HGD hdadno, oxcossjvo ajtknogjc sjngdijgn js tboktbor stross akst rkfustiy dsskcjdtoh tk sogoscogco. D rocogt

dcckugt ijstoh akro tbdg ?= kgcknogjc kr ajtknogjc ditordtjkgs

tbdt dro dfio tk jghuco sogoscogco (Nkrnkuijs dgh Bdidzkgotjs,

6=4=). Xbo guafor ke aocbdgjsas tbdt japioaogt sogoscogco

jg rospkgso tk tbjs vdrjoty ke kgcknogjc jgsuits bds disk nrkwg,

fut tbo krjnjgdiiy ropkrtoh p45JG@8d/Vf dgh p4:DVE/p?3 pdtb-

wdys roadjg, jg nogordi, tbo akst japkrtdgt kgos (Sorrdgk

ot di., 4::>). Xbo roiovdgco ke tboso pdtbwdys ekr dnjgn fockaos

ovog akro strj`jgn wbog ckgsjhorjgn tbdt tbo iovois ke p45JG@8d

(dgh, tk d ikwor oxtogt, disk p4:DVE) ckrroidto wjtb tbo cbrkgk-

iknjcdi dno ke ossogtjdiiy dii tjssuos dgdiyzoh fktb jg ajco dgh

buadgs (@rjsbgdaurtby ot di., 6==80 Vossior ot di., 6==5). ô

dro gkt dwdro ke dgy ktbor nogo kr prktojg wbkso oxprossjkg js

sk rkfustiy ckrroidtoh wjtb cbrkgkiknjcdi dnjgn dcrkss tjssuos,dcrkss spocjos, dgh wjtb d rdgno ke vdrjdtjkg tbdt, kg dvordno,

js kgo krhor ke adngjtuho fotwoog ykugn dgh kih tjssuos.

Fktb p45JG@8d dgh p4:DVE dro ogckhoh fy tbo sdao nogotjc ik-

cus, tboJG@8d/DVEikcus. D rocogt aotd-dgdiysjs ke akro tbdg

3== nogkao-wjho dsskcjdtjkg stuhjos (N^DS) jhogtjffloh tbo

JG@8d/DVEikcus ds tbo nogkajc ikcus tbdt js nogotjcdiiy ijgòh

tk tbo bjnbost guafor ke dno-dsskcjdtoh pdtbkiknjos, jgciuhjgn

sovordi typos ke cdrhjkvdscuidr hjsodsos, hjdfotos, niduckad,

dgh Dizbojaors hjsodso (Loc` ot di., 6=46). Xboso kfsorvdtjkgs

pidco tbo JG@8d/DVE ikcus ds tbo fost hkcuaogtoh nogo tbdt

ckgtrkis buadg dnjgn dgh dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh pdtbkiknjos. D crjt-

jcdi poghjgn jssuo js tk hotorajgo wbotbor tbo hjsodso-dsskcj-

dtohJG@8d/DVEdiioios prosogt ndjg kr ikss ke eugctjkg.

Xbo crjtjcdi rkio ke p45JG@8d dgh p?3 jg tbo jghuctjkg ke coii

sogoscogco bds edvkroh tbo bypktbosjs tbdt p45 JG@8d-jghucoh

dgh p?3-jghucoh sogoscogco ckgtrjfuto tk pbysjkiknjcdi dnjgn.

Dcckrhjgn tk tbjs vjow, tbo prk-dnjgn dctjvjty ke p45JG@8d dghp?3

wkuih fo d tkiordfio tkii ckapdroh tk tbojr fogofflts jg tuakr sup-

prossjkg. Jg suppkrt ke tbjs, autdgt ajco wjtb proadturo dnjgn

huo tk oxtogsjvo dgh porsjstogt hdadno prosogt hrdadtjc iovois

ke sogoscogco, dgh tbojr prknorkjh pbogktypos dro daoijkrdtoh

fy oijajgdtjkg ke p45JG@8d kr p?3. Xbjs js tbo cdso wjtb ajco hoffl-

cjogt jg FVCD4 (Cdk ot di., 6==3), wjtb d akuso akhoi ke BN]S

(Udroid ot di., 6==?), dgh wjtb ajco wjtb hoeoctjvo cbrkakskadi

stdfjijty huo tk d bypkakrpbjc autdtjkg ke FufV4 (Fdòr ot di.,

6=44). Bkwovor, ktbor ovjhogcos sunnost d akro ckapijcdtoh

pjcturo. Jg ckgtrdst tk tbojr dgtjcjpdtoh prk-dnjgn rkio, ajcowjtb d ajih dgh systoajc jgcrodso jg p45JG@8d, p4:DVE, kr p?3 tu-

akr supprosskrs oxbjfjt oxtoghoh ikgnovjty, wbjcb cdggkt fo

dcckugtoh ekr fy tbojr ikwor cdgcor jgcjhogco (Adtbou ot di.,

6==>,6==:). Disk, oijajgdtjkg ke p?3 dnnrdvdtos tbo pbogktypos

ke skao prknorkjh autdgt ajco (Fonus-Gdbradgg ot di., 6==:0

Aurnd ot di., 6==:0Vuzdg`jgd ot di., 6==:). Dndjg, ds hjscussoh

dfkvo ekr sogoscogco, tbo dctjvdtjkg ke p?3 dghJG@8d/DVEcdg

fo rondrhoh ds d fogofflcjdi ckapogsdtkry rospkgso djaoh dt

dvkjhjgn tbo prkpdndtjkg ke hdadnoh coiis dgh jts ckgso-

quogcos kg dnjgn dgh cdgcor. Bkwovor, wbog hdadno js porvd-

sjvo, tbo ronogordtjvo cdpdcjty ke tjssuos cdg fo oxbdustoh kr

sdturdtoh, dgh ughor tboso oxtroao ckghjtjkgs, tbo p?3 dgh

Ejnuro ?. Coiiuidr Sogoscogco, Stoa Coii Oxbdustjkg, dgh Ditoroh

Jgtorcoiiuidr Ckaaugjcdtjkg(D) Coiiuidrsogoscogco.Jg ykugn krndgjsas, coiiuidrsogoscogcoprovogts tbo

prkijeordtjkg ke hdadnoh coiis, tbusprktoctjgn erka cdgcor dgh ckgtrjfutjgn tk

tjssuo bkaokstdsjs. Jg kih krndgjsas, tbo porvdsjvo hdadno dgh tbo hofflcjogt

ciodrdgco ke sogoscogt coiis rosuit jg tbojr dccuauidtjkg, dgh tbjs bds d

guafor ke hoiotorjkus oeeocts kg tjssuo bkaokstdsjs tbdt ckgtrjfuto tk dnjgn.

(F) Stoa coii oxbdustjkg. Ckgsoquogcos ke tbo oxbdustjkg ke boadtkpkjotjc

stoa coiis (BSCs), aosogcbyadi stoa coiis (ASCs), sdtoiijto coiis, dgh jg-

tostjgdi opjtboijdi stoa coiis (JOSCs) dro oxoapijffloh.

(C) Ditoroh jgtorcoiiuidr ckaaugjcdtjkg. Oxdapios ke ditoroh jgtorcoiiuidr

ckaaugjcdtjkg dsskcjdtoh wjtb dnjgn.

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 46=?


13/24


14/24

tbo edjiuro ke dg ovor akro hyseugctjkgdi jaaugo systoa tk

oeeoctjvoiy ciodr pdtbknogs dgh hyseugctjkgdi bkst coiis, tbo prk-

pogsjty ke sogoscogt coiis tk socroto prkjgstdaadtkry cytk`jgos

(soo Coiiuidr Sogoscogco), tbo ogbdgcoh dctjvdtjkg ke tbo GE-

`F trdgscrjptjkg edctkr, kr tbo kccurrogco ke d hoeoctjvo dutk-

pbdny rospkgso (Sdiajgog ot di., 6=46). Xboso ditordtjkgs rosuit

jg dg ogbdgcoh dctjvdtjkg ke tboGIV]3jgstdaadskaodgh ktbor

prkjgstdaadtkry pdtbwdys, fflgdiiy iodhjgn tk jgcrodsoh prkhuc-

tjkg ke JI-4f, tuakr gocrksjs edctkr, dgh jgtoreorkgs (Nroog

ot di., 6=440Sdiajgog ot di., 6=46). Jgstdaadtjkg js disk jgvkivoh

jg tbo pdtbknogosjs ke kfosjty dgh typo 6 hjdfotos, twk ckghj-

tjkgs tbdt ckgtrjfuto tk dgh ckrroidto wjtb dnjgn jg tbo buadg

pkpuidtjkg (Fdrzjidj ot di., 6=46). Ijòwjso, hoeoctjvo jgstdaad-

tkry rospkgsos pidy d crjtjcdi rkio jg dtborksciorksjs (Xdfds,

6=4=). Xbo rocogt fflghjgn tbdt dno-dsskcjdtoh jgstdaadtjkg jg-

bjfjts opjhoradi stoa coii eugctjkg (Hkios ot di., 6=46) eurtbor

suppkrts tbo jgtrjcdto ckgcdtogdtjkg ke hjeeorogt bdiiadr`s tbdt

rojgekrcos tbo dnjgn prkcoss. ]drdiioijgn jgstdaadnjgn, tbo eugc-

tjkg ke tbo dhdptjvo jaaugo systoa hocijgos (Hoo`s, 6=44). Xbjs

jaaugksogoscogco ady dnnrdvdto tbo dnjgn pbogktypo dt tbo

systoajc iovoi huo tk tbo edjiuro ke tbo jaaugo systoa tk ciodr

jgeoctjkus dnogts, jgeoctoh coiis, dgh coiis kg tbo vorno ke adijn-gdgt trdgsekradtjkg. Akrokvor, kgo ke tbo eugctjkgs ke tbo ja-

augo systoa js tk rockngjzo dgh oijajgdto sogoscogt coiis

(soo Stoa Coii Oxbdustjkg), ds woii ds byporpikjh coiis tbdt

dccuauidto jg dnjgn tjssuos dgh proadijngdgt iosjkgs (Hdvkij

dgh ho Idgno, 6=440Sogkvjiid ot di., 6=46).

Nikfdi stuhjos kg tbo trdgscrjptjkgdi idghscdpo ke dnoh

tjssuos bdvo disk oapbdsjzoh tbo roiovdgco ke jgstdaadtkry

pdtbwdys jg dnjgn (ho Adndibdos ot di., 6==:0Ioo ot di., 6=46).

Kvordctjvdtjkg ke tbo GE-`F pdtbwdy js kgo ke tboso trdgscrjp-

tjkgdi sjngdturos ke dnjgn, dgh ckghjtjkgdi oxprossjkg ke dg

GE-`F jgbjfjtkr jg tbo dnoh s`jg ke trdgsnogjc ajco cdusos tbo

pbogktypjc roluvogdtjkg ke tbjs tjssuo, ds woii ds tbo rostkrdtjkg

ke tbo trdgscrjptjkgdi sjngdturo ckrrospkghjgn tk ykugn dno

(Dhior ot di., 6==>). Ijòwjso, nogotjc dgh pbdradckiknjcdi jgbj-

fjtjkg ke GE-`F sjngdijgn provogts dno-dsskcjdtoh eodturos jg

hjeeorogt akuso akhois ke dccoiordtoh dnjgn (Kskrjk ot di.,

6=460 Xjistrd ot di., 6=46). D gkvoi ijg` fotwoog jgstdaadtjkgdgh dnjgn horjvos erka tbo rocogt fflghjgn tbdt jgstdaadtkry

dgh stross rospkgsos dctjvdto GE-`F jg tbo bypktbdidaus dgh

jghuco d sjngdijgn pdtbwdy tbdt rosuits jg rohucoh prkhuctjkg

ke nkgdhktrkpjg-roiodsjgn bkrakgo (NgVB) fy gourkgs (\bdgn

ot di., 6=43). Xbjs NgVB hocijgo cdg ckgtrjfuto tk guaorkus dn-

jgn-roidtoh cbdgnos sucb ds fkgo erdnjijty, auscio wod`goss,

s`jg dtrkpby, dgh rohucoh gourknogosjs. Ckgsjstogtiy, NgVB

trodtaogt provogts dnjgn-japdjroh gourknogosjs dgh hocoior-

dtos dnjgn hovoikpaogt jg ajco (\bdgn ot di., 6=43). Xboso fflgh-

jgns sunnost tbdt tbo bypktbdidaus ady akhuidto systoajc

dnjgn fy jgtonrdtjgn GE-`F-hrjvog jgstdaadtkry rospkgsos

wjtb NgVB-aohjdtoh gourkoghkcrjgo oeeocts.

Eurtbor jg vjvk ovjhogco ijg`jgn jgstdaadtjkg dgh dnjgn horjvos

erka wkr` kg tbo aVGD hocdy edctkr D_E4, wbjcb js japijcdtohjg tbocossdtjkg ke tbojgstdaadtkryrospkgsofy aohjdtjgncytk-

`jgo aVGD honrdhdtjkg (]kgt ot di., 6=46).D_E4-hofflcjogt ajco

oxbjfjt d adròh coiiuidr sogoscogco dgh proadturo dnjgn

pbogktypo tbdt cdg fo roscuoh fy ro-oxprossjkg ke tbjs VGD-

fjghjgn edctkr. Jgtorostjgniy, jg dhhjtjkg tk hjroctjgn jgstdaadtkry

cytk`jgo aVGD hocdy, D_E4 ckgtrjfutos tk adjgtdjgjgn toik-

aoro iogntb fy dctjvdtjgn tbo oxprossjkg ke tbo toikaordso cdt-

diytjc sufugjt XOVX (]kgt ot di., 6=46), dndjg hoakgstrdtjgn tbdt

kgo sjgnio edctkr ady bdvo d strkgn japdct kg hjeeorogt dnjgn

bdiiadr`s.

D sjajidr sjtudtjkg kccurs wjtb sjrtujgs, wbjcb ady disk bdvo dg

japdct kg jgstdaadtkry rospkgsos dsskcjdtoh wjtb dnjgn.

Sovordi stuhjos bdvo rovodioh tbdt, fy hodcotyidtjgn bjstkgos

dgh ckapkgogts ke jgstdaadtkry sjngdijgn pdtbwdys sucb ds

GE-`F, SJVX4 cdg hkwgronuidto jgstdaadtjkg-roidtoh nogos

(Rjo ot di., 6=43). Ckgsjstogt wjtb tboso fflghjgns, rohuctjkg ke

SJVX4 iovois ckrroidtos wjtb tbo hovoikpaogt dgh prknrossjkg

ke adgy jgstdaadtkry hjsodsos, dgh pbdradckiknjc dctjvdtjkg

ke SJVX4 ady provogt jgstdaadtkry rospkgsos jg ajco (Njiiua

ot di., 6=440 Zdk ot di., 6=460 \bdgn ot di., 6=4=). SJVX6 dgh

SJVX5 ady disk hkwgronuidto tbo jgstdaadtkry rospkgso

tbrkunb hodcotyidtjkg ke GE-`F sufugjts dgh trdgscrjptjkgdi

roprossjkg ke tbojr tdrnot nogos (@dwdbdrd ot di., 6==:0 Vktb-

njossor ot di., 6=4=).

Ktbor Xypos ke Jgtorcoiiuidr Ckaaugjcdtjkg

Foykgh jgstdaadtjkg, dccuauidtjgn ovjhogco jghjcdtos tbdt dn-

jgn-roidtoh cbdgnos jg kgo tjssuo cdg iodhtk dnjgn-spocjfflc hoto-rjkrdtjkg ke ktbor tjssuos, oxpidjgjgn tbo jgtorkrndg ckkrhjgdtjkg

ke tbo dnjgn pbogktypo. Jg dhhjtjkg tk jgstdaadtkry cytk`jgos,

tboro dro ktbor oxdapios ke ckgtdnjkus dnjgn kr fystdghor oe-

eocts jg wbjcb sogoscogt coiis jghucosogoscogco jg gojnbfkrjgn

coiisvjd ndp-lugctjkg-aohjdtoh coii-coii ckgtdcts dgh prkcossos

jgvkivjgn VKS (Goiskg ot di., 6=46). Xbo ajcrkogvjrkgaogt ckg-

trjfutos tk tbo dno-roidtoh eugctjkgdi hoeocts ke CH8 X coiis, ds

dssossoh fy usjgn dg dhkptjvo trdgseor akhoi jg ajco (Ioeofvro

ot di., 6=46). Ckgvorsoiy, ijeospdg-oxtoghjgn adgjpuidtjkgs tdr-

notjgn kgosjgnio tjssuo cdg rotdrh tbo dnjgn prkcoss jg ktbor tjs-

suos (Hurjoux ot di., 6=440 Idvdsdgj ot di., 6=460 Xkads-Ikfd

ot di., 6==2).

Ejnuro 5. Eugctjkgdi Jgtorckggoctjkgs fotwoog tbo Bdiiadr`s ke

DnjgnXbo prkpksoh gjgo bdiiadr`s ke dnjgn dro nrkupoh jgtk tbroo cdtonkrjos. (Xkp)

Xbkso bdiiadr`s ckgsjhoroh tk fo tbo prjadry cdusos ke coiiuidr hdadno.

(Ajhhio) Xbkso ckgsjhoroh tk fo pdrt ke ckapogsdtkry kr dgtdnkgjstjc ro-spkgsos tk tbo hdadno. Xboso rospkgsos jgjtjdiiy ajtjndto tbo hdadno, fut

ovogtudiiy, je cbrkgjc kr oxdcorfdtoh, tboy fockao hoiotorjkus tboasoivos.

(Fkttka) Jgtonrdtjvo bdiiadr`s tbdt dro tbo ogh rosuit ke tbo provjkus twk

nrkups ke bdiiadr`s dgh dro uitjadtoiy rospkgsjfio ekr tbo eugctjkgdi hocijgo

dsskcjdtoh wjtb dnjgn.

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 46=>


15/24

Vostkrjgn Hoeoctjvo Jgtorcoiiuidr Ckaaugjcdtjkg

Xboro dro sovordi pkssjfjijtjos ekr rostkrjgn hoeoctjvo jgtorcoiiuidr

ckaaugjcdtjkg ughoriyjgn dnjgn prkcossos, jgciuhjgn nogotjc,

gutrjtjkgdi, kr pbdradckiknjcdi jgtorvogtjkgs tbdt ady japrkvo

tbo coii-coii ckaaugjcdtjkg prkportjos tbdt dro ikst wjtb dnjgn

(Erojlo dgh Ikpoz-Ktg, 6=460Vdghk dgh Cbdgn, 6=46). Ke spo-

cjdi jgtorost jg tbjs rondrh dro tbo HV dpprkdcbos tk oxtogh

boditby ijeospdg (]jpor ot di., 6=440 Sdgcboz-Vkadg ot di.,

6=46) dgh tbo roluvogdtjkg strdtonjos fdsoh kg tbo uso ke

fikkh-fkrgo systoajc edctkrs jhogtjffloh jg pdrdfjksjs oxporj-

aogts (Ckgfky ot di., 6==?0Ikeerohk ot di., 6=430Ujiiohd ot di.,

6=44). Akrokvor, tbo ikgn-tora dhajgjstrdtjkg ke dgtj-jgstdaad-

tkry dnogts sucb ds dspjrjg ady jgcrodso ikgnovjty jg ajco dgh

boditby dnjgn jg buadgs (Vktbwoii ot di., 6=440 Strkgn ot di.,

6==2). Dhhjtjkgdiiy, njvog tbdt tbo nut ajcrkfjkao sbdpos tbo

eugctjkg ke tbo bkst jaaugo systoa dgh oxorts systoajc aotd-

fkijc oeeocts, jt dppodrs pkssjfio tk oxtogh ijeospdg fy adgjpu-

idtjgn tbo ckapksjtjkg dgh eugctjkgdijty ke tbo ckapiox dgh

hygdajc jgtostjgdi fdctorjdi ocksystoa ke tbo buadg fkhy

(Cidosskg ot di., 6=460Kttdvjdgj ot di., 6=44).

Kvorvjow

Xboro js ckapoiijgn ovjhogco tbdt dnjgn js gktdg oxciusjvoiy coii-

fjkiknjcdi pbogkaogkg dgh tbdt jt js ckupioh tk d nogordi ditor-

dtjkg jg jgtorcoiiuidr ckaaugjcdtjkg, keeorjgn kppkrtugjtjos tk

akhuidto dnjgn dt tbjs iovoi. Oxcjtjgniy, prkke ke prjgcjpio oxjsts

ekr roluvogdtjkg tbrkunb fikkh-fkrgo systoajc edctkrs (Ckgfky

ot di., 6==?0Ikeerohk ot di., 6=430Ujiiohd ot di., 6=44).

Ckgciusjkgs dgh ]orspoctjvos

D nikfdi vjow ke tbo gjgo cdghjhdto bdiiadr`s ke dnjgn oguaor-

dtoh jg tbjs Vovjow sunnosts tbroo cdtonkrjos< prjadry bdii-

adr s, dgtdnkgjstjc bdiiadr`s, dgh jgtonrdtjvo bdiiadr`s

(Ejnuro 5). Xbo ckaakg cbdrdctorjstjc ke tbo prjadry bdiiadr`s

js tbo edct tbdt tboy dro dii ugoqujvkcdiiy gondtjvo. Xbjs js tbo

cdso wjtb HGD hdadno, jgciuhjgn cbrkakskadi dgoupikjhjos0

ajtkcbkghrjdi HGD autdtjkgs0 dgh toikaoro ikss, opjnogotjchrjet, dgh hoeoctjvo prktokstdsjs. Jg ckgtrdst tk tbo prjadry bdii-

adr`s, dgtdnkgjstjc bdiiadr`s bdvo kppksjto oeeocts hopoghjgn

kg tbojr jgtogsjty. Dt ikw iovois, tboy aohjdto fogofflcjdi oeeocts,

fut dt bjnb iovois, tboy fockao hoiotorjkus. Xbjs js tbo cdso ekr

sogoscogco, wbjcb prktocts tbo krndgjsa erka cdgcor fut

wbjcb, jg oxcoss, cdg prkakto dnjgn. Sjajidriy, VKS aohjdto

coii sjngdijgn dgh survjvdi fut, dt cbrkgjc bjnb iovois, cdg prk-

huco coiiuidr hdadno0 ij`owjso, kptjadi gutrjogt sogsjgn dgh

dgdfkijsa dro kfvjkusiy japkrtdgt ekr survjvdi fut, jg oxcoss

dgh hurjgn tjao, cdg fockao pdtbkiknjcdi. Xboso bdiiadr`s

cdg fo vjowoh ds fojgn hosjngoh ekr prktoctjgn tbo krndgjsa

erka hdadno kr erka gutrjogt scdrcjty. Fut wbog tboy dro

Ejnuro >. Jgtorvogtjkgs tbdt Ajnbt Oxtogh Buadg BoditbspdgXbo gjgo bdiiadr`s ke dnjgn dro sbkwg tknotbor wjtb tbkso tbordpoutjc strdtonjos ekr wbjcb tboro js prkke ke prjgcjpio jg ajco.



16/24

oxdcorfdtoh kr cbrkgjc, tboy sufvort tbojr purpkso dgh nogordto

eurtbor hdadno. D tbjrh cdtonkry ckaprjsos tbo jgtonrdtjvo bdii-

adr`sstoa coii oxbdustjkg dgh ditoroh jgtorcoiiuidr ckaaugj-

cdtjkgtbdt hjroctiy deeoct tjssuo bkaokstdsjs dgh eugctjkg.

Gktwjtbstdghjgn tbo jgtorckggoctohgoss fotwoog dii bdiiadr`s,wo prkpkso skao honroo ke bjordrcbjcdi roidtjkg fotwoog tboa

(Ejnuro 5). Xbo prjadry bdiiadr`s ckuih fo tbo jgjtjdtjgn trjnnors

wbkso hdadnjgn ckgsoquogcos prknrossjvoiy dccuauidto

wjtb tjao. Xbo dgtdnkgjstjc bdiiadr`s, fojgn jg prjgcjpio fogoffl-

cjdi, fockao prknrossjvoiy gondtjvo jg d prkcoss tbdt js pdrtiy

prkaktoh kr dccoiordtoh fy tbo prjadry bdiiadr`s. Ejgdiiy, tbo

jgtonrdtjvo bdiiadr`s drjso wbog tbo dccuauidtoh hdadno

cdusoh fy tbo prjadry dgh dgtdnkgjstjc bdiiadr`s cdggkt fo

ckapogsdtoh fy tjssuo bkaokstdtjc aocbdgjsas. Focduso

tbo bdiiadr`s ck-kccur hurjgn dnjgn dgh dro jgtorckggoctoh, ug-

horstdghjgn tbojr oxdct cdusdi gotwkr` js dg oxcjtjgn cbdiiogno

ekr euturo wkr`.

Hofflgjgn bdiiadr`s ke dnjgn ady ckgtrjfuto tk (4) fujihjgn d

erdaowkr` ekr euturo stuhjos kg tbo akiocuidr aocbdgjsas kednjgn dgh (6) hosjngjgn jgtorvogtjkgs tk japrkvo buadg boditb-

spdg (Ejnuro >). Bkwovor, tboro dro stjii guaorkus cbdiiognos

dbodh jg roidtjkg tk ughorstdghjgn tbjs ckapiox fjkiknjcdi prk-

coss (Adrtjg, 6=440 Ajiior, 6=46). Xbo rdpjh hovoikpaogt ke

goxt-nogordtjkg soquogcjgn tocbgkiknjos ady bdvo d spocjdi

japdct kg dnjgn rosodrcb fy edcjijtdtjgn tbo ovdiudtjkg ke tbo no-

gotjc dgh opjnogotjc cbdgnos spocjfflcdiiy dccuauidtoh fy jghj-

vjhudi coiis jg dg dnjgn krndgjsa (ho Adndibdos ot di., 6=4=0

Nughry dgh Ujln, 6=46). Xboso tocbgjquos dro dirodhy fojgn

usoh tk hotorajgo tbo wbkio-nogkao soquogco ke jghjvjhudis

wjtb oxcoptjkgdi ikgnovjty, tk porekra ckapdrdtjvo nogkajc

stuhjos fotwoog sbkrt-ijvoh dgh ikgn-ijvoh dgjadi spocjos dgh

strdjgs, dgh tk dgdiyzo dno-dsskcjdtoh opjnogotjc cbdgnos dt

adxjaua roskiutjkg (Boyg ot di., 6=460@ja ot di., 6=440Sofds-

tjdgj ot di., 6=44). ]drdiioi jg vjvk stuhjos wjtb ndjg- kr ikss-ke-

eugctjkg dgjadi akhois wjii fo gocossdry ekr akvjgn foykgh

ckrroidtjvo dgdiysos dgh prkvjhjgn cdusdi ovjhogco jg edvkr ke

tbo japijcdtjkg ke tboso prkpksoh bdiiadr`s jg tbo dnjgn prk-

coss. Fosjhos tbo cbdrdctorjzdtjkg ke jghjvjhudi bdiiadr`s, sys-

toas fjkikny dpprkdcbos wjii fo roqujroh tk ughorstdgh tbo

aocbdgjstjc ijg`s dakgn tbo prkcossos tbdt dcckapdgy dgh

iodhtk dnjgn (Noas dgh]drtrjhno, 6=430 @jr`wkkh, 6==2). Dhhj-

tjkgdiiy, akiocuidr dgdiysjs ke tbo nogkao-ogvjrkgaogt jgtordc-

tjkgs tbdt akhuidto dnjgn wjii boip tk jhogtjey hrun tdrnots ekr

ikgnovjty prkaktjkg (ho Adndibdos ot di., 6=46). ô surajso

tbdt ovor akro skpbjstjcdtoh dpprkdcbos wjii ovogtudiiy roskivo

adgy ke tbo poghjgn jssuos. Bkpoeuiiy, tboso ckafjgoh dp-prkdcbos wjii diikw d hotdjioh ughorstdghjgn ke tbo aocbdgjsas

ughoriyjgn tbo bdiiadr`s ke dnjgn dgh wjii edcjijtdto euturo jgtor-

vogtjkgs ekr japrkvjgn buadg boditbspdg dgh ikgnovjty.

DC@GKÎOHNAOGXS

ôtbdg`diiaoaforske kuridfsekr tbojrboipeui ckaaogts kgtbo adguscrjpt

dgh dpkiknjzo ekr kajssjkgke roiovdgtwkr`s huo tk spdco ckgstrdjgts.C.I.-K.

js suppkrtoh fy nrdgts erka Ajgjstorjk ho Ockgkad y Ckapotjtjvjhdh

(AJGOCK) dgh Jgstjtutk ho Sdiuh Cdriks JJJ (VXJCC) dgh js dg Jgvostjndtkr ke

tbo Fktg Ekughdtjkg. A.S. js eughoh fy nrdgts erka tbo AJGOCK, Ourkpodg

_gjkg (OVC Dhvdgcoh Nrdgt), Vonjkgdi Nkvorgaogt ke Adhrjh, Fktg Ekughd-

tjkg, Vdakg DrocosEkughdtjkg, dghDRD Ekughdtjkg. I.]. jssuppkrtoh fy tbo

Adx ]idgc` Skcjoty, tbo OVC, dgh tbo ôiickao Xrust (_@). A.D.F. js eughoh

fy OVC ]rkloct XOI SXOA COII0 E]> ]rklocts ADV@-DNO0 dgh OurkFDXS,

AJGOCK, Vonjkgdi Nkvorgaogt ke Adhrjh, DRD Vosodrcb Eugh, Fkt gEkug-

hdtjkg, dgh Eughdcjkg Ijiiy (Spdjg). N.@. js suppkrtoh fy tbo Ijnuo Gdtjkgdio

ckgtro io Cdgcor (Oqujpos idfoiijsoo), Dnogco Gdtjkgdio pkur id Vocborcbo,

DRD Ekughdtjkg Cbdjr ekr Ikgnovjty Vosodrcb, Ourkpodg Ckaajssjkg (OVCDhvdgcoh Nrdgt, DrtEkrco, CboakVos), Ekghdtjkg pkur id Vocborcbo

Aohjcdio (EVA), JgstjtutGdtjkgdi hu Cdgcor (JGCd), Ekghdtjkgho Erdgco, Cdg-

corkpkio Jio-ho-Erdgco,Ekghdtjkg Fottogckurt-Scbuoiior, tboIdfOx Jaaugk-

Kgckikny, dgh tbo ]drjs Diijdgco ke Cdgcor Vosodrcb Jgstjtutos. Dii ke tbo du-

tbkrs ckgtrjfutoh oqudiiy tk ckgcojvo dgh oidfkrdto upkg tbo jhods prosogtoh

jg tbjs Vovjow. Dii ke tbo dutbkrs cdg fo ckgtdctoh ekr hjscussjkgs kr cidrjfflcd-

tjkgs.

VOEOVOGCOS

Dhior, D.S., Sjgbd, S., @dwdbdrd, X.I., \bdgn, L.Z., Sondi, O., dgh Cbdgn, B.Z.

(6==>). Aktje akhuio adp rovodis ogekrcoaogt ke dnjgn fy ckgtjgudi GE-`dp-

pdF dctjvjty. Nogos Hov.64, 368836?>.

Dbiqvjst, @.L., Bdadidjgog, V.B., Zdtsund, S., _utoid, A., Xorzjkniu, A., Nktz,

D., Ekrsstrka, S., Sdivog, ]., Dgnors-Ikustdu, D., @kprd, K.B., ot di. (6=46).Skadtjc prknogjtkr coii vuigordfjijty tk ajtkcbkghrjdi HGD autdnogosjs ug-

horijos prknorkjh pbogktypos jg ]kin autdtkr ajco. Coii Aotdf. 4?, 4==4=:.

Didvoz, S., Udgtjpdiij, A.C., \ucòr, H.L., @idgn, J.A., dgh Ijtbnkw, N.L. (6=44).

Dayikjh-fjghjgn ckapkughs adjgtdjg prktojg bkaokstdsjs hurjgn dnojgn dgh

oxtogh ijeospdg. Gdturo8>6, 66566:.

Diors, S., Ikestor, D.S., ôssoifkrn, S., dgh Stkr`, F. (6=46). Vkio ke DA]@-

aXKV-_i`4/6 jg tbo ronuidtjkg ke dutkpbdny< crkss tdi`, sbkrtcuts, dgh eooh-

fdc`s. Aki. Coii. Fjki.36, 644.

Daour, D., Stowdrt, L.F., Eroyor, C., Bdnstrka, O., Jgnadg, A., Idrsskg, G.N.,

dgh Nyiiogstog, _. (6=44). _itrd-hoop soquogcjgn ke akuso ajtkcbkghrjdi

HGD< autdtjkgdi pdttorgs dgh tbojr krjnjgs. ]IkS Nogot. >, o4==6=62.

Dgjsjakv, U.G., Forstojg, I.A., ]kpkvjcb, J.N., \dfozbjgs`j, A.D., Onkrajg,

].D., ]jsùgkvd, X.S., Soaogcbog`k, D.U., Xyghy`, A.I., Zurkvd, A.G., @kvd-

iog`k, J.N., dgh ]krksbjgd, X.O. (6=44). Je stdrtoh odriy jg ijeo, aotekrajg trodt-

aogt jgcrodsos ijeo spdg dgh pkstpkgos tuakrs jg eoadio SBV ajco. Dnjgn

(Difdgy GZ)3, 4824?>.

Dradgjks, A., Dihor, L.@., ]drry, O.A., @drja, F., Strkgn, A.D., dgh Nrojhor,

C.^. (6==:). Sbkrt toikaoros dro suefflcjogt tk cduso tbo honogordtjvo hoeocts

dsskcjdtoh wjtb dnjgn. Da. L. Bua. Nogot.2?, 263236.

Dradgjks, A., dgh Fidc furg, O.B. (6=46). Xbo toikaoro syghrkaos. Gdt. Vov.

Nogot.43, 5:3>=8.

Fdbdr, V., Bdrtadgg, C.B., Vkhrjnuoz, @.D., Hoggy, D.H., Fusuttji, V.D., Hkiio,

A.O., Cdihor, V.F., Cbjsbkia, N.F., ]kiikc , F.B., @iojg, C.D., dgh Ujln, L.

(6==5). Jgcrodsoh coii-tk-coii vdrjdtjkg jg nogo oxprossjkg jg dnojgn akuso

bodrt. Gdturo884, 4=444=48.

Fdòr, H.L., Hdwidty,A.A., ^jlsbdò, X., Londgdtbdg, @.F., Adiurodgu, I., vdg

Voo, L.B., Crospk-Hjdz, V., Voyos, S., Sodfurn, I., Sbdpjrk, U., ot di. (6=43).

Jgcrodsoh oxprossjkg ke FufV4 prktocts dndjgst dgoupikjhy dgh cdgcor dgh

oxtoghs boditby ijeospdg. Gdt. Coii Fjki. 4?, :54=6. ]ufijsboh kgijgo

Hocoafor 45, 6=46.bttp:,

636635.

Fdrzjidj, G., Bueeadg, H.A., Auzuahdr, V.B., dgh Fdrtò,D. (6=46). Xbo crjtjcdi

rkio ke aotdfkijc pdtbwdys jg dnjgn. Hjdfotos 54, 434?4366.

Fdur, L.D., ]odrskg, @.L., ]rjco, G.I., Ldajoskg, B.D., Iorjg, C., @dird, D.,

]rdfbu, U.U., Diidrh, L.S., Ikpoz-Iiucb, N., Iowjs, @., ot di. (6==5). Vosvord-

trki japrkvos boditb dgh survjvdi ke ajco kg d bjnb-cdikrjo hjot. Gdturo 888,

33>386.

Fonus-Gdbradgg, Z., Iocboi, D., Kfogdue, D.C., Gdidpdrohhy, @., ]ojt, O.,

Bkeeadgg, O., Scbiduhrdee, E., Ijss, F., Scbjradcbor, ]., @ostior, B., ot di.

Coii 4?3, Lugo 5, 6=43 6=43 Oisovjor Jgc. 46=:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2643http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2643


17/24

(6==:). p?3 hoiotjkg japdjrs ciodrdgco ke cbrkakskadi-jgstdfio stoa coiis jg

dnjgn toikaoro-hyseugctjkgdi ajco. Gdt. Nogot.84, 44324483.

Forgdrhos ho Losus, F., Uord, O., Scbgoofornor, @., Xolord, D.A., Dyusk, O.,

Fkscb, E., dgh Fidsck, A.D. (6=46). Xoikaordso nogo tbordpy jg dhuit dgh

kih ajco hoidys dnjgn dgh jgcrodsos ikgnovjty wjtbkut jgcrodsjgn cdgcor.

OAFK Aki Aoh8, 5:4>=8.

Flohkv, J., Xkjvkgog, L.A., @orr, E., Sidc , C., Ldckfskg, L., Ekioy, D., dgh ]dr-

trjhno, I. (6=4=). Aocbdgjsaske ijeo spdg oxtogsjkgfy rdpdaycjg jgtbo erujtsty

Hrkskpbjid aoidgkndstor. Coii Aotdf.44, 3?85.

Fidc`furg, O.B., Nrojhor, C.^., dgh Szkstd , L.^. (6==5). Xoikaoros dgh toik-

aordso, 338833?8.

Fidnksìkggy, A.U. (6=44). Vdpdaycjg-jghucoh niuckso jgtkiordgco< bugnor

kr stdrvdtjkg hjdfotos. Coii Cycio 4=, 864>8668.

Fidsck, A.D. (6==>d). Xoikaoro iogntb, stoa coiis dgh dnjgn. Gdt. Cboa. Fjki.

3, 58=58:.

Fidsck, A.D.(6==>f). Xbo opjnogotjc ronuidtjkg ke adaadijdgtoikaoros. Gdt.

Vov. Nogot.2, 6::3=:.

Fidsck, A.D., Ioo, B.^., Bdgho, A.]., Sdapor, O., Idgshkrp, ].A., Ho]jgbk,

V.D., dgh Nrojhor, C.^. (4::>). Xoikaoro sbkrtogjgn dgh tuakr ekradtjkg fy

akuso coiis idc`jgn toikaordso VGD. Coii :4, 6?38.

Fkhgdr,D.N., Kuoiiotto, A.,Erki`js, A.,Bkit, S.O., Cbju, C.]., Akrjg, N.F., Bdr-

ioy, C.F., Sbdy, L.^., Ijcbtstojgor, S., dgh ^rjnbt, ^.O. (4::2). Oxtogsjkg ke

ijeo-spdg fy jgtrkhuctjkg ke toikaordso jgtk gkradi buadg coiis. Scjogco

6>:, 38:3?6.

Fkkgo`dap, L.L., Sjakgs, A.L., Boaorj`,I., dgh Uorbuist, S. (6=43). Xoikaoro

iogntb fobdvos ds fjkadròr ke skadtjc rohughdgcy rdtbor tbdg fjkiknjcdi

dno. Dnjgn Coii46, 33=336.

Fkuijds, @., dgh Bkrvjtz, B.V. (6=46). Xbo C. oiondgs ajcrkVGD ajr->4 dcts jg

gourkgs tk prkakto noraijgo-aohjdtoh ikgnovjty tbrkunb ronuidtjkg ke HDE-

45/EKRK. Coii Aotdf.4?, 83:8?=.

Frkwg, @., Rjo, S., Tju, R., Akbrjg, A., Sbjg, L., Iju, Z., \bdgn, H., Scdhhog,H.X., dgh Cbog, H. (6=43). SJVX3 rovorsos dnjgn-dsskcjdtoh honogordtjkg.

Coii Vop.3, 34:36>.

Furgott, C., Udiogtjgj, S., Cdfrojrk, E., Nkss, A., Skaknyvdrj, A., ]jpor, A.H.,

Bkhhjgktt, A., Sutpbjg, N.I., Io k, U., AcOiwoo, L.L., ot di. (6=44). Dfsogco ke

oeeocts ke Sjr6kvoroxprossjkg kg ijeospdgjg C. oiondgsdgh Hrkskpbjid. Gdturo

8>>, 82682?.

Furtgor, C.V., dgh @oggohy, F.@. (6=4=). ]rknorjd syghrkaos dgh dnojgn?>2.

Cdfdgjiids, V., Cdhjgdgks, L., Ujiidaoytjho, L.D., ]oroz, A.,Ikgnk, L., Vjcbdrh,

L.A., Divdroz, V., Hurdg, G.S., Jiidg, V., Nkgzdioz, H.L., dgh Ikpoz-Ktg,C.

(6=44). Gostkr-Nujiiorak prknorjd syghrkao< d gkvoi proadturo dnjgn ckghj-

tjkg wjtb odriy kgsot dgh cbrkgjc hovoikpaogt cdusoh fy FDGE4 autdtjkgs.

Da. L. Aoh. Nogot. D. 4??D, 654>656?.

Cdfrojrk, E., Du, C., Iougn, @.Z., Uorndrd-Jrjndrdy, G., Ckcboao, B.A., Gkkrj,

X., ôjg`kvo, H., Scbustor, O., Nroogo, G.H., dgh Noas, H. (6=43). Aotekrajg

rotdrhs dnjgn jg C. oiondgs fy ditorjgn ajcrkfjdi ekidto dgh aotbjkgjgo aotd-

fkijsa. Coii4?3, 66263:.

Cdidfroso, U., Ckrgoijus, C., Cuzzkcrod, S., Jdvjckij, J., Vjzzdroiij, O., dgh Cdi-

dfroso, O.L. (6=44). Bkraosjs, coiiuidr stross rospkgso dgh vjtdnogos ds crjt-

jcdi hotorajgdgts jg dnjgn dgh ikgnovjty. Aki. Dspocts Aoh.36, 6>:3=8.

Cdidajgj, F., Sjivd, A.C., Adhkux, E., Butt, H.A., @bdggd, S., Cbdiedgt, A.D.,

Sdihdgbd, S.D., Bkhhor, ]., Xdjt, F.H., Ndrzd, H., ot di. (6=46). Sadii-akiocuio

prktokstdsjs ronuidtkrs ekr prktojg ckgekradtjkgdi hjsodsos. Gdt. Cboa. Fjki.

2, 42?4:5.

Cdihojrd hd Sjivd, C.C., Corquojrd, E.A., Fdrfksd, I.E., Aohojrks, A.B., dgh

@kwditkws j,D.L. (6==2). Ajihajtkcbkghrjdi ugckupijgn jg ajcodeeocts ogorny

aotdfkijsa, rohkx fdidgco dgh ikgnovjty. Dnjgn Coii>, ??6?5=.

Cdihorwkkh, S.@., Aursbjh, D., dgh ]rjgco, X. (6==:). Xbo sbkc` ke dnjgn< ak-

iocuidr cbdporkgos dgh tbo bodt sbkc` rospkgso jg ikgnovjty dgh dnjgnd

ajgj-rovjow. Norkgtkikny??, ??=??2.

Cdapjsj, L., dgh hDhhd hj Edndngd, E.(6==>). Coiiuidr sogoscogco< wbog fdh

tbjgnsbdppog tk nkkh coiis. Gdt. Vov. Aki. Coii Fjki.2, >6:>8=.

Cdk, I., Ij, ^., @ja, S., Frkhjo, S.N., dgh Hogn, C.R. (6==3). Sogoscogco, dn-

jgn, dgh adijngdgt trdgsekradtjkg aohjdtoh fy p?3 jg ajco idc`jgn tbo Frcd4

euii-iogntb jskekra. Nogos Hov. 4>, 6=4643.

Cdk, @., Fidjr, C.H., Edhhdb, H.D., @joc`bdoeor, L.O., Kijvo, A., Orhks, A.V.,

Gdfoi, O

maria blasco article june2013-the hallmarks of aging

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