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soxumis saxelmwifo universitetiSOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY

saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

Institute of Georgia’s History and Etnology

mari brose 210

MARIE BROSSET210

Tbilisi/ TBILISI2012

uak (UDC) 811.353.1+811.2.112.2 m _ 31

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis Sromebi eZRvneba gamoCenili frangi orientalistis, qarT-

velologiis fuZemdeblis - mari felisite qsavie broses dabadebidan

210 wlisTavs. krebulSi warmodgenilia Sromebi sakuTriv mari broses,

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnologiisa da

geopolitikis sxvadasxva sakiTxebze.

krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc specialistebis, aseve farTo mkiTx-

veli sazogadoebisaTvis.

The proceedings of Institute of Georgia’s History and Ethology of Sokhumi State University is dedicated to 210th Anniversary of Marie Félicité Brosset – the famous French Orientalist and founder of Armenian Studies and Kartvelian Stud-ies.

redaqtorebi:

lia axalaZe, beJan xorava, kaxa kvaSilava

Editors: Lia Akhaladze, Bejan Khorava, Kakha Kvashilava

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

© l. axalaZe, 2012

ISBN 978-9941-10-684-2

3

s a r C e v is a r C e v i = C O N T E N T

mari brosemari brose – 210 = MARIE BROSSET – 210

beJan xorava, lia axalaZe

mari brose _ qarTvelologiis fuZemdebeli da gulSematkivari ...... 7

Bejan Khorava, Lia Akhaladze Marie Brosset – Founder of Kartvelian Studies and Supporter ....................... 12

lia axalaZe,

mari brose da afxazeTis epigrafikis sakiTxebi .............................................. 13

Lia AkhaladzeMarie Brose and Epigraphic issues of Abkhazia ............................................ 20

saqarTvelo _ geopolitikuri kvlevebisaqarTvelo _ geopolitikuri kvlevebi

GEORGIA – GEOPOLITICS STUDIES

Tamar belqania, tariel futkaraZe,

sainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

(geopolitikuri konteqsti) ......................................................................................... 21

Tamar Belkania, Tariel PutkaradzeInformation War against Georgia /Geopolitical context/ ................................ 29

kaxaber fifia,

gvianantikuri da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos istoriuli

paralelebi: geopolitikuri aspeqti ................................................................... 30

Kakhaber PipiaHistorical Parallels of Late Antique and Modern Georgia - Geopolitical Aspects ........................................................................................ 40

giorgi qavTaraZe

saqarTvelo, kavkasioni da geopolitika _ warsuli da

Tanamedroveoba ........................................................................................................................41

Giorgi L. Kavtaradze Georgia, the Caucasus and Geopolitics – Past and Prezent .......................... 59

dazmir jojua

zogierTi mosazreba ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis

geopolitikur da geostrategiul SedegebTan dakavSirebiT ................... 60

4

Dazmir JojuaSome Idea Regarding The Geopolitical And Geostrategic Implications Between Russia-Georgia War In 2008 ............................................................ 72

saqarTvelos istoria = saqarTvelos istoria = HISTORY OF GEORGIA

avTandil kilasonia

lekebi qarTl-kaxeTisa da iranis urTierTobaSi XVIII s.

I naxevarSi .............................................................................................................................. 73

Avtandil KilasoniaRelationship of Lezgians with Kartli-Kakheti and Iran ................................... 82

kaxaber fifia

pontos samefodan kolxeTis gamoyofis sakiTxisaTvis ............................. 83

Kakhaber PipiaThe Issue of Separation of Colchis from the Kingdom of Pontus ................... 92

zaza wurwumia

mustafa butbai da misi `mogonebebi kavkasiaze~ .............................................. 93

Zaza TsurtsumiaMustafa Butbay and his `Memories of the Caucasus~ .................................... 116

ramaz Wanturia

somxuri wreebis pretenziebi qarTul miwebze XIXs. - XXs.

20-iani wlebi ......................................................................................................................... 118

Ramaz ChanturiaThe Claims of the Armenian Circles to the Georgian Lands ......................... 122

zurab papasqiri,

kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis zogierTi aspeqti

kavkasiuri omi XIX saukuneSi da misi Sedegebi .............................................. 123

Zurab Papaskiri, Some aspects of Russian imperial Policy in the Caususus the Caucasian war in the XIX century and its Result ........................................................... 132

daviT WiTanava

qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis ,,qarTli“ _ ,,qarTvelis~

mniSvnelobisaTvis ........................................................................................................... 133

David ChitanavaFor the Semantic Meaning of Georgians’ Ethnonym – “Kartli”, “Kartveli” 143

5

beJan xorava

yirimis omi da afxazeTi ................................................................................................. 145

Bezhan KhoravaThe Crimean War and Abkhazia ...................................................................... 179

dazmir jojua,

ruseT-saqarTvelos 1812 wlis omi (kaxeTis ajanyeba) qarTuli

antiimperialisturi diskursis Suqze .................................................................... 180

Dazmir JojuaRussia-Georgia War in 1812 year (Kakheti rebellion) in the light of Georgian anti-imperialistic discourse .............................................................. 185

msoflio istoria = msoflio istoria = WORLD HISTORY

omar ardaSelia

`Turquli renesansis~ dasawyisi ............................................................................. 186

Omar ArdasheliaBeginning of “Turkish Renaissance” .............................................................. 193

kaxa kvaSilava

avRaneTis saxalxo-demokratiul partiaSi arsebuli

winaaRmdegobebis socialuri aspeqtebis sakiTxisaTvis ............................ 194

Kakha Kvashilava The Social Aspects of Confrontantions Existing in the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan .................................................................. 204

istoriografia = istoriografia = HISTORIOGRAPHY

guram yoranaSvili

giorgi soselia saqarTveloSi socialuri klasebisa da

saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb ............................................................................ 205

Guram Koranashvili Giorgi Soselia about an origination of Social classes and Statehood in Georgia .................................................................................... 212

6

arqeologia, eTnologia = Aarqeologia, eTnologia = AARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY

malxaz baramiZe,

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis rkinis metalurgiis

zogierTi sakiTxi ................................................................................................................. 213

Malkhaz BaramidzeSome aspects of Iron metallurgy of Eastern Black Sea littoral........................ 225

daviT WiTanava

,,rakutias~ rituali .......................................................................................................... 227

David ChitanavaThe Ritual of `Rakutia~ ......................................................................................................... 229

eliso baRaTuria-kner

Cacmuloba afSileTSi........................................................................................................ 230

Eliso Bagaturia Clothings in Absilia.......................................................................................... 241

nodar berulava, dariko fifia

adreSuasaukuneebis dasavleTevropuli sagmiro eposis zogierTi

aspeqtis gagebisaTvis ......................................................................................................... 248

Nodar Berulava, Dariko PipiaTo underctanding of some aspects of the early Medieval epos.................... 253

gamosaTxovari = gamosaTxovari = VALEDICTORY

papuna gabisonia

Tamaz beraZis xsovnas ........................................................................................................ 254

Papuna Gabisonia To the Memory of Tamaz Beradze ................................................................... 254

Tamaz beraZe – gamosaTxovari ...................................................................................... 257

Tamaz Beradze - Valedictory ........................................................................... 257

Cveni avtorebi ........................................................................................................................ 259

7

beJan xoravabeJan xorava

lia axalaZelia axalaZesoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

mari brose mari brose

qarTvelologiis fuZemdebeli da qarTvelologiis fuZemdebeli da

gulSematkivari gulSematkivari

frangi orientalisti, qarTvelologi da armenologi mari felisite

qsavie brose 1802 wlis 5 Tebervals parizSi daibada. dawyebiTi ga-

naTleba orleanis seminariaSi miiRo. 1816 wels, seminariis damTavrebis

Semdeg, mari brose swavlis gasagrZeleblad dedaqalaqSi Cavida, sadac

1821 wels parizis akademiis literaturis fakulteti daamTavra da

literaturis bakalavris wodeba moipova. am gamocdebis Cabarebis dros

man Tavi gansakuTrebiT klasikuri enebis _ berZnulisa da laTinuris

codniT gamoiCina.

mari brose erTxans sasuliero seminariaSi maswavleblad muSaobda,

magram male darwmunda, rom misi mowodeba mecnieruli muSaoba iyo,

amitom maswavlebloba miatova da aRmosavleTis qveynebis Teologiisa

da istoriis Seswavlas Seudga. erTxans is berZnul saeklesio Zegle-

bze muSaobda, swavlobda Cinurs, arabuls, dainteresebuli iyo CineTis

istoriiTa da kulturiT. man aRwera parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi

daculi Cinuri xelnawerebi, ikvlevda Cinur poezias. paralelurad, man

qarTuli, rusuli da somxuri enebi safuZvlianad Seiswavla. 1826 wli-

dan mari brose saqarTvelos warsuliT, qarTuli eniTa da literaturiT

aqtiurad dainteresda. amis Semdeg sicocxlis bolomde frang swavluls

qarTvelologiisaTvis ar uRalatia.

mari brosem qarTuli ena parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi

xelnawerebiT Seiswavla. am mizniT man baqar batoniSvilis mier 1743

wels gamocemuli qarTuli biblia daamuSava, sakuTari xeliT gadawera

da frangulad Targmna parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi vaxtang

VI-is kanonTa krebuli, ,,vefxistyaosani~, saistorio qronikebi da sxva

qarTuli xelnawerebi. parizSi cxovrebis dros mari brose SemTxvevas

ar uSvebda xelidan, rom am qalaqSi Casul qarTvelebTan kontaqti dae-

myarebina. 1830 wels is qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is (1798-1800)

vaJs, perterburgSi mcxovreb Teimuraz batoniSvils daukavSirda. amis

Semdeg mari broses cxovrebaSi axali etapi daiwyo.

gamoCenili qarTveli swavluli Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846)

ruseTis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiis, parizis aziuri sazoga-

doebisa da kopenhagenis siZveleTa Semswavleli samefo sazogadoebis

wevri iyo. Teimuraz batoniSvilTan TanamSromlobam Zalze gaamdidra

mari broses codna qarTvelologiaSi. amitomac iyo, rom frangi swav-

8

luli qarTvel ufliswuls Tavis maswavleblad miiCnevda. Teimuraz ba-

toniSvilis rekomendaciiT mari brose 1836 wels ruseTis mecnierebaTa

akademiaSi miiwvies, xolo 1838 wels peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis

wevrad airCies. am garemoebam frang mecniers saSualeba misca Tavisi

Semoqmedebis udidesi nawili saqarTvelos warsulis SeswavlisaTvis

daeTmo.

mari broses axalgazrdul SemarTebas, samecniero saqmianobisadmi

siyvaruls, mravali evropuli da aRmosavluri enis codna erTvoda.

misi peterburgSi moRvaweobis dasawyisi ruseTis oficialuri wreebis

antiqarTuli politikis xanas daemTxva, rac 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis

gamoZaxili unda yofiliyo. saxelisuflo wreebis politika, pirvel

rigSi, ruseTis mecnierTa erTma nawilma gaiTavisa. samecniero Jur-

nalebSi qveyndeboda naSromebi, wignebi, romlebSic tendenciurad iyo

ganxiluli Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, xelovneba da saqarTvelos isto-

ria. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT, peterburgis universitetis profesori o.

senkovski gamoirCeoda, romelic 1838 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi amt-

kicebda, rom qarTvelebs, faqtobrivad, arc Zveli literatura da, miT

ufro, arc Zveli istoria ar gaaCndaT, xolo qarTvelTa wmidaTa-wmida

wigni ,,qarTlis cxovreba~, XVIII saukuneSi iyo dawerili. ufro met-

ic, o. senkovskis mtkicebiT, qarTvelebs saqarTveloSi XII saukunemde

saerTod arc ucxovriaT da am qveyanaSi mxolod masagetebi, Turqebi

da somxebi cxovrobdnen. Tavisi mosazrebis meti damajereblobisaTvis,

o. senkovski Seecada uareyo absoluturi WeSmariteba: Zvel berZnul

da romaul, agreTve, bizantiur saistorio TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli

aRmosavleTis iberebisa da qarTvelebis igiveobis Sesaxeb. o. senkovski

xmamaRla acxadebda, rom qarTvelebis istoria mxolod giorgi I-isa

da daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqidan iwyeboda; qarTvelebis cnobili mefe

vaxtang gorgasali ki erT-erTi Turquli tomis beladad unda CaeT-

valaT. samecniero wreebis aseTi ganwyobis fonze mari broses mier

qarTvelologiis obieqturi kvleva Tavisebur gmirobas warmoadgenda.

man Rrma mecnieruli werilebiT saTanado pasuxi gasca rusul presaSi

dominirebul antiqarTul gamoxdomebs da qarTuli literaturisa da

istoriis Sesaxeb qarTuli da ucxoenovani wyaroebis Segroveba-Seswavla

daiwyo. am saqmeSi mas did daxmarebas uwevda evropuli Tu aRmosavluri

enebis codna. am droisaTvis is TiTqmis srulyofilad flobda berZnul,

laTinur, somxur, sparsul, arabul enebs. am enebze ki saqarTvelos

istoriis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebi arsebobda. amasTanave, dauRalavi

Sromis Sedegad mari brosem araerTi Zveli qarTuli xelnaweri wigni

Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna.

gansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas mari brose ,,qarTlis cxovrebas~

aniWebda. XIX saukunis istoriografiaSi frangma mecnierma pirvelma

daasabuTa, rom ,,qarTlis cxovreba~ XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlis

9

mefis vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT dawerili Txzuleba ki ar iyo, aramed

sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva saukuneSi daweril saistorio TxzulebaTa

krebuls warmoadgenda, romlis Tavdapirveli varianti jer kidev VII-

VIII saukuneebSi Seiqmna.

mari brose qarTvelTa am wmida wignis Tanadroulad Sua saukuneebis

sxva qarTul naratiul saistorio wyaroebs _ XVII_XVIII saukuneebis

qarTveli istorikosebis: farsadan gorgijaniZis, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna

orbelianis, oman xerxeuliZisa da vaxuSti bagrationis Txzulebebs

swavlobda. frangma qarTvelologma sul ramdenime weliwadSi ,,qar-

Tlis cxovrebisa~ da am qarTveli istorikosebis SromaTa teqstebi

da maTi franguli Targmanebi gamosacemad moamzada. XIX saukunis 40-

iani wlebis dasawyisidan ruseTis xelisuflebis damokidebuleba qa-

rTvelebis mimarT garkveulwilad Seicvala. Seicvala qarTveli xalxis

warsuliTa da kulturiT dainteresebac. Secvlili viTareba am tipis

naSromTa gamoqveynebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida.

1848-1858 wlebSi mari brosem ruseTis saimperatoro akademiis

xelSewyobiT qarTuli naratiuli saistorio wyaroebisa da maTi fran-

guli Targmanebis publikacia 7 tomad ganaxorciela. publikaciis am

serias frangma qarTvelologma pirobiTad ,,qarTlis cxovreba~ uwo-

da. I tomi 1849 wels gamoqveynda da masSi ZiriTadad sakuTriv ,,qa-

rTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli nawili Sevida. ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ am

na wilis frangul Targmans frangma swavlulma publikaciis II tomi

dauTmo. mokle xanSi III tomic gamovida, romelSic,,qarTlis cxovrebis~

am nawilisadmi darTuli SeniSvnebi, damatebebi da ganmartebebi Sevida.

IV tomSi, romelsac mari brosem ,,axali moTxroba~ uwoda, frangma swav-

lulma ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ meore nawili, vaxuSti bagrationis, sexnia

CxeiZis, papuna orbelianis, oman xerxeuliZisa da farsadan gorgijaniZis

Txzulebebi Seitana, xolo ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ meore nawilis da vax-

uSti bagrationis Txzulebis meore monakveTi, romelSic saqarTvelos

geografiuli da istoriul-geografiuli aRwera Sedioda, frangul

Targmans daurTo. danarCeni sami tomi frangma qarTvelologma, ZiriTa-

dad, ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ damatebebs dauTmo. mari broses am mraval-

tomeuls fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli kulturisaTvis. aq

gamoqveynebuli ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ franguli TargmaniT msoflio mec-

niereba pirvelad gaecno qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis am unikalur

Zegls. ufro metic, samwuxarod, maris broses Semdeg dRemde aravis

gamoucia dasavleT evropis enaze vaxuSti bagrationis Txzuleba. ase

rom, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sastorio azrovnebis mwvervals vaxuSti

bagrations msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierebi dResac mxolod mari

broses franguli TargmaniT icnoben.

ar darCenila saqarTvelos istoriis arcerTi dargi, romelsac misi

xeli ar Sexeboda. misi kvlevis sfero iyo saqarTvelos Zveli da Sua

10

saukuneebis istoria, epigrafika, numizmatika, basiliografia, arqeolo-

gia, qarTuli enisa da literaturis sakiTxebi. igi muSaobda armenis-

tikaSic. man frangul da rusul enebze gamosca eCmiaZinis biblioTekis

wignebis katalogi. niSandoblivia, rom man 1845 wels veneciaSi da 1848

wels eCmiaZinSi aRmoaCina ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri versiebi

da safuZvlianad Seiswavla da Targmna isini. misi daskvniT, es versiebi

warmoadgenen qarTulidan Targmans.

mari brosem Semoqmedebis didi nawili saqarTvelos istoriis masa-

lebis Segroveba-damuSavebas miuZRvna. aseT masalebs qarTuli xuroTmoZ-

Rvruli Zeglebi, maTi lapidaruli Tu freskuli warwerebi, iq daculi

xelnawerebi Tu saeklesio nivTebi miekuTvneba. maTi SeswavlisaTvis

frang qarTvelologs Zala da energia ar dauSurebia. miT ufro, rom

XIX saukunis qarTvelologiisaTvis ,,saukeTeso 40-ianma wlebma~ amis

saSualeba misca.

1847 wlis gazafxulze mari brosem ruseTis imperiis ministrTa

komitetidan miiRo erTwliani samecniero mivlineba istoriul samxreT

kavkasiaSi _ saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. frangi mecnieri am mivlinebi-

saTvis sagangebod moemzada _ saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb arsebul

yvela masalas kidev erTxel gadaxeda. 1847 wlis 13 agvistos peterbur-

gidan mogzaurobisaTvis sagangebod SeZenili tarantasiT gamoemgzavra

da Zneli gzis gavlis Semdeg darialis xeobiT, saqarTvelos samxedro

gziT, saqarTveloSi, TbilisSi Camovida, sadac mas qarTuli sazogadoeba

Tbilad Sexvda. TbilisSi daculi saistorio dokumentebisa da xel-

nawerebis gacnobis Semdeg frangi qarTvelologi saqarTvelosa da somx-

eTis calkeuli mxareebis gacnobas Seudga. am saqmeSi mas qarTvelebic

exmarebodnen, romlebic Zalze xSirad misi TxovniT eklesia-monastrebSi

dacul warwerebs iwerdnen, asls iRebdnen da frang mecniers awvdidnen.

mari brosem Tavdapirvelad aRmosavleT saqarTvelo _ qarTli da

kaxeTi moiara, mere somxeTs ewvia, sadac mxolod erTi Tve dahyo, Semdeg

ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. frangi qarTvelologi dasavleT

saqarTveloSi pirvelad quTaiss ewvia, Semdeg samegrelos, samurzayanosa

da afxazeTis eklesia-monastrebSi daculi siZveleebi Seiswavla. same-

grelodan mari brose leCxumsa da qvemo svaneTSi gadavida, romelic am

dros samegrelos samTavroSi Sedioda. qvemo svaneTidan is quTaisSi da-

brunda, am uZvelesi qarTuli qalaqis midamoebSi gelaTisa da bagratis

taZrebi daaTvaliera da Seiswavla, Semdeg ki raWis siZveleebs gaecno.

TandaTanobiT mari broses mivlinebis vadac amoewura, amitom is ra-

Widan imereTSi gadavida, imereTidan ki gors xelaxla ewvia da dRevande-

li cxinvalis regionis eklesia-monastrebis siZveleebi Seiswavla. 1848

wlis ivlisis bolos mari broses samecniero mivlinebis vada amoewura

da frangi mecnieri Tbilisidan peterburgisaken gaemarTa. kavkasiaSi igi

12 Tve imyofeboda da aqedan 11 Tve saqarTveloSi gaatara, 1 Tve ki somx-

11

eTSi. swored amitom mkvlevarTa didi nawili mas ufro qarTvelologad

Tvlis vidre armenologad. mari brosem saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi mog-

zaurobis angariSi calkeuli moxsenebebis saxiT warmoadgina, romelic

kavkasiis mefisnacvals mixeil voroncovs (1844-1854) miuZRvna. man sul

12 moxseneba (Rapport) Seadgina, romlebic sankt-peterburgSi 1849-1851

ww. sam wignad gamoqveynda. mari broses mier saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi

samecniero mogzaurobis angariSebis gamoqveynebam ruseTisa da dasavleT

evropis samecniero wreebSi didi interesi gamoiwvia.

saqarTvelos daukavSira Tavisi bedi mari broses STamomavalmac.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mari broses SviliSvilis Svili, viqtor brose (1893-

1937) ruseTSi bolSevikuri xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg saqarT-

vloSi gadmosaxlda da qarTveli qali SeirTo. misi meuRle iyo qa-

rTveli mwerlebis anastasia erisTavi-xoStariasa da dutu megrelis

(dimitri xoStarias) qaliSvili mariami. viqtor brose saqarTveloSi

sabiblioTeko da saarqivo saqmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli gaxldaT. sam-

wuxarod, gamoCenili frangi qarTvelologis STamomavali 1937 wels

rusuli bolSevizmis represiebs Seewira. misi vaJiSvili _ ediSeri ki,

1940-iani wlebis represiebis xanaSi iZulebuli gaxda mamis gvarze uari

eTqva da dedis gvarze gadasuliyo, Tumca, mogvianebiT, mamiseuli gvaric

aRidgina. ediSerma didi babuis gza airCia da istorikosi gaxda. dRes

saqarTveloSi yvelam icis akademikos ediSer-xoStaria-broses saxeli.

aseve TvalsaCino mecnieri iyo am ojaxis kidev erTi warmomadgeneli,

ediSer xoStaria-broses meuRle istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-

fesori meri inaZe. dRes saqarTveloSi mecnierebis sarbielze warmate-

biT moRvaweoben mari broses STamomavlebi, ediSer xoStaria-broses

vaJiSvilebi, daviT da dimitri xoStariebi. pirveli xelovnebaTmcodnea,

meore – biofizikosi.

1880 wlis maisSi 78 wlis mari brosem ruseTi datova da safran-

geTSi dabrunda. sul male, 22 agvistos (3 seqtembers) igi gardaicvala.

misi nekrologi yvela qarTulma Jurnal-gazeTma gamoaqveyna. ,,jer isev

Tbil saflavze, am saqarTvelosTvis dauviwyar kacs, _ werda iona meu-

nargia, _ Cvengan mxolod madloba da pativi Svenis~ (gaz.,,droeba~, 1880,

#184). arqimandriti grigoli (dadiani) maSin werda: ,,Zveli iveria, rom-

lis mindvrebze brosem, viTarca mociqulma andriam, dasva niSani momava-

li qarTuli istoriis warmartebisa, ixilavs, adre Tu gvian, brosesgan

dawyebulis saqmis dagvirgvinebas da Tavis mxriT TiTon daudgams mas

niSans am warweriT: ,,broses _ madlobeli saqarTvelo~ (gaz. ,,droeba~,

1880, #188).

mari brose farTo diapazonis mecnieri iyo, romelmac XIX saukunis

I naxevarSi dauRalavi da mravalwliani moRvaweobiT saTave daudo qa-

rTvelologiur kvleva-Ziebas. mas Semdeg, qarTvelologiuri kvlevebiT

araerTi evropeli, amerikeli da azieli mecnieri dainteresda. yvela

12

maTgans gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis Cveni qveynis istoriisa da

kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, migvaCnia, rom qarTveli

mecnierebi valSi varT mari broses xsovnis winaSe, radgan saerTaSoriso

arenaze igi iyo ara marto mecnieruli qarTvelologiis fuZemdebeli,

aramed misi erTguli damcveli da gulSematkivari.

Bejan Khorava, Lia Akhaladze Sokhumi State University

MARIE BROSSET – FOUNDER OF KARTVELIANSTUDIES AND SUPPORTER...

Present article is dedicated to creative work of Marie Brosset, the famous French Orientalist and founder of Kartvelian Studies. The authors think that Kartvelian Studies is in the debt to him which was not only of founder of Kartve-lian Studies but he was also its true protector.

13

lia axalaZelia axalaZesoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

mari brose da afxazeTis epigrafikis mari brose da afxazeTis epigrafikis

sakiTxebisakiTxebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom mari broses cxovrebas, moRvaweobasa da samec-

niero saqmianobas, araerTi publikacia, maT Soris monografiebic mieZRvna,

migvaCnia, rom misi damsaxureba qarTvelologiisa da zogadad kavka-

sologiis winaSe imdenad fundamentur xasaTs atarebs, misi samecniero

saqmianobis Seswavla didxans darCeba mkvlevarTa interesebis sfero.

ganuzomelia misi Rvawli da damsaxureba qarTuli kulturis popular-

izaciis saqmeSic.

studentobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebis mixedviT, CemTvis mari

brose romantikosi qarTvelologi da orientalisti, da rac mTavaria,

Cems qveyanaze Seyvarebuli frangi mecnieri iyo, romelmac kavkasiis

mTebSi Cakarguli qveyana, saxelad saqarTvelo, danarCen msoflios gaac-

no. momavalSi Cemma Sexedulebebma romantikuli safarveli moicila

da am adamianSi TandaTanobiT davinaxe principuli, miukerZoebeli da

obieqturi evropeli mecnieri, romelic kvlevis procesSi gamorCeul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda istoriuli wyaroebis moZiebis, maTi analizisa da

reprezentaciis sakiTxebs. Mmiuxedavad amisa, vfiqrob, mari brosesadmi

Cems Sexedulebebs dRemde axlavs idealisturi damokidebuleba, rac

erTgvarad ganapiroba mari broses qarTveli STamomavlis, gamoCenili

qarTveli mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawis ediSer-xoStaria brosesTan

aspiranturis wlebSi, samecniero urTierTobebma. MCemi sadisertacio

Tema mari broses ar exeboda, magram afxazeTis epigrafikis rogorc

saistorio wyaros Seswavla mari broses Semoqmedebis gacnobiT unda

damewyo da Tanac broses merve `raports~ frangulad unda gavcnobodi.

sirTule is gaxldaT rom frangulis swavlis mxolod samwliani ga-

mocdileba mqonda, isic universitetSi. Mmiuxedavad amisa, Cemi ufrosi

megobris - ediSer xoStaria broses konsultaciebiTa da leqsikonis

daxmarebiT es saqme davZlie da broses merve raportis Targmani Sevas-

rule. Aswored am periodSi ufro Rrmad gavecani mari broses samec-

niero memkvidreobas da sazogado moRvaweobas, mis damokidebuleubas

qarTuli kulturisa da qarTveli xalxisadmi,Mmis gamorCeul Rvawls

Cveni qveynis kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da gadarCenis saqmeSi.

CemTvis aSkara gaxda, rom ara mari brose da misi Tavdadebuli Sroma

qarTvelologiis, rogorc mecnierebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, rTuli war-

mosadgenia rogori iqneboda dRes qarTvelologia. swored amitom Cndeba

survili aseT adamianebze meti daiweros da ufro metad warmoCndes

maTi damsaxureba da Rvawli. Cveni statiiT gvinda kidev erTxel pativi

14

mivagoT mari broses damsaxurebas qarTvelologiis, kerZod afxazeTis

epigrafikis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc mari broses samecniero memkvidreobis Ses-

wavlas specialuri kvleva miuZRvna iyo rusudan dodaSvili, romelmac

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana mari broses Sesaxeb arsebuli saistorio

wyaroebis, saarqivo masalebis moZiebasa da gaanalizebaSi.1 mogvianebiT

SoTa xanTaZem mari broses Semoqmedebas fundamenturi monografia miuZ-

Rvna, romelic qarTul da rusul enebze gamoqveynda.2 calke statiebi

gamoqveynda mari broses rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis3, armenologiis,4

epigrafikis,5 saqarTvelos istoriis dokumenturi wyaroebis6 mompov-

eblisa da publikatoris Sesaxeb. misi Semoqmedeba universaluria im

TvalsazrisiT, rom faqtobrivad safuZveli Cauyara humanitarul mec-

nierebaTa mraval dargs – istorias, qarTul filologias, mTel rig

e. w. specialur samecniero disciplinebs – epigrafikas, sfragistikas,

qronologias, diplomatikas da sxv. dasaxelebul disciplinaTagan m.

broses yvelaze meti muSaoba Catarebuli aqvs qarTul epigrafikaSi da

qarTuli istoriuli masalebis publikacia man swored epigrafikuli

ZeglebiT daiwyo.7

qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis, Seswavlis istoria pirobiTad,

SeiZleba sam etapad davyoT: I etapi- XIX Suaxanebi-XX saukunis 10-iani

wlebi; II etapi - sabWoTa epoqa: XX s. 20-iani wlebidan 80-iani wlebis

CaTvliT; III etapi- postsabWoTa epoqa - XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan

dRemde;8

mari brose moRvaweobda qarTuli epigrafikis kvlevis pirvel etapze

da Sesabamisad, igi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc safuZveli Cauyara qar-

Tuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis moZiebis, teqstis dadgenis, publikaciisa

1 r. dodaSvili, mari brose – qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari, Tb., 1962.

2 S. xanTaZe, Mmari brose, Tb., 1966. Ш. А. Хантадзе, Академик Мари Броссе и европейское и русское грузиноведение, Тб., 1970.3 a. baramiZe, mari brose da saqarTvelos istoria, mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriuli

Ziebani t. XII, Tb., 1986. gv. 164-171.

4 e. cagareiSvili, mari brose da armenologiis sakiTxebi, mravalTavi, filologiur-isto-

riuli Ziebani t. XII, Tb., 1986. gv. 156-163;

5 v. sologava, mari brose – qarTuli epigrafikis mkvlevari, mravalTavi, filologiur-

istoriuli Ziebani t. XII, Tb., 1986. gv. 141-148;

6 m. surgulaZe, mari brose - saqarTvelos istoriis dokumenturi wyaroebis mompovebeli

da publikatori, mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani t. XII, Tb., 1986. gv. 149-

155;

7 S. xanTaZe, Mmari brose, Tb., 1966. gv. 56; Ш. А. Хантадзе, Академик Мари Броссе и и евро-пеиское и русское грузиноведение, Тб., 1970. gv. 95. Sdr.. sologava, mari brose – qarTuli

epigrafikis mkvlevari, gv. 142.

8 l. axalaZe, javaxeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis Seswavlis istoria, krebuli: javaxeTis

epigrafika, Tb., 2012. gv. 19.

15

da saistorio wyarod gamoyenebis tradicias qarTvelologiaSi. Tavisi

naxevarsaukunovani samecniero moRvaweobis manZilze uamravi qarTuli

warwera gamoavlina, waikiTxa da samecniero literaturaSi Semoitana.

misi kvlevis arealSi moxvda, rogorc lapidaruli, aseve freskuli da

Weduri warwerebi. dRes mari broses gamocemebs fasdaudebeli Rireb-

uleba aqvT, radgan aRniSnuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis sakmaod soli-

duri nawili JamTa siavem daaziana, gadaSala, an sulac gaaqro da maT

Sesaxeb informacias mxolod mari broses publikaciebiT vflobT.

prof. v. silogava epigrafikuli Zeglebis kvlevis sferoSi bro-

ses moRvaweobas or periodad hyofda: erTia qarTuli epigrafikuli

Zeglebis mis mier Sesrulebuli publikaciebi saqarTveloSi mogzauro-

bamde da meorea am mogzaurobis dros Sekrebili da, agreTve, sxvadasxva

gziT Semdeg mopovebuli masalebis gamocemebi1. daveTanxmebodi pativce-

mul mkvlevars, rom ara aSkara zRvari mari broses saqarTveloSi

mogzaurobamdel, saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisdroindel da mis Semdgom

publikaciebs Soris. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom mari broses

publikacia nebismier SemTxvevaSi faseuli da Rirebulia, gansakuTrebiT

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, rodesac am warwerebis didi nawili ukve aRar

arsebobs. magram amave dros rodesac zRvarze vsaubrobT, xazgasmiT unda

aRiniSnos is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi mogzaurobamdel publikaciebSi

gamoqveynebuli epigrafikuli masalis sizuste, aRweriloba da teqstis

monacemebi, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba im masalis publikaciisagan, rac man

Tavad naxa, waikiTxa da grafikuli monaxazi Seasrula.2 aseve Tviso-

brivad gansxvavdeba saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg, korespondentebis

mier gagzavnili masalis safuZvelze Sesrulebuli publikaciebi, sadac

warwerebis teqstebi gacilebiT ukeT aris wakiTxuli da gaSifruli.

zogadad, saqarTveloSi mogzaurobam mniSvnelovani kvali gaavlo mari

broses mTel SemoqmedebaSi. am periodidan is ufro Tavdajerebuli Cans

Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi qarTvelologiasTan mimarTebiT da garda amisa,

gacilebiT ufro zustia teqtebis gaSifvrisa da wakiTxvis saqmeSi.3

1 v. silogava, mari brose-qarTuli epigrafikis mkvlevari, gv. 142.

2 cnobilia, rom grafikul monaxazs sxva asrulebda, magram warweris grafikas asrulebdnen

mari broses miTiTebebisa da SeniSvnebis safuZvelze.

3 saqarTveloSi mogzaurobamde mari broses korespondentebi iyvnen Teimuraz bagrationi,

platon ioseliani, daviT dadiani da sxv. 1847-1848 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis

Semdeg mari broses masalebs awvdidnen dimitri meRvineTxuciSvili, rafiel erisTavi, saqa-

rTvelos egzarqosi, mTavarepiskoposi evgeni baJanovi, saqarTvelos siZveleTa Semkrebi

barTolomei, nerses sargisiani, ivane muslovi, abraam norovi da sxvebi. am periodSi korespon-

dentebi broses xSirad awvdidnen warweraTa gadmonaxazebs, gaSifrul teqstebs, zogjer

SeniSvnebsa da komentarebsac, romlebsac brose SeniSvnebiTa da komentarebiT aqveynebda.

Sdr. S. xanTaZe, Mmari brose, Tb., 1966; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II. dasavleT saqa-

rTvelos warwerebi. nakv. I (IX_XIII ss) Sedagina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri silo-

gavam, Tb., 1980. gv. 14-15; v. silogava, mari brose-qarTuli epigrafikis mkvlevari, gv. 142.

16

sainteresoa mari broseseuli xedva qarTuli istoriuli provin-

ciebisa da maTi warsulisadmi. saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da kavkasiaSi mog-

zaurobis angariSidan kargad Cans, sad iwyeba saqarTvelo, sad mTavrdeba

misi istoriuli sazRvri da iwyeba sxva qveyana, Tumca istoriuli bedu-

kuRmarTobiT, isic ruseTis imperiis nawili. saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis

dros is erTi kuTxidan meore kuTxeSi gadadis: qarTli, kaxeTi, imereTi,

samegrelo, afxazeTi da a. S. - ecnoba qarTul mravalferovnebas, magram

kargad icis, rom es saqarTveloa.1

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis okupacia ruseTis imperiam cal-

calke moaxerxa, rac saqarTvelos calkeul samefo – samTavroebad

daSliT iyo gamowveuli. am faqts ruseTis imperiuli Zalebi aqtiurad

iyenebdnen (da samwuxarod, axlac iyeneben) saqarTveloSi erovnuli cno-

bierebisa da nacionaluri TviTidentobis moSlis mizniT. mari broses

saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros ruseTis imperia aqtiur ideologiur

propagandas eweoda qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg da maT xSirad sxvadasxva

xalxebad imerlebad, megrelebad, aWarlebad, gurulebed, kaxelebad,

mesxebad da a. S. warmoaCenda, xolo qarTvelebad mxolod qarTlelebs

Tvlida. sagulisxmoa, rom mari brose, rogorc dakvirvebuli ucxoeli

mecnieri da mkvlevari, arcerTxel ar wamogebia, rusuli propagan-

distuli manqanis am oinebs da ufro metic, saqarTvelos istoriuli

provinciebis gacnobis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi ufro myari gaxda am

sakiTxSi. vfiqrobT, saqarTveloSi igi Camovida, rogorc mkvlevari ori-

entalisti, saqarTvelos istoriiTa da kulturiT dainteresebuli mecn-

ieri da aqedan wavida rogorc saqarTvelos didi gulSematkivari.

saqarTvelos istoriuli kuTxeebis gacnobis kvalobaze mari brose

gzadagza agrovebda qarTuli werilobiTi kulturis sxvadasxva Zeglebs,

maT Soris epigrafikul nimuSebs, romlebsac efeqturad rTavda Tavis

angariSSi da warmatebiT iyenebda saqarTvelos istoriis gadmocemisas.

am mogzaurobidan iwyeba afxazeTis werilobiTi kulturis Zeglebis

moZieba, gamoqveyneba da kvleva, romelic mari broses saxelTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli. is iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani, romelmac werilobiTi formiT

daasabuTa saqarTvelos istoriuli kuTxis – afxazeTis teritoriaze

qarTuli damwerlobis mravalricxovani nimuSebis arseboba lapidaruli

da freskuli warwerebis saxiT.

samurzayanosa da afxazeTSi mari brosem moinaxula bediis, iloris,

drandis, lixnis, biWvintis taZrebi, Seagrova am taZrebze amokveTili

lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi, aRwera ilorisa da biWvintis

taZarebSi daculi saeklesio nivTebi da maTi warwerebi.

bediis taZarSi mari brosem oTxi lapidaruli da ori freskuli

1 SesaZloa es im gamocdilebiTac iyo nakarnaxevi, rom mari broses samSoblo - safran-

geTic mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda da sxvadasxva istoriuli kuTxeebisagan – provansi,

il de fransi, burgundia, Sampani, gaskonia da a. S. Sedgeboda.

17

warwera, sul eqvsi warwera1, gadmowera, xolo maTi grafikuli aslebi

arqiteqtorma abraam norovma daamzada.

broses mier gadmowerili lapidaruli warwerebia: sKmeon gala-

tozTuxucesis warwera, nikoloz kaTalikosisa da sofron bedielis

warwera, konstantine mefeTa mefis warwera da anton bedielis warwera.

aRniSnuli warwerebidan XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde mx-

olod ori warwera iyo SemorCenili: konstantine mefeTa mefis warwera

samrekloze da anton bedielis warwera bediis saepiskoposo palatis

timpanze2.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bediis taZris aRmosavleT kedelTan, romelzec

mari brosem sKmeon galatozTuxucesis warwera waikiTxa, Zirs Cam-

ovardnili ramdenime qva ipova, romelTa warweris fragmentebSi brosem

im monarqis saxeli gaarCia, romlis davalebasac sKmeoni asrulebda3.

samwuxarod, mari brose warweris fragmentSi dasaxelebuli monarqis

saxels ar asaxelebs.

samrekloze ganTavsebul nikoloz kaTalikozisa da sofron bedielis

warweraSi brosem waikiTxa gvari – gunguliasZe, romelic adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis informaciaze dayrdnobiT samurzayanoelebad miiCnia. mogvi-

anebiT, T. Jordaniam am warweraSi waikiTxa gvari – `englibaisZeTa~, XX

saukunis 70-ian wlebSi qarTuli warwerebis korpusis II tomze muS-

aobis dros valeri silogavam, ierusalimis jvris monastris aRapebSi

arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze, warwera XIII saukunis II naxevriT

daaTariRa da nikoloz kaTalikozi da sofron bedieli gonglibaYsZeTa

feodaluri saxlis wevrebad miiCnia.4

bediis samreklos dasavleT fasadze brosem miakvlia konstantine

mefeTa mefis warweras, romlis teqstis zusti wakiTxvis safuZvelze

warwera 1293-1327 wlebiT daaTariRa5. aRniSnuli daTariReba dResac

gaziarebulia samecniero literaturaSi.

bediis taZris freskuli warwerebidan broses naSromSi mxolod

or warweras vxvde biT _ qarTvel didebulTa freskul gamosaxulebas-

1 Rapports sur un Vouage Archeologique dans la Georgie et dans L”Armenie, execute en 1847-1848 par M. Brosset, ST.-Petersbourg, 1849. gv. 91-94; mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba same-

grelosa da afxazeTSi, teqsti frangulidan Targmna xaTuna wiklaurma, Tb., 2011. gv. 94-98.

2 ukanaskneli monacemebiT, aRniSnuli warwerebis mcire naSTi kvlav Cans samreklosa da

saepiskoposo sasaxlis Sesasvlelis Tavze.

3 Rapports, VIII, gv. 91; mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegrelosa da afxazeTSi,

gv.96;

4 qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, t. II. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi. nakv. I (IX_XIII

ss) gv. 172-173;


gv. 97;

18

Tan rodabis1 freskis ganmartebiTi warwera da `diofalT diofali~

marixisa da erisTavT erisTavisa da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi dadianis

warwera. aRniSnul warweraSi dasaxelebuli istoriuli pirebi mari

brosem odiSis mTavris levan I dadianis meuRle marixTan da SvilTan

giorgi III-sTan gaaigiva.2

iloris taZarSi mari brosem lapidaruli warwerebi ver SeamCina,

Tumca aRwera taZarSi daculi Weduri xelovnebis mravali nimuSi,

romelTa zedapirze amokveTili warwerebi mari brosem gaSifra da ga-

moaqveyna. Weduri warwerebidan mari brose asaxelebs daviT rusudanis

Zis, Samadavla dadianis, erisTavT erisTavi da mandaturTuxucesi levan

I dadianis, levan II dadianis xatis warwerebs da a. S3.

moqvis taZarsa da samrekloze mari brosem warwera ver SeamCnia.

Tumca saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ganacxada, rom moqvis taZari

aSenda leon III afxazTa mefis mier, romelmac javaxeTSi aago kumurdos

taZari4; avtorma icis, rom moqvis taZari daviT afxazTa mefis (daviT

aRmaSenebeli) dros moixata, romlis kvali broses dros taZarSi aRar

iyo SemorCenili.

lixnis taZarSi mari broses mravalricxovan qarTul warwerebTan

erTad ramdenime berZnuli epigrafikuli Zeglic daxvda. broses dros

taZari mTlianad moxatuli yofila bibliuri siuJetebiT, romelTac

Zveli qarTuliT Sesrulebuli Sesabamisi ganmartebiTi warwerebi ax-

lda5. freskuli warwerebi ZiriTadad, wiTeli saRebaviT yofila Ses-

rulebuli. aRniSnul warwerebs Soris brosem met-naklebad didi si-

zustiT waikiTxa warwera kometis gamoCenis Sesaxeb, romelic teqstSi

dafiqsirebuli informaciis safuZvelze - 1066 wliT daaTariRa6. xolo

1 brose aq kiTxulobs `qordab”. cnobili xelovnebaTmcodne rene Smerlingis azriT, aq

ikiTxeba `rodab~. r. Smerlingi, bediis taZris mxatvrobis daTariRebis sakiTxisaTvis,

smam. t. XVIII, #4. Tb., 1957. gv. 504-511;

2 es mosazreba mecnierTa erTma nawilma gaiziara, Tumca gamoiTqva sxva Sexeduleba, rom-

lis Tanaxmad, freskaze gamosaxuli `diofalT diofali~ marixi da erisTavT erisTavi

da mandaturTuxucesi giorgi dadiani - odiSis mTavris vamey I dadianis meuRle da

ufrosi Zea. (l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, I, lapidaruli

da freskuli warwerebi. Tb., 2005. gv. 62-74). aRniSnuli mosazreba gaziarebuli iqna

da safuZvlad daedo odiSis erisTavTa qronologiis axleburad gaazrebis sakiTxs. (g.

araxamia, odiSis erisTavTa qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis, weliwdeuli `saistorio Ziebani~,

t. V Tb., 2002. gv. 98-112;).

3 Rapports, VIII, gv. 95-108; mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegrelosa da afxa-

zeTSi, gv.98-105;


gv.108;


gv.112;

6 Rapports, VIII, gv. 95-108; mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegrelosa da afxa-

zeTSi, gv.98-105;

19

danarCeni warwerebi, romlebic asomTavruli da gardamavali mxedruli

anbaniT iyi Sesrulebuli brosem ver waikiTxa, an SecdomiT gadmogvca.

XIX saukuneSi, lixnis taZris restavraciis dros taZris Sida interi-

eri Selesilobis feniT daifara. droebiT Tvals miefara broses mier

dasaxelebuli warwerebi. 1986 wels qarTulma eqspediciam m. buCukuris

xelmZRvanelobiT restavraciis mizniT Camoxsna es Selesiloba da lix-

nis taZris freskuli warwerebis erTi nawili kvlav xiluli gaxda.

aRniSnuli warwerebi Seiswavla da 2005 wels gamoaqveyna prof. valeri

silogavam.1

lixnis Semdeg broses TvalsawierSi biWvintis taZari moxvda, rom-

lis siZveleebidan brose mxolod biWvinTis saxarebas asaxelebs da

masze Sesrulebul minawerebs aqveynebs. VIII `raportSi~ sul gamoqveyne-

bulia 8 minaweri, romlebSic SarvaSiZeebi arian dasaxelebuli2.

rogorc aRvniSneT, broses mier gamoqveynebul am warwerebsa da minaw-

er dokumentebs dRes gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTvelologi-

uri kvlevebisaTvis, radgan am nivTebis erTi nawili ukve aRar arsebobs.

Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, broses damsaxureba afxazeTSi qar-

Tuli werilobiTi kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. albaT, ramdenime sau-

kune gaivlis da qarTvelologia kvlav valSi iqneba cnobili frangi

orientalistis mari broses winaSe. momavali Taobebi ukeT Sefaseben mis

Rvawlsa da damsaxurebas qarTvelologiis da zogadad, kavkasiologiis

winaSe.

1 v. silogava, lixnis taZris epigrafika, wignSi: samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, Tb., 2004.

gv.189-220;

2 Rapports, VIII, gv. 142-143; mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegrelosa da af-

xazeTSi, gv.125-126;

20

Lia AkhaladzeSokhumi State University

MARIE BROSE AND EPIGRAPHIC ISSUES OF ABKHAZIA

This paper presents the merit of famous orientalist and Kartvelologist, Marie Pelisite Ksavie Brose before Kartvelology and generally before Caucasiology. According to the author, his researches have such fundamental features, that study of scientifi c activities of Marie Brose will stay for a long time as the sphere of interest for the researchers. It is also invaluable his merit and contribution to the promotion of Georgian culture.

In the article there is studied Brose’s merit before Kartvelology (study of Georgian language), especially before Georgian epigraphy. The article has the subject of a separate study - Marie Brose’s merit in searching and rescuing of Georgian epigraphic monuments of Abkhazia. Marie Brose’s merit is description of lapidary and mural inscriptions of Bedia Monastic Complex, Ilori and Likhni churches, performance of graphic draft and determining the inscription texts. Be-sides the lapidary and engraved inscriptions, Brose read the Georgian inscriptions carved on engraved art monuments and evaluated their historical-source study value.

According to the author, Marie Brose came to Georgia as a researcher orien-talist, scientist interested in the history and culture of Georgia and went out as a big fan of Georgia.

Perhaps, after several centuries Kartvelology will be still owed to the famous French orientalist - Marie Brose. The article expresses the hope that future genera-tions will better evaluate his merit and contribution to Kartvelology and in general to Caucasiology.

21

Tamar belqania, Tamar belqania, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

tariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZesaqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wm. andria pirvelwodebulis universiteti

sainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdegsainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg(geopolitikuri konteqsti)

msoflios geopolitikur sivrceSi centraluri adgili uWiravs

evrazias; evraziaSi erT-erTi gamorCeulad strategiuli regionia kavka-

sia; kavkasiaSi ki saqarTvelo, rogorc Tanamedrove sazRvao, saxmeleTo

da energoresursebis magistralebis Tavmoyris adgili.

1801 wlidan 1990 wlamde saqarTvelos geopolitikur simZlavreebs

faqtobrivad marTavda ruseTi. me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasavleTTan

geopolitikur WidilSi sustdeba ruseTis imperia (sabWoTa kavSiri). am

fonze saqarTveloSi Zlierdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba,

romelic zviad gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT legitimuri gziT modis

saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi. kanonierad arCeulma xelisuflebam 1991

wlis 31 martis saerTo-saxalxo referendumis safuZvelze 1991 wlis

9 aprils aRadgina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba.

didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeni dadgnen faqtis winaSe: saqarTvelom

dRis wesrigSi daayena kavkasiis regionSi geopolitikuri situaciis

Secvlis aucilebloba. kerZod, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis mosaxleobam

1991 wlis 9 aprilis ,,damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT~ mTel msofli-

os aCvena: erTian saqarTvelos surs, Tavad akontrolos sakuTari geo-

politikuri sivrce. paralelurad, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma

sabWom saqarTveloSi myofi ruseTis jari okupantad gamoacxada. ruseTi

ar Seegua saqarTvelodan wasvlis perspeqtivas. miuxedavad warmatebuli

referendumisa da damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis gamocxadebisa, 1991-

93 wlebSi saqarTvelo aiZules mainc rusul geopolitikur sivrceSi

darCeniliyo; kerZod, dasavleTisa da ruseTis ramdenimewliani ,,Widi-

lis~ Semdeg aRmosavleTi evropa da baltiis qveynebi moeqca dasavleTis

geopolitikur velSi, kavkasia, ukraina, moldova da Sua azia ki darCa

ruseTis faqtobriv mflobelobaSi.1

1991–1992 wlebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi gareZaladobiT icvleba

kanonieri xelisufleba: ,,Tavisad~ datovebul geopolitikur sivrceSi

ruseTma iaraRis ZaliT daamxo aseve azerbaijanisa da iCqeriis kanonieri

1 msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe. ,,raca RmerTsa ara swaddes, anu mimdinare

procesebis Sesaxeb~, gazeTi ,,saqarTvelos respublika~, 28 seqtemberi, 1991 w.

22

xelisuflebebi.1 Semdeg, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxareSi konfliqtebis

provocirebiT ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma am istoriuli qarTuli

miwebidan gandevna avtoqToni mosaxleobis udidesi nawili (qarTvelebi,

kremlis mowinaaRmdege afxazebi...).

amis miuxedavad, SevardnaZis xelisuflebam saokupacio jaris sta-

tusi mouxsna ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebs; metic, dampyrobeli megobar

qveynad gamoacxada da rusul jars e.w. qarTul-,,afxazuri~, sinamd-

vileSi: qarTul-rusuli konfliqtis zonaSi samSvidobo misia daekisra.2

1993 wlidan kavkasiaSi iwyeba rusuli eqspansiis axali etapi: geno-

cidisa da kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg rusuli kapitalis

dro dgeba: saqarTvelos strategiul simZlavreebs isev ruseTi eufleba.

dRes dasavleTisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa baqo-Tbilisi-jei-

hanis da baqo-Tbilisi-baTumis magistralebi; Sdr. amerikisa da dasav-

leT evropis saxelmwifoebisTvis aRmosavleTi evropa ufro Rirsebisa

da usafrTxoebis sakiTxi iyo; Sua aziis resursebi da amierkavkasiis

energomatareblebi ki maTTvisac da TurqeTisTvisac sasicocxlo mniS-

vnelobisaa:

mxolod amierkavkasiidan ruseTis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi iqneba evropa

energetikulad damoukidebeli.

SevardnaZis aTwliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg am da sxva faqtorebma

maleve ganapirobes amierkavkasiaSi geopolitikuri balansis garkveuli

koreqtirebis aucilebloba:

2003 wlis,,vardebis revoluciis~ mxardaWeriT dasavleTma SesamC-

nevad gaaZliera saqarTveloSi evroatlantikuri orientaciis Zalebi;

Sedegad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis, rogorc geopolitikuri moTamaSis

roli gaizarda; aman ruseTSi kidev ufro gaaZliera amierkavkasiaze

gavlenis dabrunebis survili; Sedegad miviReT 2008 wlis agvistos

agresia - rusuli revanSis morigi etapi.

SeerTebuli Statebisa da evrokavSiris aqtiurobiT, rusuli agresia

dedaqalaqis - Tbilisis - misadgomebTan SeCerda; am istoriul movlenas

saqarTvelosTvis bevri uaryofiTi da zogi dadebiTi Sedegi mohyva:

daiRupa saqarTvelos bevri moqalaqe (qarTuli Tu osuri warmoma-

vlobisa), aTasobiT qarTveli iqca devnilad; saqarTvelom faqtobrivad

kidev dakarga teritoriebi (dalis/kodoris-strategiuli simaRle -

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveuli Zalebi dRemde Cqmalaven am movlenis arss da saqarTveloSi

kremlis mier ganxorcielebul samxedro gadatrialebas ,,samoqalaqo omad~ naTlaven.

2 e. SevardnaZe saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego bevr SeTanxmebaSi monawileobda; ix., mag.,

SevardnaZisa da baltinis Sexvedra 1993 wlis 3 noembers foTis navsadgurSi rusul

gemze; SevardnaZis mier xelmowerili zogi sxva xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve:

t. futkaraZe. afsirtedan gamsaxurdiamde, anu awmyos udabnoSi, Tb., 1999; t. futkaraZe.

imerxevis metyveli miwa-wyali, quTaisi, 2007; t. futkaraZe. eTnolingvisturi terminebi

da evropuli qartia umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, quTaisi, 2005.

23

xeoba anu zemo afxazeTi, axalgoris raioni, cxinvalis mxaris qarTuli

soflebi, saCxeris raionis sofeli perevi...); dasustda saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo; didi zarali miadga samxedro potencials; gaizarda alba-

Toba, ruseTisgan marTuli,,separatistuli“ Zalebis gamoyenebiT daiSa-

los qarTuli saxelmwifo. garda amisa, ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da

samxreT oseTis aRiarebiT, gaCnda realuri safrTxe, Crdilo kavkasia

iqces mudmivi qaosis, terorizmisa da radikaluri islamis forpostad.

agvistos movlenebis dadebiT da samarTlian Sedegad miviCnevT saqa-

rTvelos xelisuflebis mier ruseTis jarisTvis okupantis statusis

aRdgenasa da amierkavkasiaSi evrokavSiris gaaqtiurebas.

ruseT-saqarTvelos agvistos (2008) omis Semdeg kremli akontro-

lebs saqarTvelos ufro met nawils, magram putin-dugin-medvedevis

ruseTs es ar akmayofilebs; ruseTis agresiul xelisuflebas surs,

saxmeleTo gzac hqondes somxeTSi ganTavsebul bazasTan da srulad

akontrolos amierkavkasiis gzajvaredini. am mizniT ruseTi aqtiur dez-

informaciul sainformacio propagandas eweva; kerZod, mezobeli impe-

riis dezinformaciuli manqana sami mimarTulebiT muSaobs:

1.sainformacio saSualebebiT fsevdomecnieruli debulebebis pro-

pagandiT cdilobs, rom eTnikur qarTvelTa nawils mainc Seucvalos

erovnuli meoba (identoba); mag., ruseTisgan dafinansebuli pirebi

dRemde warumateblad cdiloben daajeron svanebi, megrelebi, lazebi,

aWarlebi Tu mesxebi, rom maTi dedaena ar aris qarTuli ena, rom isini

qarTvelebi ar arian;1

2. mZlavri sainformacio propagandiT cdilobs, daajeros mTeli

msoflio, rom qarTvelebi ar arian: aWarlebi, megrelebi, lazebi, svane-

bi, xevsurebi, mesxebi, TuSebi da a.S. maTi monacemebiT, saqarTvelod

wodebul saxelmwifoSi es,,eTnikuri jgufebi~,,iCagrebian~ qarTvelebi-

sgan (qarTlelebisgan), ramdenadac maT sakuTari,,dedaenebis~ mixedviT

ara aqvT samwignobro kultura. am ,,xalxebs~ e.w. ,,qarTizaciiT~ Tavs

moxveuli aqvT,,dampyrobeli~ qarTvelebis ena; msoflio unda daexmaros

am,,daCagrul~,,eTnosebs~.

3. saeWvo Rirebulebis ,,samecniero kvlevebis~ fabrikaciiTa da

1 mag. aSkarad aramarTebuli kvalifikaciis gavlenis qveS moeqcnen umciresobis sakiTxTa

evropuli centri – kavkasiis (ESMI) mier gamoqveynebuli wignis:,,mesxebi: gza Sinisaken~

(saqarTvelo, 2011) avtorebi: tom trieri, giorgi Tarxan-mouravi da forest kilimaniki;

Sdr. avtorTa fraza: ,,sacxovrebeli adgilis socialur-kulturul garemosTan Seguebis

Sedegad Turqulis mesxuri dialeqti eqceoda sxva enebis, gansakuTrebiT ki azerbaijanu-

lis, zegavlenis qveS am enebis lingvisturi siaxlovis gamo~ (gv. 69. kargi iqneboda,

am saintereso gamokvlevaSi naTlad Tqmuliyo, rom samcxe-javaxeTidan deportirebuli

mosaxleobis sametyvelo dialeqtebi iyo qarTuli enis mesxuri kilo da Turquli

enis dasavleT anatoliuri kilo (gv. 69-72). megruli, svanuri da lazuri idiomebis

(metyvelebebis) kvalifikaciis istoriis Sesaxeb ix., t. futkaraZe. qarTvelTa dedaena da

dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008.

24

propagandiT cdilobs, daajeros msoflios elituri wreebi, rom ar

arsebobs erTiani qarTuli kultura; rom saqarTvelo mcire imperi-

aa; rom qarTvelebma (qarTlelebma) Tavis droze daipyres da dResac

Cagraven,,umwignobro enebis~ mqone,,xalxebs~: mesxebs, aWarlebs, megrelebs,

lazebs, svanebs...

warmodgenili miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, ruseTSi Seqmnilia

,,Информационные войска“, romelsac kremlma miznad dausaxa ruseTisT-

vis saWiro ,,realobis~ gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi.1 ,,sainformacio

armias~ sami ram evaleba: a) strategiuli analizi, b) informaciuli

zegavlena, g) sainformacio ukuqmedeba.

sainformacio omis erT-erTi ,,meTodia~ ciliswamebac. Sdr. kremli

saqarTvelos abralebs sainformacio omis warmoebas (ix. http://www.km.ru/ news/informaczionnaya_vojna_protiv_ro). swored aseTi meToduri sainfor-

macio `artileriis gamoyenebiT~ ruseTi cdilobs, waaxalisos saqarT-

veloSi axali avtonomiebis Seqmna da Semdgomi danawevreba.

samwuxarod, jerjerobiT, ruseTis didi,,mecadineobiT~ Tanamedrove

msoflios samecniero-sainformacio sivrceSi TiTqmis ualternativo-

daa gabatonebuli politizebuli antiqarTuli debulebebi; samagaliTod

warmogidgenT ramdenime kvalifikacias:

1. msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri enciklope-

diis mixedviT (2012 wlis mdgomareobiT), saqarTveloSi cxovroben

Semdegi eTnosebi/xalxebi:

1,,Необходимо создать информационные войска, в составе которых будут государственные и военные СМИ. Цель информационных войск – создание нужной России реальности. Информационные войска работают как на внешнюю, так и на внутреннюю аудиторию. Персонал информационных войск слагается из числа дипломатов, экспертов, журналистов, операторов, писателей, публицистов, хакеров, переводчиков, сотрудников связи, РЭП, веб-дизайнеров.~ Информационные войска должны решать три основные задачи. Первая – стратегический анализ, вторая – информационное воздействие, третья – информационное противодействие. Они могли бы включать в себя основные составляющие, ныне находящиеся в различных министерствах, советах, комитетах. Действия во внешнеполитическом медиапространстве должны быть скоординированы.

Для решения первой задачи необходимо создать: стратегический анализ сетей управления (вхождение в сети и возможность их подавления); контрразведку; мероприятия пo оперативной маскировке; обеспечение безопасности собственных сил и средств; обеспечение безопасности информации.

Для решения второй задачи необходимо создать: антикризисный центр, государственный медиахолдинг по связям с телеканалами и информационными агентствами (с решением главной задачи – поставки на телеканалы и информагентства нужной России информации). В них задействуются государственные СМИ – «Голос России», «Маяк», ТРК «МИР», «РТР-Планета», Russia Today, «Руссия аль Яум»; по связи с общественностью; по подготовке жур-налистов для прикладной журналистики, военной печати, журналистов-международников, журналистов радио и телевидения.

Для решения третьей задачи необходимо создать центры определения критически важных информационных структур противника, физического уничтожения, радиоэлектронной борьбы, психологических и сетевых операций (подготовка хакеров)... ~

25

azerbaijanelebi - 308 000,

asirielebi (aisorebi) - 3 000,

afxazebi - 101 000,

bacbebi - 3 420,

berZnebi - 38 000,

lazebi - 2 000,

megrelebi - 500 000,

sebi - 100 000,

rusebi - 372 000,

svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls) - 15 000,

somxebi - 448 000,

urumebi (muslimi berZnebi) - 97 746,

qarTvelebi (imerlebi, raWa-leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, imerx-

evleb-qarTlelebi (Imerxev Kartlian), kaxelebi, ingiloebi, TuSebi, mox-

eveebi, xevsurebi, fSavlebi, mTiulebi, fereidnelebi, mesxeb-javaxebi)

- 3 901 380,

qarTveli ebraelebi - 20 000,

qurTebi - 40 000 da sxv. (Ethnologue report for Georgia http://www.ethnologue.com; http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE).

2. qarTvelTa erTi nawili (megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi) araqa-

rTvelebadaa gamocxadebuli msoflios virtualuri istoriis Taname-

drove gverdze; kerZod, aziis ganyofilebaSi arsebul saqarTvelos

vebgverdze gamoqveynebulia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb,,eTnikur umcireso-

baTa~ gansaxlebis Semdegi ruka:

rukas darTuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi umciresobebis en-

ebad miiCneva: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wova-TuSuri; 3. xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5. azerbaijan-

uli; 6. somxuri; 7. lazuri anu Wanuri; 8. megruli; 9. afxazuri; 10. svanuri;

26

11. osuri. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am kvalifikaciebis Camosayalibeblad avtorma

(J. Hillery) cxra weli iSroma (1996-2004); aseve wlobiT aqvs saqarTveloSi

naRvawi saqarTvelos vebgverdis avtors, b-n adrian briskus (ix. http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html).

3. qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis didi xania cnobilia prof. j. hi-

uitis antiqarTuli moRvaweoba (Tavis droze es londoneli profesori

saqarTveloSi Camovida moskovSi moRvaweobis Semdeg; Semdeg is iqca

moskovisgan marTuli afxazi ,,separatistebis~ lobistad); am etapze is

,,axali~ iniciativiT gamodis; misi azriT, megruli enis saxelmwifo enad

aRiarebiT unda Seiqmnas samegrelos buferuli saxelmwifo, romelic

xels Seuwyobs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebas... aseve, unda

Seiqmnas kavkasiis konfederacia1 (romlis subieqtebadac ivaraudeba: af-

xazeTi, samegrelo, saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, yarabaRi, somxeTi, samxreTi

oseTi...).2

amgvari kvalifikaciebi gamyarebulia e.w. lingvisturi rukebiTac; ix.

mag. saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi arsebuli prof. iuri koriakovis ruka;3

1 j. hiuitma es mosazreba gamoTqva 1999 wels werilSi:,,TanamSromloba kavkasiis sa-

keTildReod~ (statia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas instituts sa-

recenziod gadasca TurqeTSi gamomavali Jurnalis,,Cveneburebis~ redaqciam 1999 wels);

ix., agreTve: Hewitt, B.G. Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership. Central Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 267–323, 1993; Hewitt, B.G. Demographic manipulation in the Caucasus. The Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 48–74, 1995; Hewitt, G. (ed.) The Abkhazians. Cur-zon Press, 1999. kritikisaTvis ix.: http://www.scribd.com/doc/2273647/Confl ict-in-Abkhazia-Cases-of-Cooperation-in-Favour-of-Caucasus-or-again-Confederation-of-Caucasus).,,samegrelos

buferuli saxelmwifos~ ideis provocirebiT ruseTis imperiul wreebs surT, saqarT-

velos sabolood waarTvan afxazeTi.

2 Sdr., mag. a. duginis xedva saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb (Москва: Арктогея-центр, 1999): “Новый геополитический порядок на Кавказе” предполагает полный передел ныне существующих политических реальностей и переход от модели взаимоотношений государство-государство или нация-нация к чисто геополитической системе Центр-периферия, причем структура периферии должна определяться не политической, но этно-культурной дифференциацией. Это возможно осуществить через план создания “Кавказской Федерации”, которая включала бы в себя как три кавказских республики СНГ, так и внутрироссийские автономные образования. Центр при этом уступал бы всему этому району культурно-экономическую автаркию, но обеспечивал бы жесточайший стратегический централизм... (сс. 351-352). 3 prof. qevin TuiTis (kanada) rekomendaciiT es ruka komentarebisTvis gadmogvigzavna lingvisturi rukebis frangma specialistma patrik lemonierma (Patrick LEMONNIER).

27

msgavsi rukebisgan gansxvavebiT aq arsebiTi ,,siaxle~ is aris, rom

erTmaneTTan gaTanabrebulia terminebi: samegrelo da istoriuli kolxa

(Colkhis), riTac xazgasmulia qarTulisa da megrulis dacalkeveba-da-

Sorebis TiTqosda xangrZlivi istoria: i. koriakovis rukis mixedviT

gamodis, rom qarTuli ena ar arsebobs samegreloSi, svaneTSi.

sinamdvileSi, kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebi da ber-

Znul-urartuli Zveli istoriuli cnobebi cxadyofen, rom qarTvelTa

istoriuli saxelmwifo kolxac da saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Se-

qmnili kolxuri kulturac, istoriuli saqarTvelos ZiriTad nawils

moicavda. im periodSic dRevandel megrelTa, mesxTa, aWarelTa, svanTa,

lazTa Tu taoelTa winaprebi erTian qarTul (/qarTvelur) eTnoss war-

moadgendnen da erTian kulturas qmnidnen.1

bunebrivia, i. koriakovma icis, rom svanebic, megrelebic, gurule-

bic, aWarlebic da sxva kuTxis qarTvelebic TavianT dedaenad qarTuls

miiCneven; icis isic, rom mis mier enebad saxeldebul idiomebs mecni-

erTa nawili qarTuli enis kiloebad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, is mainc,

ratomRac, megrelebs, lazebs, zemo svanebs da qvemo svanebs aramxolod

enobrivad, aramed eTnikuradac acalkevebs (mizani: ,,gaTiSe da ibatone!~).2

1 sarwmuno Cans varaudi, rom kulxa warmoiqmna Woroxis xeobasa da kola-artaanis mxa-

reSi Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua periodSi; sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., m. inaZe. ter-

minebi: ,,kolxa” da ,,kolxeTi~ antikur mwerlobaSi. _ kr. saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis

aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, Tb., 1993; t.futkaraZe. qarTvelebi,

quTaisi, 2005.

2 http://lingvarium.org/raznoe/publications/caucas/alw_cau_ru.shtml; Коряков Юрий Борисович, Атлас кавказских языков; М., Институт языкознания, 2006, 39-42; Sdr. aqve, i. koriakovi darguuli enis nacvlad 18 enas gamoyofs, xolo darguul kiloebs enebad

acxadebs.

28

dRevandeli saqarTvelo msoflios yuradRebis centrSia: amJamad

saqarTvelo aqtiurad ganixileba amerika-ruseTis, evropa-ruseTis,

TurqeT-ruseTis, evraziis geopolitikur konteqstebSi; Sesabamisad,

bevri dainteresebuli mxare cdilobs, Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad

warmoaCinos realoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, aseTi saxifaTo globaluri da-

pirispirebis obieqti arasodes yofila kavkasiis es mcireteritoriani

saxelmwifo.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg did sainformacio oms awar-

moebs ruseTis imperia; gansakuTrebiT maxinjdeba monacemebi qarTvelTa

enobriv-eTnikuri identobisa da saqarTvelos istoriis bolo 200 wlis

Sesaxeb /rodesac saqarTvelo okupirebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis mier/.

am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos esaWiroeba sainformacio TavdacviTi

sistemis Seqmna, romlis mizanic iqneba qarTvelTa/saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

obieqturi da drouli informaciis gavrceleba msoflioSi; kerZod,

drouladaa saWiro:

- qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi identobis Ses-

axeb msoflioSi farTod gavrcelebuli araswori informaciebis daba-

lanseba; aucilebelia, aseve, qarTuli samxedro Jurnalistikis ganviTa-

reba da kiberTavdacviTi meqanizmis Seqmna;

- saqarTvelos (qarTveli eris) Sesaxeb obieqturi eTnolingvisturi

da istoriografiuli rukebis damuSaveba;

- saerTaSoriso samecniero Tu saenciklopedio wreebisTvis Taname-

drove qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebis miwodeba...

29

Tamar Belkania,Iv. Javakhishvili State University

Tariel PutkaradzeSaint Andrew’s Georgian University

INFORMATION WAR AGAINST GEORGIA

/Geopolitical context/Today Georgia is the center of attention of the world: at present Georgia

is being actively discussed within the American-Russian, European-Russian, Turkish-Russian, Eurasian geopolitical contexts; therefore, many interested par-ties attempt to represent reality according to their interests. We may say, this small part of Caucasus has never been an object of such dangerous global confrontation.

Russian empire is carrying out a massive information warfare campaign against Georgia. Data on linguistic-ethnic identity of Georgians as well as 200 years of Georgia’s recent history (being occupied by Russia) are especially cor-rupt. Georgia is in need of information security system aiming at global dissemi-nation of objective and timely information on Georgians and Georgia. Namely, the urgent activities include:

- balancing corrupt data regarding linguistic-ethnic and state identity of Georgians that is widespread throughout the world; development of Geor-gian military journalism and establishment of a cyber security mechanism is essential;

- designing objective ethnic-linguistic and historiographical maps of Georgia (Georgian nation);

- providing international scientifi c community and encyclopedias with the results of modern Kartvelological research.

30

kaxaber fifiakaxaber fifiasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

gvianantikuri da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos gvianantikuri da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

istoriuli paralelebi: geopolitikuri istoriuli paralelebi: geopolitikuri

aspeqtiaspeqti

`rac yofila is iqneba,

rac momxdara is moxdeba da

araferi axali am mzis qveS ar xdeba.~

solomon brZeni

kavkasia da misi geografiul-politikuri centri, saqarTvelo

odiTganve msoflio kulturul-istoriuli procesebis monawilea. evra-

ziis unikaluri transkavkasiuri satranzito derefnis evropisaken mo-

qceul nawilSi mdebareobis gamo, saqarTvelo mWidrod iyo dakavSire-

buli garesamyarosTan, rac xels uwyobda qveynis swraf politikur

da kulturul dawinaurebas. magram, meore mxriv, imave faqtoris gamo,

saqarTvelo xSirad iyo msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifoTaA miswrafe-

bebisa da interesTa realizaciis asparezi, rac xSirad qveynis sruli

politikuri kolafsisa da damoukideblobis dakargvis mizezic xdeboda.

ase rom, evropa-aziis gasayarze mdebareobam imTaviTve gansazRvra Cveni

qveynis funqciaca da istoriuli bedic. iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,

TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze saqarTvelo sx-

vadasxva imperiaTa Soris buferuli zona an maTi Semadgeneli nawili

iyo. saqarTvelo CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris urTierTobebSi erTdroulad xidsac warmoadgenda da barier-

sac1. igi civilizaciaTaSorisi, kulturaTaSorisi sivrcea, romelic

rogorc aRmosavleTis, aseve dasavleTis civilizaciuri sistemebisagan

iRebda kulturul impulsebs. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo

warmoadgenda evropa-aziis civilizaciaTa gzajvaredins, saqarTveloze

dasavleTidan momdinare impulsebis xarisxi gacilebiT maRali iyo da

amave dros, TviT saqarTvelos kulturul-politikuri orientaciac up-

iratesad dasavlur xasiaTs atarebda. saqarTvelo istoriul-tipolo-

giuri TvalsazrisiT dasavlur civilizacias ekuTvnis. igi dasavluri

samyaros nawilia, am samyaros aRmosavlurTan gadakveTis sivrceSi2. ase

iyo saukuneTa manZilze da asea axlac.

XX s. bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad, samxreT kavka-

1 Н. Чиковани. Единный Кавказ: Исторически обусловленная реальность или политические иллюзии? – Центральная Азия и Кавказ. №5 (41), 2005, gv. 53. 2 d. jojua. saqarTvelos kulturul-civilizaciuri identurobis sakiTxisaTvis (glo-

balizaciisa da civilizaciaTaSorisi urTierTobebis krizisis fonze). – kulturaTa-

Sorisi komunikaciebi, #1, 2007, gv. 108-112.

31

siaSi axali politikuri realoba Seiqmna da mravali iseT procesi

daiwyo, romelTa warmodgenac ki SeuZlebeli iyo ZalTa manamdeli ba-

lansis pirobebSi. saqarTvelo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda. qar-

Tuli saxelmwifo imTaviTve uamravi problemisa da gamowvevis winaSe

dadga. qveynis Sida politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

prioritetebTan erTad, umTavresi gaxda sagareo veqtoris gamokveTa,

nacionaluri tradiciebisa da eTnofsiqologiis Sefardeba Tanamedrove

civilizaciis moTxovnebTan da dRevandel msoflioSi kuTvnili adgilis

gansazRvra.

saqarTvelom damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave mkveTrad

gamokveTili prodasavluri kursi aiRo, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ara mxo-

lod Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli geopolitikuri realobis obi-

eqturi SefasebiT, aramed garkveulwilad, SeiZleba iTqvas istoriuli

tradiciebiTac. rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelo organulad dasavluri

samyaros nawilia. dasavlur civilizaciur sivrcesTan saqarTvelos is-

toriuli kavSirebi jer kidev antikurobidan iRebs saTaves. saqarT-

velos xangrZlivi istoriis yvela konkretul monakveTSi, dasavleTTan

pirdapiri kontaqtebis gawyveta yovelTvis qarTuli saxelmwifoebrio-

bis umZimesi krizisis mizezi xdeboda. XVs. Suaxanebidan moyolebuli,

rodesac saqarTvelo xangrZlivi droiT mowyda evropas da musulmanuri

qveynebis rkalSi moeqca, qveynis istoriaSi iwyeba yvelaze mZime periodi.

dasavleTis mniSvneloba kargad iyo gacnobierebuli qarTul politikur

samyaroSi da calkeuli mefe-mTavrebi Zal-Rones ar zogavdnen evropas-

Tan iZulebiT gawyvetili kavSiris aRsadgenad, rasac ramdenime saukune

dasWirda. ase rom, rodesac qveyanas mieca damoukidebeli arCevanis

ufleba, man Tavisi bunebrivi mokavSiris Zebna dasavleTSi daiwyo.

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saqarTvelos daintereseba dasav-

leTiT, calmxrivi araa, da evropis qveynebis politikur interesebs

saqarTvelos mimarT, iseTive xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, rogoric Cveni

qveynis dasavlur orientacias. dRevandel situaciaSi, roca saqarT-

velo faqtobrivad mTel Tavis saxelmwifoebriv perspeqtivas dasavleTs

ukavSirebs, evroatlantikuri sivrcis aRmosavleTisaken forsirebuli

gafarToebis, globalizaciisa da saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva qveynis in-

teresTa gadakveTis pirobebSi, dasavlur samyarosTan istoriuli kon-

taqtebis gaazreba mravalmxriv interess iwvevs.

saqarTvelos geopolitikaSi Cveulebriv istoriulad Camoyalibebu-

li sami veqtori arsebobs: CrdiloeTi, dasavleTi da samxreTi. meoTxe,

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebidan saqarTvelos istoriulad ar emuqreboda

uSualo safrTxe da es veqtori damokidebuli iyo samxreTis politi-

kaze. ase rom, saqarTvelos geopolitikurad uwevda sami Zalis dabalan-

seba, romelTagan ori – CrdiloeTi da samxreTi, istoriulad Zlieri

iyo, xolo dasavleTi susti, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, xSirad saqarT-

32

velos mZime politikuri mdgomareobis mizezic xdeboda.

saqarTvelos istoriis mTel manZilze dasavleTis veqtoris gansa-

kuTrebuli siZlieriT ori etapi gamoirCeva – gvianantikuri xana da

Tanamedrove periodi. faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes saqarT-

veloSi Semqmnili politikuri realoba gvianantikuri xanis reminiscen-

cias warmoadgens da istoriuli paralelebis simravliT gamoirCeva, ris

gaazrebasac, Tanamedrove geopolitikur konteqstSi, wminda SemecnebiT-

Tan erTad gansakuTrebuli politikuri mniSvnelobac aqvs. Ggviananti-

kuri xanisa da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos geopolitikur mdgomareobaSi

ikveTeba Semdegi paralelebi:

1. dasavleTi, rogorc erTiani politikuri aqtori samxreT kavkasiaSi.

dRevandeli dasavleTi, romelic faqtobrivad erT samxedro-politikur

bloks warmoadgens da ukve ekonomikuradac TiTqmis maqsimaluradaa in-

tegrirebuli, Tavis pirvelsawyiss gvianantikur xanaSi iRebs. Eevropis

udidesi nawili arasdros yofila iseTi erTiani rogoric dResaa da

rogoric gvianantikur xanaSi iyo. TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT da samxreT-

aRmosavleT evropis gaerTianeba erT politikur da socialur-ekonomi-

kur sistemaSi swored gvianantikur xanaSi, romis saxelmwifos farg-

lebSi moxda. amitom SemTxveviTi araa, rom romis imperia Tanamedrove

evropis winamorbedadaa miCneuli. Mmag., jer kidev T. momzeni evropul

civilizacias romaul xmelTaSuazRvispireTTan dakavSirebuli arealis

morig kulturul wred miiCnevda1. romis imperiam moaxerxa evropisa da

wina aziis uzarmazari sivrceebis erTi politikuri Zalis qveS gaer-

Tianeba, maTi ekonomikuri integracia da erTian geopolitikur sistemad

formireba. imperiaSi Semaval calkeul qveynebs Soris sazRvrebi moiS-

ala, samoneto sistema garkveulwilad unificirebul iqna, xelsayreli

pirobebi Seiqmna sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris kulturuli da ekonomikuri

urTierTobisaTvis2. Tanamedrove evropaSi mimdinare integraciis proce-

si, globalizmi, evropis aRmosavleTisaken gafarToeba da civilizaciaTa

daaxloeba, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebul formebSi, antikur periodSi ukve

momxdari politikuri procesebis garkveul istoriul analogias war-

moadgens. ase rom, rogorc axla, iseve gvianantikur xanaSi saqarTvelos

urTierToba uwevda faqtobrivad erTian evropasTan.

2. samxreTis faqtori saqarTvelos geopolitikaSi gvianantikur da Taname-

drove xanaSi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, samxreTis veqtori (irani, TurqeTi)

saqarTvelos geopolitikaSi istoriulad yovelTvis Zlieri iyo da

saqarTvelos swored aqedan emuqreboda uSualo safrTxe. ase iyo saqa-

rTvelos istoriis TiTqmis mTel manZilze. am mxriv erTgvar gamonak-

liss swored gvianantikuri (yovel SemTxvevaSi, I-III ss.) da Tanamedrove

1 Т. Моммзен. История Рима. т.I, Ростов-на-Дону, 1997, gv. 22.2 В.И. Кузищин, И.А. Гвоздева. История Древнего Рима. М., 2005, gv. 203-210.

33

xana warmoadgens. Zv.w. I s. 60-ian ww. romis mier wina aziaSi axali

politikuri wesrigis damyarebis Semdeg, qarTul politikur samyaros

samxreTidan momdinare safrTxeebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi faq-

tobrivad moexsna. lukulusisa da pompeusis Zlevamosili aRmosavluri

laSqrobebis Sedegad maxlobeli aRmosavleTis politikuri ruka radi-

kalurad Seicvala. TiTqmis mTeli mcire azia romaelTa xelSi gadavida.

miTridatuli pontos samefos teritoria romis provinciad gamocxadda.

tigran II-is vrceli da Zlieri `didi armenia~ daiSala da patara, meo-

rexarisxovan saxelmwifod iqca1. armeniisa da pontos Zlierebis pe-

riodSi iberia garkveulwilad maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda da misi

politikuri SesaZleblobebi mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iyo. mZlavri

mezoblebis dacemam ki iberias axali perspeqtivebi gauxsna da mis ga-

Zlierebas Seuwyo xeli2. garda amisa, Zv. w. I s. 50-iani ww. bolodan

romsa da parTias Soris permanentuli dapirispirebis dawyebisa da

am konfrontaciis Sedegad maxlobel aRmosavleTSi e.w. `politikuri

dualizmis~ sistemis Camoyalibebis Semdeg3, parTiis mTeli samxedro-

politikuri potenciali mimarTuli iyo romis Sekavebisaken. Zv. w. I s.

Suaxanebidan dawyebuli, parTiis samefos, mTeli misi arsebobis manZil-

ze, ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgenda an sakuTari teritoriebis dacva, an

maqsimum brZola armeniaSi romaelTa sabolood damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg

da misi politikuri aqtivoba iberias ver swvdeboda. ase, rom, romis

eqspansiis, e.i. dasavleTis veqtoris gaZlierebis Semdeg, mTeli mcire

azia gaxda evroantikuri civilizaciis nawili, xolo parTia dasustda,

ris Sedegad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi qarTul politikur gaer-

Tianebebs samxreTidan safrTxe ar damuqrebia.

garkveulwilad analogiuri procesebi dResac SeimCneva. Tanamedrove

mcire aziac realurad dasavleTis nawilad moiazreba. yovel SemTx-

vevaSi, TurqeTi NATO-s wevria, xolo misi swrafva ̀ vesternizaciisaken~,

evropul struqturebSi integrirebisaken Seuqcevadi. amasTan, dasavle-

Tis faqtoris siZlierisa da, aseve sxva obieqturi garemoebebis gamo,

CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iranis naklebaqtiurobis pirobebSi, dResac

da axlo momavalSic, saqarTvelos samxreTis mxridan uSualo safrTxe

ar emuqreba.

amrigad, rogorc gvianantikur xanaSi, aseve saqarTvelos Taname-

drove geopolitikur realobaSic, dasavleTis veqtorma faqtobrivad

gaaneitrala samxreTis faqtori.

3. romisa da Tanamedrove dasavluri, evroatlantikuri sivrcis samx-

1 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss. (politikuri urTierTobebi),

Tb., 2005, gv. 30.

2 k. fifia. traianes aRmosavluri politika da saqarTvelo. Tb., 2005, gv. 9.

3 ix.:k. fifia. parTia-romis urTierToba Zv.w. I s. SuaxanebSi da `politikuri dualiz-

mis~ sistemis Seqmna wina aziaSi. _ `kavkasiis macne~, XII, Tb., 2005, gv. 67-70.

34

edro-strategiuli interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

dasavleTis interesebSi saqarTvelos mimarT gvianantikuri xanidan faq-

tobrivad araferi Secvlila, da mas dResac igive interesebi amoZravebs

Cvens regionSi, rogoric romaul xanaSi. saqarTvelos, da saerTod,

amierkavkasias didi mniSvneloba hqonda antikuri samyarosaTvis ro-

gorc geopolitikuri, aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. roms, ra Tqma

unda, ainteresebda amierkavkasiis qveynebis adgilobrivi ekonomikuri

resursebi, magram mas aq upirvelesad samxedro-strategiuli interesebi

amoZravebda1. kavkasionis qedi warmoadgenda bunebriv sazRvars ZvelaRmo-

savluri civilizaciis centrebsa da CrdiloeTis ̀ barbarosul~ sivrces

Soris. romi sasicocxlod dainteresebuli iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis

sauReltexilo gadmosasvlelebis, pirvel yovlisa iberiis teritori-

aze arsebuli darialisa, da aseve derbentis (albaneTis teritoriaze)

gadasasvlelis gakontrolebiT, raTa aRekveTa imierkavkasiis `barbaro-

suli~ samyaros eqspansia samxreTisaken, ayvavebuli romauli provinciebi-

saken2.

garda amisa, amierkavkasia warmoadgenda xelsayrel samxedro-

strategiul placdarms maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebze romis Za-

lauflebis gasamtkiceblad. parTia–romis ganuwyveteli dapirispirebis

Sedegad wina aziaSi Seqmnili `politikuri dualizmis~ pirobebSi, saqa-

rTvelos imperiisaTvis unda uzrunveleyo mtkice zurgi da Seesrule-

bina placdarmis roli parTiis winaaRmdeg somxeTisaTvis brZolaSi3.

somxeTze politikuri gavlenis ganmtkiceba romis sagareo politikis

erT-erT umwvaves problemas warmoadgenda mTeli principatis (ax. w. I-II

ss.) manZilze. am problemas aqtualoba arc III s. 20-ian ww. parTiis

samefos nangrevebze axali, Zlieri sasaniduri iranis saxelmwifos war-

moqmnisa da aRmosavleTSi geopolitikuri realobis Secvlis Semdegac

ar daukargavs4. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mniSvneloba,

misi rogorc samxedro-strategiuli placdarmis funqcia, kvlav rCebo-

da romis aRmosavluri politikis gansakuTrebuli interesebis sferoSi.

amrigad, romis strategiuli interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT gan-

isazRvreboda Semdegi ori ZiriTadi faqtoriT: saqarTvelo warmoad-

genda bariers CrdiloeTis `barbarosuli~ samyaros mimarT da samxedro

placdarms parTia-iranis winaaRmdeg. Tanamedrove etapzec, evroatlanti-

kuri sivrcis aRmosavleTisaken gafarToebis pirobebSi, orive es faqto-

ri kvlav aqtualuria da faqtobrivad warmoadgens dasavleTis samxedro

blokis ZiriTad interess saqarTvelos mimarT. saqarTvelo axlac rCeba

1 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 39.

2 k. fifia. traianes aRmosavluri politika da saqarTvelo, gv. 8.

3 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 39-40.

4 k. fifia. romauli samyaros krizisi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi (ax. w. III s.). Tb.,

2006, gv. 42-60.

35

dasavleTis strategiul-politikuri interesebis ZiriTad placdarmad

misi CrdiloeTiTa da samxreTiT mdebare antidasavlurad ganwyobili

geopolitikuri Zalebis (ruseTi, irani) winaaRmdeg.

4. gvianantikuri da Tanamedrove dasavluri samyaros geoekonomikuri

interesebi saqarTvelos mimarT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelo an-

tikuri droidanve Sedioda saerTaSoriso-sakomunikacio qselSi da war-

moadgenda xids evropasa da azias Soris. jer kidev elinisturi xanidan

amierkavkasiaze, md. fasissa da mtkvris xeobaSi gadioda didi saerTa-

Soriso-savaWro magistrali, romelic xmelTaSuazRvispireTisa da Sav-

izRvispreTis qveynebs akavSirebda Sua aziasTan, indoeTTan da CineTTan.

es magistrali àbreSumis did savaWro gzad~ iwodeboda. igi CineTSi,

sinZianSi iwyeboda da or ganStoebad miemarTeboda dasavleTisaken. am

gzis CrdiloeT ganStoeba kavkasiis zRvis, albaneTisa da iberia-kolxe-

Tis gavliT Cadioda q. fasisSi, aqedan ki sazRvao komunikaciebiT mcire

aziisa da xmelSuazRvispireTis centrebs ukavSirdeboda1. saqarTveloze

gamavali magistralis mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaizarda,

rac gaZlierebulma parTiis samefom indoeTisa da CineTisaken mimavali

samxreTis satranzito gzebi gadaketa. swored `didi abreSumis gzis~

CrdiloeT ganStoebis, transkavkasiuri magistralis realuri perspeq-

tivis Seswavla da am regionis satranzito SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb

antikur samyaroSi arsebuli informaciis revizia warmoadgenda kidec

Zv. w. 65 w. amierkavkasiaSi romaelTa samxedro eqspensiis erT-erT Ziri-

Tad mizans2.

XX s. miwuruls dasavleTma kvlav gaixsena istoriuli àbreSu-

mis gzis~ arseboba da dRis wesrigSi daayena misi aRdgenis idea, ramac,

bunebrivia, isev aqtualuri gaxada saqarTvelos sakomunikacio funqcia

da igi evropis strategiuli interesebis sferoSi moaqcia. àbreSumis

gzis~ aRdgenis iniciativa 1993 w. evrokavSirma wamoayena, rac 1999

w. aSS-s mier iqna mxardaWerili3. TRACECA-s (evropa-kavkasia-aziis sa-

transporto derefani) proeqtis realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mkveTrad

gaizarda saqarTvelos mniSvneloba da man kvlav daibruna is satranzito

funqcia, rac ZvelTaganve gaaCnda.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi àxali abreSumis gzis~ aRdgena navaraudevia

sayrdeni dargobrivi placdarmebis _ energetikisa da transkontinen-

turi satransporto sistemis bazebze4. am gzas Cveni qveynisaTvis dRe-

1 v. goilaZe. abreSumis didi savaWro gza da saqarTvelo. Tb., 1997, gv. 120-122; o.

lorTqifaniZe. vaWroba Sav zRvaze - àbreSumis gzis~ istoriuli winamZRvari. – Ziebani,

damatebani, I, 1999, gv. 26-27.

2 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 29.

3 e. ismailovi, v. papava. centraluri kavkasia: geopolitikuri ekonomiis narkvevebi. Tb.,

2007, gv. 2, Sen. 1.

4 e. ismailovi, v. papava. centraluri kavkasia: geopolitikuri ekonomikis narkvevebi,

36

sac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. garda imisa, rom am satransporto

derefnis gaswvriv mdebareobam saqarTvelos e.w. `satranzito habis~

funqcia daumkvidra1, masze gamavali saerTaSoriso proeqtebi (baqo-

sufsis, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-Tbilisi-arzrumis milsadenebi da

perspeqtivaSi `nabuko~) ganixileba rogorc evropis energousafrTxoe-

bis uzrunvelyofisa da evrokavSiris ̀ evropis gafarToebis~ strategiis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili2, rac, ra Tqma unda, maqsimalurad

xelsayrelia Cveni qveynisaTvis da misi aRorZinebisa da saxelmwifoe-

briobis yvelaze myar garantias warmoadgens.

5. saqarTvelo SavizRvispireTis geopolitikur sistemaSi gvianantikur

da Tanamedrove xanaSi. Savi zRvis regionSi DdRes mimdinare istoriuli

procesebi garkveul analogiebs poulobs gvianantikur xanaSi. SavizRvi-

spireTi erTiani geopolitikuri sistemis farglebSi pirvelad gvianan-

tikur xanaSi moeqca, roca TiTqmis mTel regionSi politikurad romis

imperia dominirebda. ufro metic, Zv. w. I s. miwurulidan romma ram-

denjerme scada imperiis egidiT erTiani SavizRvispira monarqiis Seqmna,

romlis SemadgenlobaSic unda Sesuliyo mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleTi,

aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi. garkveuli drois ganmav-

lobaSi (Zv. w. 14-8 ww.) aseTi konglomerati arsebobda kidec ponto-

bosforis gaerTianebuli samefos saxiT, Tumca, igi maleve daiSala3.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, ax.w. II s. dasawyisisaTvis, dakiis samefos dapyrobis

Semdeg, romma sruli samxedro-politikuri gavlenis qveS moaqcia TiTq-

mis mTeli SavizRvispireTi. erTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgenda Savi

zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili, kolxeTidan bosforis samefomde

arsebuli `barbarosuli~ sivrce, romelzec ver moxerxda realuri

kontrolis daweseba. es faqti, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, simptomaturia

Tanamedrove konteqstSic. garda amisa, romis mier mTeli xmelTaSuazR-

vispireTis gaerTianebisa da antikurobis udides saxelmwifod Camoyali-

bebis Semdeg, imperiis erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad iqca xmelTaSuaz-

RvispireTisa da SavizRvispireTis integrireba, am ori regionis erTian

geopolitikur sistemad formireba.

es idea, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebul formebSi, dResac aqtualuria.

Tanamedrove etapzec, makrostruqturuli cvlilebebis zegavleniT, mka-

fiod ikveTeba SavizRvispireTisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis funqciuri

integrirebisa da SavizRvispireTis Ria sistemad qcevis SesaZleblo-

ba. NATO-Si bulgareTis, rumineTis, sloveniisa da slovakeTis gaw-

gv. 132-136; Р. Мирзоев. Транспортные коммуникации и геополитика в регионе великого щелкового пути. – Центральная Азия и Кавказ, №2 (38), 2005, gv. 110-119.1 e. ismailovi, v. papava. centraluri kavkasia..., gv. 174.

2 e. ismailovi, v. papava. centraluri kavkasia.., gv. 184; v. papava. centraluri kavkazia.

geopolitekonomiuri narkvevebi. Tb., 2009, gv. 51.

3 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 38-41.

37

evrianebis Semdeg mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, balkaneTi, Savi zRvis

samxreTi da centraluri nawili erTi Zalis xelSi aRmoCnda, rac qmnis

kidec winapirobebs SavizRvispireTisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis erTian

politikur-geografiul, Sesabamisad, strategiul regionad formirebi-

saTvis1. perspeqtivaSi mosalodnelia rom am regionis wevrebi ukraina

da saqarTveloc gaxdebian. yovel SemTxvevaSi, isini dasavlur struq-

turebSi integraciis pretendentebi arian, cdiloben gaxdnen evropis

politikur-ekonomikuri sivrcis nawili da amiT evropis realuri sazR-

vari aRmosavleTisaken gadawion. amis Sedegad ki miviRebT imas, rom erT

sistemad struqturirebul mediteranul-SavizRvispira sivrcis Semad-

genlobaSi Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi nawilebic Seva da am

sivrcis gareT, iseve rogorc gvianantikur xanaSi, mxolod Savi zRvis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi, dRes ukve ruseTis kontrolqveS myofi nawili

darCeba.

ase rom, Tanamedrove ASavi zRvis regionis transformaciis mosa-

lodneli Sedegebis specifika Taviseburad exmianeba gvianantikur xanaSi

mimdinare integraciul procesebs da xmelTaSuazRvispireTisa da Sav-

izRvispireTis erTian geopolitikur sivrced integrirebis idea Tavis

pirvelsawyiss evroantikur samyaroSi iRebs.

6. saqarTvelo_ regionSi dasavluri samyaros sayrdeni gvianantikur da

Tanamedrove xanaSi. romis eqspansiis Semdeg aRmosavlurqarTuli gaer-

Tianeba – iberiis samefo, samxreT kavkasiaSi regionalur liderad iqca.

miuxedavad imisa, rom pompeusis laSqrobis Semdeg, iberia ̀ romaeli xalx-

is megobar da mokavSire~ qveynad gamocxadda, rac faqtobriv vasalobas

niSnavda, romis amierkavkasiaSi Semosvla iberiisaTvis obieqturad sa-

sargebloc ki aRmoCnda2. igi, rogorc aRvniSneT, ganTavisuflda mZlavri

mezoblebisagan – pontosa da armeniisagan, xolo romze damokidebuleba

ZiriTadad formalur xasiaTs atarebda. iberiam imTaviTve proromauli

kursi aiRo da gaxda romis interesebis ZiriTadi gamtarebeli kavka-

siaSi. dResac saqarTvelos dasavleTTan integraciis saqmeSi regionSi

lideris pozicia ukavia, rac, istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,

rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, misTvis momgebiani unda gaxdes.

7. saqarTvelos teritoriuli problemebi gvianantikur da Tanamedrove

xanaSi. qarTuli politikuri samyaro romis gavlenis sferoSi mwvave

teritoriuli problemebiT Sevida. Zv.w. 65 w. rodesac pompeusma kolx-

eTi romis xeldebul qveynad gamoacxada, igi calkeul administraci-

ul-teritoriul erTeulad, `skeptuxiebad~ iyo daSlili3, xolo mis

1 m. surmava. Savi zRvis regioni istoriul da postistoriul perspeqtivaSi – regio-nuli transformaciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. – Jurn. `qristianuli demokratia~, #1,

2001, gv. 123.

2 Н.Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотнощения. Тб., 1981, gv. 115.3 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 27.

38

Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mim-

dinareobda Crdilokavkasieli tomebis eqspansiis procesi, romlebic

arbevdnen zRvispira centrebsac – dioskuriasa da pitiunts1. rac Se-

exeba iberiis samefos, mas am periodisaTvis teritoriuli pretenziebi

hqonda somxeTis mimarT, ramdenadac am ukanasknels jer kidev Zv. w. II

s. dasawyisidan mitacebuli hqonda misi samxreTis olqebi – xorZene da

gogarene2. teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena saqarTvelosTvis dResac

yvelaze mtkivneuli sakiTxia. ase rom, rogorc romaul-mediteranul sa-

myarosTan, aseve Tanamedrove dasavleTTan urTierTobebis sawyis etapze,

saqarTvelosTvis teritoriuli problemebi kvlavac aqtualuria.

8. romanizacia-elinizaciis procesi da Tanamedrove globalizmi. Taname-

drove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesic garkveul analo-

giebs poulobs gvianantikur xanaSi. romis grandiozuli sagareo eqspan-

siis, mis mier evropaSi, aziasa da afrikaSi uzarmazari teritoriebis

dapyrobisa da praqtikulad mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTis gaerTianebis

Semdeg iwyeba axali etapi – imperiis Sinagani gamTlianebis, romisa da

provinciebis kulturul-ekonomikuri integraciis, dapyrobil qveynebSi

laTinuri enis, romauli kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis gavrcelebis,

sxvadasxva istoriuli warsulis, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturu-

li ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi xalxebis ideologiuri

daaxloebis, imperiis politikur sistemaSi CarTuli qveynebis romaniza-

ciis xana3. romanizaciis epoqa daiwyo romis politikuri, ekonomikuri

da Semdeg ki kulturuli batonobis damyarebiT. dapyrobili qveynebis

romanizaciis politikam gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo aRmosavleTSi. aq an-

tikuri socialur-ekonomikuri normebisa da kulturuli tradicebis

gavrceleba elinizaciis gziT mimdinareobda4. romanizacia- elinizaciis

procesi Tavisi arsiT garkveulwilad Tanamedrove globalizaciis wi-

namorbedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. ase rom, rogorc gvianantikuri, aseve

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos winaSe kvlavac mwvaved dgas msoflio inte-

graciul procesebSi qveynis kulturul-civilizaciuri identurobis

SenarCunebis amocana.

amrigad, Tanamedrove da gvianantikuri xanis saqarTvelos istoriaSi

ikveTeba Zalze saintereso paralelebi. saqarTvelos dRevandeli mZime

geopolitikuri viTareba cxadyofs, rom, marTalia, vcxovrobT axal

msoflioSi, Tumca Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari istoriuli problemebi

mainc aqtualuria. aseT viTarebaSi ufro Rrmad unda iqnes gaazrebuli

is Sedegebi, romelic saqarTvelos antikur romTan urTierTobam mou-

1 Г.А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 365-376.2 Н.Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотнощения, gv. 80-81.3 А.Б. Егоров. Рим на грани эпох. М., 1985, gv. 4.4 В.И. Кузищин, И.А. Гвоздева. История Древнего Рима, gv. 203-207.

39

tana. calsaxad unda aRiniSnos, rom romTan mravalsaukunovanma, intensi-

urma kontaqtebma qarTuli politikuri samyarosaTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi

gamoiRo. iberiis Sesvlas romis politikur orbitaSi ar gamouwvevia

adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebrobis moSla, tradiciuli socialuri-eko-

nomikuri da politikuri sistemebis dasusteba. piriqiT, swored romis

aRmosavluri politikidan gamomdinare, ax. w. I saukunidan iberia Tan-

daTanobiT regionSi erT-erT wamyvan saxelmwifod yalibdeba. iberiis

mmarTveli wreebi, cdilobdnen maqsimalurad xelsayrelad gamoeyene-

binaT romis faqtori sakuTari politikuri miznebis realizaciisa da

Tavisi samefos sazRvrebis gafarToebisaTvis. am mxriv isini imdenad

mniSvnelovan warmatebebs aRweven, rom ax. w. I s. 30-iani wlebidan ibrZ-

vian ara marto somxeTis mier mitacebeli samxreTis calkeuli olqebis,

aramed saerTod mTeli somxeTis SemosaerTeblad. swored romis amier-

kavkasiaSi Semosvlis Sedegad Seqmnil axal realobaSi iberiam ax. w. I s.

moaxerxa dakarguli samxreTis teritoriebis dabruneba da imave dros

aRmosavleTiskenac, albaneTis mimarTulebiT gafarToeba1.

rac Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, aq romauli samxedro nawilebis

Cadgomis Semdeg, viTareba stabiluri gaxda. Sewyda Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiidan mTieli tomebis eqspansia, saqalaqo cxovreba gamococxlda

da ganadgurebuli qalaqebi _ dioskuria da pitiunti, kvlav ibruneben

Tavis Zvel didebas. garda amisa, rac mTavaria, calkeul `skeptuxiebad~

daSlil kolxeTSi romis daxmarebiT iwyeba adgilobrivi tomobrivi

gaerTianebebis gamsxvilebis procesi2, rac sabolood, dasavleT saqarT-

velos teritoriaze erTiani lazikis samefos SeqmniT dasrulda.

yovelive amasTan erTad, qarTuli politikuri gaerTianebebis CarT-

vam romis politikur orbitaSi garkveulwilad Seuwyo xeli mowi-

nave, msoflio mniSvnelobis romauli kulturis calkeuli elementebis

gavrcelebas. amasTan, elinizaciis procesi saqarTveloSi zedapirul

xasiaTs atarebda, mas ar gamouwvevia adgilobrivi yofa-cxovrebis, war-

moebis wesis, kulturis TviTmyofadobis Secvla da es ukanaskneli isev

TavisTavadi, tradiciuli gziT viTardeboda.

da bolos, romaul samyarosTan mravalsaukunovani politikuri da

kulturuli urTierTobebis mTavari Sedegi iyo qristianobis gavrcele-

ba saqarTveloSi, ramac fundamenturi roli Seasrula Cveni qveynis

istoriaSi. qristianoba gaxda qarTuli kulturuli kodis mTavari el-

ementi, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis safuZveli da kulturuli evoluciis

sulieri sayrdeni. ase rom, evroantikurma tradiciebma mniSvnelovnad

1 Н.Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотнощения, gv. 178-179.2 k. fifia. kolxeTis teritoriaze calkeul `samefoTa~ warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis. _

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul da socialur politikur mecniere-

baTa fakultetis macne, #1, 2007, gv. 156-162; k. fifia. romis aRmosavluri politika

da calkeuli,,samefoebis~ warmoqmna kolxeTSi. Tb., 2009, gv. 38-56.

40

gansazRvra saqarTvelos Semdgomi istoriul kulturuli ganviTarebis

gza, romelic dasavluri, qristianuli samyarosaken iyo orientirebuli.

amrigad, gvianantikur xanaSi dasavlur samyarosTan mWidro kul-

turul-politikurma kontaqtebma saqarTvelos udavod pozitiuri Sede-

gebi moutana. Tanamedrove etapze, Cveni saxelmwifos epoqaluri cvli-

lebebis zRurblze dgomis dros, ufro Rrmad unda iqnes gaazrebuli

Tanamedrove evropis winamorbedTan, romis imperiasTan xangrZlivi urT-

ierTobis istoriuli gamocdileba, raTa zustad ganisazRvros sagareo-

politikuri strategiis prioritetebi, qveynis ganviTarebis kardinal-

uri mimarTuleba da funqciuri parametrebi, rac dagvexmareba sakuTari

faseulobebisa da interesebis ukeT dacvasa da imave dros, Tanamedrove

saerTaSoriso sistemaSi Rirseuli, kuTvnili adgilis dakavebaSi.

Kakhaber PipiaSokhumi State University

HISTORICAL PARALLELS OF LATE ANTIQUE AND

Modern Georgia - Geopolitical Aspects

The paper deals with the main aspects of relations of Georgia in the late antique and modern periods with the western world. It highlights the historical parallels which have been observed in the geopolitical situation of Georgia in the late antique period and today.

41

giorgi qavTaraZegiorgi qavTaraZeiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa

da eTnologiis instituti

saqarTvelo, kavkasioni da geopolitika - saqarTvelo, kavkasioni da geopolitika -

warsuli da Tanamedroveobawarsuli da Tanamedroveoba

evraziis kontinentze kavkasiis centraluri mdebareoba advilad

SesamCnevia. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod es or (Sav da kaspiis) zRvas Soris

misi ganlagebiT aris gamokveTili. kavkasiis centraluri mdebareoba

TiTqos TavisTavad unda ganapirobebdes mis daniSnulebas, yofiliyo

msoflios erT-erT umniSvnelovanesi gzajvaredini; Tumca, kavkasiis

SuagulSi msoflios erT-erTi udidesi wyalgamyofis – kavkasionis mTa-

vari mTagrexilis arseboba ufro aSorebda, vidre aaxloebda erTmaneT-

Tan amierkavkasiasa da imierkavkasias, iseve rogorc maT gadaRma mde-

bare axlo aRmosavleTisa da centraluri evraziis Soreul sivrceebs.

Tumca, urTierTobisa Tu urTierTbrZolis imanenturi moTxovnileba

adamianebs TiTqosda gadaulaxav mTagrexilebsac ki gadaalaxvinebda; es

ZvelTaganve ZiriTadad zekarebisa Tu uReltexilebis meSveobiT xde-

boda. kavkasionTan mimarTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo qedis

centraluri uReltexili – darialis karibWe, romelsac klasikuri

xanis werilobiTi wyaroebi ZiriTadad „kavkasiisa~ Tu „kaspiis karis~

saxeliT moixsenieben. am karibWis gamorCeuli adgili Zveli samyaros

politikur cxovrebaSi imTaviTve kargad iyo cnobili. jer kidev ori

aTasi wlis win, plinius ufrosi SeniSnavda, rom kavkasiis kari sa-

myaros or nawilad ganyofda.1 samyaros or nawilSi, Cveulebriv, oi-

kumenes, „keTilgonieri adamianebis“ mxaresa da terra incognita-s –

„barbarosebis samflobelos~ gulisxmobdnen.2

adreul xanebSi, pirvelyofili adamianebis jgufebica da sakveb-

warmoebiTi meurneobis tradiciebis matarebeli mosaxleobac samxreTi-

dan CrdiloeTisaken vrceleboda xolme, Tumca ufro gviandel xanebSi

kavkasionis uReltexilebs ZiriTadad CrdiloeTis momTabare-mesaqon-

le da, Sesabamisad, mZlavri samxedro unaris mqone tomebi iyenebdnen

samxreTiT mdebare gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebuli da mdidari mxareebis

dasalaSqravad. CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken mimarTuli geostrategi-

uli veqtori TvalsaCinod ikveTeboda swored aq, jer – adreuli yor-

Ranuli kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis calkeuli nakadebis, Semdeg

– kimerielebisa da skviTebis, sarmatebisa da alanebis, hunebisa da xaza-

1 NH VI, XII, 30.2 G. L. Kavtaradze. Georgian Chronicles and the raison d’ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), – Orbis Terrarum, Journal of Historical Geography of the Ancient World. 6, 2000. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001. gv. 179, 228.

42

rebis, oqros urdosa da osmanTa imperiis gadamTieli mokavSireebisa da

bolos – rusuli imperiebis (romanovebis, sabWoTa da federaciulis)

Semosevebisa da agresiis saxiT. rogorc Cans, imierkavkasielebsa da am-

ierkavkasielebs Soris konfliqtur urTierTdamokidebulebaSi, pirvels

Cveulebriv agresoris funqcia ekisreboda. dapirispirebis xSiri mizezi

am mxareebSi ganTavsebul sazogadoebaTa qonebrivi SesaZleblobebi unda

yofiliyo; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTadad momTabare „upovrebi~ Tavs

esxmodnen xolme „SeZlebul~ binadar mosaxleobas. am or regions Soris

sasazRvro zonis funqcia, kavkasiisaTvis TviT bunebis mier iyo dakisre-

buli. didi kavkasionis mTagrexili, msoflios erT-erTi umniSvnelova-

nesi wyalgamyofi sistema, mZlavri winaRoba iyo axlo aRmosavleTsa da

xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi momxdurebis SeRwevisaTvis.

momxdurTa calkeuli jgufebi, arcTu iSviaTad, saxldebodnen saqa-

rTvelos teritoriaze da qarTvel mefeTa erTguli qveSevrdomebi da

saimedo sayrdeni xdebodnen evraziis mudmivad feTqebadi samyarodan

gadmosul gadamTielTa Semdgomi talRebis mogeriebis dros. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom am process Cveni qveynis istoriaSi permanentuli xasiaTi

hqonda. kavkasionis qedis gadaRma-gadmoRma adamianis cxovreba politi-

kur poziciasa da mentalitetsac ki Tvisobrivad cvlida. axalmosaxle-

ni saerTo amierkavkasiuli miswrafebebiTa da cxovrebiT arsebobdnen da

yoveli momxduri maTTvisac, ZirZveli mosaxleobis msgavsad, arasasurve-

li da saxifaTo xdeboda. rogorc ukve dRevandeli dRis gadasaxedidan

mkafiod Cans, mdgomareoba radikalurad gansxvavebuli xdeba xolme,

dampyrobeli Zalis mier gadmosaxlebulTa mexuTe kolonad gamoyenebis

Sedegad.

rac Seexeba ufro samxreTiT mdebare axloaRmosavlur-xmelTaS-

uazRvispireTul maRalganviTarebul sazogadoebebs, maTi daintereseba

amierkavkasiiT imTaviTve garduvali iyo, am ukanasknelis mdebareobis

gamo civilizebuli da barbarosuli samyaroebis Sexebis zonaSi, an

ufro zustad, am ori samyaros gamyof „rRvevis xazze~ (fault line). miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom amierkavkasiis aseTi mdebareoba gana-

pirobebda mis sivrceSi istoriuli ganviTarebis ori diametralurad

sawinaaRmdego modelis Sejaxebas, kavkasionis mTavari qedis faqtori,

romlis samxreTiTac es regioni mdebareobda, gansazRvravda mis beds –

yofiliyo, geopolitikaSi gamoyenebul termins Tu moviSveliebT, maRal-

ganviTarebuli evraziuli periferiis e.w. „ganapira naxevarmTvaris~ (anu

gare evraziis) forposti ganviTarebis dabali tempis mqone „Suaguli

qveynis~ (anu centraluri Tu Sida evraziis) winaaRmdeg; sxva sityvebiT,

yofiliyo civilizebuli samxreTisa da dasavleTis burji barbaro-

suli CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis winaaRmdeg. msoflio istoriis

gadasaxedidan Sida evrazia yovelTvis erTian erTeuls warmoadgenda.

igi sakmaod erTferovania, rogorc geografiuli da ekologiuri, ise

43

politikuri TvalsazrisiT. devid qristiani SeniSnavs, rom ekologiur

da geografiul TaviseburebaTa erTobliobam ZvelTaganve gansxvavebu-

lad Camoayaliba am vrceli regionis istoria; es Taviseburebebi gan-

sxvavebuli problemebis aRmocenebas uwyobdnen xels, romelnic, Tavis

mxriv, gansxvavebul gadawyvetas moiTxovdnen. amis Sedegad Sida da

gare evraziis istoria ZvelTaganve da Zalze xangrZlivi drois ganmav-

lobaSi ganviTarebis gansxvavebul, Tumca paralelur dinebebs misdevda.

d. qristiani swored am mizezebiT ganpirobebulad Tvlis ukanaskneli

saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebel dayofas Tavisufali ekonomikis mqone gare

evraziasa da mmarTvel wreTa brZanebebiT momuSave ekonomikis mqone Sida

evrazias Soris. marTlac, es ori regioni imanenturad dapirispirebuli

Cans erTmaneTTan: Sida evraziisaTvis paleoliTis xanaSi damaxasiaTebe-

li iyo ufro nadiroba, vidre Semgrovebloba, neoliTSi ufro mesaqon-

leoba, vidre miwaTmoqmedeba, saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnis epoqaSi

ufro pastoraluri nomadizmi, vidre irigaciuli agrokultura.1

kavkasiisaTvis gareSe Zalebi TiTqmis yvela epoqaSi didad iyvnen

dainteresebulni darialis zekaris (ufro gvian, agreTve derbentis

karibWis) geopolitikuri mniSvnelobiT. am garemoebiT unda yofiliyo

gamowveuli axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebul saxelmwifoTa mesveurebis

mcdeloba Tavisi Zalaufleba gaevrcelebinaT centralur amierkavkasiaSi;

amis gareSe xom warmoudgeneli iqneboda „kavkasiis karis~ kontroli.2

urartelebidan dawyebuli visi samxedro Tu politikuri aqtiurobis

kvali ar SeiniSneba amierkavkasiis SuagulSi – aqemenidebis, aleqsandre

makedonelis elinisturi imperiis memkvidreebis, romaelebis, parTelebis,

sasanianebis, bizantielebis, arabebis, ilxanebis, sefianebis, osmaloebis,

yajarebis da sxv. uReltexilTa kontrolis saWiroeba, TavisTavad ga-

napirobebda maT maxloblad am funqciis Sesrulebis saWiroebisaTvis

saTanado siZlieris mqone saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis aRmocenebas.

aq ganlagebul „kavkasiis kars~ udidesi TavdacviTi mniSvneloba hqonda

Zveli civilizebuli samyaros – oikumenes – usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-

sayofad da mas Tavisi es sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, arc momdevno epo-

qebSi da, garkveulwilad, arc dRes aqvs dakarguli.

berZnul-romauli, somxuri da qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mo-

nacemTa Sejereba saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom centraluri am-

ierkavkasiis yvelaze adreuli saxelmwifos, iberiis (qarTlis) samefos

aRmoceneba-Camoyalibebis gamomwvevi erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi, swored

kavkasionis mTavari qedis centralur nawilSi mdebare didi strategi-

uli mniSvnelobis mqone darialis karibWis kontrolis saWiroeba unda

1 D. Christian. Inner Eurasia as a Unit of World History, – Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1994. gv. 174, 175.

2 g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi (adreuli xanidan).

Tb., 2006. gv. 114–118.

44

yofiliyo. pliniusi akeTebs metad mniSvnelovan SeniSvnas, rom iberiuli

qalaqi harmastusi (igive qarTlis Zveli dedaqalaqi – armazi) kavka-

siis karis pirdapir mdebareobda, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva,

„samyaros or nawilad ganyofda~.1 es garemoeba miuTiTebs harmastusis

funqciaze – gadaeketa gza CrdiloeTidan, kavkasiis karidan (anu dari-

alidan) Semosuli da Tergisa da aragvis xeobebis gavliT wamosuli

moTareSeebisaTvis; amis msurvelTa ricxvi ki qeds gaRma uricxvi iyo.

iberia adreelinisturi xanis axladCamoyalibebul saxelmwifoTa Soris

erT-erTi, ganlagebuli iyo oikumenes ukidures CrdiloeT nawilSi, sa-

dac kavkasionis mTavari qedis gadaRma edoT bina imdroindeli msoflios

yvelaze ufro barbarosul, damangrevel Zalebs. civilizebuli samyaros

yvela drois mesveurTaTvis, momTabareTaTvis gzis gadamketi kavkasiis

karibWis efeqturi kontrolis didi saWiroebis gamo, sasurveli iyo

Suagul amierkavkasiaSi, iberiaSi, msgavsi funqciis SesrulebisaTvis sak-

mao Zalis mqone saxelmwifoebrivi organizmis arseboba. aRniSnuli gare-

moebiT iyo ganpirobebuli iberiis samefos mravalsaukunovani funqcia,

yofiliyo civilizebuli samyaros forposti. iberTa xelisufalT da

maT mokavSireebs, ara imdenad kavkasiaSi CrdiloeTidan gadmosuli bar-

barosebisaTvis gzis gadaketva esaWiroebodaT, ramdenadac maTi sakuTari

strategiuli interesebisaTvis daqvemdebareba; tacitusi marTebulad

acxadebs, rom mraval uReltexilze gabatonobebul iberebs SesaZle-

bloba hqondaT kaspiis gziT (igulisxmeba dariali, – g.q.) kavkasionze

gadmoeyvanaT Crdiloeli mebrZolebi da warmatebiT gamoeyenebinaT isini

sakuTari politikuri miznebis Sesabamisad. aseTi saSiSroebis arsebobis

SesaZleblobac ki ukve mniSvnelovan iaraRs warmoadgenda samxreTidan

momxduri mtris sawinaaRmdegod. uReltexilebze gabatonebuli iberebi

permanentulad da, marTlac, didi warmatebiT iyenebdnen TavianTi qveynis

xelsayrel strategiul mdebareobas da amiT awonasworebdnen garesa-

myaros sxvadasxva mxridan momdinare ZalTa zewolas.2 geopolitikuri

xasiaTis faqtorebma ara marto gamoiwvies klasikuri xanis centralur

amierkavkasiaSi saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmna, aramed gansazRvres kidec

momdevno xanebSi misi istoriuli ganviTareba. rogorc iberiis same-

fos „arsebobis arsi~ (raison d’être), aseve klasikuri epoqis sxva axali

saxelmwifoebis, albaneTisa da kolxeT-lazikis (egrisis), daniSnule-

ba mniSvnelovanwilad Cans ganpirobebuli, amierkavkasiis geografiuli

mdebareobiT didi kavkasionis mTagrexilis samxreTiT da, Sesabamisad,

aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis roliT am mTagrexilis strategiuli funq-

ciis mqone zekarebis kontrolis saqmeSi. kanonzomieri Cans, rom kavka-

sionis samive zekaris gadmoRma aRmocenda amierkavkasiis, anu kavkasionis

1 NH VI, XII, 30.2 g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.., gv. 115.

45

uSualod samxreTiT mdebare, samive saxelmwifo: dasavleTiT – kolx-

eTi, aRmosavleTiT – albaneTi, xolo centralur nawilSi – iberia

(qarTli).1 rogorc Cans, adreuli xanebidan arsebuli geostrategiuli

veqtoris impulsi daedo safuZvlad Semdegdroindeli qarTuli sax-

elmwifoebis xangrZliv swrafvas, gaaerTianebinaT Tavis xelqveiT Savi

zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde – „nikofsiidan darubandamde~ – arsebuli ka-

vkasionis yvela uReltexili.2

qarTuli saxelmwifos kavSiri kavkasionis zekarebis gakontrolebis

saWiroebasTan marTlac qveynis mTeli arsebobis manZilze SeiniSneba.

misi xelisufalni qmediTad iyenebdnen qveynis xelsayreli strategi-

uli mdebareobiT boZebul upiratesobas, Tumca CrdiloeTidan ZalTa

gadmoyvana mkacr kontrols eqvemdebareboda, raTa qveynis usafrTxoebas

ziani ar miscemoda da arc arasodes, TiTqmis XIX saukunemde, saqarT-

velos xelisufalT ar gadauciaT kavkasiis zekarisa da Semosasvleli

gzebis kontrolis ufleba CrdiloeTis mxarisaTvis, rac, TavisTavad

cxadia, sakuTari qveynisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis tolfasi

iqneboda, vinaidan saxelmwifo dakargavda Tavis erT-erT ZiriTad fun-

qcias. qveynis am daniSnulebiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli misi faq-

tobrivad uwyveti arseboba klasikuri xanebidan XIX saukunis dasawy-

isamde, ruseTis mier misi aneqsiis xanamde, rodesac adreuli funqciis

dakargvam qveynis damoukidebel arsebobas azri daukarga da TiTqmis

ori saukune igi aRar Canda msoflios politikur rukaze. Tu romis

imperiisa da parTiis, bizantiisa da iranis, osmaleTisa da sparseTis

urTierTbrZolisas kavkasionis zekarebze adgilobrivi amierkavkasieli

mosaxlobis kontroli ZiriTadad misaRebi iyo orive dapirispirebuli

mxarisaTvis, sruliad sxva mdgomareoba iqmneba ruseTis imperiis ka-

vkasiaSi eqspansiis dros. CrdiloeTidan momdgar ruseTs, samxreTiT

mdebare axlo aRmosavleTisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis saxelmwifoebi-

sagan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar esaWiroeboda kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis

damcveli Zala. ruseTis sul ufro mzardi geostrategiuli interesebi

kavkasionis mTavari qedis gadalaxvas isaxavdnen miznad; am qveyanas es-

aWiroeboda kavkasionis zekarebze ara „tixrebisa“ Tu „rkinis karebis“

ageba-mowyoba, aramed maTi „moSla“ da „gauqmeba“. cxadia es saqarT-

velos sakuTari istoriuli funqciis, „arsebobis arsis“, dakargviT

emuqreboda.3 zurab avaliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavda, rom mas Semdeg

rac qveynis ZiriTadi uflebebi gadaeca ruseTs, saqarTvelos samefo

Zalauflebas mxolod forma SerCa Sinaarsis gareSe, msgavsad kvercxis

1 iberiis mier lixsiqiT mdebare argveTis floba, romelzedac mamisonis uReltexil-

iT kavkasionze gadmomavali gza gadioda, iberiis mier kavkasionis centralur nawilze

sruli kontrolis dawesebis maniSnebeli unda iyos.

2 g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.., gv. 115–116.

3 g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.., gv. 149.

46

carieli naWuWisa da aucilebeli gaxda misi Sors mosrola.1 swored

zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebis gamo, saqarTvelos dacemis ZiriTadi mizezi,

atarebda ara ideologiur Tu kulturul xasiaTs, aramed politikurs,

romelic gamoixateboda qveynis ZiriTad funqciaze – CrdiloeTidan

samxreTze gadmomavali kavkasiis karis dacvis movaleobaze – uaris

Tqmasa da karis meore mxares mdebare (anu imisaTvis, vis winaaRmdegac

iyo mowyobili es kari), mZlavri da aRmavali Crdilouri ZalisaTvis am

sakvanZo funqciis gadacemaSi. ruseTisaTvis dauSvebeli iyo kavkasionis

qedis gadaRma damoukidebeli da, miT ufro, Zlieri saxelwifos arse-

boba, Tundac igi misi erTmorwmune da mokavSire yofiliyo. es unda iyos

ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom yovelgvari „mokavSireoba“ Tu „megobroba“

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, am ukanasknelis okupaciiTa da aneqsiiT

Tu inkorporaciiT mTavrdeboda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTmorwmu-

neoba da simpaTiebi ruseTisaTvis xelsayrel garemoebas warmoadgenda

saqarTvelos „aTvisebisaTvis“ da Semdgomi eqspansiisaTvis placdarmad

gadasaqcevad. ruseTs „kavkasiis karis~ gasaRebis xelSi Cagdeba sWird-

eboda saimisod, rom farTod gaeRo es kari Tavis dampyroblur zraxvaTa

gansaxorcieleblad ara mxolod kavkasiis masStabiT, aramed, sazogadod,

axlo aRmosavleTisa da perspeqtivaSi indoeTis mimarTulebiT. TviT

rusi moRvaweebis aRiarebiT, Sav da kaspiis zRvebze batonoba ruseTis

„sasicocxlo~ interesTa sferos ganekuTvneboda, amitom kavkasiis da-

kaveba am qveynis upirveles saxelmwifoebriv saWiroebas warmoadgenda.

kavkasiis yelidan ruseTisaTvis advilad misaRwevi xdeboda misTvis

sasurveli nebismieri regioni axlo da Sua aRmosavleTSi: kavkasia iyo

is sayrdeni ruseTisaTvis, saidanac mis samxedro SenaerTebs SeeZloT

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, anatoliis gavliT, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi,

samxreTis mimarTulebiT, sparseTis gavliT, indoeTis okeanis sanapir-

oebze, xolo aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, kaspiis zRvis gadalaxviT,

Suagul aziaSi SeeRwiaT.2

kavkasiis geografiuli Suaguli – saqarTvelo, Tavisi geopoli-

tikuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, advili SesaZlebelia momavali,

msoflio masStabis geostrategiul ZalTa dapirispirebis Sedegad war-

moqmnili politikuri movlenebis epicentrSi aRmoCndes da albaT am

movlenebSi ufro meti CarTulobiT, vidre amas mis uaRresad daZabul

da koliziebiT aRsavse xangrZliv istoriul warsulSi hqonda adgili.

saqarTvelos dRevandeli rTuli politikuri mdgomareoba, gareSe,

mtruli Zalis mier misi teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, mniS-

vnelovanwilad, Cveni qveynis xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareobis

gabaTilebis surviliT Cans ganpirobebuli. am mizniT aris Camoyalibebu-

1 З. Авалов. Присоединение Грузии к России. СПб., 1901. gv. 198. 2 g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.., gv. 144.

47

li kavkasionis qedis gadmoRma e.w. axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi

– afxazeTi da „samxreT oseTi~ – sinamdvileSi ki dampyrobeli Zalis

mier saTavisod mowyobili placdarmebi, romelTac ara mxolod energo-

matareblebisa da sxva tvirTis gadazidvebis, sazogadod, dasavleT-aR-

mosavleTis kavSirTurTierTobebisa da kontaqtebis funqcionirebisaTvis

safrTxis Seqmna evalebaT, aramed kavkasionis mTavari qedis gayolebaze

im sazRvris aRdgenisaTvis xelis SeSla, romelic adreul xanebSi civi-

lizebul regionebs momTabare barbarosTa Semosevebisgan icavda. aRniS-

nuli garemoeba, Cven qveyanas misi odindeli „arsebobis arsis~ anu xan-

grZlivi istoriis manZilze Camoyalibebuli ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebrivi

funqciis dRes isev xelaxla warmoqmnili ganaxlebis SesaZleblobas

daakargvinebda, rodesac sul ufro da ufro Rrmavdeba axali „rRvevis

xazebi~ demokratiul da arademokratiul samyaroTa Soris.

ruseTs Tavis orbitaSi saqarTvelos dasabruneblad da xelSi sab-

olood Casagdebad, garda veluri Zalis gamoyenebisa, aucilebel wi-

napirobad garesamyarosagan saqarTvelos izolireba esaWiroeba; es ki

aq religiuri Seuwynareblobisa da qsenofobiis aRzevebiT Tu miiR-

weva. dasavlurisagan gansxvavebul, WeSmariti qarTuli marTlmadide-

blobisaTvis da tradiciuli qarTuli kulturisaTvis sruliad ucxo,

rusuli da islamuri civilizaciebis viTomda axlomdgom adgilobriv

tradiciul xasiaTze anu sinamdvileSi orTodoqsul fundamentalizmze

apelireba, qarTuli sazogadoebis rusul da islamur sazogadoebaTa

analogiurad warmoCena, moskovs evraziul wiaRSi saqarTvelos iZule-

biT SeyvanisaTvis esaWiroeba; igulisxmeba msoflios civilizaciaTa

sistemis is momavali „rRvevis xazebi”, romlebic semuel hanTingTonis

warmosaxviT, TandaTanobiT politikuri kavSirebis gamyof sazRvrebad

Camoyalibdebian.1 Tumca, saqarTvelosaTvis dasavluri faseulobebi mom-

cvelni Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, demokratiis, liberalizmis, indi-

vidualizmis, adamianis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis, Tavisufali

bazris, konstitucionalizmis, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisagan

damoukideblobis ideebisa Zalze mniSvnelovania da arcerT dasavlur

Tu sxva qveyanaze naklebad misaRebi ar aris. Sesabamisad, ar moipoveboda

da arc moipoveba araviTari safuZveli saqarTvelos dasavluri civili-

zaciisagan CamosaSoreblad da evraziul sivrceSi gasaerTianeblad.

2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis federaciam jer saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze SeWriT, xolo Semdeg afxazeTisa da e. w. samxreT oseTis

damoukideblobis cnobiT, faqtobrivadac da formaluradac daarRvia

msoflio TanamegobrobaSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis politikuri ar-

sebobis e.w. vestfaliis sistemis yvela ZiriTadi principi, romelic

gamomdinareobda jer kidev XVII saukunis Suaxanebis vestfaliaSi dade-

1 S. Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, 1996.

48

buli sazavo xelSekrulebis mier SemuSavebuli qveynis teritoriuli

xelSeuxeblobisa da mis Sida mowyobilobaSi da saerTaSoriso urT-

ierTobaSi gareSe faqtorebis Caurevlobis saxelmwifoTa suverenite-

tis ZiriTadi koncefciidan. vestfaliis sistemis sayovelTaod cnobili

principebia: saxelmwifoTa sruli damoukidebloba da TviTgamorkvevis

politikuri ufleba, saxelmwifoTa legaluri Tanasworoba, erTi qvey-

nis mier meore qveynis Sinaur saqmeebSi Caurevloba.

vestfaliis xelSekrulebis sityvieri uaryofa, agvistos movlene-

bamde ramdenime wliT adre, 2005 wlis gazafxulze moxda, rodesac al-

yaidas warmomadgenelma levis ‘atiatulam, madridSi 11 marts momxdari

teroristuli aqtidan ramdenime kviraSi ganacxada, rom „msoflioSi

arsebul ZalTa balansi dairRveva, dasavleTis mier vestfaliis xelSek-

rulebis Sedegad agebuli saerTaSoriso sistema ganadgurdeba da Sem-

deg xelaxla aigeba Zlevamosili islamuri xalifatis winamZRolobiT~.1

rogorc vxedavT, gamravlebulan axali msoflio wesrigis SemuSavebis

msurvelni. sainteresoa, xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes raime saxis ms-

gavseba, siaxlove an sulac koordinacia maT Soris.

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqti TavisTavad iyo saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobebSi axali epoqis dasawyisi. moxda teroristuli

organizaciis mier saerTaSoriso sistemis uZlieresi saxelmwifos mZime

krizisul mdgomareobaSi moqceva. aSS iZulebuli gaxda daewesebina gan-

sxvavebuli midgoma imaT mimarT, vinc teroristuli saqmianobiT faqtiu-

rad kanongareSed acxadebda sakuTar Tavs. 11 seqtemberma udidesi daRi

daasva SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo urTierTobebs da saerTod XXI

saukunis saerTaSoriso politikas.2 magram, ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli

teroristuli organizaciebis mier vestfaliis sistemis mier dadgenili

principebis ugulvebelyofis moTmena, Tuki msoflios yvela saxelmwi-

foSi arsebobs konsensusi teroristuli organizaciebis kanongareSed

gamocxadebis Taobaze, maTTan yovelgvari urTierTobis miuReblobaze.

ramdenad Seesabameba sityva saqmes, xom ara hyavT teroristebs uneblie

Tanamzraxvelebi, an xom ar eZlevaT maT SesaZlebloba aagon Tavisi Tama-

Si saxelmwifoTa Soris arsebul uTanxmoebebze, ramdenad awyobs yve-

las, yvela arsebuli teroristuli organizaciis saboloo ganadgureba,

ganurCevlad maTi miznebisa da moqmedebis arealisa da bolos, sad unda

iyos maTi sabaziso, sayrdeni adgilmdebareoba?

1 G. Thompson. Religious Fundamentalisms, Territories and “Globalization”, – In: Centre for Research on Socio–Cultural Change (CRESC) Working Paper Series. Working Paper No. 14. Febru-ary, 2006. gv. 3.2 E. Patterson, K. Punyear. Outlaws and Barbarians: The Bush Administration’s Revolution in Sovereignty, – In: CIAO: The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. Vol. 7, No. 1. Winter/Spring, 2006, gv. 199, – ix.: heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/whith7&div=30&id=&page=.

49

jakub j. grijielis1 dakvirvebiT, romelic mas gamoTqmuli aqvs

2007 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi „imperiebi da barbarosebi”, warsuli

epoqis imperiebi, imgvaradve idgnen barbarosebisagan momdinare permanen-

tuli safrTxis winaSe, rogorc Tanamedroveobis didi saxelmwifoebi

teroristebisagan mosalodnelisagan da, Sesabamisad, al-yaida da misi

mimdevrebi, SesaZlebelia miviCnioT XXI saukunis planetaruli masSta-

bis barbarosebad. misi dakvirvebiT, winamodernuli xanis barbarosebi

da maTi Tanamedrove oreulebi sam ZiriTad sferoSi avlenen mniSvnelo-

van msgavsebas: maTi organizebulebis xasiaTSi, arsebul Zalauflebaze

ieriSis mitanis TaviseburebaSi da im gamowvevebSi, romlebsac saxelm-

wifoebs uyeneben. saerTo niSnebs Soris SeimCneva agreTve mobiluroba,

mudmivi saziaro teritoriis uqonloba da sazogadoebis traibaluri

Tu klanuri wyobileba.2 dRevandel barbarosebs TiTqos ukve aRar aqvT

is Tvaluwvdeneli Tavisufali sivrceebi, saidanac agresiisaTvis saWiro

muxtis dagroveba SeeZlebaT.

Tanamedrove barbarosebisaTvis samoqmedo sivrceebis naklebobasTan

dakavSirebiT, miamituri Cans j. grijielis mosazreba, rom vinaidan,

ver xerxdeba barbarosTa fizikuri ganadgureba, saWiroa maTTvis sax-

elmwifoebrivi wes-wyobilebis Tavs moxveva anu saxelmwifos Seqmna,

raTa isini ufro gansjadi gaxdnen politikuri Tu samxedro zewolis

mimarT da TiTqos es unda iyos yvelaze efeqturi anti-barbarosuli

strategiis ZiriTadi principi.3 marTalia, Cingiz xans TiTqos uTqvams,

rom „cxenze amxedrebulisTvis iolia qveynis dapyroba, xolo cxenidan

CamomxtarisaTvis ki Zalze Zneli xdeba misi marTva~.4 magram, istoriuli

paradigmebi yovelTvis rodi gamodgeba Tanamedrove politikur cxovre-

baSi gamosayeneblad.

kargad aris cnobili, rom demokratiis principebis moqmedeba de-

mokratiis mtrebis xelSesawyobad, saboloo jamSi, TviT demokrati-

isaTvis gamodgeba xolme saziano. teroristuli organizaciebi glo-

balur politikaSi sul ufro angariSgasawev Zalad ganixilebian. maTi

mniSvnelobis aseTi zrda ver moxerxdeboda zogierTi saxelmwifos

1 j. j. grijieli, jon hopkinsis universitetSi jorj h. v. buSTan asocirebuli saer-

TaSoriso kvlevebis profesori, avtoria imave universitetSi 2006 wels gamoqveynebuli

wignisa: „didi saxelmwifoebi da geopolitikuri cvlileba” (J. J. Grygiel. Great Powers and Geopolitical Change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).2 J. J. Grygiel. Empires and Barbarians, – In: The American Interest Online. From the March–April 2007, – ix.: www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=250.3 J. J. Grygiel. Empires and Barbarians, – In: The American Interest Online. From the March–April 2007, – ix.: www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=250; J. J. Grygiel. Vacuum Wars. The Coming Competition Over Failed States, – In: The American Interest Online, July–August 2009, – ix.: www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622.4 T. Meagher, B. Brannaman. The Gigantic Book of Horse Wisdom. New York: Skyhorse Publish-ing, 2007. gv. 408.

50

mier maTTvis gaweuli efeqturi daxmarebis gareSe. niSandoblivia, rom

SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentobis amJamindeli kandidatis mit romnis

gancxadebiT, teroristuli jgufebisa da iranis saxelmwifos momcveli

„mZvinvare jihadizmi”, SeerTebul StatebTan, CineTTan da ruseTTan er-

Tad pretenzias acxadebs msoflioSi liderobisaTvis.1

terorizmisa da saxelmwifoebriobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, sakmarisia, albaT, gavixsenoT yvela is problema, romelic

sabWoTa kavSirma Seuqmna msoflios, Tavisi mZlavri saxelmwifoebrivi

bazis gamoyenebiT, romelic ganlagebuli iyo swored barbarosebis mier

adreul xanebSi dakavebuli evraziuli tramalebis momcvel im vrcel

teritoriaze, saidanac momdinare mudmiv safrTxeze pasuxma SesZina qa-

rTul saxelmwifos Tavisi zemoxsenebuli istoriuli „arsebobis arsi~.

swored kavkasionis gadaRma mdebare evraaziis am vrcel tramalebze

aRmocenda is placdarmi, romlidanac XX saukuneSi xorcieldeboda sx-

vadasxva qveynebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresia Tu teroristuli aqti.

sakiTxavia, dResac xom ar ganagrZobs Tavisi Zveli funqciis Sesrulebas

es regioni?

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg Seqmnili viTarebis gamoyenebas

imperiuli zraxvebis gansaxorcieblad, ruseTi dauyonebliv Seudga.

am qveynisTvis 11 seqtembris tragedia, jorj fridmanis sityvebi rom

gavimeoroT, „RvTis wyaloba~ iyo: aSS, romelic manamde dainteresebuli

iyo postsabWoTa qveynebis dasavleTTan integrirebiT, iZulebuli gaxda

Cafluliyo axlo aRmosavleTis jihadur omebSi da Sesabamisad ruseT-

sac xeli gaexsna „axlo samezobloSi~.2 ruseTma, sakuTar moqalaqeTa

uflebebis dacvis sababiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti

daarRvia da mis wiaRSi Seecada warmoeqmna „carieli sivrceebi~ – af-

xazeTisa da samxreT oseTis „damoukidebeli~ saxelmwifoebis saxiT,

xolo TviT saqarTvelo e.w. arSemdgar saxelmwifod da Tavisi Semdgomi

eqspansiis obieqtad eqcia.

e.w. carieli sivrceebi teroristebad qceul yofil barbarosTa

mTavar placdarmad ganixileba, xolo „carieli sivrceebis~ Semcveli

saxelmwifoebi – arSemdgar saxelmwifoebad.3 j. grijieli, valter lip-

manisa da arnold volfersis naazrevze dayrdnobiT, midis im daskvnamde,

rom arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis mier Seqmnili Zalauflebis vakuumi

izidavs didi Zalis saxelmwifoebis interesebs, vinaidan iZleva maTi

1 R. A. Oppel. Jr. Romney’s Adversarial View of Russia Stirs Debate, – The New York Times, May 11, 2012; ix.: www.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/us/politics/romneys-view-of-russia-sparks-debate.html?_r=1 2 G. Friedman. Russia’s Strategy, – In: Stratfor Global Intelligence. A p r i l 2 4 , 2 0 1 2 , - ix.: www.stratfor.com/weekly/russias-strategy.3 J. J. Grygiel. Empires and Barbarians, – In: The American Interest Online. From the March–April 2007, – ix.: www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=250.

51

gavlenis sferoebis gavrcelebis iol SesaZleblobas. saxelmwifo, ro-

melic ar Seavsebs Zalauflebis vakuums, faqtobrivad epatiJeba sxva

saxelmwifoebs amis gasakeTeblad da amiT potenciurad nakluls xdis

sakuTar SefardebiT Zalmosilebas.1 tradiciuli TvalTaxedviT, saerTa-

Soriso sistemisaTvis vakuumi iseve autanelia, rogorc bunebisaTvis.2

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi arsebiTad xom nulovani jamis

mqone TamaSia: erTis mogeba, meoris wagebaa.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTma Tavisi mcdelobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxada

saqarTvelos teritoriaze „barbarosuli~ socialuri organizaciisaT-

vis saarsebo „carieli sivrceebis~ aRmoceneba. amis Sedegebs ruseTi

dRes ukve TviTonac imkis; saerTaSoriso wreebSi kremlisaTvis samarcx-

vinod aris miCneuli, ruseTis erovnuli antiteroristuli komitetis

mier ukanasknel xanebSi gakeTebuli gancxadeba, soWSi 2014 wels Casa-

tarebeli olimpiuri TamaSebis winaaRmdeg ganzraxuli teroristuli

aqtebis gansaxorcielebeli gegmis gamJRavnebis Sesaxeb, romelic TiTqos

organizebuli yofila afxazeTSi, saqarTvelosTvis Camocilebul mxare-

Si.3

ruseT-saqarTvelos omma da msoflios sxva mxareebSi ukanasknel xans

momxdarma movlenebma, specialistebis azriT, isev aqtualuri gaxada e.

w. arSemdgar saxelmwifoebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi; didi safrTxis

Semcvelad miiCneva postsabWoTa sivrce, saqarTvelodan baltiispire-

Tamde. am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda, 2008 wlis agvistos

omis Semdeg, did saxelmwifoTa (ruseTsa da aSS) Soris warmoqmnili

konfrontaciis sawyis niSnebs saqarTvelos bed-iRblis gamo. j. gri-

jielis SeniSvniT, XXI saukunis saqarTvelo da ukraina isev ganagrZo-

ben did saxelmwifoTa konfrontaciis wyarod gadaqcevis potencialis

qonas, ris gamoc (agreTve sxva movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT) sasurvelia

ufro ukeTesad gaverkveT arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis arsebobis gamo

warmoqmnil sirTuleebSi, vinaidan, humanitaruli xasiaTis tragediebs

did omebad gadaqcevis tendencia gaaCniaT. Zalauflebis vakuumiT das-

rulebuli saxelmwifoebriobis marcxi, gansakuTrebiT strategiulad

mniSvnelovan adgilebSi, ganapirobebs didi saxelmwifoebis Carevas aseTi

qveynis Sinaur saqmeebSi da maT urTierTmetoqeobas, risi Tanmdevic

1 J. J. Grygiel. Vacuum Wars. The Coming Competition Over Failed States, – In: The American Interest Online, July–August 2009, – www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622.2 amerikis prezidents riCard niqsons, CineTis premierTan jou enlaisTan Sexvedris win,

CauniSnavs, rom „ar SeiZleba xeluxleblad davtovoT vakuumi, igi Sesavsebia” (Y. Komine. Secrecy in U.S. Foreign Policy: Nixon, Kissinger and the Rapprochement with China. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. gv. 221).3 J. Heintz. Vladimir Putin, Russia President, Has Troubled First Week in Offi ce, – In: The Huff-ington Post. May 12, 2012, – ix.: www.huffi ngtonpost.com/2012/05/12/vladimir–putin–fi rst–week_n_1511422.html?ref=world.

52

xSirad xdeba xolme konfrontacia, krizisi da omi.1

magram, ra unda iyos imis mizezi, rom saqarTvelo da ukraina arSem-

dgari saxelmwifoebis CamonaTvalSi ganixileba? amis garkvevis SesaZle-

blobas unda iZleodes, TviT j. grejielis mier aseT saxelmwifod,

XVIII saukunis dasasrulis poloneTis reC pospolitas dasaxeleba,

romelic Zalze Znelia ganvixiloT Tavisi epoqis arSemdgar an uZlur

qveynad; aSkaraa, rom es qveyana arSemdgarad, „did saxelmwifoTa~ kon-

frontaciam aqcia. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi amis mizezad, marTalia,

did saxelmwifoTa, ruseTisa da aSS-s Soris konfrontaciis sawyisi

niSnebi dasaxelda, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT j. grijielis mier imave

werilSi gamoTqmul SeniSvnas, rom aSS-is sagareo uwyeba iziarebs far-

Tod gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, didi saxelmwi-

foebi ki ar unda upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, aramed erTmaneTTan unda

iTanamSromlon arSemdgari qveynebis fexze wamosayeneblad,2 aSkara xdeba,

rom avtori saqarTvelos arSemdgar saxelmwifod ZiriTadad ruseTis

faqtoris gamo miiCnevs.

zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasagebi xdeba, Tu riT iyo gamowveu-

li, jer kidev ruseT-saqarTvelos omamde, rusi samxedroebis mcdeloba,

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamoedevnaT CeCeni mebrZolebi; jer pankisis

problemis SeqmniT, xolo Semdeg teroristebis alagmvis sababiT, maT

Tavisi samxedro Zalebis ganTavseba surdaT Cvens qveyanaSi. 2008 wlis

omis Semdegac, ruseTs ara imdenad afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT os-

eTis STanTqma esaWiroeboda, ramdenadac maTi faqtiuri gakontrolebiT

saqarTvelos arSemdgar saxelmwifod warmoCena, qveynis srulfasovani

politikuri CamoyalibebisaTvis xelis SeSla da srul ekonomikur stag-

naciaSi moqceva; kremlis CanafiqriT, es ruseTs saqarTvelos advilad

dauflebis perspeqtivas Seuqmnida. amJamad, iranis birTvuli programis

gamo mosalodnel konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT, sul ufro xSirad gaismis

ruseTis muqara saqarTvelos teritoriis mimarT. Tumca, ukanaskneli mo-

nacemebiT, saeWvo xdeba, rom SeerTebulma Statebma ruseTs xelsayreli

„TamaSis~ ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba misces.3

„axali civi omis~ avtori, edvard lukasi, metad pesimisturad uy-

urebs ruseTSi liberaluri demokratiis perspeqtivas, an Tundac mas-

Tan miaxloebuli sistemis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas. misi sityve-

biT, dasavleTi imedovnebs, rom ruseTi dainteresebulia gayidos rac

SeiZleba meti gazi da navTobi, raTa maqsimaluri mogeba naxos, magram,

1 J. J. Grygiel. Vacuum Wars. The Coming Competition Over Failed States, – In: The American Interest Online, July–August 2009.ix.: www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622.2 J. J. Grygiel. Vacuum Wars. The Coming Competition Over Failed States, – In: The American Interest Online, July–August 2009, – ix. www.the–american–interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622.3 Sdr.: A. Jaffe. Carter Security Adviser Gives Obama High Marks on Foreign Policy, – In: Na-tional Journal. May 6, 2012.

53

sinamdvileSi, kremli ruseTis bunebriv resursebs, sapirispirod amisa,

politikur da strategiul iaraRad ganixilavs, romlis saSualebiTac

mas SeuZlia dayos evropa da ganaxorcielos Zlieri dawola aRmosavleT

evropisa da kavkasiis qveynebze. ruseTis mizani xom evropis gazis moma-

ragebis monopolizirebaa yvela im gazsadenis xelSi CagdebiT, romliTac

evropeli momxmarebeli maragdeba.1 evropis mier rusuli bunebrivi ga-

zis gamoyenebam daasusta evropis saxelmwifoTa liderebis simtkice da

mzaoba, raTa win aRudgnen moskovis neoimperializms. Tu 90-ian wlebSi

mravali eqsperti da dasavleTeli politikosi varaudobda ruseTis

ganuxrel svlas liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT da mis mSvi-

dobian, keTilmezoblur urTierTobas momijnave qveynebTan (miuxedavad

adreul 90-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi Cadenili eTnikuri wmendisa), 2008

wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi ruseTis mier warmoebuli omi maTTvis

„civ Sxapad~ gadaiqca, vinaidan, imis nacvlad, rom damtkbariyo gazisa

da navTobis maragidan miRebuli simdidriT da ezruna Tanamedrove,

demokratiuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaze, ruseTma SeiaraRebuli divi-

ziebis kavkasionis gadaRma gagzavna gadawyvita.2

navTobis resursebiT kaspiis zRvis auzis gansakuTrebuli simdid-

ris geopolitikuri mniSvneloba kidev ufro metad zrdis ruseTis, da

ara mxolod am qveynis, geostrategiul dainteresebas mTlianad amier-

kavkasiisa da, kerZod, am navTobis gadazidvis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

perspeqtiuli gzis, saqarTvelos teritoriis mimarT. sul ufro meti

specialisti midis im daskvnamde, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis

mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba miznad isaxavda saqarT-

veloze dasavleTis zegavlenis SezRudvas, xolo ruseT-saqarTvelos

omi, swored imis niSani iyo, rom moskovma ar daiviwya Tavisi imperiuli

ambiciebi da survili aqvs mimarTos Zalas, raTa dasajos yvela, vinc ki

mas gzaze gadaeRobeba; amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paeqroba evraziaze

gavlenis mosapoveblad mxolod axla iwyeba.3

ruseTis dRevandel arssa da am qveynis ukanaskneli wlebis namo-

1 E. Lucas. The New Cold War: Putin’s Russia and the Threat to the West. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.2 J. J. Grygiel. Georgia on My Mind. A review of The New Cold War: Putin’s Russia and the Threat to the West, by Edward Lucas, – In: The Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy, Claremont Review of Books; October 28, 2008; – ix.: www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1581/article_detail.asp. 3 G. Friedman. Putin’s Evolving Strategy in Europe, – In: Stratfor Global Intelligence. May 8, 2012, - ix.: www.stratfor.com/weekly/putins-evolving-strategy-europe?utm_source=freelist-f&utm_medium=email&utm _ campaign=20120508&utm_term=gweekly&utm_content=readmore&elq=5c9cacdd235446d1a761002610e4cd02; J. J. Grygiel. Georgia on My Mind. A review of The New Cold War: Putin’s Russia and the Threat to the West, by Edward Lucas, – In: The Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy, Claremont Review of Books; Oc-tober 28, 2008; – ix.: www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id. 1581/ article _detail.asp.

54

qmedarze dakvirvebis Sedegad, ruseTi sul ufro xSirad aris xolme

Tanamedrove eqspertTa mier daxasiaTebuli, rogorc postmodernistu-

li xanis caristuli qveyana, Zlieri faSisturi SeferilobebiT, xolo

ruseTisaTvis kremlis mier gamoyenebul termins – „suverenuli de-

mokratia”, j. grejieli cvlis terminiT – „TaRliTuri demokratia~.1

leon aronis sarkastuli SefasebiT, rusuli „suverenuli demokratiis~

mimarTeba „demokratiisadmi~ daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogoric „eleqtro-

nuli skamisa~ „Cveulebriv skamTan~.2 saqme iqamdea misuli, rom zogierTi

politikosi cdilobs am rusul „Taviseburebebs~ gamarTleba mouZebnos

da maTSi „ruseTis bediswera~ dainaxos; henri qisinjeris azriT, ruseTs

eqspansionizmi ar SeiZleboda damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebad ar Camoya-

libeboda, vinaidan misTvis imperializmi oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi

sagareo politikis qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda da SesaZleblobas aZlevda

ukideganod gafarTovebuliyo yvela mimarTulebiT, ganuxrelad iqvemde-

barebda ra SedarebiT ufro sust mezoblebs da iwvevda mowiwebas maTSi,

vinc uSualod misi kontrolis qveS ar imyofeboda.3

TandaTanobiT aSkara xdeba, rom ruseTsa da amerikis SeerTebul

Statebs Soris e.w. gadatvirTvis politika ar Sedga, im nabijebs, romelTa

gadadgmas rusebi amerikelebisagan iTxoven, sinamdvileSi sulac ar mi-

yavT urTierTobebi realuri gaumjobesebisaken da mxolod uaryofiTi

Sedegis momtania SeerTebuli Statebis usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis;

amave dros odnavac ar mcirdeba ruseTSi amerikis mimarT xelovnurad

kultivirebuli mtruli ganwyoba; rusebi ver iziareben maTTvis ucxo,

dasavleTisaTvis damaxasiaTebel demokratiul faseulobebs.4

1 J. J. Grygiel. Georgia on My Mind. A review of The New Cold War: Putin’s Russia and the Threat to the West, by Edward Lucas, – In: The Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy, Claremont Review of Books; October 28, 2008; – ix.: www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1581/article_detail.asp.2 L. Aron. A Tormenting in Moscow. Why is Russia harassing President Obama’s new ambassador? – In: Foregn Policy. April 13, 20123 H. Kissinger. Mission to Moscow: Clinton Must Lay the Groundwork for a New Relationship with Russia, – In: Washington Post. May 15, 2000; saqme iqamde mivida, rom zogierTi poli-

tikuri mimomxilveli ironiulad acxadebda: rusebis eqspansionizmi maTi dnm-is Tavise-

burebiT aris ganpirobebulio (G. Will. Eastward–Ho? And Soon, – In: Washington Post. June 13, 1996).4 D. Satter. Obama’s Open Microphone: The president shouldn’t be offering concessions to Russia, in private or in public, – National Review Online, March 28, 2012; ix.: www.nationalreview.com/articles/294630/obama-s-open-microphone-david-satter. amasTan dakavSirebiT, dResac inarCu-nebs aqtualurobas ronald reiganis mier 1983 wlis 8 marts, Tavisi dabadebis dRis

aRsaniSnavad orlandoSi, evangelistTa erovnul asociaciasTan Sexvedrisas warmoTqmuli

sityva, rodesac man Tanamemamuleebs mouwoda birTvuli iaraRis gayinvaze saubrisas

didi sifrTxiliT mokidebodnen cdunebas, raTa sakuTari Tavi ar daeyenebinaT imaze

ufro maRla, vidre es saWiroa da gularxeinad ar daedanaSaulebinaT „Tanabrad” orive

(amerikuli da masTan dapirispirebuli) mxare, ise rom ar mieRoT mxedvelobaSi istori-

55

swored amis gamo, uaRresad mniSvnelovania da sasurveli, rom de-

mokratiuli gardaqmnebis done da xarisxi SedarebiT demokratiul

postsabWoTa qveynebSi ar Camouvardebodes saerToevropuls, raTa ara-

vis ar mieces saSualeba am qveynebis totalitaruli samyarosadmi siax-

lovisa da dasavluri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli demokratiuli

faseulobebis viTomda uqonlobis momizezebiT, gaamarTlos maTi bed-

iRbliT arasakmarisi daintereseba. zogierTi mimomxilveli mzad aris

am garemoebiT axsnas ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omisa da ukrainaSi

reJimis Secvlis Sedegad amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evrokavSiris

mier am qveynebis dasavleTTan integraciis mimarT interesis Seneleba,

rasac, Tavis mxriv, unda ganepirobebina ruseTis „axlo samezoblos~

mikuTvnebuli qveynebis darwmuneba SeerTebul StatebTan, natosTan da

evrokavSirTan maTi politikuri daaxloebis uperspeqtivobaSi da maTgan

usafrTxoebis garantiebis miRebis SeuZleblobaSi.1 niSandoblivia, rom

ruseTis mmarTveli wreebi didi gafacicebiT afiqsireben demokratiuli

normebis nebismier darRvevas sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro demokratiul

postsabWour qveynebSi – saqarTveloSi, moldovasa Tu ukrainaSi, maSin

rodesac cdiloben wauyruon Seudareblad ufro mniSvnelovan dar-

Rvevebs, momxdars uzbekeTSi, TurqmeneTsa Tu belorusSi.2

miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs aklia sabWoTa kavSiris globaluri

miswrafebebi da SesaZleblobebi, mainc naTelia, rom dasavlur samyarosTan

misi konfrontacia garduvalia, Tanac ukve Cans garkveuli safrTxis

Semcveli niSnebi, rom SesaZloa am konfrontaciam ZalmomreobiTi xa-

siaTi miiRos.3 mosalodneli „paeqrobis~ Sedegebi, savaraudod, yvela

mxarisaTvis sakmaod savalalo iqneba, rogorc es Cveulebriv mniSvnelo-

van ZalTa seriozuli dapirispirebis dros xdeba xolme. ruseTis amJa-

mindeli liderisaTvis, vladimer putinisTvis sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

xom saukunis geopolitikur katastrofas warmoadgens, xolo kavSiris

aRdgena da Zveli sazRvrebis dabruneba – ZiriTad strategiul mizans.4

Sesabamisad, v. putinis prezidentis postze dabrunebis Semdeg, ruseTis

uli faqtebi da „borotebis imperiidan” momdinare agresiuli impulsebi (C. Oettinger. President Ronald Reagan: Evil Empire Speech, – In: Command Posts: a Focus on Military History, Policy and Fiction. March 8, 2011; ix.: www.commandposts.com/2011/03/president–ronald–rea-gan–evil–empire–speech).1 G. Friedman. Russia’s Strategy, – In: Stratfor Global Intelligence. A p r i l 2 4 , 2 0 1 2 , – ix.: www.stratfor.com/weekly/russias–strategy.2 K. Eggert, von. Russian Power, Russian Weakness, – In: Policy Review. No. 172. March 30, 2012.3 S. Waterman. Russia Threatens to Strike NATO Missile Defense Sites, – In: The Washington Times. May 3, 2012, – ix.: www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/3/russia–threatens–strike–nato–missile–defense–sites.4 G. Bryanski. Putin, Medvedev praise values of Soviet Union, – Reuters. Nov., 17, 2011, – ix.: in.reuters.com/article/2011/11/17/idINIndia-60590820111117.

56

mier gadasadgmeli uaxloesi nabijebi aRaravisTvis saidumlos ar war-

moadgens. cxadia, rom es qveyana ecdeba aRadginos Zalaufleba yofili

imperiis farglebSi, gandevnos ucxouri, ZiriTadad dasavluri, gavlena

Tavisi qveynidan da miiRos evropiT manipulirebis SesaZlebloba, raTa

aRidginos is gardasuli „dideba”, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri flobda.

ruseTis am miswrafebebTan mimarTebaSi, dasavleTis mier ufro Tanamim-

devruli strategiis gatarebis imedi, samwuxarod ar aris sakmarisad

naTlad gamokveTili.1 Sesabamisad, aRar unda iyos moulodneli ruseTis

sagareo saqmeTa saministros diplomatiuri akademiis evgeni baJanovis

amaswindeli gancxadebac, rom baltiispireTis respublikebis garda, ver-

cerTi sxva postsabWoTa qveyana ver daaRwevs Tavs ruseTTan mibrunebas,

vinaidan, ruseTis mastabilizirebeli rolis gareSe mTeli es ukidegano

sivrce „ganwirulia qaosisa da CamorCenisaTvis~.2

saSinao problemebidan Tavisi mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadasatanad,

dRevandeli ruseTisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba gareSe mtris/mtrebis xa-

tis Seqmna, amasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas ipyrobs sainauguracio

ceremonialis Semdeg v. putinis mier gaxmovanebuli qveynis sagareo

politikuri kursis programa, romelSic, azerbaijaneli eqspertis r.

mirkadirovis dakvirvebiT, iolad SesamCnevia rusuli sazogadoebisaTvis

mTlianobaSi damaxasiaTebeli „genetikuri imperiuli memkvidreobiT~ ma-

nipulireba da sadac xsenebac ki aRar yofila dimitri medvedevis epoq-

is mTavari monapovaris, aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris „gadatvirTvis~ politi-

kis.3 samagierod, ruseTis sagareo politikuri kursis realizebisaTvis

sagareo saqmeTa saministros, federaciis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

sxva organoebTan erTad, erT-erT gansaxorciebel amocanad ganesazRvra,

„afxazeTis respublikisa da samxreT-oseTis respublikis Tanamedrove

demokratiul saxelmwifoebad CamoyalibebisaTvis aqtiuri xelSewyobis

gaweva, agreTve am respublikebis saerTaSoriso poziciebis gamyareba,

1 R. Coalson. Putin’s Return to Kremlin Could Boost Eurasian Union Project, – In: Voice of Amer-ica (Europe). March 09, 2012, – ix.: www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Putins-Return-to-Kremlin-Could-Reenergize-Eurasian-Union-Project-142051333.html; J. J. Grygiel. Georgia on My Mind. A review of The New Cold War: Putin’s Russia and the Threat to the West, by Edward Lucas, – In: The Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy, Cla-remont Review of Books; October 28, 2008; – ix.: www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1581/ article_detail.asp. 2 Е. П. Бажанов. Козырные карты России. Мы можем рассчитывать на достойное место в жизни человечества в XXI столетии, – «Независимая Газета». 14.05.2012; – ix.: www.ng.ru/courier/2012-05-14/9_cards.html.3 amerikelma mimomxilvelebmac SeniSnes, rom v. putini gaurbis sityva „gadatvirTvis”

gamoyenebas, rac, maTi azriT, SemTxveviTi garemoeba ar unda iyos (H. Cooper, S. L. Myers, E. Barry. As Putin Postpones Meeting Obama, Analysts Seek Political Import, – In: The New York Times. May 10, 2012; ix.:www.nytimes.com/2012/05/11/world/europe/analysts-seek-political-import-as-putin-puts-off-meeting-obama. html?_r=2).

57

maTi saimedo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da socialur-ekonomikuri

aRorZineba~ („brZanebuleba ruseTis federaciis sagareo politikuri

kursis sarealizacio RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb”, punqti e). aRniSnuli br-

Zanebulebis punqti, sadac afxazeTi da samxreT-oseTia moxseniebuli,

aRaraviTar Sanss aRar tovebs saqarTvelosTan ruseTis urTierTobis

normalizaciis perspeqtivisaTvis. am brZanebulebiT v. putinma xazgas-

miT da erTmniSvnelovnad ganacxada, rom ruseTis politika aRniSnuli

„respublikebis~ Camoyalibebisa da saerTaSoriso aRiarebis saqmeSi Tan-

mimdevrulad gagrZeldeba.1 yuradRebas ipyrobs, agreTve, 2012 wlis 12

maiss, soWSi, v. putinTan Sexvedris Semdeg Crdilo oseTis meTauris

Teimuraz mamsurovis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba imis Taobaze, rom

samxreT oseTSi dasabams iReben didi saqmeebi, da amitom yvela patrioti

osi movalea iyos iq, sadac oseTis axali istoria daiwereba.2

rac Seexeba, saqarTvelos SesaZlo samomavlo neitralur statuss,

rac zogierTi Cveni politikosis xedviT, Seqmnili mdgomareobidan „op-

timaluri~ gamosavalia. sinamdvileSi, es qveynis suverenitetis mniS-

vnelovani SezRudva da ufro metic, faqtobrivad gaTelva iqneboda.

analogiuri statusi ruseTis moTxovniT ukve aqvs miRebuli moldovas

da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amiT mas araferi mougia. specialistebis az-

riT, erTi qveynis mier meoris mimarT neitraluri statusis moTxovna,

rasac mxolod ruseTi Tu moiTxovs mezoblebisgan, yvela saerTaSori-

so-sakanonmdeblo normas ewinaaRmdegeba da qveyanaTa Soris Tanaswori

urTierTobebis damyarebas xels uSlis.3 yvelaferTan erTad gasaTval-

iswinebelia isic, rom analogiuri „fandi~ ruseTma 1920 wels ukve Cau-

tara saqarTvelos, rodesac masTan dadebuli 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT

saqarTvelo aiZula yvela ucxouri samxedro Zala gaeyvana Tavisi teri-

toriidan da amis Sedegad, aRniSnuli xelSekrulebiT, marTlac „xelSek-

ruli“ da gare samyarosagan mowyvetili ”neitraluri~ qveynis dedaqa-

laqi Tbilisi ruseTis XI wiTelma armiam 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals,

sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg aiRo. Tavisi SedegebiT, 1920 wlis

ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba Camogavda 1783 wlis „georgievskis

traqtats”, rodesac ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT saqarTvelo TviT

sTavazobda meore mxares kavkasionis mTavari qedis samxreTiT mdebare

placdarms, amierkavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi eqspansiisaTvis; es ki

saqarTvelos arsebobas regionSi zedmets xdida. devid lengis dakvirve-

1 Р. Миркадыров. Путин попытается «мочить», постоянно обостряя ситуацию в регионе, – Газ.: «Зеркало», № 81 (3766), 09.05.2012. gv. 1, 3; ix.: new.zerkalo.az/media/pdf/2012-05-09-1.pdf1.2 Р. Миркадыров. Путин попытается «мочить», постоянно обостряя ситуацию в регионе, – Газ.: «Зеркало», № 81 (3766), 09.05.2012. gv. 1, 3. 3 Р. Миркадыров. Путин попытается «мочить», постоянно обостряя ситуацию в регионе, – Газ.: «Зеркало», № 81 (3766), 09.05.2012. gv. 1, 3.

58

biT, rogorc xelSekrulebis debulebebis mxriv, aseve Tavisi SedegebiT,

ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis xelSekruleba ueWvelad warmoadgens

saocar msgavsebas 1783 wels ekaterine II-sa da erekle II-s Soris dade-

bul xelSekrulebasTan, romelic aseve gamodga saqarTvelos sruli

aneqsiis preludia.1 1920 wlis xelSekrulebas z. avaliSvili samar-

Tlianad uwodebda „evropuli orientaciis“ dasasruls saqarTvelos

sagareo politikaSi.2

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTis yovelgvari wresgadasuli aqtiuroba

kavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTvelos mimarT agresia da axali „damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebis~ Seqmna gamowveuli unda iyos, garda saqarTvelos „arse-

bobis arsis”, anu xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze Camoyalibebuli ZiriTa-

di saxelmwifoebrivi funqciis, dakargvinebis survilisa, rac ruseTs

saqarTvelos sabolood xelSi Cagdebis saSualebas miscemda, agreTve,

im mizniT, rom xeli SeeSalos kavkasionis mTavari qedis gayolebaze im

geopolitikuri sasazRvro zolis („rRvevis xazis”) Camoyalibebis per-

speqtivas, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, demokratiuli ganviTa-

rebis gzaze damdgar qveynebs totalitaruli msoflmxedvelobis arade-

mokratiuli qveynebisagan ganyofda. amis Sedegad, Cveni qveyana msoflios

umniSvnelovanesi politikuri procesebis epicentrSi aRmoCndeboda, rac

gamoiwvevda misi odindeli „arsebobis arsis~ axal pirobebSi saxecvli-

lebas da qveyanac globaluri mniSvnelobis mqone politikur funqcias

aRidgenda.

rogorc vxedavT, kavkasiis Zveli Tu axali istoria dakavSirebuli

iyo da aris globaluri xasiaTis politikur movlenebTan; aq gamavali

kavkasionis mTavari qedis didi geopolitikuri mniSvneloba yovelTvis

iwvevda ama Tu im epoqis didi Zalis mqone qveynebisa Tu sazogadoebebis

geostrategiul interesTa da mizanTa am mxareSi Sejaxebas. swored,

aRniSnuli garemoebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT efeqturad gvesaxeba, saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi funqciis anu „arsebobis arsis~ dadgenis

mizniT, saqarTvelos istoriaze kavkasionis mTavari mTagrexilis da

sazogadod kavkasiis geopolitikuri mdebareobis zemoqmedebis diaqro-

niul WrilSi Seswavla, ris erT-erT sawyis mcdelobasac winamdebare

kvleva warmoadgens.

1 D. M. Lang. A Modern History of Georgia. London, 1962. gv. 226; g. qavTaraZe. saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.., gv. 183.

2 З. Авалов. Независимость Грузии в международной политике 1918-1921гг. Тифлис, 1924. gv. 287.

59

Giorgi L. KavtaradzeIvane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Georgia

GEORGIA, THE CAUCASUS AND GEOPOLITICS –PAST AND PRESENT

The key importance of the location of the Caucasus was picturesquely stated already by Pliny the Elder (Plinius Magnus), in the fi rst century, namely that the Caucasian Gates divides the world in two parts (NH, VI, XII, 30). Transcaucasia, as it was located in the edge of the civilized and barbarian worlds, was an area of infl uences of these two opposite models of the historical development, but the fac-tor of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range determined its destination to be the outpost of the highly developed Eurasian periphery against Central Eurasia, char-acterized by a slow rate of development, or in other words, to be the stronghold of the civilized South and West against the barbarian North and East.

There seems to be an interconnection between the formation of the statehood in Central Transcaucasia and the urgent need to defend the ‘Caucasian Gate’ (the Dariali Pass) from the penetration of military forces from the North. Therefore the concrete political function of the Iberian kingdom, like of other Trans-Caucasian countries located south from the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, was the con-trol of one of the most important strategic passes of the world.

But the factors of the geopolitical character not only cause the emergence of the statehood in Central Transcaucasia at the Classical epoch but also stipulated its historical development at the subsequent time, till now. The political history of the Georgia is mainly predetermined by its geographical location.

60

dazmir jojuadazmir jojuasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

zogierTi mosazreba ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 zogierTi mosazreba ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008

wlis agvistos omis geopolitikur da wlis agvistos omis geopolitikur da

geostrategiul SedegebTan dakavSirebiTgeostrategiul SedegebTan dakavSirebiT

`ugunurma Teimurazma (Teimuraz I) Tavisi uwesoebiT da

usjulo qedmouxrelobiT gamoiwvia misi uavgustoesis (Sah-abas

I) keTili nebis aRSfoTeba da sakuTar xalxs - kaxelebs Zarcvis,

tyvevnisa da sparseTis sanaxebSi gadasaxlebis damamxobeli

SarbaTi Seasva~.

isqander-beg Torqemani. 1629 w.

`Tavisi uwesoebiT Teimurazma didi dartyma miayena kaxelebs

da laparakic zedmetia maTs alazansa da siRnaRSi dabrunebaze~.

isqander-beg Torqemani. 1629 w.

`Cexoslovakiis mTavrobis politikam Cven gvaiZula Taviseburi

meTodebiT dagvecva sudetis germanuli mosaxleoba da Cexi

xalxisTvis tragikuli SedegebiT SegveerTebina Cexia da moravia

mesame raixTan~.

ioahim fon ribentropi. 1939 w. 17 maisi

`beneSi Tavs gavida. is ar iTvaliswinebs Cveni mezobeli Cexi

xalxisTvis mosalodnel katastrofasa~.

hitleri. 1938w. 3 seqtemberi

`Cven gvindoda da axlac gvinda bloki JordaniasTan, Tu is

Tavs daanebebs qarTveli xalxis imperialistur Zarcvas~.

g. CiCerini. 1921 w. marti

`n. Jordanias da n. ramiSvilis urdoebi sikvdiliT emuqrebian

loresa da voroncovkis mosaxleobas da aiZuleben wiTeli

revoluciis Zalebs, daicvan isini~.

gaz. ~pravda~, 1921w. 14 Tebervali

`z. gamsaxurdiam Tavi gamoavlina, rogorc diqtatorma da

radikalma nacionalistma. is safrTxes uqmnis qarTveli da osi

xalxebis normalur ganviTarebas. amitom Cveni arCevani gasagebi da

misaRebi unda iyos - mxardaWera demokratiul opozicias~.

a. kozirevi. 1991w. 19 dekemberi

61

`Cven araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar vuyurebT Soridan osi xalxis

genocids... osi xalxis winaaRmdeg aSkara agresiis aqts~.

d. medvedevi. 2008w. 8 agvisto

`Tavisi samxedro avantiuriT saakaSvilma sasikvdilo dartyma

miayena saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. amieridan laparakic

ki zedmetia qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis da

samxreT oseTis dabrunebaze~.

v. putini. 2008w. 4 seqtemberi

epigrafSi moyvanil magaliTebs aerTianebs erTi dezinformaciuli

meTodi: agresori agresiis gamomwvev mizezad msxverplis ùgunurebasa~

da àvantiurizms~ asaxelebs da amiT niRbavs Tavis imperialistur

zraxvebs~.

2008 wlis 7-12 agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omi aris texili,

gamyofi qronologiuri xazi saqarTvelos istoriaSi. am mtkicebaSi

odnavi gadaWarbebac ar aris: agvistos omi gaxda qarTveli erisa da

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis erTgvari determi-

nanti. gvinda es Cven Tu ar gvinda, omi xdeba is RerZi, romlis irgvliv

ìbrunebs~ Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis procesi grZelvadian perspeq-

tivaSi. ratom? imitom, rom agvistos omi warmoadgens ara mxolod sa-

kuTriv oms, rogorc aseTs, ara mxolod morig SeiaraRebul konfliqts

saqarTvelos tradiciul mowinaaRmdege ruseTTan, aramed wminda wylis

geopolitikur process (procesualuri qronometraJis SezRuduloba

eqvsi dRiT da kacobriobis sxva omebTan SedarebiT zaralis ̀ mokrZaleb-

uli~ raodenobrivi cifrometria aq arafers ar cvlis). 7-12 agvistos

omma Secvala rogorc sakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida geopolitikuri, aseve

msoflios geopolitikuri suraTi. amitom es movlena geopolitikuri

procesia da, amave dros, XXI saukuneSi axali geopolitikuri welTaR-

ricxvis sawyisi wertilic.

agvistos omis geopolitikur procesad definirebas Cvenis azriT,

ori momenti ganapirobebs; pirveli aris saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis

sakiTxi, misi konceptualuri gadafasebisa da garkveuli cvlilebebis

aucilebloba. usafrTxoebis doqtrina xom qveynis sagareo politikis

kodeqsia, romelic yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs geopolitikuri sivrcis

transformacias da amis paralelurad TviTonac adeqvaturad icvle-

ba. agvistos omma mniSvnelovnad Secvala geopolitikuri konstelacia

samxreT kavkasiaSi, Sesabamisad unda Seicvalos saqarTvelos usafrTxoe-

bis prioritetebi: Cveni qveynis dezintegraciis procesma kritikul

62

zRvars miaRwia; arsebobs 1801 da 1921 wlebis ganmeorebis riski, eris

politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi nebis paralizebis safrTxe da es

safrTxe isev garedan modis, anu sagareo usafrTxoebis sferoSi devs.

amitom, agvistos omis Sedegebis WrilSi, sasicocxlod aucilebelia

usafrTxoebis axali xedva, risk-faqtorebis axleburi identifikacia da

adeqvatur qmedebaTa axleburi dagegmva.

meore momenti ukavSirdeba agvistos omis globalur ganzomilebas.

SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom es omi iyo Tanamedrove msoflio politikis

mTavar `moTamaSeebs~, ZiriTadad geostrategiul `organizmebs~ Soris

krizisuli urTierTdamokidebulebis mizezic da Sedegic. omma Secvala

geopolitikuri struqtura, gadaajgufa ruseTisa da aSS-s gavlenis

sferoTa sazRvrebi, maTi politikuri da strategiuli winaaRmdegobis

wertilebi gadaanacvla. rogorc wesi, geopolitikuri suraTis Secvla

gulisxmobs ara marto ZalTa centrebis sazRvrebis cvlas, aramed mTa-

var aqtorTa Soris Tanafardobis Secvlasac. agvistos omma ruseTis

gavlenis zonis sazRvrebic gaafarTova da, meore mxriv, regionSi aSS-

ruseTis Tanafardobis rxevac gamoiwvia am ukanasknelis sasargeblod.

es aris mware realoba.

Cven gvWirdeba agvistos omis kompleqsuri makrosociologiuri

modeli. amgvari modelis organuli nawili unda gaxdes omis Sedegebis

miukerZoebeli, kvalificiuri da pragmatuli gaazreba. cxadia, ukve

arsebobs omis moculobiTi faqtologia. es kargia. aseve arsebobs omis

analizis garkveuli done da esec kargia. magram rac ar unda rTuli

kvleva-ZiebiTi stadiebi gvqondes gamovlili, Cveni modeli srulyofili

ver iqneba manam, sanam agvistos omis globaluri mniSvneladobis Sefase-

ba ar moxdeba. amisTvis ki aucilebelia agvistos omis geopolitikuri

da geostrategiuli Sedegebis warmoCena.

yvelasaTvis cnobilia 2008 wlis agvistos omis pirveladi Sede-

gebi: msxverpli (170 samxedro mosamsaxure, 28 policieli, 228 mSvido-

biani moqalaqe, 1747 moqalaqis daWra), materialuri zarali da infra-

struqturis ngreva, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seferxeba, patara liaxvis

xeobisa da didi liaxvisa da frones xeobebis nawilis ganadgureba, qa-

rTuli mosaxleobis genocidisa da eTnowmendis morigi talRa. amjerad

SevexebiT agvistos omis konceptualuri formatis erT plasts - omis

geopolitikur da, nawilobriv, geostrategiul Sedegebs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, agvistos omis Sedegebis aseT WrilSi gaaz-

rebas mxolod amJamindeli analizis funqcia ara aqvs, aramed gaaCnia,

ase vTqvaT, diaqronuli prognostikis daniSnulebac: is Cven gvexmare-

ba perspeqtivisken gamiznuli garkveuli prognozebis, scenarebis Se-

muSavebaSi, xels uwyobs SesaZlo adeqvaturi strategiebis dagegmvas.

yvelaze mTavari aq is aris, rom met-naklebad optimalurad movaxdinoT

agresorisgan (ruseTisagan) momdinare morigi safrTxeebis identifikacia

63

da SevZloT maTi ganeitralebis saSualebaTa gamoZebna. erTi sityviT,

unda gvqondes strategiuli xedva, raTa globalurad viazrovnoT da

lokalurad vimoqmedoT agvistos omis Sedegad warmoqmnil axal `geo-

politikur drosa da sivrceSi~.

uwinares yovlisa, omis ZiriTadi mizezis Sesaxeb gvinda aRvniSnoT,

radgan swored aq vlindeba geostrategiuli konteqsti. meore mxriv,

omis mizezebi da misi dawyebis sakiTxi gadaqceulia iaffasiani spekula-

ciebis obieqtad ara marto ruseTsa da `gazpromis~ fuliT mosyidul

dasavlur qselebSi, aramed zogierT Cvens wreebSic. agvistos omi iyo

rusuli da qarTuli geostrategiuli interesebis, gnebavT, proeqtebis

Sejaxeba samxreT kavkasiaSi. axali rusuli proeqti miznad isaxavs

(pirvelad misi prezentacia putinma gaakeTa 2007 wlis TebervalSi,

miunhenis usafrTxoebis konferenciaze) arsebuli msoflio wesrigis

Secvlas; postsabWoTa sivrcis gamocxadebas ruseTis eqskluziuri sa-

sicocxlo interesebis zonad da iq sxvaTa gavlenis dauSveblobas;

ruseTis eqspansias am postsabWoTa arealSi (aq, sxvaTaSoris, Zalian simp-

tomaturia is, Tu rogor ganmartavs rusuli politologia èqspansiis~

cnebas: èqspansia aris ZalTa centridan periferiebisken samxedro-poli-

tikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, religiuri, demografiuli winsvla1

(win waweva, dawinaureba); strategiuli energomatareblebis tranzitis

garantias. es gaxlavT rusuli geostrategiis principebi, romlebic

mimarTulia postsabWoTa sivrceSi ruseTis geostrategiuli regionis

Seqmnisken. cxadia, rom kavkasia moiazreba am didi geostrategiuli re-

gionis erT-erT mTavar geopolitikur regionad.

qarTuli geostrategia, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi `kavkasi-

uri saxlis~ ideis Cavardnis Semdeg, orientirebulia evroatlantikur

geostrategiul regionSi CarTvisken. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo xdeba

am didi regionis axloaRmosavluri, samxreTevropuli da mcireaziuri

geopolitikuri regionebis koncentraciis RerZuli areali. am geo-

strategiis taqtikuri veqtorebia nato-Si integracia da geoekonomi-

kuri RerZis organizacia satransporto da energetikuli derefnebiT.

swored es aris agvistos omis mTavari mizezi da swored amitom

cdilobda ruseTi omis dros saqarTvelos teritoriul daSlas, in-

frastruqturisa da centraluri institutebis ganadgurebas, evroat-

lantikuri orientaciis xelisuflebis damxobas. amgvar mizandasaxu-

lobas naTlad warmoaCens ramdenime reprezentatuli dokumenti. omamde

ramdenime TviT adre, 2008 wlis 1 maiss, gamoqveynda ruseTis dsT-s

qveynebis institutis samxreT kavkasiis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis m.

aleqsandrovis Semdegi gegma saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis politikasTan

dakavSirebiT: àSS-sa da dasavleTs unda davatovebinoT samxreT kavkasia

1 В.Дергачев. Геополитика. М., 2004, gv. 510.

64

da dgeba saqarTvelos dasjis dro: afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi sab-

olood miiReben damoukideblobas, aWara, javaxeTi da marneul-gardabnis

zona gamovlen Tbilisis kontrolidan... darCenili saqarTvelo gai-

yofa ramdenime teritoriad - samegrelod, imereTad, guriad, aRmosavleT

saqarTvelod da gadaiqceva maT konfederaciad. amis xarjze SeiZleba

gadawydes mTiani yarabaRis sakiTxic, radganac azerbaijans Sansi aqvs

mTiani yarabaRis sanacvlod, kompensaciis saxiT miiRos marneul-gard-

abnis zona...~1

rusuli intervenciis politikuri mizani savsebiT cxadad, ara-

orazrovnad da mTeli msoflio sazogadoebriobis Tvalwin dafiqsirda

gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos 2008 wlis 11 agvistos sxdomaze. aq gaero-

Si aSS-is elCma warmoadgina ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris s.

lavrovisa da aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis k. raisis satelefono saubris

is fragmenti, sadac lavrovma pirdapir aRniSna, rom `ruseTi apirebs

saqarTvelos mTavrobis Secvlas.~2 sagulisxmoa, rom gaero-Si ruseTis

elCma v. Curkinma veraferi daupirispira amerikeli kolegis am gancxade-

bas da tradiciuli rusuli diplomatiuri utaqtobiT isRa aRniSna,

rom konfidencialuri saubris saqveynod gamomzeureba Turme ar SeiZlba

(sic!). agvistos omSi ruseTis samxedro-politikuri miznebis sqema war-

moadgina `ruseTis msoflio strategiebis institutis~ prezidentma a.

mitrofanovma. Tanac es gegma cnobili gaxda 2008 wlis 19 agvistos,

saqarTveloSi e.w. `buferuli zonebis~ Seqmnis paralelurad. is Sedge-

boda Semdegi oTxi punqtisgan:

`1. saqarTvelos sruli demilitarizacia - samxedro SenaerTebis

sruli ganadgureba.

2. saakaSvilis reJimis demontaJi.

3. saqarTveloSi konfederaciuli warmonaqmnis - `kavkasiis saxelm-

wifoTa gaerTianebis (ksg) Seqmna 10-ze meti eTnikuri erTeulisgan.

amasTan, afxazeTs, samxreT oseTs, aWaras, javaxeTs da azerbaijanelebiT

kompaqturad dasaxlebul miwebs eqnebaT TviTgamorkvevis ufleba.

4. ksg-s eqneba saerTo sagareo politika, centraluri banki da

valuta. saqarTveloSi unda iyos mxolod policiuri Zalebi, jari da

uSiSroeba - arasodes.~3

ai, raSi mdgomareobda agvistos omis ZiriTadi mizezebi da ara ru-

suli sainformacio industriis mier deklarirebuli lozungebi `geno-

cidisgan osebis dacvis~ Sesaxeb, an kidev `putin-saakaSvilis pirovnuli

dapirispirebis~ ybadaRebuli `fantomi~. cxadia, rom amgvari miznobrivi

1 www.regnum.ru/news/994886.html.2 r. asmusi. mcire omi, romelmac msoflio SeZra. Tb., 2010, gv. 284.

3 Газ. “Коммерсанть”, 20 Августа 2008 г.

65

formatidan gamomdinareobs farTomasStabian saomar moqmedebaTa daw-

yebis sababic.

prof. soso cincaZem imTaviTve miaqcia yuradReba omis win ganvi-

Tarebul movlenebs da sababis problema axsna, sruliad marTebulad,

`Casus Belli~-s (anu omis gamocxadebisa da saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis formaluri mizezis) samarTleblivi principis bazaze. mkvlevari askvnis,

rom `omis dawyebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxi imTaviTve mosaxsnelia.

Tavis marTleba apriori niSnavs samarTleblivi normebidan amovardnas

da sakiTxis sul sxva sibrtyeSi gadatanas.~1

marTlac, davakvirdeT operatiul viTarebas omis win da aRvnusxoT

niSandoblivi faqtebi: samSvidobo formatebis mizanmimarTuli msxvreva;

SeiaraRebuli provokaciebis intensifikacia da 29 ivlis - 6 agvistos

samxedro krizisis gamowveva; 3 agvistos kokoiTisa da ruseTis Tav-

dacvis ministris moadgilis n. pankos Sexvedris Semdeg q. cxinvalidan

mosaxleobis evakuacia; imave 3 agvistos CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mobili-

zaciis gamocxadeba da javis raionSi ruseTis armiis qvedanayofebis Se-

mosvla da sxva. am faqtologiaSi Zalian didi, me vityodi gadamwyveti,

mniSvneloba aqvs ruseTis armiis manevrebis zust identifikacias. pirvel

rigSi unda iTqvas, rom ruseTis armiis operatiuli gegma iyo saqarT-

velos teritoriis maqsimalurad meti nawilis okupacia da siRrm-

iseuli operaciebis gamoyenebiT omis bazis gafarToeba. anu saqarTvelos

armiis damarcxeba da cxinvalisaTvis e.w. `genocidis safrTxis~ moxsna

samxedro operaciis dasasruli ki ar unda yofiliyo, aramed erTgvari

winaswari faza Zaladobis Semdgomi Tavisufali gamoyenebisaTvis. amis

naTeli magaliTia saqarTvelos Sida raionebis `buferuli okupacia~.

meore momenti aris agvistos omis zRurblze CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

Catarebuli swavlebis `kavkasia-2008~-is aRwera. swavlebis dros da-

muSavebul yvela operatiul gegmas hqonda TavdasxmiTi xasiaTi. amasTan,

rukebze yvela virtualuri moqmedeba midioda mxolod saqarTvelos

teritoriaze (kavkasiis mTagrexilis gadalaxva, rokis gvirabis gavla,

md. liaxvis forsireba da sxv.). amdenad, swavlebis farglebSi faqto-

brivad dasrulda omis dagegmareba, SemuSavda garkveuli standartebi da

strategiuli rekomendaciebi.

mesame: ruseTis gegmebSi imTaviTve iyo Cadebuli swrafi Tavdasx-

mis taqtika. amas naTelyofs rokis gvirabis raionSi koncentrirebuli

rusuli Zalebis dislokacia da struqtura. taqtikur dajgufebaSi

Sediodnen satanko da sadesanto qvedanayofebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi,

ar gamoiyeneba samSvidobo operaciaSi CarTuli Zalebis dasaxmareblad

gamiznuli TavdacviTi brZolebisaTvis. sruliad cxadia, rom mobiluri

1 s. cincaZe. saomar moqmedebaTa dawyebis genezisi cxinvalis regionSi saerTaSoriso

samarTlis fonze. kr. ruseTi, regionuli konfliqtebi da samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba, Tb.,

2008, gv. 38

66

satanko jgufebi da sadesanto SenaerTebi gamiznuli iyo saqarTvelos

teritoriis siRrmeSi Setevisa da e.w. `Rrma operaciebis~ warmoebisaT-

vis.

meoTxe: yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom viTarebis eskalaciis Sinagani

logika iwvevda yuradRebis gadatanas afxazeTze. magram mTavari Za-

lebis koncentracias ruseTi axdenda rokis zonaSi. ras unda niSnavdes

es? samxedro strategiis elementaruli normebis mixedviT, pirveli

strategiuli eSeloni iqmneba iq, saidanac ZiriTadi safrTxe momdin-

areobs. ruseTma ki ZiriTadi Zalebis koncentracia ganaxorciela ara

afxazeTis mimarTulebiT, aramed cxinvalis regionTan. e.i. damrtymeli

xazi ruseTma Seqmna mTavari safrTxis araadeqvaturad, amdenad ara Tav-

dacvisaTvis, aramed swored rom Tavdasxmis mizniT.

zemoTmoyvanili sayuradRebo aspeqtebis mTlianobaSi analizis safuZ-

velze unda aRiniSnos: 7-8 agvistos Rames cxinvalis saartilerio ieri-

Si da Semdeg qarTuli Zalebis `niqozis dajgufebis~ qveiTi Seteva iyo

saqarTvelos mxridan iZulebiTi TavdacviTi operacia, mniSvnelovanwilad

preventuli xasiaTis. amasTan, Casus Belli - s principidan gamomdinare,

samxedro operaciis dawyeba iyo, erTis mxriv, saqarTvelos xelisu-

flebis Sidakonstituciuri valdebuleba, da meores mxriv, individu-

aluri Tavdacvis Sesaxeb gaero-s wesdebis 51-e muxlis realizacia. amas,

sxva momentebTan erTad, adasturebs saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri

xelmZRvanelobis mxridan viTarebis analizis formatic (magaliTad, 6

agvistos RamiT Tavdacvis saministroSi gamarTuli TaTbiri, aseve 7

agvistos SuadRes saguramoSi gamarTuli TaTbiri).

amdenad, 7-8 agvistos Rame namdvilad ar iyo zRvari omsa da mSvi-

dobas Soris. es omis dasawyisi ki ar iyo, aramed - ukve mimdinare omis

farglebSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis TavdacviTi operaciis

dawyeba rusuli intervenciis SesaCereblad, rasac male mohyva srul-

masStabiani agresia.

ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis mTavari geopoli-

tikuri Sedegi aris saqarTvelos teritoriuli dezintegraciis faq-

tobrivi viTareba. es gamoixata afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis

`damoukideblobis~ aRiarebasa da agresoris mier am `axali statu-

sis~ saerTaSoriso legitimaciis mcdelobaSi. cxadia, rom es ukanono

qmedeba droebiTia da mas pozitiuri perspeqtiva ar gaaCnia, magram

Cveni istoriuli sazRvrebis gadasinjvis tendencia faqtia da modiT,

procesis axsna ufro sivrceSi veZeboT da ara droSi. ruseTis mier

separatistuli regionebis faqtobrivi samxedro aneqsiiT Cveni terito-

riuli organizmi danawevrebulia, rac warmoadgens seriozul risk–faq-

tors saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisaTvis. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi `amoZ-

ravebulia~ Sida mimarTulebiT, sademarkacio xazi, gnebavT saokupacio

xazi faqtobrivad mibjenilia Sida sivrces. klasikuri geopolitikuri

67

terminologiiT rom visargebloT, Cven dRes ara gvaqvs hinterlendi,

radganac rimlendi arabunebrivad gafarToebulia da Tanac okupirebuli.

Cveni `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ RerZuli areali, Sida sivrce anu mTavari

geopolitikuri veli darCenilia Sida buferis gareSe. geopolitikuri

Teoriidan praqtikul sibrtyeSi rom gadmovinacvloT, amgvari trans-

formaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebi ukve saxezea; okupirebuli teritoria

miaxloebulia dedaqalaqTan, sxva strategiul zonebTan da obieqtebTan,

SesaZlo destabilizaciis Sida berketebTan, globaluri mniSvnelobis

satranzito–sakomunikacio xazTan. faqtia, rom agvistos omma ramde-

nadme gaauferula saqarTvelos satranzito mimzidveloba. ziani miadga

geoekonomikur kods swored imis gamo, rom rusuli okupaciis xazi

miuaxlovda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis sakomunikacio `xids~. Rmer-

Tma gvaSoros, magram mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis Tundac fasaduri

mowesrigebis SemTxvevaSi gamoricxuli ar aris sakomunikacio birTvis

gadanacvleba samxreTisaken da, rogorc Sedegi, regionSi saqarTvelos

`sakomunikacio hegemoniis~ dasasruli.

aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi ram: mcdaria mosazreba, TiTqos sazRvrebis

reviziis da, ase vTqvaT, ̀ post–helsinkis epoqa~ dasavleTma daiwyo koso-

vos damoukideblobis cnobiT (2008 wlis 17 Tebervals). gasagebia, rom

17 Tebervali eqvs Tveze meti xniT uswrebs win 26 agvistos, magram

aseve gasagebi unda iyos yvelaze mTavari: afxazeTisa da cxinvalis re-

gionis faqtobrivi okupacia da maTi `sazRvrebis~ faqtobrivi dafiq-

sireba, aseve mTiani yarabaRisa da mis garSemo teritoriebis somxur–ru-

suli okupacia sami wliT uswrebs win balkaneTis mowesrigebis Sesaxeb

deitonis SeTanxmebas da zustad Teqvsmeti wliT – kosovos aRiarebas.

agvistos omis meore arsebiTi geopolitikuri Sedegi, gamomdinare

pirvelidan, aris `gayofili teritoriis~ fenomeni. amasTan, amgvari feno-

menis warmoSobis ori mizezobrivi kompleqsi saqarTvelos funqcio-

nalurad `anaTesavebs~ saerTaSoriso praqtikis analogiebTan. Tu Cven

gayofadobis mizezad miviCnevT aSS–ruseTis geopolitikur dapirispire-

bas, maSin es gayofadoba emsgavseba germaniisa da vietnamis gayofas `civi

omis~ dros; Tuki mizezad miviCnevT regionalur–politikur doneze

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis erovnuli proqtebis Sejaxebas, maSin gayo-

fadoba emsgavseba kviprosis gayofas an qurTistanis eTnopolitikur

daqucmacebas. orive SemTxvevaSi gayofadobis mizezi garegani saerTa-

Soriso faqtorebia da swored amaSia riskis maRali xarisxi: jer erTi,

SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos gayofadobis fenomeni gaxdes saerTaSoriso

politikis TavisTavadi, avtonomiuri fenomeni. aseT SemTxvevaSi moxdeba

misi araformaluri legitimacia, Seiqmneba normebi da procedurebi,

romlebic saqarTvelos apriorulad ar miscems uflebas, xelsayreli

viTarebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos teritoriuli mTlianobis aR-

dgenis garkveul meqanizmebs. amisi simptomebi ukve Cans, magaliTad ek–is

68

zewoliT miRebul e.w. `axal strategiaSi~, an imave ek–is araRiarebis

politikis farglebSi saokupacio reJimebTan urTierTobis damyarebis

kursSi.

meore; gayofili teritoriebis fenomeni SeiZleba gadaizardos `sax-

elmwifo–antipodebis fenomenSi~. aseTi saxelmwifo–antipodebi iyvnen

dasavleT da aRmosavleT germania, CrdiloeT da samxreT vietnami, arian

CineTi da taivani, CrdiloeT da samxreT korea. es antipodebi TamaSobdnen

kapitalizmisa da socializmis banakebis sareklamo `vitrinebis~ rols.

orive mxare Zalian bevrs xarjavda, raTa Tavisi `vitrina~ ufro mim-

zidveli gaexada. saboloo jamSi, cxadia, ufro dasavluri `vitrina~

gaxda sicocxlisunariani. `vitrinizaciis~ raRac msgavsi tendencia

SeimCneva CvenSic. gvarwmuneben, rom ekonomikurad aRorZinebuli, fi-

nansurad moZlierebuli da liberalur–demokratiuli faseulobebiT

moculi saqarTvelo magnitiviT mimzidveli iqneba afsuebisa da osebi-

saTvis, rac wminda wylis absurdia. saxelmwifo–antipodebis fenomeni

mxolod geopolitikur logikas eqvemdebareba; germaniis gaerTianeba

gamoiwvia ara aRmosavleT germanelebis TvalSi gfr–s `vitrinalurma~

keTilSobilebam (cxovrebis maRalma donem, demokratiam da a.S.), aramed

geopolitikurma `teqtonikam~ socializmis banakSi da ssrk–s daSlam.

aseve iyo vietnamSic (regionidan aSS–is wasvla) da aseve iqneba kore-

aSic (CineTis faqtoris moxsna). rasakvirvelia, geopolitikasTan erTad

problemas gaaCnia mentaluri Semadgeneli: Cveni sazogadoebis SegnebaSi

`gayofadoba~ aris da mudam unda iyos arabunebrivi, Tavsmoxveuli, droe-

biTi, mudmivia mxolod gaerTianebis aucileblobis TviTSemecneba.

mesame Sedegis TvalsazrisiT Cven SeiZleba vilaparakoT geopoli-

tikuri gayofadobis geostrategiul gayofadobaSi gadasvlis safrTx-

eze. aq didi mniSvneloba aqvs drois faqtors. Tu gayofadobis viTa-

reba didxans SenarCunda da man sistemuri struqturaciis formebi

SeiZina, maSin TavisTavad Seiqmneba saqarTvelos SigniT geostrategiuli

simetriis logika. dasavleTisa da ruseTis imanentur interesebSi iqneba

status–kvos SenarCuneba, radgan TavisTavad warmoiSoba azri, rom arse-

buli mdgomareobis ngreva gamoiwvevs usafrTxoebis arsebuli sistemis

destabilizacias da erT–erTis gavlenis zonis dablokvas (saqarTvelos

gaerTianeba – ruseTis gavlenis zonis Caketvas, xolo danarCeni saqa-

rTvelos okupacia–dasavleTis gavlenis zonis Caketvas). swored amas

gviqadis didi xnis manZilze Cixuri mdgomareobis – `arc omi, arc mS-

vidoba~ – SenarCuneba.

agvistos omis mTavari geopolitikuri Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom man radikalurad Secvala regionis geostrategiuli struqtura,

gamoiwvia ra omamde arsebuli wesrigis sistemuri krizisi.

agvistos omamde regionalur geosivrces ramdenadme pluralisturi

struqtura hqonda. afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi gavlenis miuxedavad,

69

iq ar iyo Seqmnili ruseTis eqspansiisaTvis aucilebeli bazebi da in-

frastruqtura. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgili hqonda geostrategiuli

ZalTa balansis mdgomareobas da ori geopolitikuri RerZis – `saqarT-

velo–azerbaijani–TurqeTi plus dasavleTis mxardaWera~ da `ruseTi–

somxeTi~ Tanaarsebobas. omis Sedegad Seiqmna pirveli RerZis daSlis

perspeqtika, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi araefeqturi funqcionirebis pi-

robebi. ratom? SeimCneva ruseT–TurqeTis strategiuli TanamSromlobis

konturebi; `omis gakveTilis~ gaTvaliswinebiT, azerbaijani iZulebulia

moaxdinos Tavisi orientaciis garkveuli koreqtireba. yovel SemTxveva-

Si, baqos manevrirebis veli SezRudulia da igi iZulebulia ufro meti

angariSi gauwios ruseTs. amas emateba suamis krizisic.

amis Sedegad gaizarda meore RerZis areali, gafarTovda ruseTis

samxedro kontingenti da, Sesabamisad, saqarTveloze Zalismieri zewolis

veqtorebi. ruseTma aSkarad gaafarTova Tavisi Zalismieri velis saz-

Rvrebi da samxreT kavkasiaSi daxuruli geostrategiuli regionis aR-

dgenis zRurblze dgas. aSkara xdeba, rom ruseTisaTvis agvistos omi

iyo Sekavebis strategiis nawili – man marTlac Seakava nato–Si saqa-

rTvelos gawevrianebis procesi da es faqtia. amave dros, oms Sedegad

mohyva ZalTa axali gadajgufeba: ruseTma gaafarTova samxedro baze-

bisa da infrastruqturis qseli – 4–e baza cxinvalis regionSi, me–7

baza afxazeTSi, giumrisa da ijevanis bazebi somxeTSi. cxadia, rom

kremli didxans ar moiTmens samxreT kavkasiaSi sivrcis wyvetilobas da

`gaxleCadobas~, radgan araokupirebuli seqtorebidan yovelTvis iqneba

rusuli geopolitikuri `kunZulebis~ qselis moSlis safrTxe. ami-

tom dRevandeli mdgomareoba kremlis geostrategiis TvalTaxedvidan

Sualeduria – ruseTi yvelafers izams sivrcis daxurvisaTvis da in-

tegrirebuli kontrolisaTvis. amisaTvis mas gaaCnia Zalismieri darty-

mis ramdenime RerZuli areali (afxazeTi, cxinvalis regioni, somxeTis

CrdiloeTi, mTiani yarabaRi) Sesabamisi geostrategiuli xazebiTa da

derefnebiT – `enguris xazi~, `liaxvi–axalgoris derefani~, `giumri–

ijevanis xazi~ da `laCinis derefani~.

aseT pirobebSi Cvenis mxridan sasicocxlod aucilebelia mraval-

ganzomilebiani pragmatizmis strategia. saWiroa grZelvadiani evroat-

lantikuri orientirebi organulad Seerwyas konkretuli cvlilebebiT

gamowveul situaciur mikrostrategiebs. es moiTxovs strategiul moT-

minebas, diplomatiur manevrirebas, raTa kidev erTxel ar gavxdeT sx-

visi scenarebis tyve an sakuTari impulsuri gadawyvetilebebis mZevali.

cxadia, rom yvelaferi damokidebulia dasavleTisa da konkretu-

lad aSS–s poziciaze da garantiebze. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT,

saqarTvelo xom prodasavluri kursis gamo daisaja. samwuxarod, dRes

dasavleTi bolomde ver acnobierebs ruseTisgan momdinare safrTxis

masStaburobas, ver Tu ar axdens mis jerovan identifikacias. ek–Si

70

farTodaa deklarirebuli ruseTTan integraciis principebi, xolo b.

obamas administraciam uari Tqva ruseTis eqspansiis Sekavebis tradici-

ul doqtrinebze. arada, Tu ruseTis evraziuli geostrategia realuri

gaxda, maSin ukve gvian iqneba da Sekavebis mcdeloba daemsgavseba `sa-

jinibos karebis magrad Carazvas maSin, rodesac cxeni ukve gaqceulia~.

agvistos omis Sedegebis saerTo kompleqsSi, Cveni azriT, yur-

adRebas iqcevs SedarebiT-politologiuri ganzomileba: ruseTis mier

afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis aRiarebam da amgvari aRiarebisaT-

vis precedentuli safuZvlis miniWebam, TavisTavad warmoSva garkveu-

li analogiebi da SedarebiT-komparatuli diskursi uaxles istoriaSi

momxdar, zedapirulad identur movlenebTan (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs koso-

vos precedenti, CrdiloeT kviprosis Turquli respublikis prece-

denti da sxv.). amitom sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra statusi SeiZleba

ruseTma gamonaxos Cveni okupirebuli istoriuli teritoriebisaTvis,

SeiZleba garkveulwilad davukavSiroT komparatul saerTaSoriso praq-

tikas, rac, samwuxarod, arsebobs. kategoriulad vacxadebT: SedarebiTi

situaciuri analizis dros, cxadia, CvenTvis ZiriTadi imperativia saqa-

rTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis

okupirebuli statusi, Cvens regionul konfliqtebTan kosovosa da sxva

precedentebis absoluturi formatuli araTavsebadoba. Cven mxedvelo-

baSi gvaqvs mxolod ruseT-separatistuli aliansis Semdgomi SesaZlo

nabijebi. isini apriorulad ukanonoa, aramarTlzomieria, magram faqtia

da amitom komparatul analizs saWiroebs.

politologiaSi arsebobs asocirebuli saxelmwifos cneba. es aris

konfederacia, romelsac qmnis ori saxelmwifo, gaerTianebuli ormxriv

da araTanaswor sawyisebze. aseTi gaerTianebis dros patara saxelmwifo,

suverenitetisa da damoukideblobis formaluri SenarCunebiT, Tavisi

uflebamosilebis mniSvnelovan nawils gadascems did saxelmwifos.

marTalia, asocirebuli saxelmwifos cneba jerjerobiT dakonkrete-

buli ar aris, magram es statusi ukve nawilobriv aprobirebulia saer-

TaSoriso praqtikaSi. asocirebuli saxelmwifos kategorias ganekuT-

vneba 20 qveyana, maTi umravlesoba gaero-s wevria, maTi damoukidebloba

aRiarebulia, magram asocirebul urTierTobebSi imyofeba romelime

`did partniorTan~. magaliTad: monako-safrangeTTan; andora-espaneTTan;

lixtenSteini-SveicariasTan; mikroneziis SeerTebuli Statebi, marSalis

kunZulebi, palau da samoa-aSS-Tan; kukis kunZulebi-axal zelandiasTan;

aruba da antiliis kunZulebi-holandiasTan da sxv.

CvenTvis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs erTi garemoeba: asocire-

buli qveynebis meoTxe (ukanasknel) jgufSi Sedian isini, romlebic arc

gaero-s wevrebi arian da arc damoukideblobis farTo saerTaSoriso

aRiarebiT sargebloben. maTi asocireba did saxelmwifosTan gamoixateba

saerTo moqalaqeobaSi, saerTo valutaSi, saerTo TavdacvaSi. aseTebia,

71

magaliTad, CrdiloeT kviprosi (TurqeTTan), kosovo (evrokavSirTan),

puerto-riko da guami (aSS-Tan) da niue (axal zelandiasTan). Zneli

misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom am kategoriuli jgufis samarTleblivi

mdgomareoba (e.i. de faqto suverenitetis samarTlebliv-politikuri

gauformebloba da saerTaSoriso institutebis arwevroba) da mfarvel

did saxelmwifoebTan mWidro daqvemdebarebuli urTierToba Zalian

waagavs afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis identur parametrebs: isini

ar arian iuridiulad suverenulebi da gaero-s wevrebi, maT moqalaqeebs

aqvT ruseTis moqalaqeoba, erTaderT sagadamxdelo saSualebad iyeneben

rusul rubls, 2008 wlis 17 seqtembris xelSekrulebis (~megobrobis,

TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb~) safuZvelze iq ganla-

gebulia ruseTis saokupacio samxedro bazebi.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ruseTma garkveul etapze aamoqmedos

asocirebuli qveynebis formati da scados misi gamoyeneba erT-erT

meqanizmad saqarTvelos teritoriuli daSlis legitimaciisaTvis. Sesa-

Zloa kremlma afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi CarTos koordinatTa im

sistemaSi, romelic de faqto asocirebul saxelmwifoTa tipiur maxa-

siaTeblebs Seicavs. am SemTxvevaSi asocirebuli qveynis statusi iqneba

erTgvari Sualeduri cvladi, erTgvari gardamavali faza faqtobrivi

samxedro okupaciis Tanamedrove mdgomareobasa da sruli aneqsiis per-

speqtivas Soris.

amitom qarTuli diplomatia yuradRebiT unda moekidos aseTi per-

speqtivis samwuxaro realobas da araRiarebis Seuqcevad strategiaSi

Cados Sesabamisi prevenciuli meqanizmebi.

72

Dazmir JojuaSokhumi State University

SOME IDEA REGARDING THE GEOPOLITICAL AND GEOSTRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

BETWEEN RUSSIA-GEORGIA WAR IN 2008

Several opinions are presented in article regarding some ideas of the geopo-litical and geostrategic implications between Russia-Georgia war in August 7-8, 2008. It is noted that there has been a full-scale Russian aggression against Geor-gia. Its goal and motive was not ~People’s salvation from genocide”, but liquida-tion of Georgian sovereignty and blocking membership in NATO. Unfortunately, at this stage Russia has partially achieved its goal.

From other geopolitical consequences of August War is noted following two: fi rst – changing a geo-strategic balance in favor of Russia in the South Caucasus; second – territorial division of Georgia and international legitimating attempt by Kremlin.

73

avTandil kilasoniaavTandil kilasoniasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

lekebi qarTl-kaxeTisa da iranis lekebi qarTl-kaxeTisa da iranis

urTierTobaSi XVIII s. I naxevarSiurTierTobaSi XVIII s. I naxevarSi

XVIII saukunis damdegidan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos winaSe mTe-

li simwvaviT dadga lekebis problema. amave periodSi gaZlierda le-

kebis antiiranuli da antifeodaluri gamosvlebi, rac istoriografiaSi

samarTlianad aris Sefasebuli, rogorc `lekuri safrTxe~.1 lekebis

gaaqtiurebiT sargeblobda osmaleTi, romelic xelidan ar uSvebda Ses-

aZleblobas daesustebina mTavari metoqe regionSi da ganemtkicebina

Tavisi poziciebi amierkavkasiaSi. amierkavkasiisken energiulad moiwevda

ruseTi, romelic tradiciuli mtrebis -iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdegobiT

sargeblobas cdilobda. Seqmnil pirobebSi lekebis sakiTxma mzardi

mniSvneloba SeiZina sami dapirispirebuli didi saxelmwifos urTier-

TobaSi. erTaderTi naklebad pretenziuli da `usafrTxo~ mokavSire,

romelic SesaZloa irans lekebis winaaRmdeg hyoloda iyo lekebisgan

awiokebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.

XVII s. miwurulisTvis qarTlis brZola damoukideblobisTvis mar-

cxiT damTavrda. amave dros gamoikveTa qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo

karebis gansxvavebuli sagareo politika. qarTlSi uaryofil iqna ros-

tom-xanis sagareo politikuri kursi da orientacia CrdiloeTze iqna

aRebuli, xolo kaxeTis bagrationebma qedi mouxares irans da mis sam-

saxurSi Cadgnen. es ukanaskneli moxerxebulad upirispirebda erTmaneTs

qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebs da maTze gavlenas aZlierebda. mdgomareoba

SedarebiT dastabilurda giorgi XI-is qarTlSi gamefebiT da aq janiSi-

nad misi Zmiswulis, vaxtang levanis Zis daniSvniT. vaxtangi erovnul-

qristianuli ideologiis matarebeli iyo, magram Sahis kari mas iTmenda,

sanam giorgi XI Tavisi jariT iranis winaaRmdeg mebrZol avRanelebs

akavebda. giorgi XI-is muxanaTuri mkvlelobis Semdeg, axali `vali~ qa-

ixosroc warmatebiT ebrZoda avRanelebs, riTac sargeblobda vaxtangi

da Tavis gavlenas aZlierebda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. 1711 w. q. yan-

daarze ieriSis dros qaixosros daRupvis Semdeg `gurjistanis valis~

taxtze arCevani vaxtang VI-ze SeCerda. 1712 w. taxtze dasamtkiceblad

vaxtangi ispahanSi gaiwvies2.

qarTul istoriografiaSi samarTlianad aris aRniSnuli, rom XVIII

s-Si iranis imperiaSi religiuri momenti ar iyo saxelmwifoebriv urT-

ierTobaTa Semferxebeli, magram qarTlis valis oficialur mahmadi-

1 О. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII в. М. 1966, gv.

102-103.

2 sexnia CxeiZe. saqarTvelos cxovreba. z. WiWinaZis gamocema, tf. 1913, gv 326.

74

anobas Sahis kari mainc did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. es qveyanas iranis

provinciad warmoaCenda da amiT ruseTsac upirispirdeboda, romelic,

qristianobas amofarebuli, amierkavkasiisken moiwevda da regionis qris-

tianuli mosaxleobis mxardaWeras iwvevda.

samwuxarod, imJamindel viTarebaSi vaxtang VI-is religiuri simt-

kice politikuri windauxedaoba iyo. qarTuli sazogadoeba ar iyo mzad

erToblivi ZaliT ebrZola iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg, amitom amas

SeiZleboda saxifaTo Sedegebi mohyoloda. movlenebis ganviTarebam aCve-

na, rom religiuri momentis win wamoweva maSin gamarTlebuli ar iyo.

mas Semdeg, rac sulxan-saba orbelianis diplomatiuri misia evropaSi

warumateblad damTavrda, vaxtangma formalurad mahmadianoba aRiara da

mefobac miiRo, magram, Cveulebisamebr, iranSi datoves, qarTlis ̀ janiSino-

ba~ ki mis Svils, baqars misces.

vaxtangis iranSi wasvlis Semdeg qarTlSi lekebis Semosevebi ga-

Zlierda da qveynisTvis saxifaTo Seiqmna. irani ar atarebda `lekiano-

bis~ winaaRmdeg Tanmimdevrul politikas, miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana

misi iyo da am qveynis `patronoba~ mas marTebda. baqaris mmarTvelobis

dasawyisSive, 1717 w. zafxulSi lekTa 8 aTasianma marbielma laSqarma

bolnisi da md. qciis xeoba moaoxra da nadavliT datvirTuli ukan ga-

brunda. qarTvelTa mdevarma, pirvel SetakebaSi warmatebis miuxedavad,

momxvdurebs veraferi daaklo, daRestnelebma erTobliv Semouties da

marneulamde qveyana moaoxres, naalafevi dasabinaveblad waiRes da mx-

olod Zlieri sicxeebisa da uwylobis gamo dabrundnen WarSi1.

niSandoblivia, rom XVIII s. damdegidan lekebma meti energiiT Seu-

ties sakuTriv iranis provinciebsac. mas Semdeg rac iranSi didi gavle-

nis mqone daRestnuri warmoSobis didi veziri, faTali-xani gardaicvala,

lekTa moTareSe razmebma sul ufro umates laSqrobebs iranis Crd.

provinciebSi. lekTa `Tavxedobam~ droebiT gamoiwvia qarTl-kaxeTisa da

iranis interesebis damTxveva. Sahis karze fiqrobdnen, rom vaxtang VI

SeZlebda lekTa problemis mogvarebas, amitom 1719 w. qarTlis `vali~

samSobloSi daabrunes, igive mizeziT unda aixsnas ufro adre, 1715 w.

kaxeTis taxtze damtkicebuli daviT mefis (imamyuli-xanis) operati-

uli dabruneba samSobloSi. 1719 w. dekemberSi sof. safurcleSi Sedga

qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis oficialuri Sexvedra. am Sexvedris ukan

aSkarad idga iranis karis daintereseba lekTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi

brZoliT. mizani Sexvedrisa lekebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis

gegmis SemuSaveba iyo. daviT imamyuli-xanis mravalTagan erTi werili

vaxtangisadmi kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom es erToba `xelmwifisTvis~,

anu iranis SahisTvis sasurveli iqneboda da vaxtangs es unda gaiTval-

iswinebina: `... marTals mogaxsenebT Tqveni kaxeTSi gamobrZaneba diaR

1 И. Петрушевский. Джаро-белаканские вольные общества в первой трети XIX столетия. Тифл. 1934, gv. 31.

75

qveynebis sargebeli iqneba da xelmwifis dovlaTis samjobino ariso~.1

iranis dainteresebas lekebis problemis mogvarebiT yvelaze naTlad

adasturebs is faqti, rom 1721 w. vaxtang VI oficialurad dainiSna

samxreT azerbaijanis spasalarad. qarTlis mefis xelSi aRmoCnda ira-

nis imperiis mTeli CrdiloeTi nawilis samxedro xelisufleba.2 male

qarTlis mefis energiulma Setevam aiZula lekebi SeewyvitaT TareSi

iranis CrdiloeT provinciebSi da sakuTriv War-belaqanSi dabrunebu-

liyvnen. iran-qarTl-kaxeTis interesTa damTxveva aSkarad iZleoda imis

SesaZleblobas, rom daRestnelTa mTavari bunagic moespoT, magram ira-

nis Sahi vaxtang mefes bolomde ar endoboda. irani dainteresebuli

iyo lekTa TareSebis aRkveTiT Tavis provinciebSi, magram saqarTvelos

`aRdgena-gamoxsnis~ vaxtangiseuli programa mis gegmebSi ar Sedioda.

Cven erTob gadaWarbebuli gveCveneba XVIII s. istorikosis sexnia Cx-

eiZis mosazreba, TiTqos Sahi vaxtangSi iranis taxtis mociles xedavda:

`Tu mefem vaxtang Wari daiWira, qveyanasac is daiWerso~,3 Tumca vaxtang

VI amierkavkasiis qristian xalxTa, somex-qarTvelTa gaerTianebis ideis

gamtarebeli namdvilad iyo, magram maSindeli iranis sisustis miuxeda-

vad, vaxtangs iranis taxtis dakavebis arc Zala da arc ambicia ar unda

hqonoda.4

grZnobda ra am safrTxes, Sahma vaxtang VI-is lekTa winaaRmdeg

warmatebiT mimdinare laSqroba Seawyvetina da, im sababiT, rom Warelebma

aRiares danaSauli da morCilebisa da erTgulebis ficic dades, ̀ lekuri

safrTxis~ saboloo mogvarebaze xeli aaRebina.5 am gadawyvetilebiT

Sahma huseinma lekianobis winaaRmdeg gulwrfelad mebrZoli mokavSire

dakarga da am ukanasknels mis metoqe ruseTTan urTierTobis gaaqti-

urebisken ubiZga. amieridan, imis miuxedavad, rom mowinaaRmdegec bevri

hyavda, vaxtang VI lekTa problemis mogvarebas da iranis uRelis-

gan gaTavisuflebasac ruseTis daxmarebiT cdilobda, rac, samwuxarod,

1 d. megreliZe. masalebi XVIII s. ociani wlebis qarTl-kaxeTis istoriisaTvis. _ ma-

salebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis (mski), nakv. 33, Tb., 1960, gv. 166-167.

2 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV. saqarTvelo XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XIX

saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. tomis red. mamia dumbaZe, Tb., 1973, gv. 411.

3 sexnia CxeiZe. saqarTvelos cxovreba. gv. 33.

4 ix. g. maisuraZe. somexi da qarTveli xalxebis urTierToba XIII-XVIII ss. Tb., 1982;

misive, esaiY hasan jalalianis naSromi _,,albaneTis istoria~ qarTveli da somexi

xalxebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. _ saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

istoriis sakiTxebi, 1968, gv. 183-201; esaia jalalianci. qarTveli mefis vaxtangis mos-

vla ganjas. _ `mogzauri~, 1902, #1, gv. 65-66; П.Т. Арутунян. Освободительное движение армянского народа в первой четверти XVIII в. М. 1954; В. Мартиросян. Россия и армяно-грузинские взаимоотношения в первой четверти XVIII в. Автореферат канд. дисс. Ереван, 1966; С. Мамедов. Исторические связи и дружба азербайджанского и армянского народов в первой трети XVIII в. Автореферат канд. дисс. Баку, 1966, da sxv.).5 О. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII в. М. 1966, gv. 103.

76

kraxiT damTavrda.1

amierkavkasiis asparezze ruseTis gamoCenas da petre I-isa da vaxtang

VI-is kavSirs erTnairad mwvaved daupirispirdnen irani da osmaleTic.

osmaleTma erTniSnad mosTxova ruseTs misi erTmorwmune da mokavSire

lekebis winaaRmdeg Zala ar gamoeyenebina da daRestnidan Tavisi jarebi

gaeyvana,2 iranma ki kidev erTxel aSkarad gamoamJRavna, rom misTvis le-

kTa TareSebis aRkveTaze ufro prioritetuli saqarTvelos morCileba

iyo: Sahma huseinma `moRalate~ vaxtangi taxtidan gadaayena da qarTli

kaxeTis mefe konstantine, mahmadyuli-xans gadasca. am ukanasknelma, nacv-

lad imisa, rom lekebis winaaRmdeg brZola ganegrZo, 1723 wlis 4 maiss

17 aTasi lekiT Tbilisi aiRo, gaZarcva da mis mcxovreblebs kidev 40

aTasi Tumani Seawera lekis jarisTvis gadasaxdelad.

1723 wlis ivnisSi Tbilisi osmalebma daikaves. konstantinem qalaqi

ubrZolvelad daTmo. vaxtang VI mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. is Seecada

Turqebis guli moego da am mizniT 12 jorze akidebuli ganZeulobiT

vaJi baqari da Zma iese gaagzavna, magram Turqebma ganZeuloba ar ikmares

da TviT vaxtangis gamocxadeba moiTxoves, razec vaxtangi ar daTanxmda.

vaxtangi sabolood damarcxda. osmalebma qarTlis taxtze iese dasves.

imedgacruebuli vaxtangi 1724 wlis ivlisSi 1200 kaciT ruseTSi ga-

daixvewa.3

vaxtang VI-is damarcxeba upirveles yovlisa iranis damarcxeba iyo.

Cveni azriT, aseTi mZime Sedegi gamoiRo iranis araTanmimdevrulma poli-

tikam aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi, qarTveli mefeebisadmi undoblobam

da lekebis problemis mougvareblobam. osmalTa batonobis damyare-

bam aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mZlavri biZgi misca lekebis eqspansias

yvela mimarTuliebiT. imJamindeli wyaroebi savsea lekTa TareSis amsax-

veli faqtebiT,4 rac aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis dauflebisTvis brZolis

pirvel etapze xelsayreli iyo osmalebisTvis. vaxuSti batoniSvili ase

aRwers qarTlSi lekebis TareSis Sedegs: `arca-ra daSTa msaxlobelni

muxrans, qarTls, sacicianos da adgil sabaraTianos somxeTsaca, Tvinier

simagreTa, rameTu muSakobadca malviT Camovidian da maTi mxedvelni iv-

ltodian simagreTa~,5 Ronemixdil mosaxleobas `mxecnica miutevdnen da

sWamdnen uridad mravalTa~ da iyo sastiki epidemiebisgan ki ̀ kvalad iyo

srvaca, momsvravi JamTa Zlieri~.6

im didi samsaxurisTvis, romelic Warelebma osmaleTs gauwies is-

1 О. Маркова. Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII в.., gv. 103.2 Н. Смирнов. Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX веках. М. 1958, gv. 66.3 iese tlaSaZe. baqariani. gamosacemad moamzada solomon yubaneiSvilma, Tb., 1962, gv.24.

4 ix. i. (s.) alimbaraSvili. lekianoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2011.

5 vaxuSti. saqarTvelos cxovreba, naw. II. d. CubinaSvilis gamocema, spb. 1854.

6 vaxuSti. saqarTvelos cxovreba. gv. 440.

77

lamis gavrcelebis saqmeSi, 1727 wels sulTanma saSviliSvilod gadasca

moZalade lekebs Zveli qarTuli qveyana _ aRmosavleT kaxeTi, Wari,

fifineTi, igive saingilo. dapyrobili soflebi Warelebma dabegres da

mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxades mieRoT mahmadianoba. sarwmunoebaSecv-

lil dabegril glexs amieridan ewoda `ingilo~, gansxvavebiT `lekis-

gan~, romelSic mebatone an Tavisufali igulisxmeboda, damoukideblad

imisa Tu vin iyo is: avarieli, waxureli Tu galekebuli qarTveli.1 ase

Camoyalibda aRm. kaxeTSi, saingiloSi War-belaqneli aRalarebis saxelm-

wifo, romelmac male vrceli teritoria daiqvemdebara da daRestnel

feodal-abragTa Tu osmaleTis mxardaWeriT zurgSemagrebulma qarTl-

kaxeTs mosveneba daukarga.2

dasustebulma iranma winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia mis zurgSi osmalTa

mokavSire saxelmwifos Seqmnas. am droidan mis `sapatrono~ kaxeTSi

daRestnel feodalTa Semosevebi kidev ufro gaZlierda. safrTxe Se-

eqmna iranis CrdiloeT provinciebsac. 1725 wels daRestnelebma Turme

`molebi moasxes da kaxeTis glexobas erTbaSad gamahmadianeba daupires,3

magram kaxelebma, iranis daxmarebis gareSe, sakuTari ZalebiT SeZles mo-

ZaladeTa gandevna.

lekTagan SeWirvebul kaxeTSi isev gauxsenebiaT Zvelli gegma, ro-

melic lekebTan dazavebas da maTTvis qarTlisken gzis micemas gulisx-

mobda, magram simSvide verc amas moutania. vaxuStis cnobiT, mahmad

yuli xans TiTqos wilic edo `upatrono~ da mdidar qarTlSi lekebis

mier mopovebul nadavlSi. `qarTlis natyvenaris wils miscemdnen lekni

mahmadyuli-xans xuTis Tavs etikobisTvis (gzis micemisTvis, _ a.k.) da

uwodda Tavs maTTa megobrad, Zmad da meyvisad~, _ wers is.4

1730 wlis ivnisSi lekebma moarbies zemo qarTli, saciciano, sabara-

Tiano, didi nadavli moagroves da uvneblad wavidnen;5 1731 wlis seqtem-

berSi aaoxres surami, gadawves soflebi osiauri, sative, oZisi, gavidnen

yrisis xevs, aqac iSoves tyve da pirityvi, Cauares wroms, daumsxvries

galavani, Seucvivdnen Sig saydarSi myofT, daxoces da nadavliT dat-

virTulni miadgnen Walas, sadac `SeeqnaT srola diliTgan bindamdis,

mokles lekni as samoci... aiRes galavani, uyves yaTlani, waiRes tyve da

saqoneli.6 vaxuStis cnobiT, am Tavdasxmis dros lekebs wauyvaniaT tyved

1000-mde kaci: ̀ ...Semusres Wala, gamoiyvanes C~ sulni tyved da warvidnen.

garna Tvinier amisa da amaT WirTa Sina, romc iyo osmalTagan gazafxul-

1 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. III, Tb., 1966, gv. 272-274.

2 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 428.

3 n. berZeniSvili. aRmosavleT kaxeTis warsulidan. _ `mimomxilveli~, 1953, gv. 189.

4 vaxuSti. saqarTvelos cxovreba. gv. 213; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv.

444.

5 sexnia CxeiZe. saqarTvelos cxovreba. gv. 40-41.


78

Semodgomas, maradis atyvevebdnen lekni, rameTu jarad da jarad gamovid-

ian C ` (1000 _ a.k.) da umetesni da umetesni.1

1732 wlis 8 ivliss moparviT, RamiT mosula lekis jari, amouv-

lia bakami, gadasula wifaSi, gamouvlia itria-CumaTeleTi da erTianad

auklia.2amave wlis 21 ivliss lekis jari qviSxeTs mosula, magram qa-

rTvelebs, amjerad osmalebTan erTad, isini daumarcxebiaT da mravali

sxv. am CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba kidev SeiZleba. faqti erTia, miuxedavad

damarcxebisa Tu gamarjvebisa, yovel maTgans msxverpli, ngreva da aoxreba

moyveboda, amitomac `...aRara ipoveboda Senoba qarTlsa Sina Tvinier

cixeTa da simagreTa kide~.3

XVIII s. 30-iani wlebis damdegidan irani politikuri krizisidan

TandaTan gamovida da qarTvel mefeebs imedi miecaT, rom misi daxmare-

biT SeZleben osmalebis gaZevebas da lekTa TareSebis alagmvas. 1731 w.

barZim aragvis erisTavi ruseTSi gadaxvewil vaxtang VI-s wers, rom

osmalebi dasustdnen da qarTlSi sul orasi kacic ar aris, aragvis gza

ki mas ukavia da Camovides.4amasTan barZimi vaxtangs acnobebda, rom kaxT

batoni qarTls umiznebda da Tu vaxtang mefe qarTlis dWeras moax-

erxebda, mas daRestnelebic wamoeSvelebodnen(!). vaxtangs gauWirdeboda

qarTlis dakaveba, Tuki gareSe Zala, am SemTxvevaSi iranis Sahi, mas mx-

ars ar dauWerda. `Tu es qveyana daiWira (kaxeTis mefem, _ a.k.) lekisa

piri aqvs micemuli,~ am gzas es daiWers, manamde Sens Svils yeenTan ar

gagzavni, manam am qveyanas veRar daiWer~.5

qarTuli wyaroebidan kargad Cans, rom osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZola

qarTlSi iranis mxardaWeriTa da waqezebiT iwyeboda, mag. givi amilaxva-

ris ajanyebasTan dakavSirebiT sexnia CxeiZe wers, rom `mouvidaT qarT-

velTa (Sahisgan, _ a.k.) brZaneba da aSla uremTa~6 da rogorc irkveva,

imis nebarTvac rom am brZolaSi lekic gamoeyenebinaT.

1735 wels `osmaloba~ `yizilbaSobiT~ Seicvala, magram amiT qar-

Tlis mdgomareoba ar gaumjobesebula. yizilbaSebma gadasaxadebi uzo-

mod gazardes da mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg sastik represiebsac mimarTes,

ramac qarTlis sazogadoebaSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. yizilbaSebis wi-

naaRmdeg Seurigebelma mebrZolma SanSe qsnis erisTavma Tavis mamulSi

moiwvia daRestnelebi malaCi beladis meTaurobiT da yizilbaSebs brZo-

la dauwyo. 1739 w. ivlisSi SanSem 12 aTasi leki Semoikriba, xaSmis cixe

1 vaxuSti. saqarTvelos cxovreba. gv. 511.

2 a. ioseliani. saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVI-XIX ss. Tb., 1980, gv. 63.

3 oman xerxeuliZe. mefoba irakli meorisa, gv. 39.

4 А. Цагарели. Переписка грузинских царей и владетельных князей с российскими государями в XVIII столетии, СПБ. 1890, gv. 192. 5 А. Цагарели. Переписки грузинских царей..., gv. 192; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,

t. IV, gv. 444.


79

aiRo da aragvis erisTavebis rezidencias _ ananurs miadga. cixe kargad

iyo gamagrebuli da misi aReba gaWirda. bevri leki mokles, Turme `mkv-

dris sangars ivlebdnen lekni da egre ibrZodes~. bolos moalyeebs im

milis saTave gadauWriaT, romliTac cixe wyliT maragdeboda. ivlisis

sicxeSi cixeSi gamoketilebs Zalian gasWirvebiaT, magram ar gatexilan.

bolos qsnis erisTavs SeSisa da walamis mogroveba da koSkis garSemo

Semowyoba ubrZanebia, cecxli waukidebia da cixeSi myofni kvamlSi

amouxrCvia1.

ananuris aRebis Semdeg SanSe Tavisi lekebiT dmaniss Semoadga. dma-

niselebs yizilbaSTa sardali sefi-xani mieSvela, mas yaflaniSvilebic

SeuerTdnen da lekebi daamarcxes. lekis jaris narCenebi daifantnen,

nawili axalgorSi misula, iq tyve da saqoneli daubinavebiaT da daR-

estnis gzas gasdgomian. sefi-xani lekebs axmetis bolos miewia, daamar-

cxa da nadavli daayrevina, tyve da saqoneli ki patronebs daubruna.

Semdeg sefi-xanma SanSe erisTavs Seutia, ikorTis samreklo daaqcia

da vanaTis cixes Semoadga, alya 22 dRe gagrZelda, magram Tovlma da

avdarma mouswro da Tbiliss dabrunda.2

es ori faqti yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi lekebis gamoyenebisa

naTlad metyvelebs, rom qveynis ganTavisufleba iranis uRlisgan lekTa

`Zalis moreviT~ SeuZlebeli iyo, xolo am ideis matareblebi araswor

gzas adgnen, Tumca garkveuli pozitiuri Sedegi qarTlis ganTavisu-

flebisaTvis brZolaSi amasac hqonda: irani iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva

saqarTvelos damorCilebis Zvel, Sah-abiseul gegmaze da radikalu-

rad Seecvala damokidebuleba lekebis mimarT, saqarTvelos sakiTxi ki

diplomatiuri gziT moegvarebina. iranis axalma xelisufalma nadir-

Sahma sworad Seafasa, rom `lekur safrTxesTan~ brZola saWiro iyo

qarTl-kaxeTTan kavSirSi, miTumetes, rodesac daRestani ukve misi mo-

sisxle mtris, osmaleTis sayrden bazas warmoadgenda. daRestnis damor-

CilebiT is seriozul dartymas miayenebda portas, amave dros ruseTis

winaaRmdeg placdarmsac Seqmnida.

1739 wlis seqtemberSi yizilbaSTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebuli Za-

lis mier lekTa belad malaCis damarcxebam qarTvelebSi didi sixaruli

gamoiwvia da momavlis rwmenac gaaRrmava. 1739 w. 12 noembriT daTariRe-

bul werilSi elizbar erisTavi ruseTis kars dawvrilebiT moaxsenebda,

rom `enkenisTvis T (9 seqtemberi, _ a.k.) darubandis sulTans mouvida

sardlidan maxarobeli. sardlis rayami moitana da amcno yizilbaSTa

lekzeda gamarjveba. yizilbaST Cf (1500, _ a.k.) lekis Tavi mouWriaT.

es saqme ase iyo. lekebis jari gardasula i (10) aTasi cxenosani yofila

da z (7) aTasi qveiTi _ Cerqezi, CaCani, avari da Samxalic. TviTon xom

1 ix. g. qiqoZe. erekle meore. Tb., 1958, gv. 51.

2 ix. g. qiqoZe. erekle meore. Tb., 1958, gv. 51; i. (s.) alimbaraSvili. lekianoba aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, gv. 69.

80

ar ityvian, rom Samxalnic iyvnen da sxva xalxi srulebiT iz(17) aTasi

gulxadaris kaci, romelsac malaCi hqvian, is yofila Tavi am laSqrisa:

es lekis jari rom gadasula saqarTveloSi oTxad gayofilan. zogi

qarTlisken wasulan, zogi erevnisken. es ambavi sefi xan sardals mou-

vida, Tavs dascemia lekTa da auotniaT, da mravali tyve da saqoneli

uSoviaT, mravali leki dautyvevebiaT da sxvani tyeSi dafantulan. sxva

ramis nawilis jarisa jer ara ismis ra. yizilbaST sul gzebi SeukravT,

sadac lekis gamosavali iyo. erT-xanad diaR Sewuxebuli yofilan. rac

ram qalaqis (Tbilisis, _ a.k.) axlo-maxlo soflebi yofila, iqaurni

mcxovrebni lekis SiSiT qalaqSi Sesulan, erTi litri puri abazad

gamxdara...~1

1739 w. miwuruls yizilbaSebma da qarTvelebma erTobliv dalaSqres

Wari, magram male Warelebma isargebles yizilbaSTa sardlobis Sec-

domebiT da mowinaaRmdege erTianad gaJlites.2 momdevno wels nadir

Sahma axali laSqroba moawyo ara mxolod Waris, aramed mTeli daRest-

nis dasamorCileblad da amas ar SeiZleboda sixaruli da Tanadgoma ar

mohyoloda. brZola sastiki da xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. nadir Sahis jars

sursaTi Semoaklda da misi momarageba qarTvelebs daakisres: pirvelad

sami aTasi sursaTiT datvirTuli uremi wasula qarTlidan, meored

kidev 2000 Sebmuli xari, TiToeul uremze or-ori xarvali(200-200

litri, _ a.k.) puriT.3 aseTi mZime gadasaxadi uprecendento iyo iran-

saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi, ramac, bunebrivia, yizilbaSTa sawinaaRmdego

ganwyoba gazarda. qarTvelTa nawili nadir Sahs ganudga da isev lekis

jari da osmalebi amjobina.4

daRestnis sruli da saboloo damorCileba, samwuxarod, yizil-

baSebma ver SeZles, magram daido zavi, romelsac garkveuli dadebiTi

Sedegebi hqonda. Teimuraz mefe am zavs SeuerTda. erTxanobas qveyana

damSvidda. lekebsa da kaxelebs Soris kargi urTierToba damyarda da

mSvidobiani vaWrobac aRdga.

daRestanSi damarcxeba nadiris iranis sisustis maCvenebeli iyo.

male zogierT xeldebul qveyanaSi ajanyebebi daiwyo. ajanyebisTvis emza-

deboda qarTlic. mosaxleobis ukmayofileba kidev ufro gazarda 1741

wels Catarebulma aRweram da umZimesi gadasaxadebis dawesebam. `aras-

dros eranis xelmwifisgan qarTlis qveyana ase ar daweriliyoo~, _

wers papuna orbeliani.5 misi gadmocemiT, 1741-1742 wlebi mousavliani

1 М. Броссе. Переписка на иностранных языках Грузинских Царей с Российскими государями от 1659 г. по 1770 г. СПБ, 1861, gv. 226-227.2 vaxuSti. saqarTvelos cxovreba. gv. 218; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv.

449.

3 papuna orbeliani. ambavni qarTlisani. z. WiWinaZis gamocema, gv. 65.

4 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 450.


81

yofila nadir Sahs ki 3.000.000 litra puri mouTxovia. `qarTlSi

puri ase Zvirad iyo, rom Tqvenma mzema, bevrjer vnaxeT balaxis kurkas

gaaxmobden, dafqviden da imas Wamden... Tu purs sadme gasayids iSoviden,

Tavisi xeliT Svilebs aZlevden~.1

1742 w. qarTlSi gausaZlisi mdgomareobis gamo vinme RvTisia go-

giaSvili Svils hyidis: `malujaTas TeTrsa gvTxovdnen da saqoneli

sul kelma wagvarTo, ilaJi arasi gvqonda, movediT Cemi Svili mogyide

Cemis nebiTa.~2 1745 wlis erTi sabuTiT: `ilaji da Rone aRara mqonda

sxva amisi meti, diaR, didaTac gamiWirda da mogeci Cemi Svili papa, mo-

gyide or Tumnad.3

qarTlSi ajanyebis socialuri niadagi namdvilad arsebobda, swored

amitom ver moaxerxes yizilbaSebma SanSe erisTavis swrafad damor-

Cileba, magram Secdoma is iyo, rom Tavis brZolaSi is lekebs iyenebda,

rasac ubedurebis meti araferi mohqonda. arc givi amilaxvaris brZolis

meTodi iyo misaRebi, radgan is am brZolaSi lekebis mokavSire osmalebs

eyrdnoboda. osmaleTi ki qarTls daupirispirda da aq `osmalobis~

dasamyareblad modioda. ase rom, qarTlis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli

givi amilaxvaric, misdauneburad, osmalebis agenti xdeboda.4

miuxedavad imisa, rom iranic dampyrobeli iyo, imJamindel viTarebaSi

iranze orientacia gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan, umTavresi borotebis, le-

kebis sakiTxSi iranisa da kaxeTis interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda. Teimu-

razma SeZlo esargebla interesTa TanxvdomiT, droebiT mainc moeSore-

bina lekTa safrTxe da uzrunveleyo qveynis mSvidobiani cxovreba. am

etapze kaxeTi gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, vinem qarTli.

kaxeTma moRoniereba daiwyo, misi mosaxleobac sagrZnoblad gaizarda

qarTlis xarjze. `vinc gzas iSovnidis qarTlis kacni, Tavadni, aznau-

rni anu glexni ixsnebodian. kargadac apativebdnen mosuls kacs, rom

arafers awurebdnen,~ _ wers papuna orbeliani.5

samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom miRweuli martooden Teimura-

zis damsaxureba ar iyo. erTis mxriv, Teimurazis politikurma sidinjem

da loialobam, meores mxriv ki qarTlis Seurigebelma brZolam aiZula

irani saqarTveloSi `yizilbaSoba~ TandaTanobiT `qarTvelobiT~ Seecv-

ala. es iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis didmniSvnelovani gamarjveba.


2 dokumentebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, I, gv. 307-308; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,

t. IV, gv. 452.

3 dokumentebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, I, gv. 327; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.

IV, gv. 452.

4 n. berZeniSvili. XVIII s. saqarTvelos istoriidan, gv. 202.


82

Avtandil KilasoniaSokhumi state University

RELATIONSHIP OF LEZGIANS WITH KARTLI-KAKHETI AND IRAN

This article gives us the political picture of the East of Georgia in the fi rst half of the XVIII century: particularly, the battle for supremacy in the Kartli-kakheti regions between Iran and Ottoman Empire and the role of the Dagestan country in the ongoing political events. It is considered that involving Lezgians by the lead-ers of Kartli into the battle for liberating the country was dangerous and, therefore, unacceptable. It is emphasized, that, at those times, interests of Kartli-Kakheti and Iran coincided relating the matter of Dagestan and it was necessary that this coincidence was utilized against the expansion of Lezgians, which was perfectly used by the King of Kakheti Teimuraz II. Thanks to his reasonable policy towards Iran, the so called “Lezgianism” weakened, the country calmed and was rebuilt. Afterwards the “Qizilbashism” was replaced by the “Georgians”. That was the most important victory of the Georgian statehood.

83

kaxaber fifia kaxaber fifia soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

pontos samefodan kolxeTis gamoyofis pontos samefodan kolxeTis gamoyofis

sakiTxisaTvissakiTxisaTvis

Zv. w. VI s. Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, aq mosaxle tomTa

kulturul-politikur da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xan-

grZlivi procesis Sedegad, Camoyalibda kolxeTis saxelmwifo. kolx-

eTis samefos sazRvrebi, antikur wyaroTa monacemebiT, Tanam. gagra-bi-

WvinTis seqtoridan Woroxis SesarTavis raionamde vrceldeboda.1 Zv. w.

IIs. kolxeTis ramdenimesaukunovani saxelmwifoebrioba daeca. erT dros

erTiani kolxeTis saxelmwifo calkeul administraciul-teritoriul

erTeulebad _,,skeptuxiebad~ daiSala. qveynis Sida-politikuri situa-

ciis garTulebasTan erTad, gauaresda sagareo viTarebac. wina aziaSi

Secvlili geopolitikuri realobis Sedegad kolxeTma didi xniT da-

karga damoukidebloba. igi jer Zv.w. 105-90 ww. miTridate VI evpato-

ris (Zv.w. 120-63 ww.) vrceli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi iqna CarTuli2,

xolo Semdeg romis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca.

1 n. lomouri. `kolxidis~ da `kolxebis~ gagebisaTvis. – Tsu Sromebi, t. I-ВB(138). Tb., 1971, gv. 19-31; Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древнй Грузии. Тб. 1959, gv. 236-251. Taname-drove istoriografiaSi kolxeTis samefos arseboba faqtobrivad eWvs ar iwvevs. magram,

miuxedavad amisa, afxaz mkvlevarTa nawili maqsimalurad cdilobs mis ignorirebas. mag.

o. bRaJbasa da s. lakobas avtorobiT Sesrulebul saxelmZRvaneloSi «История Абхазии» (Сухуми, 2006), termini `kolxeTi~ («Колхида») mxolod geografiuli mniSvnelobiT

ixmareba, xolo kolxeTis samefo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic mTlianad Sedioda Taname-

drove afxazeTis teritoria, saerTod ar ixsenieba. faqtia, rom o. bRaJba da s. lakoba,

romlebic did adgils uTmoben `Zveli afxazuri tomebis~ `saerTaSoriso kulturul-

politikur kontaqtebs~, maT urTierTobas xeTebTan, frigielebTan, lidielebTan, urartu-

sTan, sparselebTan, berZnebTan da sxva xalxebTan (ix. О.Х. Бгажба, С.З. Лакоба. История Абхазии. Сухуми, 2006, gv. 39-78), mkiTxvels Segnebulad umalaven kolxeTis samefos

arsebobas, samagierod, maT wina planze hyavT wamoweuli henioxTa gaerTianeba, romelsac

ra Tqma unda, wminda afxazuri `nacionalur~ gaerTianebad miiCneven. garda amisa, isini ar

gamoricxaven Zv.w. IV-II e.w. `dioskuriis samefos~ arsebobasac (О.Х. Бгажба, С.З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 61-65). afxaz mkvlevarTa mizani imTaviTve cxadia. isini gegmazomi-

erad cdiloben imis dasabuTebas, rom TiTqos afxazeTs istoriulad araferi akavSirebda

qarTul politikur samyarosTan da rom afxazeTi danarCeni saqarTvelosgan izolirebu-

lad, damoukideblad viTardeboda, rac, ra Tqma unda, sruli absurdia (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb

ix.: К.К. Пипия. К вопросу политического статуса объединении апсилов и абазгов.- «Кавказ и Мир», 2009, №1, gv. 107-109; В. Джапаридзе. О некоторых проблемах археологии Северо-Западной Колхиды (Абхазия). – saistorio Ziebani, X-XI, Tb., 2008, gv. 418-429).2 ix. Г.Ф. Дундуа. Монетное дело и монетное обращение в Грузии в античной эпоху (VI в. до н.э. – IV в. н. э.). – Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Тб, 1982, gv. 20-21; Г.Ф. Дундуа, Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. Денежное обра-щение центральной Колхиды в VI-I вв. до н.э. Тб., 1983, gv. 13; Т.Т. Тодуа. Колхида в составе Понтийского царства, Тб., 1990, gv. 48-55.

84

miTridate VI-is mier kolxeTis dakaveba ubrZolvelad ar momxdara.

rogorc Cans, kolxeTis teritoriaze arsebulma calkeulma ̀ skeptuxieb-

ma~ pontoelebs gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies. swored amas unda

mowmobdes memnonis (Zv.w. I – ax. w. I ss. mijna) cnoba, rom pontos mefem

`omiT daimorCila fasisis midamoebis mefeebi~1. es `mefeebi~ realurad

mxolod adgilobrivi `skeptuxebi~ unda yofiliyvnen, romlebsac, ra Tqma

unda, ar surdaT TavianTi politikuri Zalauflebis SezRudva. rogorc

Cans, maT imdenad seriozuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies pontoelebs, rom

apiane (daax. 90-170 ww.) miTridates qveSevrdom da megobar xalxTa

CamonaTvalSi, kolxebs `karg meomar xalxad~ ixseniebs~.2

kolxeTi pontos samefos SemadgenlobaSi erT-erTi satrapiis saxiT

Sevida. strabonis (Zv.w. 64/63-ax.w. 24 ww.) cnobiT, kolxeTSi `...igzavne-

boda mudam vinme mis (e.i. miTridate evpatoris) megobarTagan mmarTve-

lad da gamgeblad qveynisa~.3 igi mTlianad emorCileboda miTridate

VI-is samxedro-politikur interesebs da kolxuri samxedro SenaerTebi

monawilebdnen miTridates yvela omSi.4 kolxeTi warmoadgenda miTrid-

ates sazRvao Zlierebis erT-erT wyaros. strabonis cnobiT, `aqedan iyo,

rom mefes (e.i. miTridate evpators _ k.f.) mosdioda meti wili Zalebi-

sa sanaosno samsaxurisaTvis.~5 garda amisa, bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar

kolxeTs ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac didi mniSvneloba qonda ponto-

saTvis. imave strabonis cnobiT, kolxeTSi,,...(moipoveba) navTsaSeni yove-

li masala: radgan aq izrdeba mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba,

amuSaveben blomad sels, kanafs, cvils da fiss.~6 miuxedavad imisa, rom

pontoelTa poziciebi kolxeTSi sakmaod myari iyo, rogorc Cans, br-

1 Мемн., XV, 30, 3; T. yauxCiSvili. memnonis `herakleis istoriis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos

istoriis Sesaxeb._ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 34, Tb., 1962,

gv. 149; memnoni. herakleis Sesaxeb. _ wgn.: berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

VI. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. Tb.,

1987, gv. 26.

2 App., Mithr.,15; apiane miTridates omebis istoria. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli Targ-

maniTurT gamosca da Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1959, gv. 59.

3 Strabo, XI, 2, 18; T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb.,

1957, gv. 124. Tumca, pontos samefosTan kolxeTis politikuri damokidebulebis forma

ucvleli ar yofila. kolxeTis pontos samefos SemadgenlobaSi yofnis Sesaxeb dawvr.

ix.: k. fifia. kolxeTis samefos politikuri istoriidan (Zv.w. I saukune). – saistorio

Ziebani, I, Tb., 1998, gv. 18-23; Н.Ю. Ломоури. К истории Потийского царства. Тб, 1979, gv. 167-180; Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. К истории древней Колхиды. Тб, 1970, gv. 17-36; Е.А. Молев. Митридат Евпатор. Саратов, 1976, gv. 24-27; Д.Б. Шелов. Колхида в системе Понтий-ской державы Митридата VI. – Вестник древней истории, 1980, №3 (153), gv. 28-53; А.И. Немировский. Понтийское царство и Колхида. – Кавказ и Средиземноморье, Тб., 1980, gv. 154-160; Т.Т. Тодуа. Колхида в составе Понтийского царства, gv. 60-73.4 Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. К истории древней Колхиды, gv. 24. 5 Strabo, XI, 2, 17.6 Strabo, XI, 2, 18.

85

Zola adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis ar Sewyvetila da

xelsayreli drois dadgomisTanave kolxebi ajanydnen. kolxebma isarge-

bles pirvel miTridatul omSi (Zv. w. 89-84 ww.) pontoelTa warumate-

blobiT da moiTxoves, rom miTridate evpators maTTvis mefed mieca

misi Svili miTridate filopator-filadelfosi. miTridate evpatori

iZulebuli gaxda daekmayofilebina kolxebis moTxovna da aq samefo

xelisufleba aRedgina.1 ase rom, Zv. w. 85-83 ww. kolxeTSi droebiT,

formalurad mainc aRdgenil iqna adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebrioba da

is pontos vasaluri samefo gaxda. Tumca, male miTridatem kolxTa mefe

miTridate filopator-filadelfosi sikvdiliT dasaja da kolxeTi

kvlav satrapiad gadaaqcia.2

kolxeTSi adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis xel-

sayreli situacia Seiqmna Zv. w. 65 w., rodesac gneus pompeusis aRmosav-

luri laSqrobis Sedegad pontos samefo sabolood daemxo. Zv. w. 66 w.

pompeusis uzarmazari armia SeiWra pontos teritoriaze. mokavSireebis

gareSe darCenilma pontoelTa armiam saboloo marcxi ganicada. damar-

cxebuli miTridate mcire razmiT jer somxeTSi gaiqca3, xolo iqidan

kolxeTSi gadavida4. romaelebma daimorCiles armenia, daamarcxes al-

banelebi, iberebi5 da miTridates kvaldakval kolxeTSi Sevidnen.6 am

droisaTvis miTridates, romelmac Zv.w. 66/65 w zamTari dioskuriaSi

gaatara, ukve datovebuli hqonda kolxeTi7. kolxeTs, rogorc pontos

samefos erT-erT satrapias, pontos SemadgenlobaSi Semaval mTlian

politikur erTeuls da mis administracias, romaelebisaTvis organi-

zebuli winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia8. kolxeTis ukanasknelma pontoel-

ma mmarTvelma moafernem,9 rogorc Cans, miTridatesTan erTad datova

1 App., Mithr., 64. 2 App., Mithr., 64; k. fifia. kolxeTis samefos politikuri istoriidan, gv. 19-22; Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. К истории древней Колхиды, gv. 22-25; Н.Ю. Ломоури. К истории Потийско-го царства, gv. 175; Т.Т. Тодуа. Колхида в составе Понтийского царства, gv. 73.3 Dio Cass., XXXVI, 59, 1; dion kasiosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo nodar lomourma.

Tb., 1966, gv. 62.

4 App., Mithr., 101.5 Plut., Pomp., 34, Dio Cass., XXXVII, 1, 1-5; 2, 1-7.6 pompeusis aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb ix.: k.fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizR-

vispireTi I-II ss. (politikuri urTierTobebi). Tb., 2005, gv. 27-30; k. fifia. pompeusi da

aristarqe kolxi. _ bedia, VIII-IX, Tb., 2010, gv. 258-265; Н.Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения. Тб., 1981, gv. 99-117. 7 App., Mithr., 101-102.8 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 28; Н.Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 109-110.9 Strabo, XI, 2, 18; Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. К истории древной Колхиды, gv. 31; Т.Т. Тодуа. Колхида в составе Понтийского царства, gv. 72.

86

kolxeTi da bosforSi gaiqca.1

pompeusma swrafad daZlia kolxeTis calkeul ̀ skeptuxiaTa~ winaaR-

mdegoba, gaiara Sida kolxeTi da mivida fasisamde, sadac mas publius

serviliusi ucdida samxedro flotiT, romelsac blokirebuli hqonda

kolxeTis sanapiro.2 pompeusi kolxeTSi didxans ar darCenila da mas

saswrafod mouxda ukan dabruneba zurgSi dawyebuli albanTa ajanyebis

Casaqrobad.3 pompeusma romauli flotis sardals publius serviliuss

ubrZana `edaraja miTridatesaTvis, raTa ar mieca saSualeba sadme wasu-

liyo da moespo misTvis sursaTis miwodeba,~4 xolo kolxeTis mmarT-

veloba aristarqes Caabara5. Tumca, am ukanasknelis statusi am dros

oficialurad damtkicebuli ar unda yofiliyo, ramdenadac iuridiulad

pontos samefo jer kidev ar iyo gauqmebuli.

albanTa ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg pompeusi pontoSi dabrunda da

Caaqro winaaRmdegobebis ukanaskneli kerebi6. Zv.w. 64 w. amisoSi yof-

nisas pompeusi Seudga mis mier dapyrobili qveynebis administraciul

mowyobasa da reorganizacias. pompeusis gankargulebiT mcire aziis

teritoriaze Seiqmna ori axali provincia _ biTinia da ponto, xolo

kapadokiasa da komagenis samefoebma mxolod nominalurad SeinarCunes

damoukidebloba da mTlianad romis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqcnen.

Tumca, maTma mefeebma jildod garkveuli teritoriebic miiRes. pompeu-

sma kapadokiis mefes ariobarzans erTgulebisTvis gadasca sofena da

kilikiis mTiani nawili, romlebic adre tigran II_s ekuTvnoda, xolo

antioqos komagenelma miiRo selevkia da mesopotamiis sxva nawilebi;

galatebis tetrarqosad pompeusma deiotare daniSna da omSi gaweuli

damsaxurebisaTvis mas momijnave raionebic gadasca.7 tigran II-is,,didi

Aarmenia~ daiSala da igi, iseve rogorc mezobeli iberiis samefo, “romae-

li xalxis megobrad da mokavSired~ gamocxadda, rac faqtobriv vasalo-

bas niSnavda. rac Seexeba kolxeTs, igi pompeusma calke administraciul

erTeulad gamoyo da mis dinastad aristarqe daniSna, xolo kolxeTis

yofili metropolia – pontos samefo ki, rogorc aRiniSna, provinciad

gamoacxada.8

1 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss. gv. 28-29; g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua.

romis samxedro-politikuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 38; Т.Т. Тодуа. Колхида в составе Понтийского царства, gv. 73. 2 Plut., Pomp., 34; Dio Cass., XXXVII, 3, 1-3. 3 Dio Cass., XXXVII, 3,3.4 Dio Cass., XXXVII, 3,3.5 App., Mitrh., 114.6 Т.Моммзен. История Рима.Т., 3, кн.5, М., 2002, gv. 130.7 App., Mithr, 114, 118; l. sanikiZe. romis gviandeli respublika. Tb., 1970, gv. 270.

8 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss. gv. 30; k. fifia. kolxeTi romis

imperiis politikur sistemaSi, gv. 189.

87

amdenad, Zv. w. 64 w. amisos aqtiT kolxeTsa da mTlianad region-

Si axali geopolitikuri realoba Seiqmna. romaelTa laSqroba wina

aziaSi kolxeTisaTvis udavod sasargeblo aRmoCnda da am laSqrobebis

oficialuri Sedegi _ amisos aqti SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc umniS-

vnelovanesi movlena kolxeTis istoriaSi. pontoelTa ormocdaaTwliani

uSualo mmarTvelobis Semdeg kolxeTSi aRdgenil iqna adgilobrivi

mmarTveloba, rac kolxuri saxelmwifos restavraciisaTvis brZolis

erT-erT mniSvnelovan etapad unda CaiTvalos. marTalia, pompeusis mier

kolxeTSi Seqmnili axali politikuri erTeulis damoukideblobaze

saubari zedmetia, magram faqtia, rom pontos samefos rigiT satrapiad

yofnasTan SedarebiT es udavod wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. jer erTi, am

axali politikuri erTeulis mmarTvels hqonda saSinao saqmeebSi sruli

Tavisufleba da, garda amisa, rac mTavaria, raRac formiT mainc mox-

erxda Zvelkolxuri saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena,1 yovel SemTxvevaSi,

politikur rukaze kvlav gaCnda kolxeTi. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, sul

sxva saqmea, Tu sabolood ra bedi ewia aristarqes gankargulebaSi myof

politikur erTeuls.

pompeuss kolxeTSi romauli garnizonebi ar dautovebia da arc

qveynis Sida reorganizacia mouxdenia. romaelebma aristarqes Zveli,

miTridates droindeli mmarTvelobis sistema dautoves. axali mmarTve-

lis rezidenciadac dioskuria darCa, romelic miTridatidebis politi-

kur centrs warmoadgenda kolxeTSi2.

ase rom, romaelTa kolxeTSi laSqrobas ar mohyolia qveynis uSua-

lod romis provinciul sistemaSi CarTva da igi calke politikur er-

Teulad iqna gamoyofili. cnobilia, rom romaelebi kolxeTs didi xnis

manZilze (ax. w. I s. bolomde mainc) pontos samefos nawilad miiCnevdnen

da mogvianebiT, pompeusis mier aRmosavleTSi SemoRebuli mmarTvelobis

sistemis gauqmebis Semdeg, igi kvlav pontos SeuerTes.3 aqedan gamomdin-

are, pompeusis mier kolxeTSi calke politikuri erTeulis formirebis

realuri mizezebis dadgena gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa. Tumca, miuxeda-

1 rogorc Cans, swored ase Tvlida antikur avtorTa nawilic, romlebic aristarqes

kolxeTis mefed miiCnevs (Eutr., Brev., VI, 14; Fest., XVI). am konteqstSi sayuradReboa isic, rom aristarqe mmarTvelobis me-12 wels, Tavisi saxeliT vercxlis monetebsac

Wris (Д.Г. Капанадзе. Грузинская нумизматика. М., 1955, gv. 42; К.В. Голенко. Аристарх Колхидский и его монеты. – Вестник древней истории, 1974, №4, gv. 106; A. Jenkins. Recent Asquisitions of Greek Coins by the British Museum. – Numismatic Chronicle, 1959, ser. VI, t. XIX, gv. 32), ris nebasac romaelebi xSirad mokavSire mefeebsac ki ar aZlevdnen (am sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb ix.: k. fifia. pompeusi da aristarqe kolxi, gv. 275-280).

2 g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. romis samxedro-politikuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi, gv. 39-40;

Н.Б. Берулава. Город Диоскурия – Себастополис и район Сухумской бухты в античную эпоху (VI в до н.э. – III в. н.э.). Тб., 2005, gv. 97-98. 3 k. fifia. antoniusis aRmosavluri politika da kolxeTi._saistorio Ziebani, VII, Tb.,

2004, gv. 203-210; k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 32-57.

88

vad am sakiTxis didi mniSvnelobisa, igi istoriografiaSi specialuri

Seswavlis sagani ar gamxdara. samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia, rom

aristarqe iyo adgilobrivi didebuli an erT-erTi `skeptuxi~, romelic

mxars uWerda pompeuss da kolxeTis mmarTvelad dainiSna romaelTaTvis

gaweuli samsaxuris gamo.1 gamoricxuli ar aris, rom igi Tavidanve ar

emorCileboda miTridate evpators.2 SesaZloa, aristarqe iyo im `skep-

tuxTa~ STamomavalic, romelic Zv. w. 105-90 ww. iaraRiT uwevda wi-

naaRmdegobas pontoelTa damkvidrebas kolxeTSi. gamoricxuli arc isaa,

rom aristarqe yofiliyo plutarqes mier moxseniebuli,,zemo kolxeTis~

gamgebeli, romelic adreve daukavSirda pompeuss.3

pompeusis mier pontosagan kolxeTis gamoyofa da misi calke ad-

ministraciul erTeulad gamocxadeba, Cveni azriT, Semdegi mizezebiT

unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli: jer erTi, aRmosavleTSi gatarebuli

reorganizaciis dros, pompeusi didi yuradRebas aqcevda adgilobrivi

liderebis mier misadmi gaweul daxmarebas da erTgulebis sanacvlod

guluxvad urigebda maT sapatio rwmunebebsa da maRal titulebs. am

politikiT, piradad misadmi erTgulebis niSniT SerCeuli, uSualod

misgan da ara romis saxelmwifosagan davalebuli pirovnebebis dawinau-

rebiT, pompeusma axalSemoerTebul wina aziaSi safuZveli Cauyara Tavis

batonobas, moipova iq auracxeli simdidre, samxedro Zalebi da dideba,

rac aucileblad sWirdeboda mas momavalSi, romSi mosalodnel poli-

tikur brZolebSi. pompeusis am politikam gaamarTla kidec da mogvi-

anebiT, keisris winaaRmdeg gamarTul omSi, TiTqmis mTeli aRmosavleTi

mis mxardamWerad gamovida.4 kolxeTis mmarTvelad daniSnuli aristarqec

pompeusis kreatura da misi aRmosavluri politikis nawilia. manac Za-

laufleba, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, pompeusisaTvis gaweuli daxmarebebis

sanacvlod miiRo. axalorganizebuli pontos provinciisagan kolxeTis

gamoyofa da misi aristarqesaTvis gadacema ki, udavod, am ukanasknelis

maRal avtoritetze, mis mier pompeusisaTvis gaweul seriozul dax-

marebasa da maT Soris pirovnuladac axlo urTierTobebze metyvelebs.

pompeussa da aristarqes Soris marTlac rom gansakuTrebuli damokide-

buleba arsebobda, amaze, aristarqes saxeliT vercxlis monetis moW-

rac adasturebs. Tumca, Cveni azriT, iyo sxva ufro mniSvnelovani da

politikuradac ufro pragmatuli faqtorebi, riTac ganpirobebuli iyo

1 Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. К истории древней Колхиды, gv. 37; Th. Reinach. Mithridate Eupator roi de Pont. Paris, 1895, gv. 458; D. Magie. Roman rule in Asia Minor, vol. I Princeton, New Jersey, 1950. 2 g. qavTaria. aristarqe _ kolxeTis mefe. _ gaz.,,saqarTvelos respublika,~ # 57, 27

marti, 2010; eleqtr. versia: http://burusi.wordpress.com/2010/03/30/grani-kavtaria/3 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: k. fifia. gneus pompeusi da aristarqe kolxi, gv. 267-

280; k. fifia. maniliusis kanoni da,,zemo kolxeTi~. _ afxazeTis moambe, # 1 (8), 2012.

4 ix.: k. fifia. gneus pompeusi da aristarqe kolxi, gv. 280-290.

89

pompeusis mier aristarqes dinastad aRzeveba.

sayuradReboa, rom pompeusis kolxeTSi Sesvlis droisaTvis sakmaod

gaaqtiurebuli Canan adgilobrivi,,skeptuxiebi,‘‘ romelTa centridanuli

tendenciebi pontos samefos SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas SezRuduli iyo.

miTridate VI-is damarcxebis Semdeg ki am ZalebisaTvis xelsayreli

politikuri situacia Seiqmna. rogorc Cans, adgilobrivma `skeptuxebma~

isargebles miTridates gaqcevis Semdeg dawyebuli areulobiT da kvlav

damoukidebeli politikis gatareba scades. swored calkeul `skep-

tuxebTan~ uwevda pompeuss urTierToba kolxeTSi laSqrobis dros.

amas unda gulisxmobdes dion kasiosis (daaxl. 153-235 ww.) cnobac,

rom kolxeTSi pompeusi `moqmedebda xan darwmunebiT, xan daSinebiT~.1

pompeuss `skeptuxiaTa~ nawilis damorCileba iaraRis ZaliT mouxda.

florusis cnobiT, romaelebs ar daemorCila da kavkasionis mTebs Sea-

fara Tavi kolxTa mmarTvelma orqozma,2 romelic, realurad, rogorc

Cans, erT-erTi `skeptuxi~ unda yofiliyo. romaelebs mtrulad unda

daxvedroda `skeptuxi~ olTakec, romelsac apiane pompeusis triumfSi

monawile tyveTa Soris ixseniebs3.

amdenad, pontos samefos dacemis Semdeg, kolxeTis teritoriaze ar-

sebuli calkeuli ̀ skeptuxiebi~ kvlav gaaqtiurdnen. Zneli warmosadenia,

rom `skeptuxebs~, romlebic miTridates mmarTvelobis periodSi pontos

samefos moxeleebs, calkeuli administraciuli erTeulebis meTaurebs

warmoadgendnen, miTridates sabolood ganadgurebis Semdegac ebrZolaT

pontos interesebisaTvis. maTi mxridan romaelebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis

gawevas erTaderTi axsna aqvs: rogorc Cans, miTridates mmarTvelobis

bolos, `skeptuxebma~ daibrunes is mdgomareoba, romelic maT pontos

mier kolxeTis dapyrobamde hqondaT. maT SeZles Zv. w. II saukuneSi ar-

sebuli statusis aRdgena da isini pontos samefos Cveulebrivi admin-

istraciuli erTeulebis meTaurebidan kvlav damoukidebel mmarTvelebad

iqcnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki gasagebia, rom `skeptuxebi~ winaaRmdegobas

gauwevdnen romaelebs, romelTa kolxeTSi damkvidrebac maT uflebebs

sagrZnoblad SezRudavda. amasTan, kolxeTi Tavisi bunebriv-geografi-

uli pirobebis gamo arc Tu ise advilad dasapyrobi iyo. aq xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebeli iyo Tundac mciremasStabiani, par-

tizanuli brZolebis warmoeba, rac kargad icodnen romaelebmac. jer

kidev pompeusis winamorbedi sardali, lukulusi ambobda: `...iqve axlos

aris kavkasioni uamravi xeobebiT, romelTac sul advilad SeuZliaT

1 Dio Cass., XXXVII, 3, 2; dion kasiosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqsti

qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo nodar lomourma.

Tb., 1966, gv. 62.

2 Flor., X, 28; В.В. Латышев. Известия древных писателей о Скифии и Кавказе. – ВДИ, 1949, №3, gv. 230-233.

3 App., Mithr., 117; Г.А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959. gv. 330.

90

Seifaron da daicvan brZolas Tavaridebuli aTiaTasobiT mefe~1. miuxe-

davad amisa, rogorc aRvniSneT, pompeusma swrafad daZlia kolxeTis

calkeul,,skeptuxTa~ winaaRmdegoba, rac, SesaZloa, aristarqes damsaxure-

bac iyo. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pompeusi kolxeTSi `moqmedebda xan

darwmunebiT, xan daSinebiT~2. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom TvistomebTan

molaparakebas swored aristarqe awarmoebda. romis legionebiT zurg-

gamagrebuli aristarqe, SesaZloa, Tanamemamuleebs arwmunebda imaSi, rom

miTridate evpatoris xelisuflebis damxobiT kolxebi damoukideblobas

moipovebdnen3 da man, rogorc Cans, moaxerxa is, rom kolxebs maleve

SeewyvitaT winaaRmdegoba. kolxeTSi didi gavlenis mqone aristarqe

pompeusisaTvis saWiro iyo romaelTa mier kolxeTis damorCilebis Sem-

degac. kolxeTSi yofnisas pompeusi darwmundeboda imaSi, rom kolx-

eTis datoveba pontos provinciis farglebSi gaaZlierebda antiromaul

tendenciebs, rac miTridates bosforSi yofnis dros romaelebisaTvis

saSiSi iyo. amitom kolxeTze romaelTa gavlenis SenarCuneba yvelaze

realuri iyo ara pontos axalSeqmnili provinciis romauli administra-

ciis, aramed adgilobrivi, didi avtoritetis mqone aristarqes meSveo-

biT, romelic yovelTvis moaxerxebda adgilobriv,,skeptuxebTan~ saerTo

enis gamonaxvas. amasTan, kolxeTSi arsebuli antimiTridatuli Zalebic,

romlebic aTwleulebis manZilze ibrZodnen pontoelTa winaaRmdeg da

axla ukve pompeusis mokavSired gamodiodnen, udavoa, rom qveynisaT-

vis moiTxovdnen imaze maRal statuss, vidre mas hqonda miTridatuli

samefos SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas. garda amisa, kolxeTis pontos pro-

vinciisagan gamoyofa romisTvisac iyo xelsayreli, ramdenadac kolx-

eTisaTvis ufro maRali statusis miniWeba aq sabolood daasamarebda

promiTridatul tendenciebs, rac, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, romisaTvis

sakmaod mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pompeusis mier sabolood gatexili mi-

Tridates bolo TavSesafari kolxeTi iyo da swored aqedan, saxmele-

To gziT, gadavida igi bosforSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebi

aRmosavluri omebis dasrulebisaTvis aucilebel pirobad miTridates

sikvdils miiCnevdnen, pompeusma uari ganacxada mis Semdgom devnasa da

bosforisaken galaSqrebaze. marTalia, apianes cnobiT, pompeusi amas

imiT amarTlebda, rom miTridate `verc pontos Semouvlis da verc

meotisis tbas da gaZevebuls arc didi saqmeebis wamowyeba SeeZlebao,~4

magram, bosforisaken galaSqrebaze uaris Tqma sul sxva faqtoriT iyo

gamowveuli. pompeuss ar surda gaeriska da aRmosavleTSi mopovebuli

1 Plut., Pomp., 14.2 Dio Cass., XXXVII, 3, 2.3 g. qavTaria. aristarqe _ kolxeTis mefe.

4 App., Mithr., 103.

91

brwyinvale gamarjvebebi, kolxeTsa da bosfors Soris arsebul ̀ barbaro-

sul~ sivrceSi ucnobi meomari tomebis winaaRmdeg uSedego kampaniiT

daeCrdila. Tanac, araviTari garantia ar arsebobda, rom Tundac bos-

forSi Casvlis SemTxvevaSic ki, igi miTridates xelSi Caigdebda1. ai, es

iyo realuri mizezi imisa, rom pompeusma Sewyvita miTridates devna da

ara is, rom miTridates ar SeeZlo `pontos Semovla... da didi saqmeebis

wamowyeba~. faqtia, rom miTridatem bosforSi kvlav moaxerxa Zalebis

mokreba da farTo antiromauli saqmianobac gaaCaRa. igi imasac ki geg-

mavda, rom keltebis mxardaWeriT uSualod italiaSic ki SeWriliyo2.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom Zv. w. 65 w. kolxeTidan bosforisaken

mimavalma damarcxebulma da devnilma miTridatem, romelic ̀ pativcemuli

da saSiSari iyo, ltolvili da ubedurebaSi myofic ki~3, yovelgvari

zedmeti garTulebis gareSe `gadaiara meomari da mis mimarT mtrulad

ganwyobili skviTuri tomebi, zogan darwmunebiT da zogan ZaliT,~4 faq-

tia, rom mas bosforSi Zalebis mokrebis Semdeg ar gauWirdeboda amave

gzis ukan gamovla, kolxeTSi SeWra da Sesabamisad, aziaSi romaelTa

winaaRmdeg axali omis wamowyeba, miT umetes, maSin, roca kolxeTsa da

bosfors Soris mcxovrebi tomebis umravlesoba man mokavSireebadac

gaixada.5 amdenad, gamoricxuli ar iyo, rom miTridates kvlav ecada

kolxeTis gavliT pontoSi SeWra. bosforidan kolxeTSi da Sesabam-

isad, mcireaziur provinciebSi antiromauli Zalebis SemoWris safrTxe

realuri rom iyo, es mogvianebiTac dadasturda, roca Zv. w. 48-47 ww.

miTridate VI-is Svilma, bosforis mefe farnakem swored kolxeTis da-

pyrobiT daiwyo pontos samefos restavracia da mcire aziaSic ilaSqra.6

amrigad, sanam miTridate VI cocxali iyo da bosforSi mefobda,

araviTari garantia ar arsebobda imisa, rom igi kvlav ar ecdeboda

kolxeTis xelSi Cagdebasa da aqedan mcire aziaSi axali omis gaCaRebas.

kolxeTSi pompeusi didxans ar darCenila. mas qveynis reorganizaciisaT-

vis arc dro hqonda da arc saSualeba7. mas aq romauli garnizonebic ar

dautovebia8. amitom, amisoSi myofma pompeusma, romelsac kargad esmoda

kolxeTis strategiuli mniSvneloba, miTridates aziisaken wamosvlis

SemTxvevaSi misi, rogorc upirvelesi placdarmis funqcia, am regionis

ukeT dacvis mizniT, igi gamoyo axalSeqmnili pontos provinciisagan

1 Т.Моммзен. История Рима.Т., 3, кн.5, М., 2002, gv. 125.2 App., Mithr., 102, 109.3 App., Mithr., 102.4 App., Mithr., 102. 5 App., Mithr., 102.6 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 30-31.

7 Г.А. Лордкипанидзе. К истории древней Колхиды, gv. 37.8 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 58-60.

92

da erTgul TanamebrZols – aristarqes Caabara. am gadawyvetilebiT

pompeusma CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis antiromaul Zalebsa da mcire

aziaSi romaul provinciebs Soris faqtobrivad Seqmna buferuli sivrce,

romelsac bosforidan romauli samflobeloebisaken eqspansiis daw-

yebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavis Tavze unda mieRo pirveli dartyma da daecva

uSualod respublikis teritoriebi, meotida-kolxeTis magistraliT

barbarosTa moulodnel SemoWrisagan. ase rom, kolxeTis aseTi geo-

grafiuli mniSvneloba unda yofiliyo pompeusis mier misi pontos teri-

toriidan gamoyofisa da calke administraciul erTeulad formirebis

erT-erTi mizezi.

Kakhaber PipiaSokumi state University

THE ISSUE OF SEPARATION OF COLCHIS FROM THE KINGDOM OF PONTUS

For the fi rst time in historiography, the issue of separation of Colchis by Pom-peius as a separate political unit has been specifi cally studied in the present paper. The separation of Colchis from the Pontus province by Pompeius was determined by the geostrategic location of Colchis. With the decision in question, Pompeius created a buffer zone between the anti Roman force in the Northern Black Sea region and the Roman provinces of Asia Minor. The zone was to protect the ter-ritories of the Republic in case of an expansion from Bosphorus in the direction of Roman territories.

93

zaza wurwumiazaza wurwumiaistoriis doqtori,

mustafa butbai da misi mustafa butbai da misi

`mogonebebi kavkasiaze~`mogonebebi kavkasiaze~

1990 wels aTaTurqis kulturis, enisa da istoriis umaRlesi

dawesebulebis TurqeTis istoriis ganyofilebam q. ankaraSi gamosca mus-

tafa butbais (Mustafa Butbay) `mogonebebi kavkasiaze~. mustafa butbais naSromi osmaluridan Tanamedrove Turqul enaze gadmoitana da gamo-

sacemad moamzada ahmed jevdeT janbulatma (Ahmet Cevdet Canbulat). rogorc Sesaval werilSi – ̀ rogor ixila dRis sinaTle am wignma~,

ahmed jevdeT janbulati aRniSnavs, 1952 w. misma moswavlem, orhan gu-

muSma, moutana mas arabuli xelnaweriT osmalur enaze Sevsebuli sami

rveuli, romelic atarebda saerTo saTaurs `mogonebebi kavkasiaze~.

ahmed jevdeT janbulatma maSin, pedagoguri saqmianobiT dakavebulma, ver

moicala rveulebis Sesaswavlad da mxolod 34 wlis Semdeg miubrunda

maTi osmaluri teqstis gaSifrvas. `mTlianad wavikiTxe rveulebi da

aRmovaCine, rom isini kavkasiis istoriisaTvis aqamde ucnob, uaRresad

mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavdnen. mustafa butbaim Tavisi dRiurebisa da

Canawerebis wignad gamocema ver moaswro~1 (aq da Semdeg Targmani Cvenia,

_ z.w.).

mustafa butbais mogzaurobis dRiurebi iwyeba 1920 w. 2 Tebervals,

stambolidan kavkasiaSi gamgzavrebiT da mTavrdeba 1920 w. 25 agvistos

q. soxumSi CasvliT. Canawerebis pirveli rveuli iwyeba mustafa butbais

mcire ganmartebiT, saidanac irkveva, rom avtorma Canawerebi Seqmna kavka-

siaSi mogzaurobisas warmoebuli dRiurebis gamoyenebiT, am mogzauro-

bidan 13 wlis Semdeg.2 amrigad, mustafa butbais `mogonebebi kavkasiaze~

1933 wels daiwera.

mustafa butbai (afxazuri gvariT butba) ekuTvnoda osmaleTis im-

periaSi afxazeTidan gadasaxlebuli afxazi muhajirebis ojaxs. butbais

mSoblebi afxazeTidan jer osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi myof balkaneTis

teritoriaze, plevneSi (Tanamedrove bulgareTi, plevnis olqi, _ z.w.)

dasaxlebulan, saidanac Semdeg gadmosulan anatoliaSi. mustafa butbai

anatoliaSi, q. eskiSehiris maxloblad sofel aRafinarSi daibada. sas-

kolo ganaTleba miiRo q. adafazarSi.3 butbais dRiurebidan irkveva, rom

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları XXIV. Dizi - Sa. 4. Ankara, 1990, gv. VII.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 1.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 112-113; M. Aydın Turan. Osmanlı Dönemi Kuzey Kafkasya Diasporası Tarihinden: Şimali Kafkas Cemiyeti. Jurn.: Tarih ve Toplum. İstanbul, 1998, No:172, gv. 50, 59.

94

is 1905 wlidan eweoda maswavleblobas.1

butbai eweoda pedagogiur saqmianobas stambolis galaTasaraisa da

daruSSafakas liceumebSi, sadac literaturas aswavlida. 1919w. stam-

bolis beSikTaSis ubanSi mdebare `Cerqez qalTa saswavleblis direqto-

rad muSaobda, romelic daxmarebas uwevda ruseTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo

omisas, kavkasiidan stambolSi gadmoxvewil devnilebs. maT saswavleblis

SenobaSi TavSesafrad oTaxebi hqondaT gamoyofili.2

1919w. mustafa butbaim stambolSi Seadgina laTinuri damwerlobis

safuZvelze afxazuri anbani, romelic misive TqmiT, mxolod sacdel

xasiaTs atarebda da eqsperimentis doneze darCa, radgan anbanis daxvewa

da gamoyeneba praqtikaSi ar momxdara. anbani mustafa butbaim Abıtr M.

fsevdonimiT, mcire tiraJiT gamosca stambolSi 1919w.3

1920w. seqtemberSi, kavkasiidan stambolSi dabrunebis Semdeg,

butbaim ganagrZo pedagogiuri da publicisturi saqmianoba. cnobilia

`mistenbais~ fsevdonimiT (Mistenbay) gamoqveynebuli misi kavkasiaSi

mogzaurobis erTi epizodi, romelic 1937w. stambolSi daibeWda.4

1927 w. mustafa butbaim daxmareba gauwia soxumidan Camosul viq-

tor kukbas, romelic samecniero mivlinebiT imyofeboda TurqeTis re-

spublikaSi afxazi muhajirebis metyvelebisa da kulturis Sesaswavlad.5

mustafa butbai 1946 w. stambolSi gardaicvala. wignis gamomcemeli

ar miuTiTebs butbais dabadebis TariRs, Tumca Cveni varaudiT, butbai

1878w. unda iyos dabadebuli.6

kavkasiaSi mustafa butbais mogzaurobis mizezebisa da daniSnulebis

gasarkvevad, aucilebelia mimovixiloT pirveli msoflio omisa da uSu-

alod mis momdevno periodSi, osmaleTSi Seqmnili sazogadoebriv-poli-

tikuri viTareba, agreTve SevexoT stambolSi moqmedi politikurad

aqtiuri, Crdilokavkasiuri diasporis organizaciebis saqmianobas.

osmaleTis xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofi, evropaSi `axalgazrda

Turqebad~ wodebuli, `erTobisa da progresis sazogadoebis~ (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) liderebi imedovnebdnen, rom germaniasTan kavSirSi

ganaxorcielebdnen TavianT ideals, anu ruseTis imperias mowyvetdnen

kavkasias, yirims, volgispireTs, Sua azias da am teritoriebze Seqmnid-

nen TurqTa did saxelmwifos - Turans.

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 118.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 2-3.3 Abıtr M. Çerkes-Abhaz Elifbası-Cerqes Eelfıbe Apsıfsele. Ahmet İhsan ve Şürekası Matbaası. İstanbul, 1335 (1919); M. Aydın Turan. Osmanlı Dönemi Kuzey Kafkasya..., gv. 59.4 Ш.Д.Инал-Ипа. Зарубежные Абхазы. Сухуми. 1990, gv. 19-20.5 M. Aydın Turan. Osmanlı Dönemi Kuzey Kafkasya.., gv. 59. 1920 w. TbilisSi CrdiloeT

kavkasiis respublikis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis mier mustafa botovze (butbai)

gacemul pasportze, mis asakad aRniSnulia 42 weli. amis Sesaxeb ixileT qvemoT.

6 m.svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria. Tb., 2007, gv. 352.

95

pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi, osmaleTis imperiis sagareo poli-

tikuri mimarTulebidan gamomdinare, axalgazrda Turqebis samxedro-

politikuri jgufis (iTTihatistebis) iniciativiT, stambolSi Seiqmna

Crdilokavkasielebis, ZiriTadad Cerqez da afxaz muhajirTagan Semdgari

organizaciebi, romelTa meSveobiT osmaleTi koordinirebas uwevda af-

xazeTisa da CrdiloeTkavkasiis proTurqulad ganwyobil Zalebs. enver

faSas instruqciiT, osmaleTis imperiis Cerqezuli warmoSobis didmox-

eleTa da samxedroTagan 1918w. dasawyisSi Seiqmna `CrdiloeT kavkasiis

politikuri sazogadoeba~, romelic miznad isaxavda osmaleTis sulTnis

dinastiis warmomadgenlis xelisuflebis qveS CrdiloeT kavkasiis gaer-

Tianebas erT islamur saxelmwifoSi.1

`CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri sazogadoeba~ monawileobas iReb-

da kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi. sazogadoebis mx-

ardaWeriT da abazuri warmoSobis osmaleTis armiis oficris rauf or-

bais aqtiuri monawileobiT, osmaleTis xelisuflebasTan molaparakebebi

gamarTes CrdiloeT kavkasiis warmomadgenlebma abdulmejid Cermoevma

da haidar bamatma. 1918w. 11 maiss osmalebisagan okupirebul baTumSi

Cermoevma da bamatma `CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikis damoukidebloba~

gamoacxades.2 osmaleTis samxedro ministris enver faSas mxardaWeriT, 8

ivniss baTumSi osmaleTis imperiasa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikas

Soris xelSekrulebac daido, romlis ZaliT, osmaleTi valdebulebas

iRebda Sesabamisi Txovnis SemTxvevaSi, samxedro ZaliT daxmareboda

CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikas.3

enver faSa did mniSvnelobas aniWebda CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukide-

blobas, romlis Camoyalibebac surda buferul, islamur saxelmwifod

ruseTis winaaRmdeg. Enver faSam baTumidan 1918w. ivnisSi stambolSi

Tan wamoiyvana CrdiloeTkavkasieli delegatebi da uzrunvelyo maTi

Sexvedrebi xelisuflebis, aseve presisa da sazogadoebriobis warmo-

madgenlebTan, CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukideblobis propagandirebisa da

osmaleTis mxardaWeris demonstrirebisaTvis. delegacias maspinZlobda

CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri sazogadoeba~, maT Soris mustafa but-

bai.4

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 2.2 Ahmet Hazer Hılal. Kuzey Kafkasya (Hürriyet ve İstiklal Davası). Ankara. 1961, gv. 60-61.3 Ahmet Hazer Hılal. Kuzey Kafkasya..., gv. 73.4 Akdes Nimet Kurat. Türkiye ve Rusya. AÜDTCF Yay., Ankara, 1970, gv. 483-484; Osman Çelik. Bağımsız Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti. Jurn.: Birleşik Kafkasya Dergisi, Eskişehir. Yıl: 1, Sayı:4; Pşimaho Kosok. Yeşil Mayıs. Jurn.: Birleşik Kafkasya Dergisi. Mayıs-Haziran-Temmuz. 1966. yıl:1, sayı:4; Ahmet Hazer Hızal. Kuzey Kafkasya İstiklali ve Türkiye Matbuatı (1918). Jurn.: Birleşik Kafkasya Dergisi. 1965, yıl:1, Mayıs-Haziran-Temmuz sayı:4 gv.42; Ahmet hazer Hızal. Kuzey Kafkasya (Hürriyet ve istiklal davası).., gv. 70-71; Союз объединенных горцев Северного Кавказа и Дагестана (1917–1918). Горская Республика (1918–1920). Документы и материалы. Махачкала, 1994, gv. 121.

96

delegaciis wevri, haidar bamati, stambolis gazeT Tasviri Efkar-isTvis 1918w. 26 ivniss micemul interviuSi (gamoqveynda 27 ivniss)

aRniSnavda, rom afxazebis mTavari qalaqi soxumkale CrdiloeT kavkasia-

Si Sedis, afxazebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTavrobas uWeren mxars. `afxa-

zebi erTmniSvnelovnad Cvens gverdiT arian~ - ganacxada haidar bamatma.1

am intervius propagandistuli daniSnuleba gasagebi xdeba 27 ivniss

afxazeTSi, md. kodoris SesarTavTan osmaluri desantis gadmosxmasTan

dakavSirebiT. desantis SemadgenlobaSi TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazi mu-

hajirebic Sediodnen, xolo desantis samxedro operacia enver faSasTan

iyo SeTanxmebuli, miznad isaxavda afxazeTis CamoSorebas saqarTvelos-

gan da mis gaerTianebas CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikasTan.2

mustafa butbai stambolSi moqmedi `CrdiloeT kavkasiis sazoga-

doebis~ Sesaxeb wers: `pirveli msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi, ruseTis

daSlis niSnebi gamoCnda. TurqeTis xelisufleba, aRmosavleTSi gancdi-

li warumateblobis anazRaurebas Savi zRvis regionSi cdilobda. ami-

tom, gadawyvita esargebla ruseTSi Seqmnili mdgomareobiT da baTumis

olqis dapyrobiT teritoriebi gaefarToebina. TurqeTis xelisuflebam,

Tavisi politikisTvis mizanSewonilad CaTvala mokle droSi, CrdiloeT

kavkasiis islamuri saxelmwifos daarseba, romelic ruseTsa da TurqeTs

Soris kedlad da dabrkolebad iqceoda... swored CamoTvlili miznebi-

sTvis daarsda `CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri sazogadoeba~, romelic

iTTihaTistebis mTavrobisagan materialur daxmarebas iRebda. ganiara-

Rebis (1918w. mudrosis kapitulaciis aqti, _ z.w.) Semdeg man saxeli

Seicvala CrdiloeT kavkasiel muhajirTa saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba

ewoda.~3

mustafa butbai, sazogadoebis saqmianobis SezRudvas mudrosis ka-

pitulacias ukavSirebs. enver faSa da iTTihatistebis sxva liderebi em-

igraciaSi wavidnen, sulTnis axali mTavroba ki stambolSi ganlagebul

antantis sardlobis kontrolqveS imyofeboda. ingliselebma saeWvod

miiCnies `CrdiloeT kavkasiis sazogadoeba~, rogorc enver faSas mxar-

damWeri organizacia da misi saqmianobis aRkveTa gadawyvites.

`...ingliseli oficeri da policieli movidnen sazogadoebis beioR-

luSi mdebare centrSi, dagvarbies, dagviluqes salaro, amoiRes sab-

uTebi da dokumentacia, Cven ki gareT gagvaZeves~.4

1 Tasviri Efkar gazetesi (27 Haziran 1918), wgn.: Ahmet hazer Hızal. Kuzey Kafkasya.., gv. 71.2 ix.: z. wurwumia. osmaluri desanti afxazeTSi 1918 wels. – soxumis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis Sromebi. humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria. t. V.

2008. gv. 564-576.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatiraları.., gv. 2. enver faSa (1881-1922) - osmaleTis impe-

riis samxedro da saxelmwifo moRvawe,,,erTobisa da progresis sazogadoebis~ lideri.

Ppirveli msoflio omis wlebSi ekava samxedro ministris Tanamdeboba.

4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 2.

97

mustafa butbai sazogadoebis darbevis TariRad 1919w. 21 ivniss

asaxelebs. amis Semdegac, sazogadoebis wevrebi axerxebdnen Tavmoyras

stambolSi da organizaciuli struqturac garkveulwilad SeinarCunes.

butbais Canawerebis pirveli rveulis erT-erT qvesaTauria `Crdil-

oeT kavkasiis delegaciebi~, sadac mocemulia cnoba butbais Sexvedraze

kavkasiidan Camosul delegaciasTan stambolSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi

avtori asaxelebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare abdul-

mejid Cermoevs, sagareo saqmeTa ministr haidar bamats, ali han kan-

temirovs da afxazeTidan simon basarias. butbais TqmiT `simon basaria

afxazeTis parlamentisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis delegatia da amave

dros delegaciebis veqili stambolSi. ruseTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli, ax-

algazrda patriotia~.1

butbais am Sexvedris zusti TariRi miTiTebuli ara aqvs. ro-

gorc aRiniSna, CrdilokavkasielTa delegacia stambolSi 1918w. ivnisis

pirvel naxevarSi enver faSam Camoiyvana. 1918w. 20 maisidan s. basaria,

afxazTa saxalxo sabWos delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi, eswreba osmal-

Tagan okupirebul baTumSi molaparakebebs osmaleTsa da amierkavkasiis

seims Soris.2 baTumidan enver faSasTan erTad wavida CrdiloeTkavka-

siis delegacia romlis SemadgenlobaSi basaria ar yofila. butbais

basariasTan Sexvedra aRdgenili aqvs Canawerebis Seqmnisas, anu 1933w.3

man basariasTan Sexvedra SecdomiT daukavSira CrdiloeTkavkasielTa

delegaciis Camosvlas.

1918w. 28 ivliss, afxazTa saxalxo sabWos dadgenilebis safuZ-

velze, sabWos wevrebs, s. basariasa da g. tumanovs rwmunebebi mieniWaT,

rom Sesuliyvnen, rogorc mrCevlebi, stambolis konferenciaze Casul

saqarTvelos diplomatiur misiaSi, konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileo-

bisa da im garemoebaTa gamorkvevisaTvis, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida

osmaleTis teritoriaze mcxovreb afxazTa samSobloSi dabrunebas.4

Kkonferenciaze osmaleTisa da kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis urTierTo-

bebi unda ganxiluliyo, Tumca is oficialurad arc gaxsnila da amier-

kavkasiisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis delegaciebis warmomadgenlebi ivni-

sidan oqtombramde stambolSi misi muSaobis dawyebas amaod elodnen.5

afxazeTis delegati g. tumanovi SeTqmulebis braldebiT saqarT-

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 6.2 А.Чочуа. Избранные произведения. Тб., 1987, gv. 68-69; Г.А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии 1910-1921гг. Тб., 1963, gv. 206.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.1.4 afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionebis statusi saqarTvelos Se-

madgenlobaSi (1917-1988). politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Semdgeneli da

mTavari redaqtori T. diasamiZe. Tb., 2004, gv. 22.

5 z. avaliSvili. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoiros politi-

kaSi. Tb., 2011, gv. 125, 140.

98

velos mTavrobam daapatimra 1918w. 10 oqtombers. igive bedi eloda s.

basarias, romelmac misive TqmiT, `gaaswro konstantinopolSi~. 1919w.

ianvarSi is baTumSia, saidanac Semdeg tuafseSi gadadis.1 amrigad, stam-

bolSi basaria butbais 1918w. oqtomber-dekemberSi unda Sexvedroda.

mustafa butbai, sivasis kongresis muSaobis periodSi (1919w. se-

qtemberi - 1920w. aprili) gaemgzavra kavkasiaSi. sivasis kongresi mniS-

vnelovani etapia Turqi xalxis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel brZolaSi

(1919-1922ww.), romelic mohyva germaniis mokavSire osmaleTis imperiis

damarcxebas pirvel msoflio omSi. 1918w. 30 oqtobers mudrosis aqtiT

osmaleTma kapitulacia gamoacxada antantis winaSe. noemberSi antan-

tis jarebma daikaves stamboli, daiwyo anatoliis okupacia. swored am

umZimes pirobebSi gaCaRda Turqi xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

brZola okupantebis winaaRmdeg romelsac saTaveSi mustafa qemal faSa

(aTaTurqi) Caudga.

1919w. 19 maiss mustafa qemali Cavida q. samsunSi, rogorc os-

maleTis mecxre armiis inspeqtori, sinamdvileSi ki Seudga ganmaTa-

visuflebeli moZraobis organizebas. mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT q.

sivasSi 1919w. seqtemberSi mowveul iqna TurqeTis kongresi. kongresis

warmomadgenlobiTma komitetma mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT, 1920w. 19

marts miiRo gadawyvetileba ingliselebis mier stambolSi darbeuli

parlamentis sanacvlod axali parlamentis - TurqeTis didi erovnuli

krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb da gawyvita kavSiri okupantebis kontrolis

qveS myof sulTnis mTavrobasTan. 1920w. 23 aprils ankaraSi gaixsna

TurqeTis didi erovnuli kreba, Tavmjdomared airCies mustafa qemal

faSa. TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam gamoacxada damoukidebloba da

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba. kreba gamocxadda TurqeTis erTaderT

kanonier xelisuflebad.2

sivasis kongresis periodSi TurqeTSi saqarTvelodan Cavida Crdil-

oeT kavkasiis respublikis parlamentis wevri abubaqar plievi. 1919w.

martSi general denikinis samxedro nawilebma daikaves CrdiloeT kavka-

siis respublikis teritoria da misi mTavroba da parlamentis wevrebis

nawili iZulebuli gaxda TbilisSi gadmosuliyo da aq gaegrZelebina

Tavisi saqmianoba. CrdiloeTkavkasiis respublikis parlamentis wevri in-

guSeTidan abubaqar plievi gamoirCeoda politikuri aqtiurobiT, aqveyn-

debda statiebs Tbilisis gazeTebSi inguSeTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

denikinTan da bolSevikebTan brZolaze.3

mustafa butbai aRniSnavs, rom kavkasiidan stambolSi Camosu-

li abubaqar plievi, jer sivasSi Cavida, sadac mustafa qemals Sexvda:

1 C.Басария. Абхазия в географическом, этнографическом и экономическом отношении. Сухуми,1923, gv. 93; Г. Дзидзария. Симон Басария. Сухуми, 1984, gv.16.2 m.svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria..., gv. 379-382.3 Ваха Кодзоев. Путешествие в прошлое продолжается. gaz.: Ангушт» № 21, 03.2002.

99

`abubaqar plievi stambolSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis delegatis statusiT

Camovida. stambolSi Camosvlamde, is sivasSi Cavida, sadac mustafa qe-

mal faSasTan hqonda Sexvedra, plievma mustafa qemals misi kavkasiuri

politikis Sesaxeb hkiTxa da Sesabamisi pasuxic miiRo. TurqeTidan ka-

vkasiaSi delegaciis gagzavna am Sexvedraze gadawyvites. es delegacia

TbilisSi myofi CrdiloeT kavkasiis droebiTi mTavrobis gankargule-

baSi gadavidoda da misgan miRebuli direqtivebiT adgilze imoqmedebda~.1

sivasidan stambolSi abubaqar plievs maiori vasif bei Camohyva,

romelmac `CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri sazogadoebis~ wevrebs ga-

nucxada, rom sivasis komitetma mizanSewonilad CaTvala delegaciis

gamgzavreba kavkasiaSi. Sedga delegaciis wevrebis sia, maTi dafinanseba

`CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri sazogadoebis~ SemorCenili saxsre-

biT moxda. gadawyda, rom delegacia or jgufad gaemgzavreboda, meore

jgufi (polkovnik ismail berkokis xelmZRvanelobiT) adre wasulebs

TbilisSi unda SeerTeboda. TbilisSive elodeboda maT aziz mekeri,

romelsac delegaciisTvis dawvrilebiTi instruqciebi unda mieca. mus-

tafa butbaisTan erTad gaemgzavra abubaqar plievi.2

ismail berkokma da aziz mekerma, romlebic delegaciis xelmZR-

vanelebi da kavkasiaSi misi saqmianobis warmmarTvelebi iyvnen, osmaleTSi

dabrunebis Semdeg, 1920 w. 31 ivliss, osmaleTis armiis aRmosavle-

Tis frontis sardal qiazim yarabeqir faSas, gaugzavnes depeSa, sadac

aRniSnulia: `denikinTan omis periodSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis erovnuli

Tavdacvis sabWosgan gamogzavnili delegatebis Txovnis Sesabamisad,

maTi aRmatebulebebis, samxedro ministrebis jemal faSasa da fevzi

faSas TanxmobiTa da xelSewyobiT, `CrdiloeT kavkasiis sazogadoebam~

samxedro-politikuri delegacia gaagzavna CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. Cven am

delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi viyaviT. Cveni saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimar-

Tuleba iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukidebloba osmaleTis xelisu-

flebis interesebTan SesabamisobaSi mogveyvana~.3

mustafa butbai aRniSnavs, rom galaTasarais liceumSi, sadac is mas-

wavleblobda, stambolis garnizonis sardali ali said faSa movida da

piradad Txova liceumis direqtors butbaisTvis kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis

gamo ori Tvis Svebuleba mieca.4

zogierTi cnobiT, sivasSi Sexvedraze, abubaqar plievma mustafa qe-

mals TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol kavkasielebTan federaciuli kavSiris

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.7.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.7-8. 3 Kazım Karabekir. İstiklal Harbimiz. İstanbul, 1960, gv. 227; Aydın Turan. Şimali Kafkas Cemiyeti. http://www.kafkas.org.tr/tarih/Simalikafkascemiyeti.html. jemal faSa (mersinli)

da fevzi faSa (fevzi Cakmaki) - osmaleTis samxedro ministrebi 1919-1920 wlebSi.

4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatiralari.., gv. 7. ali said akbaitogani (1872-1950) - Cer-

qezuli warmoSobis osmaleTis imperiisa da TurqeTis respublikis samxedro moRvawe.

100

damyareba SesTavaza, razedac pasuxad miiRo, rom es sakiTxi SesaZle-

belia ganxilul iqnes CrdiloeT kavkasielebis mier damoukideblobis

mopovebis Semdeg. axla ki, ingliselebisa da frangebis winaaRmdeg brZo-

laSi, mustafa qemals da mis xalxs bolSevikebisgan daxmareba sWirdeba,

amitomac ar miiReben monawileobas iseT qmedebebSi, romelic moskovis

ganawyenebas gamoiwvevs. amasTan erTad, mustafa qemalma plievTan saubar-

Si aRniSna, rom osmaleTis armiasa da sazogado moRvaweebs Soris mrav-

lad arian kavkasiuri warmoSobis gavleniani pirebi, romelTac SeuZliaT

daxmarebis gaweva CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis. rogorc Cans, stambolSi am

pirebTan kavSiris damyarebaSi plievisTvis daxmareba aTaTurqis warmo-

madgenel maior vasif-beis unda gaewia.1

mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT mimdinare TurqeTis erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebel moZraobaze gavlenas axdenda bolSevikuri ruseTis warmatebe-

bi antantis winaaRmdeg, romelsac TurqeTis teritoria hqonda okupire-

buli. 1919w. oqtomberSi TurqeTidan ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan

kavSiris damyarebis mizniT gaemgzavra halil faSa, romelmac bolSevik

liderebTan ganacxada, rom uaxloes xanebSi anatoliaSi Seiqmneboda

erovnuli mTavroba, romelic mzad iqneboda sabWoTa ruseTTan `mego-

brobisa da kavSiris Sesaxeb~ xelSekrulebis xelmosawerad. 1920w. 26

aprils, ankaraSi TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis mowvevidan mesame

dRes, mustafa qemalma oficialuri werili gaugzavna lenins, romelSic

gamoTqvamda survils ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyare-

baze, aseve sTxovda sabWoTa ruseTs, aRmoeCina daxmareba TurqeTisaTvis

antantis intervenciis winaaRmdeg. bolSevikuri mTavroba mustafa qema-

lis mimarTvas dadebiTad Sexvda. gadawyda, dawyebuliyo molaparakebebi

ankarisTvis samxedro daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze.2

aseT viTarebaSi, gasagebia mustafa qemalis sifrTxile bolSevikebis

winaaRmdeg ganwyobili Crdilokavkasielebisa da maTi stamboleli mxar-

damWerebis gegmebis mimarT.

1920w. 2 Tebervals stambolidan gemiT gasulma delegaciam mxolod

24 TebervlisTvis SeZlo baTumSi Casvla. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi

mustafa butbaisTan erTad abubaqar plievic iyo. ismail berkoki mogvi-

anebiT Camovidoda TbilisSi, xolo aziz mekeri ukve TbilisSi iyo.3

butbai da plievi rizeSi daqiravebulma lazma menave mehmed-beim sa-

kuTari naviT jer sof. xofaSi Caiyvana, xolo iqidan waiyvana baTumisken

da RamiT, saidumlod gadasxa qalaqis siaxloves sanapiroze. am dros

baTumi ingliselTa okupaciis qveS imyofeboda. `dakavebis SemTxvevaSi

1 Tleseruk Nahit Serbes. Çerkeslerin Mustafa Kemal’e Federasyon Önerileri. http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/yorum/tns/028_cerkeslerin.htm2 m.svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria.., gv. 387.3 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 8.

101

ueWveli daxvreta gveloda~- aRniSnavs butbai.1

baTumSi delegaciis wevrebi didi sifrTxiliT, dilaadrian Sevidnen.

mustafa butbais maspinZeli baTumSi adgilobrivi vaWari iyo. `baTumeli

afxazi vaWris, mustafa beis saxlSi gavCerdiT. is da misi Zma ahmedi

vaWrobas misdeven, magram amavdroulad, baTumSi TurqeTis mTavrobis

sasargeblo saqmianobasac ewevian. orive mamaci da gonieria. sakuTar

WerqveS ori Rame gagvaTevines. TbilisSi Cvens wasasvlelad saWiro sab-

uTebi mogvimzades. am sabuTebiT Cven azerbaijanis moqalaqeebi viyaviT.~

baTumel maspinZels mustafa butbai Semdgom stambolSiac Sexvedria.

baTumeli vaWari mustafa baTumis gasabWoebis Semdeg bolSevikebma dax-

vrites.2

butbai baTumis afxazebis Sesaxeb wers: `baTumis SemogarenSi erTi

afxazuri sofelia, ocdaaT komlamde. Turqulze lazuri aqcentiT

laparakoben. es mustafa bei maTgan ar aris, warmoSobiT lazia, magram

gaafxazebuli~.3

azerbaijanuli pasportiT aRWurvili mustafa butbai baTumidan

matarebliT TbilisSi 27 Tebervals Cavida, sadac aziz mekers Sexvda,

TbilisSi erTi kvira dahyo (sastumro `kavkazSi~), saidanac baqos gaemg-

zavra. sastumros xarjebi TbilisSi ganTavsebulma CrdiloeT kavkasiis

respublikis mTavrobis wevrma haidar bamatma dafara.4

baqoSi mustafa butbai 1920w. 7 marts, aziz mekers da abubaqar

plievTan erTad Cavida. ramodenime dRis Semdeg aziz mekerma baqodan

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamgzavrebisaTvis saWiro mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi

Caatara, maT Soris, daarwmuna azerbaijanelebi, rom delegacias ar

gaaCnda azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gegmebi.5

delegacia saWiro formalobebis mogvarebis Semdeg daRestnisaken

gaemarTa. gamgzavrebis zust TariRs butbai ar uTiTebs, magram teqsti-

dan Cans, rom is unda dawyebuliyo araugvianes 15 martisa. butbai aRniS-

navs, rom maT garkveul SeTanxmebas miaRwies adgilobriv bolSevikebTan,

romlebic am droisaTvis daRestan-CeCneTis did nawils akontrolebdnen,

ar daeSvaT maTi sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi mogzaurobisas.6

delegacia azerbaijan-daRestnis sasazRvro raionSi, osmalur samx-

edro razms gadaawyda. es razmi, nuri faSas meTaurobiT 1918w. zaf-

1 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 10; 1918 w. 22 dekembers, mudrosis aqtis Tanaxmad, baTumi da misi olqi ingliselebma daikaves da daaweses saokupacio reJimi.

1920w. 7 ivliss baTumSi qarTuli jari Sevida, baTumi saqarTvelos daubrunda. ix.: r.

cuxiSvili. inglis-saqarTvelos urTierToba 1918-1921 ww.Tb., 1995. gv. 21, 107-109.

2 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 11.3 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 12.4 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 12.5 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 12-13.6 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 15.

102

xulSi azerbaijanSi Semosuli osmaluri `kavkasiis islamuri armiis~

narCeni iyo. osmaluri razmi bolSevikebTan mtrul damokidebulebaSi

imyofeboda, es ki Turqul delegacias kargs arafers uqadda. mustafa

butbaim osmaluri razmis oficer kazim beisTan saerTo ena gamonaxa, ris

Sedegad delegaciam gzis gagrZeleba moaxerxa da sof. akuSas miaRwia.1 aq

imyofeboda nuri faSa, romelTanac Sedga Turquli delegaciis Sexvedra.

nuri faSa da misi SeiaraRebuli SenaerTi azerbaijanis xelisuflebisgan

finansdeboda da damoukidebeli azerbaijanis interesebs icavda bolSe-

vikebis mosalodneli agresiis winaaRmdeg. mustafa butbais TqmiT, nuri

faSa gonieri adamiani iyo da esmoda, rom bolSevikebs ver Seakavebda,

Tumca mainc arCevda, TurqeTSi Seqmnili gaurkvevlobidan gamomdinare,

jerjerobiT kavkasiaSi darCeniliyo. nuri faSa bolSevikebze pirdapiri

ieriSebis mitanas erideboda. akuSaSi butbai da aziz mekeri esaubrnen

imam alixajis, romelmac keTilganwyobilad miiRo isini da CrdiloeT

kavkasiis damoukideblobisaTvis miZRvnil maT mogzaurobaSi daxmarebac

aRuTqva. ali hajim delegaciis wevrebs daRestanSi sabWoTa xelisu-

flebis warmomadgenel jelal korkmazovTan Sexvedra urCia.2

mustafa butbais mogzaurobis erT-erTi mizani CeCneTis sof. vede-

noSi, ̀ CrdiloeT kavkasiis emiratis emiris~, Seix uzun hajisTan Sexvedra

iyo, magram vedenoSi martis miwuruls, abubaqar plievTan erTad Casul

mustafa butbais uzun haji mZime avadmyofi daxvda da is butbais Casv-

lidan mesame dRes gardaicvala.3

islamuri saxelmwifo warmonaqmni `CrdiloeT kavkasiis emirati~

arsebobda CeCneTisa da nawilobriv dasavleT daRestnis teritoriaze

1919 maisidan - 1920w. martamde. `emirati~ centriT sof. vedenoSi

daarsa avariis (daRestani) Seixma uzun-hajim, romelic ebrZoda rogorc

bolSevikebs, aseve general denikinis armias. uzun hajim `CrdiloeT

kavkasiis emirati~ osmaleTis sulTnisa da muslimTa xalifas vahided-

dinis (mehmed V) proteqtoratis qveS myof saxelmwifod gamoacxada.

uzun haji gardaicvala 90 wlis asakSi 1920w. aprilis dasawyisSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo uzun hajis mxardaWeras uwevda denikinis

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 16-17; daRestnis raionuli centri akuSa

mdebareobs q. maxaCyalis samxreT-dasavleTiT 130 km.

2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 19-21; nuri faSa (1881-1949) - enver fa-Sas Zma, osmaleTis samxedro moRvawe. 1918 w. dainiSna azerbaijansa da daRestanSi

moqmedi,,kavkasiis islamuri armiis~ sardlad; ali haji akuSeli (1847-1930) - daRestnis

sulieri lideri da sazogado moRvawe. 1918 w. arCeul iqna daRestnis muslimanTa wi-

namZRolad - Seixulislamad. ebrZoda general denikins, 1920-ian wlebSi daupirispirda

sabWoTa xelisuflebas misi antireligiuri aqciebis gamo; jelal korkmazovi (1877-1937)

erovnebiT yumuxi, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe, 1909-1910 wlebSi stambolSi yof-

nisas dauaxlovda iTTihatistebs. 1917 wlidan bolSevikia, daRestnis sabWoTa mTavrobis

pirveli Tavmjdomare (1921-1931). represirebul iqna 1937 wels.

3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.30-31.

103

winaaRmdeg. 1919 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi TbilisSi gamarTul Sekre-

bebze, CrdiloeT kavkasiis parlamentis (mejlisis) warmomadgenlebma

dagmes denikinis armiis agresia da ganacxades, rom denikinis armiis

gandevnisaTvis brZolaSi mejlisi srul mxardaWeras ucxadebda CeCneTSi

uzun-hajisa da daRestanSi ali hajis meTaurobiT mimdinare mTielTa

ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas.1

uzun hajis denikinis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi samxedro da finansur

daxmarebas uwevda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba.

saqarTvelos samxedro gziT 1919w. seqtemberSi vedenoSi gagzavnil iqna

80 tyviamfrqvevi, didi raodenobiT tyvia-wamali da mebrZolTa razmebi

generlebis kereseliZisa da Tuxarelis meTaurobiT. `emiratis~ inguSTa

polks xidir oruxanovis sardlobiT, daevala denikinelebis Semosvlis

aRsakveTad saqarTvelos samxedro gzis monakveTis Caketva.2

uzun hajis sikvdilis Semdeg `emiratic~ daiSala. Bbutbai Temir-

xan-Suras (axlandeli buinakski) gaemgzavra, sadac isev SeuerTda aziz

mekersa da ismail berkoks.3

Temir-xan-SuraSi Turqul delegacias Sexvedra hqonda sabWoTa daR-

estnis xelmZRvanel jelal korkmazovTan. korkmazovma neba darTo del-

egacias mogzauroba gaegrZelebina.4

mustafa butbaim, aziz mekerma da ismail berkokma CeCneTSi wasvla

gadawyvites. 1920w. 13 aprils Temir-xan-Suradan gamosuli delega-

cia 20 aprils CeCneTSi, vedenoSi Cavida da Ramis gasaTevad mezobel

sofel diSni vedenoSi darCa, radgan uzun-hajis sikvdilis Semdeg vede-

noSi misi mTavrobac daSliliyo da mosaxleobis nawilic arakeTilmo-

surned ganewyo delegaciisadmi. bolSevikebi sofelSi Semosasvlelad

emzadebodnen. aseT viTarebaSi, ismail berkokis iniciativiT, delegaciam

gadawyvita vedenoSi CeCneT-daRestnis saxalxo yriloba (erovnuli me-

jlisi) moewvia, romelic droebiT mTavrobas Camoayalibebda, vedenos

bolSevikebisagan daicavda da mas damoukidebeli CeCneT-daRestnis cen-

trad gamoacxadebda. aziz mekeri da abubaqar plievi yrilobis dele-

gatebis SesarCevad inguSeTSi, nazranSi wavidnen. ismail berkokma daRes-

tan-CeCneTSi werilebis dagzavna da delegatebis aRniSnul mejlisze

mowveva daiwyo.5

3 maiss, bolSevikTa razmma vedeno daikava. bolSevikebma butbaisa da

berkoks Tavis saqmianobaSi xeli ar SeuSales, metic, bolSevikTa war-

1 Союз объединенных горцев Северного Кавказа и Дагестана (1917–1918). Горская Республика (1918–1920). Документы и материалы. Махачкала, 1994, gv. 329-332.2 М. З. Нахибашев. Узун-Хаджи Салтинский – общественно-политический и религиозный деятель Дагестана и Чечни. Махачкала. 2009, gv. 102-103, 109.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv 33.4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.34.5 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv 37.

104

momadgenlebi daeswrnen vedenos dasavleTiT mdebare sof. centeroiSi,

CeCnebisaTvis wminda gorak kxeTaS-kortaze gamarTul saxalxo yrilo-

bas. mustafa butbai am yrilobis TariRad 6 maiss asaxelebs.1

kxeTaS-kortaze sityviT gamovidnen mustafa butbai, ismail berkoki

da aseve, bolSevikebis ori delegati. delegaciis wevrebsa da bolSe-

vik delegatebs Soris mcire, magram mwvave diskusiac gaimarTa. erT-

erTma bolSevikma ganacxada, ra uflebiT ereviT am xalxis saqmeSi,

maSin rodesac Tqven stambolSi Cais svamdiT, Cven aq revoluciisaTvis

sisxls vRvridiTo. berkokma da butbaim miuges, rom isini rusuli im-

perializmis mier samSoblodan gandevnilTa Svilebi arian da sruli

ufleba aqvT Tavis TanamemamuleebTan iyvnen. yrilobaze viTareba daiZaba

da bolSevikebma gacla arCies. berkokma butbais Sedgenili damoukide-

blobis fici waikiTxa, romelic Tarjimanma CeCnurad Targmna. Sekre-

bilebma èrovnuli mejlisis~ Seqmna daadastures da misi delegate-

bic airCies. delegatebma yuranze, xanjalze, xmalsa da Tofze xelis

dadebiT daifices berkokis Sedgenili ficiT da xeli moaweres ficis

teqsts. butbais mohyavs ficis teqsti: ùflis wminda yuranze xelis

dadebiT, vficav Sevwiro Cemi suli da qoneba imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisa

da Tavisuflebis, sarwmunoebisa da Rirsebis dacvisaTvis mebrZolma,

Tavganwirulma Cemma xalxma, dReis Semdeg Tavisufal da damoukidebel

islamur respublikaSi icxovros. xelmoweriT vadastureb da vamtkiceb

didi yrilobis winaSe Cems fics.~2

7 maiss èrovnulma mejlisma~ vedenos simagreSi dabanakebul bol-

Sevikebs iqaurobis datoveba moTxova, berkoksa da butbais ki centerois

samxreTiT, sof. dargoSi gadanacvleba urCies usafrTxoebisaTvis. dar-

goSi delegacia erTxans mSvidad grZnobda Tavs, magram bolSevikebis

muqaris gamo, iqidan 16 maiss daRestnis sof. gagatliSi Cavida. aq

gaiges, rom mTeli daRestnis gzebi bolSevikebis kontrolis qveS iyo

da am mxares mogzaurobis gagrZeleba maTTvis ar SeiZleboda. delega-

ciam CeCneTis gavliT saqarTvelos sazRvrisaken moZraoba gadawyvita.

17 maiss gagatlidan delegacia CeCneTSi dabrunda. butbaim da berkokma

19 maisis Rame sof. xal-kilioSi gaatares (md. Saroargunze, CeCneTis

Satois raionSi, _z.w.), sadac gaiges, rom bolSevikebi ramodenime ki-

lometrSi, Satois simagreSi imyofebodnen.Aamitom, gadawyvites RamiT,

bolSevikebisagan SeumCnevlad, Satois gavliT qveviT dahyolodnen md.

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..,gv.43. kxeTaS-korta mdebareobs sof. centeroisTan, noJai-iurtis raionSi. CeCnuridan iTargmneba rogorc “sabWos simaRle”. tradiciiT, Ce-

CnebisaTvis wminda gora kxeTaS-kortaze imarTeboda saxalxo sabWo, romelic ixilavda

qveynisa da xalxisaTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs. ix.: А. Сулейманов. Топонимия Чечни. Грозный, 2006, gv. 300, 313.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 44-45.2

105

arRunis xeobas. 20 maiss delegaciam Satois malulad gavla moaxerxa

da cxenebiT Seusvenebeli svlis Semdeg md. arRunze mdebare sof. iTum

kaleSi mivida. aqedan meore dRes, dilaadrian gaagrZeles gza. Rame sof.

kiiSi (butbai: Key) gaatares, xolo 23 maiss saRamos miaRwies sof.

ialxarois (Yalharvi).1 24 maiss delegacia gadavida sofelSi Merecuy (inguSeTis sunjis

raionis sofel muJeCes (Мужече). butbais mixedviT, am sofelSi is da

ismail berkoki, elodnen nazranidan aziz mekeris Camosvlas. 29 maiss

aziz mekeris Camosvlis Semdeg, delegaciam gadawyvita saqarTveloSi

mTis uReltexiliT gadasvla.2

30 maiss, SuadRisas butbai, ismail berkoki da aziz mekeri muJeCedan

gamovidnen da saRamos ialxaroiSi dabrundnen. aq maT cudi ambebi dax-

vdaT. CeCenma maspinZelma stumrebs acnoba, rom axlomdebare soflebis

bolSevik komisars maTi dapatimrebis gankarguleba gaeca.3

butbaim da Tanamgzavrebma ialxaroiSi amjerad 4 ivnisamde dahyves.

aq gaiges maT `saqarTvelosa da bolSevikebs Soris samSvidobo xelSek-

rulebis dadebis~ Sesaxeb. (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikisa da sabWoTa ruseTis 1920w. 7 maisis xelSekruleba, _

z.w.). ialxaroiSi delegacias nazranidan Camosuli abubaqar plievic

SeuerTda. stumrebs ialxarois warCinebulTagan benihu hajim umaspinZla

da saqarTveloSi gadasasvlelad megzur-gamyolebic SeurCia.4

4 ivniss diliT delegaciis wevrebi ialxoroidan gamovidnen, gai-

ares akka (Aкка) - CeCnuri sofeli inguSeTis sazRvarze, gvian saRamos

miaRwies erT sofels, sadac Suasaukuneebis koSkSi gaatares Rame. but-

bai am sofels Pohoy-s uwodebs, rac, Cveni dakvirvebiT, aris sof. pui

md. assas napirze, jeirahis raionSi, inguSeTSi. mgzavrebi dilaadrian 5

ivniss daiZrnen sof. puidan. butbai sakmaod dawvrilebiT aRwers puis

maxloblad Suasaukuneebis samarovnebs.5

5 ivnisis saRamosTvis Cavidnen `adamianisaTvis Tavzardamcem, cix-

esimagreebiTa da nangrevebiT mofenil sofelSi, (is) saqarTvelos saz-

Rvarsa da darialis gadasasvlelTan axlosaa da mTa patara yazbegis

ferdobebze mdebareobs~. butbaim da misma Tanamgzarebma icodnen, rom am

soflidan dasavleTiT, saqarTveloSi darialis gadasasvlels bolSe-

vikebi akontrolebdnen. sofelSi mgzavrebma Rame gaaTies.6

butbai aRniSnavs, rom sofeli myinvarebiT dafaruli mwvervalis

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..,gv. 62-63. sof.ialxoroi mdebareobs sof. kiis

CrdiloeTiT, CeCneTis aCxoi-martanis raionSi.

2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.65.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.68.4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 71-73.5 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 75.6 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 75-76.

106

kalTebzea, romelsac butbai `patara yazbegs~ uwodebs. Ees aris saqarT-

velos sazRvarze, myinvarwveris aRmosavleTiT mdebare mTa arzi (Арзи), xolo sofeli, romelzec mustafa butbai saubrobs, - sof. erzi (Эрзи), is axla inguSeTis jeirahis raionis olgeTis sasoflo sakrebuloSi

Sedis.

uReltexilze gadasvlis pirveli warumatebeli cdis Semdeg, 7

ivniss gamTeniisas, or axal gamyolTan erTad mgzavrebma isev daiwyes

asvla uReltexilze, aTsaaTnaxevari TiTqmis Seusvenebeli asvlis Sede-

gad mwvervalze avidnen. `aqedan dasavleTiT darialis xeobas vxedavdiT,

romelzec aTasi metriT maRla viyaviT moqceuli~1

butbais cnobebis mixedviT, Cven migvaCnia, rom butbai da misi Tanamg-

zavrebi, sof. erzis samxreTiT mdebare oxkuris uReltexiliT (3300

m.) Semovidnen saqarTveloSi md. Tergis marjvena Senakadis, md. xdes

(xdiswyali, qistura) xeobaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom oxkuris uReltexili

yvelaze axlos aris darialTan da SedarebiT advili gadasasvlelia

inguSeTidan saqarTveloSi sxva gadmosasvlelebTan SedarebiT.

mgzavrebma daRmarTis Cavlis Semdeg mcire xniT Sesveneba gadawyvites

da am dros maT moulodnelad qvevidan cecxli gauxsnes. Eeseni qa-

rTveli mecxvareebi aRmoCndnen. butbais TqmiT, mecxvareebma isini qar-

Tul soflebze Tavdasasxmelad gadmosul CeCenTa jgufad CaTvales. maT

mgzavrebi ganaiaraRes da darialis SesasvlelTan ganlagebul pirvel

mesazRvreTa saguSagosken waiyvanes.

mesazRvreTa saguSagoSi dakiTxvisas delegaciis wevrebma ganacxades,

rom bolSevikebs gamoqceuli Crdilokavkasielebi arian. butbaim da mis-

ma Tanamgzavrebma Rame saguSagoSi gaatares. diliT, 8 ivniss, qarTveli

mesazRvreebi dakavebulebs CaiT gaumaspinZldnen da wasvlis neba misces,

(iaraRi ar daubrunebiaT). delegacia darialidan fexiT gamoemarTa,

ramodenime saaTis Semdeg yazbegs miaRwies, iq sastumroSi dabinavdnen.2

10 ivniss yazbegSi daqiravebuli avtomanqaniT delegacia Tbilisken

gamoemarTa. erTi Rame fasanaurSi gaatares da meore dRes, 11 ivnisis

saRamos TbilisSi Semovidnen.3

12 ivniss butbaim da misma Tanamgzavrebma SemorCenili osmaluri

fuli qarTul fulze gadacvales da TbilisSi maTi Camomyvani mZRoli

gaistumres. imave saRamos isini haidar bamatma inaxula. meore dRes, 13

ivniss haidar bamatma maTTan saubarSi SeniSna, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis

sakiTxSi mxardaWeris Taobaze saqarTveloSi ukrainis warmomadgenels

mimarTa, magram dadebiTi pasuxi ver miiRo.4

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.792 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 80.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 81.4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 83. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTavrobasa da uk-

rainis saxalxo respublikas (1919-1920ww) Soris arsebuli xelSekrulebiT, ukrainas,

107

haidar bamatma aseve aRniSna, rom mas Sexvedra dauniSna safrange-

Tis warmomadgenelma TbilisSi. am Sexvedras 13 ivniss daeswrnen hai-

dar bamatTan erTad mustafa butbai, ismail berkoki da aziz mekeri.

safrangeTis warmomadgenelTan Sexvedra naxevar saaTs gagrZelda. mas

haidar bamati da aziz mekeri CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seqmnil viTarebaze

esaubrnen. Sexvedridan dabrunebis Semdeg ismail berkokma da aziz me-

kerma frangi diplomatisaTvis warsadgeni memorandumis teqstze dai-

wyes muSaoba. meore dRes teqsti mzad iyo. 15 ivniss ismail berkoki,

aziz mekeri da haidar bamati safrangeTis warmomadgenels eaxlnen da

memorandumi gadasces. memorandums Tan erTvoda frangul enaze gada-

Targmnili, CeCneTSi, centeroiSi Semdgari `erovnuli mejlisis~ mier

ismail berkokisa da mustafa butbaisadmi gacemuli rwmunebulebebi.

`memorandumis~ ZiriTadi Sinaarsi iyo fuliT, samxedro aRWurvilobiTa

da iaraRiT daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb Txovna.1

butbai gadmogvcems 1920w. ivnisSi TbilisSi yofnisas miRebul STabe-

Wdilebebs. `CrdiloeTidan da azerbaijanidan Semosuli ltolvilebiT

savsea qalaqi. sagangebo samxedro mdgomareobis msgavsi viTarebaa. qa-

rTveli samxedroebi policielebis funqciebsac asruleben. yvelas, vi-

sac iaraRs aRmouCenen, arTmeven mas da apatimreben~.2

butbaim da misma megobrebma safrangeTis warmomadgenlisgan dadebiTi

pasuxi ver miiRes. amis Semdeg, 20 ivniss gadawyvites, anatoliaSi da-

brunebisaTvis samzadiss Sedgomodnen. dagegmes baTumis gavliT gadasu-

liyvnen anatoliaSi. ufulobis gamo, mustafa butbai iZulebuli gaxda

afxazeTSi wasvlaze uari eTqva. haidar bamatma maT pasportebi gadasca. 3

saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis saistorio arqivSi daculia saqa-

rTvelosa da somxeTSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikis diplomatiuri

warmomadgenlis masalebi, sadac aRnusxulia pasportebis gacema aziz

mekersa da ismail berkokze. aqve aris Canaweri mustafa botovze paspor-

tis gacemaze. mustafa botovis asakad miwerilia 42 weli. mas paspor-

tis fotosuraTi gadaRebuli aqvs osmaluri qudiT - fesiT. Cveni az-

riT, mustafa botovis saxeliT pasporti gacemulia mustafa butbaize.4

butbai, berkoki da aziz mekeri Tbilisis rkinigzis sadgurze ba-

Tumis matarebelze bileTebs yidulobdnen, roca isini daakaves da sa-

pyrobileSi waiyvanes. butbais mixedviT, 30 ivniss maT CrdiloeT kavka-

siidan TbilisSi Camoyolil CeCen megzurebs gasamrjelo gadauxades da

saqarTvelos meSveobiT, unda gaewia daxmareba CrdiloeT kavkasiis armiis SeqmnaSi finan-

sebiTa da samxedro instruqtorebiT. ix.: seasa, fondi 1869, aRw. 1, saqme 4, f. 83.

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 83-84; aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi saf-

rangeTis warmomadgeneli iyo maiori grafi de nonankuri.

2 Mustafa Butbay.Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv.853 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 95-96.4 seasa. fondi 1869, aRw.1, saqme 2. furc 6-7, 12.

108

gaistumres, ris Semdeg dilaadrian baTumis matarebliT gamgzavrebis

gadawyvetileba miiRes.

Bamrigad, butbais cnobebis analiziT irkveva, rom is da misi Tanamg-

zavrebi Tbilisis sadgurSi 1 ivliss unda misuliyvnen da am dResve

moxda maTi dapatimreba.

sapatimroSi mustafa butbaim gaicno azerbaijaneli artileriis

generali Sixlinski, romelsac azerbaijanis bolSevikebisgan dapyrobis

Semdeg TbilisisTvis Seefarebina Tavi. butbais TqmiT, SixlinskisTvis

ucnobi iyo misi dapatimrebis mizezi. sapatimroSi myofTagan aTidan

cxra bolSevizmis braldebiT iyo dakavebuli.1

haidar bamatis mcdelobebis Sedegad butbai da misi megobrebi gaan-

Tavisufles, daubrunes piradi nivTebi da ubis wignakebic. dapatimrebis

oficialur mizezi, butbais TqmiT, ar ucnobebiaT. Bbutbai ar azustebs,

Tu ramdeni dRe da romel sapatimroSi gaatares. misi Semdgomi Txro-

bidan vigebT, rom ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, butbai, ismail berkoksa da

aziz mekerTan erTad kidev ramodenime dRe darCa TbilisSi, xolo ivli-

sis damlevs aziz mekeri da ismail berkoki ukve TurqeTSi arian, rasac

mowmobs maT mier general yiazim yarabeqirisadmi 31 ivliss gagzavnili

depeSa. butbaisa da mis megobrebs qarTul sapatimroSi or kviramde unda

gaetarebinaT. rac sapatimros Seexeba, dakavebuli bolSevikebis simrav-

lidan Cans, rom es metexis cixea.

ismail berkoki da aziz mekeri eWvobdnen, rom imJamad TbilisSi

myofi fuat bei dakavSirebuli iyo ingliselebTan da swored misi das-

mena gaxda maTi dapatimrebis mizezi.2

fuat bei, cnobili osmalo didveziris, enver faSas mowinaaRmdegisa

da ingliselebis didi megobris kamil faSas (1833-1913ww.) SviliS-

vili iyo. ismail berkoki da aziz mekeri miiCnevdnen, rom fuat bei

ingliselebis agenti iyo da misi dasmeniT daxures ingliselebma 1919

w. stambolSi `Cerqezuli politikuri sazogadoeba~. butbai ar iCenda

aseT kategoriulobas fuat beis Sefasebisas, ramac rogorc Cans ganapi-

roba misadmi am ukanasknelis garkveuli ndoba. butbais TqmiT, fuat bei

TbilisSi masTan saubrebSi amtkicebda, rom cils swamebdnen. erTi aseTi

saubris dros, romelic sapatimrodan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg Sedga

Tbilisis erT-erT kafeSi, fuat beim ikiTxa, Tu rodis apirebda but-

bai stambolSi dabrunebas, butbaim gulaxdilad upasuxa, rom mxolod

saWiro Tanxis uqonloba aferxebdaT dauyonebliv gamgzavrebisagan. fuat

beim butbais SesTavaza, Caetana garkveuli raodenobis Tanxa stambolSi

mcxovrebi misi disaTvis. butbais Tanxmobis Semdeg fuat beim mas aTasi

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 96-97. Ggeneral-maiori javad bek Sexlinski

(1874-1959). msaxurobda ruseTis imperiis, azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikisa

da iranis armiebSi. 1920w. maisSi meTaurobda ganjis garnizonis antisabWoTa ajanyebas. 2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 98-99.

109

germanuli marka da naxevari funti sterlingi iqve gadasca.1

swored fuat beisgan miRebulma am Tanxam SeaZlebina mustafa but-

bais isev dabruneboda afxazeTSi gamgzavrebis Tavdapirvel gegmas. fuat

beisgan miRebuli Tanxa 50 aTas qarTul maneTs udrida. butbaim Tanxis

nawili berkoksa da mekers gadasca, romlebic anatoliisken gaemarTnen,

TviTon ki TbilisSi darCa da afxazeTSi wasvlis samzadiss Seudga.2

TbilisSi marto yofnisas butbai Sexvda imam Samilis SviliSvil

said beis, romelic or siriel CeCenTan erTad, bolSevikebTan sabr-

Zolvelad daRestnisaken mimavali, gzad TbilisSi SeCerebuliyo. butbaim

said beis maTi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb mouTxro da arc is daumalavs rom

Seqmnil viTarebaSi, rodesac CeCneTi da daRestani mTlianad bolSe-

vikebisgan iyo okupirebuli, mTiulebSi farTo antibolSevikuri moZ-

raobis dawyeba SeuZlebeli Canda. miuxedavad amisa, said beis wamowyeba,

mTielebSi meomari suliskveTebis SesanarCuneblad mainc mniSvnelovani

iqneboda. Butbaim Samilis STamomavals warmatebebi usurva.3

said beim, haidar bamatis xelSewyobiT kavSiri daamyara daRest-

nelebTan. 1920w. seqtemberSi is gadavida daRestanSi, sadac ibrZoda

`mTielTa SariaTis armiis~ rigebSi. 1920w. seqtember-noemberSi, daRes-

tanSi `mTielTa SariaTis armia~ ebrZoda meTerTmete wiTeli armiis

nawilebs. bolSevikebTan SetakebebSi daWrili saidi 1921w. TurqeTSi

Caiyvanes.4

1920w. ivlisis meore naxevarSi, mustafa butbaim haidar bamatis

meSveobiT Seityo, rom TbilisSi imyofeboda afxazeTis delegacia, ro-

melic saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan awarmoebda molaparakebebs. butbai

delegacias ewvia. CanawerebSi butbai aRniSnavs, rom mxolod ramodenime

delegatis saxelis gaxseneba moaxerxa. aqedan cxadia, rom butbais af-

xazuri delegaciis saxelebi mogzaurobis dRiurSi ar Seutania. Sexve-

dridan 13 wlis Semdeg, is maT saxelebs Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: `miSe

muanoRlu, kap leve da meThi CelikoRlu~.5

1920w. ivnis-ivlisSi afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos delegacia Tbilis-

Si saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebasTan erTad afxazeTis konstituciis

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 99.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 100.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 101. 4 muhamed said Samili (1901-1981) daibada stambolSi, imam Samilis Svilis muhamed kami-

lis ojaxSi. daamTavra stambolis galaTasaris liceumi. 1920w. ebrZoda bolSevikebs

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. meore msoflio omis dros `kavkasiis erovnuli komitetis~ meSve-

obiT, xels uwyobda germanul vermaxtSi Crdilokavkasiuri qvedanayofebis Seqmnas. 1951w.

TurqeTSi daafuZna `CrdilokavkasielTa kulturisa da daxmarebis sazogadoeba~. masze.:

Ахмед Муртазалиев, Хаджи Мурад Доного. Мухаммад Саид Шамиль. Исторический портрет, воспоминания, публицистика, очерки. Махачкала. 2003; Cafer Barlas. Dünü ve Bugünü ile Kafkasya Özgürlük Mücadelesi. İstanbul, 1999, gv. 328-329.5 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 101; muanoRlu anu maanis Ze (maani, marRania).

110

proeqtze muSobda. delegaciis wevrebi iyvnen varlam SarvaSiZe, dimitri

emuxvari, grigol zuxba, dimitri zaxarovi, mixeil tarnava da vianor

anCabaZe1.

butbai aRniSnavs, rom afxazeTis warmomadgenlebTan misi saubrebi

TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazebis samSobloSi dabrunebas exeboda.

afxazeTis delegaciam saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan Sexvedrebis dam-

Tavrebis Semdeg, butbais afxazeTSi erTad gamgzavreba SesTavaza, Tumca

gamoirkva, rom delegacia (foTidan) zRviT apirebda soxumSi gamgzavre-

bas, butbais ki xmeleTiT erCivna mgzavroba, rom samegrelo da samurza-

yanoc daeTvalierebina. amitom, delegaciam butbaisTan kap leve datova,

romelsac is soxumSi unda Camoeyvana.

kap leve TbilisSi Tavisma saqmeebma Seayovna, ris Semdeg butbai

masTan erTad Tbilisidan matarebliT foTisken gaemgzavra. 16 agvistos,

Camovidnen sadgurSi Şerağ (senaki), aqedan gza diliJansiT gaagrZeles.

mustafa butbai SeniSnavs, rom diliJansis mgzavrebs ori SeiaraRebuli

Jandarmi acilebda. diliJansma isini `did da movlil megrul sofel

Yirita-Si miiyvana~2 (sof. urTa). aqedan, dRis 3 saaTze, butbaim da

misma megzurma daqiravebuli faetoniT gaagrZeles gza md. engurisken,

romelTanac ukve RamiT mividnen. amitom iZulebulni ixdnen, mdinareze

gadasvlisaTvis dilas dalodebodnen. Rame, iqve duqanSi gaatares. 17

agvistos diliT, engurze boraniT gadavidnen.3

butbaisa da mis megzurs galSi sadili gaumarTes. am stumarT-

moyvareobam butbais bavSvobaSi gagonili ambavi gaaxsena: `Cvens saxlSi,

axlo samezoblodan mosul stumars etyodnen xolme ̀ ra samurzayanodan

mosuliviT TavpatiJs idebo? anu, samurzayanodan mosulebi marTlac

Soridan mosulebad iTvlebodnen da etyoba Tavsac ifasebdnen. axla me

viyavi stumrad samurzayanoSi, Tanac Zalian Soreuli mxridan mosuli

stumari. TavpatiJi unda damedo da aki Sevifere kidec~.4

butbais TqmiT, maspinZlebma politikazec isaubres. `afxazeTis im-

Jamindeli mdgomareobasa da saqarTvelos misadmi damokidebulebaze sak-

maod aRelvebulebi saubrobdnen. sifrTxiles Tavi ara stkiva da me am

saubarSi ar CavrTulvar. mxolod vismendi~.5

sadilis Semdeg butbai da kap leve galidan oCamCirisaken gaemarTnen.

butbai aRniSnavs, rom patara mdinare `Azguer~-Tan mgzavrebs Jandarmebi daxvdnen gasacileblad, radgan aqauroba yaCaRebis saTareSo adgili yo-

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 102.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 104.3 Mustafa Butbay.Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 104-105.4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 106.5 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 106.

111

fila. butbais azriT, es mdinare yofs samurzayanosa da abJuas.1 butbais

`patara mdinare `Azguer~ aris sof. gudavaze gamavali md. aZuru. ra-

sakvirvelia, butbai cdeba, roca aZurus samurzayanosa da abJuas sasaz-

Rvro mdinares uwodebs. afxazeTis samTavroSi abJuasa da samurzayanos

mxareebs md. RaliZga yofda.2 1840 wels ki samurzayanos saboqaulosa

da afxazeTis samTavros sazRvrad ruseTis samxedro-politikurma ad-

ministraciam md. oxurei daadgina.3 SemdgomSic es sazRvari SenarCunda.

butbaim survili gamoTqva iloris taZari moenaxulebina: is SeniS-

navs, rom bavSvobodanve izidavda `ilor-nixa~ (Eylir-Aniha). bavSvobaSi qalebisgan wyevlac mousmenia `daglaxvros iloris salocavmao!~.4

butbaim iloris eklesia daaTvaliera, mRvdelsa da mrevls gaesaubra.

iloris taZris monaxulebaze butbais CanawerSi aRniSnulia: `samurzaya-

noSi da abJuis dasawyisSi afxazur enaze molaparake Zalian cotaa. af-

xazebi ki arian, magram ena daviwyebiaT. mxolod is axsovT, rom afxazebi

yofilan, magram axlo xanebSi esec daaviwydebaT.~5

butbais dRiuris mixedviT, is 17 agvistos, RamiT oCamCireSi Sevida,

sadac RamisgasaTvad misi megzuris, kap leves saxlSi darCa. `TurqeTi-

dan mosuli Cveni Zma butba~ - ase warudgina is kap levem Sinaurebs.

`diliT qalaqSi gavedi, rom sastumro mepova da Cemi maspinZlis ojaxs

tvirTad ar davwolodi. qalaqSi dadaS marSanias gadavawydi, romelsac

jer kidev TbilisSi, CrdiloeTiT (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, _ z.w.) gamg-

zavrebamde Sevxvdi. iqve dadaS beis umcrosi Zmac gavicani, romelic

ruseTis armiaSi polkovniki iyo da bolSevikebs TbilisSi gamoeqca.

(stambolSi) dabrunebis Semdeg gavige, rom is bolSevikebs daexvritaT.”6

dadaS marSaniam butbai Tavis saxlSi dapatiJa da Ramis gasaTev-

adac iq datova. dadaSma butbais soxumSi wasvlamde mis saxlSi darCena

SesTavaza, butbai daTanxmda. is TbilisSi gacnobil miSe muans (miSe

muanoRlu-maani, marRania) eloda, romelsac soxumSi unda waeyvana.7

19 agvistos butbai oCamCirel mRvdel marRanias estumra, romlis

ori Svili mefis ruseTis armiaSi msaxurobda. oriveni bolSevikebs st-

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 106.2 З. Папаскири. Этнодемографический, политико-государственный исоциально-культурный облик современной Абхазии в XVI-XVIIвв.,kr.: saistorio Ziebani, X_XI. Tb., 2008, gv. 78.

3 k. kvaSilava. istoriuli samurzayanos warsulidan. Tb., 2011, gv. 288-289.

4 Mustafa Butbay.., Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 106-107.5 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 108.6 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 109; dadaS (tataS) marSania, abJueli Tavadi

sofel jgerdadan. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos wevri 1917-1918ww. afxazeTSi 1918w. ivnisSi

osmaluri desantis gadmosxmis erT-erTi organizatori.

7 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 109-110. erTi cnobiT, abJuaSi butbais maspin-Zeli kiCin maani (marRania) iyo. ix.: Ш.Д.Инал-ипа. Зарубежные Абхазы..., gv. 11.

112

ambolSi gaeqcnen, saidanac ufrosi safrangeTSi wavida, xolo meores,

astamur marRanias da mis meuRles butbai Tavis saxlSi maspinZlobda.

astamuri da misi meRle stambolidan kunZul madagaskarze gadasulan.

dRiuris mixedviT, 20 agvistos butbai, oCamCireSi Camosul miSe

muanTan erTad, erTi italielisa da rusis TanxlebiT tyvarCels (Kur-çal) ewvia. butbais dakvirvebiT, soflis mosaxleoba qristiani iyo,

Tumca Zveli adaT-wesebi nawilobriv, mSobliuri ena ki srulad hqonda

SenarCunebuli. amasTan, qristianobas maTi cxovrebis wesSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi Seetana. butbai Tavs aq ucxod ar grZnobda, radgan es afxa-

zuri stumarTmoyvareoba da masTan dakavSirebuli wesebi misTvis bavSvo-

bidanve nacnobi iyo, Tumca gulistkiviliT SeniSna, rom adgilobrivebi

ànatolieli Zmebisadmi~ interess ar iCendnen. butbaim isic iucxova,

rom sufraze moxucebi afxazuri wesisamebr ilocebodnen - ùfalma

afxazoba da afxazeTi Seinaxoso~, axalgazrdebi ki pirjvars iwerdnen.1

21 agvistos, muan miSe, italielsa da rusTan, romelTac butbai

italiuri kompaniis inJinrebad ixseniebs, qvanaxSiris sabadoebisken gae-

marTnen. butbais, miSe muanis SeTavazebis miuxedavad, tyvarCelis qvana-

xSiris sabadoebis monaxulebis survili ar gamouTqvams.2 mas mxolod

afxazuri soflis monaxuleba, sofluri yofis daTvaliereba surda.

`kavkasiis samxreT-dasavleT ferdobebze Sefenil afxazeTSi samiode

saxls ver naxavT gverdigverd. aq yoveli saxli, saxnav-saTesi miwis

SuagulSi Cadgmuli patara mamulia. afxazeTi tyiani mxarea. mwvane

ezoebsa da simindis yanebs iqiT saxlebi ar Cans da isini, mokavebuli

mamulis sididis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan daSorebiT mdebareobs. erTi

saxlis fanjridan anda aivnidan mezoblis saxlis danaxva SeuZlebelia.

amitom adamians aq sakuTari Tavi sofelSi ki ara, tyeSi dafuZnebul

mamulSi anda Suasaukuneebis cixesimagreSi egoneba. aseTi ram iqneb mim-

zidveladac gamoiyurebodes, magram sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sikeTes-

Tan ziarebis saSualebas ki naklebad iZleva.

bursisa da izmiTis olqebis afxazuri soflebic tyeebSia gaSenebu-

li. im soflebSi mgzavrobisas sul mikvirda, ratom arCies dasasaxle-

blad is viwro kldeebi anatoliis farTo miwa-wyals? afxazeTSi mivxvdi

amis mizezs. ltolvilebi TurqeTSi mosvlisas cdilobdnen samSobloSi

datovebuli tyisa da mTis msgavsi adgilebi moeZebnaT da iq dasaxle-

buliyvnen. samSoblos mimsgavsebuli bunebiTa da cxovrebis pirobebiT

SeqmniT cdilobdnen mware devnilobisa da miusafrobis Semsubuqebas.”3

Semdeg butbais CanawerebSi TurqeTSi misi mSobliuri soflis Ses-

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 111; saqarTvelos mTavrobam tyvarCelis qva-

naxSiris sabado koncesiiT gadasca italiur firma ìlvas” 1920w. ix.: d. jojua. saqarT-

velo-italiis urTierToba 1919-1921wlebSi.Tb., 1997, gv. 232-234.

2 3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 112.

113

axeb mcire mogonebac gvxvdeba: `eskiSehiris sof. aRafinarSi davibade. es

sofeli eskiSehiridan ankarisken mimaval rkinigzaze pirveli sadguria.

soflis sami borcvidan erTze afxazebi, meoreze yabardoelebi, mesameze

yaraCaelebi saxlobdnen... sofeli as saxlamde iTvlida, farTo mwvane

ezoebSi ewyoboda TamaSobebi, Widaoba, gogo-biWebi cekvaSi ejibrebod-

nen erTmaneTs. cxenze amxedrebulni, xis CognebiT burTs vTamaSobdiT...

qorwilebSi uamravi xalxi iyrida Tavs. Mmxedrebi marulas awyobdnen

da mandilisa da tyavis warTmevaSi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs, samizned

kvercxisTvis srolaSi iwafebodnen. (soflis) asi saxlidan saSualod

orasi gogo-biWi gamodioda~.1

sof. kvezanSi (axlandeli q. tyvarCelis farglebSi, _ z.w.) Ramis

gasaTevad darCenili butbais yuradReba maspinZlis saxlSi macxovrisa

da yovladwminda RvTismSoblis xatebis simravlem miiqcia.2

meore dRes, butbai miSe muanis naTesavs, zorbeg CaCbas ewvia sof.

aTiSaduSi (q. tyvarCelis SesasvlelSi). zorbegis dedam, marSanias qalma,

stumari pativiscemiT miiRo da TurqeTSi myofi Tavisi naTesavebis ambavi

moikiTxa. saRamos gamarTul sufraze zorbeg CaCbas mezoblebi ewvivnen.

`Cveni saubari dal-webeldelTa gadasaxlebas Seexo. gadasaxlebis win,

es ori mxare afxazeTis erT-erT yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebul adgils

warmoadgenda. dReisaTvis ki TiTqmis arcerTi afxazi iq ar cxovrobs.

maTgan mitovebul, samoTxisdar adgilebSi somxebi, berZnebi, qarTvelebi

da megrelebi dasaxldnen. sufraze, gadasaxlebis Semswre erTi moxuci

iyo. gulistkiviliT momiyva am mSvenieri mxaris dacarielebis ambavs.

maSin ase gahyvirodnen Turme, rom TurqeTSi wasulebi Tavisuflebasa

da simdidreSi iqnebian, iq gardacvlilebi pirdapir samoTxeSi wavleno,

visac Rorebis mwyemsoba unda, aq darCes, visac bednieri da Tavisufali

cxovreba unda, TurqeTSi gadasaxldeso~.3

butbais dRiuris mixedviT, is 22 agvistos, naSuadRevs, kvezanidan

miSe muansa da mis oTx mxlebelTan erTad oCamCiresken gamoemarTa. gza-

ze, erT sofelSi adgilobrivma glexma isini saxlSi SeipatiJa, sufra

gauwyo da Ramis gasaTevadac datova. butbai aRfrTovanebT SeniSnavs,

rom glexis ezoSi sufTa dana-CanglebiT, xelsaxocebiTa da gadasafa-

reblebiT morTuli, afxazuri RvinoebiT damSvenebuli ockaciani dide-

buli sufra gaiSala. butbaim isic SeamCnia, rom sufraze qalebi ar

iyvnen, maspinZeli qristiani iyo, Tumca Zveli adaT-wesebis mimdevari.4

meore dRes butbai oCamCireSi Cavida da miSe muanis saxlSi gaCerda.

misTvis mTavari saswrafod stambolSi gabruneba iyo, radgan samsaxuri-

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 112.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 112.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 114-115.4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 117.

114

dan mxolod orTviani Svebuleba hqonda aRebuli, rasac TiTqmis Svidi

TviT gadaacila. fiqrobda, rom samsaxuridanac gaanTavisufles da am-

rigad, misi 15 wliani pedagogiuri karierac am mogzaurobas Seewira.1

butbais gansakuTrebiT ufuloba aSfoTebda, radgan xelT qarTuli

fuli hqonda, romlis msyidvelobiTi Rirebuleba yoveldRe ecemoda.

Tavisi wuxili da stambolSi dabrunebis ganzraxva butbaim maspinZels

gaumxila. miSe muanma is daamSvida, Seaxsena, rom soxumSi elodebodnen

da iq Causvlelad TurqeTSi gabruneba marTebuli saqcieli ar iqneboda.2

25 agvistos, dilis xuT saaTze, butbai da miSe muani oCamCiredan

soxumisaken avtomobiliT gavidnen. tamiSSi isauzmes da naSadRevisTvis

soxumSi mividnen. soxumis aRwerisas butbai aRtacebas ver malavs: `sa-

moTxisebur silamazesa da simwvaneSi mimavali gziT soxumSi SevediT.

Tavi buiukadaSi megona. yovelmxriv sazafxulo kurortis xedebia.Mmow-

esrigebuli da geometriuli sisworis quCebi, didebuli yvavilnare-

bi, saSualo simaRlis erT da orsarTuliani, gemovnebiani saxlebi.

samxreTiT farTo navsadguriT SemosazRvruli es qalaqi, yvelafriT

Tanamedrove qalaqebis daria. kedeliviT aRmarTuli kavkasiis mTa, afxa-

zeTis am Zvel dedaqalaqs CrdiloeTis mkacri qarisagan ifaravs, amitom

aq zamTarSi zomieri, xolo zafxulSi grili havaa. samarTlianad uwoda

erTma frangma mweralma soxums kavkasiis nica. erT dros aq afxazurisa

da Turqulis garda sxva saubari ar ismoda, axla ki ra samwuxaroa, rom

yovelmxriv megruli da qarTuli ismis. gadasaxlebebis Sedegad es kox-

ta afxazuri qalaqi jer gamegrelebula, axla ki gaqarTvelebis gzazea.

soxumSi Zalian cota afxazi cxovrobs. did umravlesobas megrelebi da

qarTvelebi Seadgenen. TiTo-orola, droebiT Semosuli Turqi mezRvau-

ric gvxvdeba~.3

miSe muanma butbai `qalaqis yvelaze karg sastumroSi~, oTaxSi zR-

vis xediT daabinava, mcire xniT dasveneba urCia, rom Semdeg soxumel

maspinZlebTan Sesaxvedrad waeyvana.4

mustafa butbais Canawerebis gamomcemeli aq amTavrebs misi Canawerebis

mesame rveuls, riTac sruldeba butbais `mogonebebi kavkasiaze~.

butbai soxumSi ramodenime dRe darCa. aq is Sexvda sazogadoebrio-

bis warmomadgenlebs, afxazi muhajirebis saqmeTa soxumis centraluri

komitetis wevrebs. soxumSi gamarTul Sexvedrebze butbai saubrobda

TurqeTSi mcxovreb afxazebze, aRniSna maTi yofa-cxovrebis damaxasiaTe-

beli zogierTi detali, rogoricaa SabaTobiT micvalebulebis moxsenie-

1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 118.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 119.3 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 120; buiukada - sakurorto kunZuli stam-

bolTan.

4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları..., gv. 120-121; sastumro `san-remo” (dRevandeli

`riwa”).

115

ba da maTTvis wlisTavis gadaxda. aseve, TurqeTis afxazebSi gavrcele-

buli yofila cxenis qurdoba misi iaraRSi gadacvlis mizniT. butbai

amtkicebda, rom TurqeTSi 200 aTasi afxazi cxovrobda da isini Tavi-

suflad saubrobdnen afxazur enaze, ganaTlebis miRebas ki samxedro sam-

saxurSi Sesvlas amjobinebdnen. 27 agvistos afxazi muhajirebis saqmeTa

soxumis centralurma komitetma butbais sazeimo gacileba mouwyo da 7

aTasi maneTi gadasca TurqeTis afxazobis ganaTlebis saWiroebebisaTvis.

butbai baTumis gavliT dabrunda stambolSi.1

mustafa butbais, ismail berkokisa da aziz mekeris2 kavkasiaSi mog-

zauroba mimdinareobda regionSi Zireuli politikuri da socialuri

gardaqmnebis fonze. mustafa butbai Tavis CanawerebSi gvawvdis araerT

Zvirfas cnobas imdroindeli politikuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb kavka-

siis regionSi, Taviseburi TvalTaxedviT asaxavs kavkasiisa da saqarT-

veloSi Seqmnil viTarebas.

mustafa butbais `mogonebebi kavkasiaze”, saintereso da sando wyroa

rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiis istoriis uaRresad

rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT savse periodis SeswavlisaTvis.

1 gazeTi `afsni”, 28 agvisto 1920w. (afxazur enaze); Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Зарубежные Абхазы.., gv. 10-11, 44; butbais Canawerebis pirvel rveulSi moxazulia mogzaurobis

ruka, sadac soxumidan baTumsa da iqidan stambolSi Casvla aris aRniSnuli.

2 ismail berkoki, İsmail Berkok (1890-1954) osmaleTis imperiisa da TurqeTis respub-

likis samxedro da politikuri moRvawe, eTnikuri yabardoeli. 1918 w. azerbaijansa

da daRestanSi moqmedi,,kavkasiis islamuri armiis~ Stabis oficeria. 1946 w. gadadga

samsaxuridan general-maioris CiniT. TurqeTis parlamentis wevri 1950-1954 wlebSi.

1958 w. gamoica misi wigni Tarihte Kafkasya; aziz mekeri, Aziz Meker (1877-1941) osma-leTis imperiisa da TurqeTis respublikis politikuri moRvawe, diplomati. eTnikuri

abaza. 1920-1922ww. Turqi xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis monawile.

sabWoTa ruseTSi TurqeTis saelCos mdivani. 1923w. TurqeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg

eweoda pedagogiur saqmianobas.

116

Zaza TsurtsumiaPhD in History

MUSTAFA BUTBAY AND HIS `MEMORIES OF THE CAUCASUS~

In 1990, Turkish Historical Society of the Ataturk Supreme Council for Cul-ture, Language and History published “Memories of the Caucasus” by Mustafa Butbay. (Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yük-sek Kurumu. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları XXIV. Dizi-Sa. 4. Ankara. 1990.)

Ahmet Cevdet Canbulat translated from Ottoman Turkish language into mod-ern Turkish languages the diaries of Mustafa Butbay written during the traveling through the Caucasus.

Mustafa Butbay (Butba) was the member of the Abkhazian family, which was exiled to the Ottoman Empire from Abkhazia. He was born in Anatolia, nearby to the Eskişehir, in the village Ağapinar. Since 1905 he had done teaching activities in the Istanbul, including in the Galatasaray Lyceum.

In 1918, Mustafa Butbay became the member of the “North Caucasus Politi-cal Society” (Şimali Kafkasya Cemiyet-i Siyasiyesi). This Society was founded in İstanbul by the support of Enver Pasha, the leader of the Ottoman Empire ruling party “The Committee of Union and Progress” and Ottoman Minister of War.

Enver Pasha wanted to promote creating the Islamic State in North Caucasus by using the “North Caucasus Political Society”. This Islamic State would be un-der the protection of Ottomans and should fi ght against Russia.

In early 1920, The member of the Parliament of The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Abubakar Pliev arrived in Turkey, where he had a meet-ing with the leader of the Turkish War of Independence Mustafa Kemal Paşa in Sivas. As Butbay writes, on this meeting was decided to send delegation to the North Caucasus. Other versions offer us Butbay’s companions Aziz Meker and Ismail Berkok. They wrote that the delegation was sent by the order of Jemal Pa-sha and Pevzi Pasha, the Ottoman Defense ministers.

From February 1920 to July 1920 the delegation, which included representa-tives of the Turkish North-Caucasian Diaspora Ismail Berkok and Aziz Meker, besides Mustafa Butbay, was traveled in the Caucasus. The aim of Delegation was defi ne the situation in the North Caucasus and begin movement for freedom in the mountainous people.

The members of Delegation arrived in Tbilisi from Istanbul through Batumi, then arrived to Baku and after that in March, 1920 they arrived in Dagestan. In Dagestan the delegation had a meeting with the head of the local Bolsheviks Celal Korkmazov and religious leaders as well.

The Delegation moved from Dagestan to Chechnya and they stayed in the village of Vedeno. In Vedeno they carried out the preparatory works for inviting Chechnya-Dagestan People’s Congress. This Congress was held in 1920, on the

117

holy hill of Chechnya Khetosh korta, nearby to the village of Tsenteroy in the dis-trict of Nojay-Yurt. The Congress elected the “National Assembly”, which should fi ght for freedom of the North Caucasus. National Assembly deputies took oath of freedom.

In this period of time the Soviet government was strengthened in the North Caucasus. The Bolsheviks mistrust the activities of the Turkish Delegation and they decided to arrest the Delegation. Butbay and companions was forced to look for shelter in the remote villages of Chechnya-Ingushetia and fi nally they decided to move to Georgia.

n the 7th June of 1920, Mustafa Butbay, Aziz Meker and Ismail Berkok came to Georgia through Ingushetia Dzeyrakh Gorge. Georgian border guards arrested them for one day and took their guns, after that the Delegation went to Kazbegi and then to Tbilisi. On July Aziz Meker and Ismail Berkok went back to Turkey. Mustafa Butbay had to make preaparations to go to Abkhazia.

Butbay arrived in Abkhazia on the 17th August of 1920. He visited Gali and Ochamchire and On 25 August arrived in Sukhumi, where he remained for several days. At the meeting in Sukhumi, Butbay was talking about lives of Abkhazians in Turkey; he referred as their accommodation places the following districts: Izmit, Adapazari, Hendek, Düzce, Eskişehir, Sivas, and Samsun. Butbay noted some de-tails that are characteristic to Abkhazians that live in Turkey, such as mentioning the deceased on Saturday and play anniversary for them. Butbay asserted that 200 thousand Abkhazians lived in Turkey and they were speaking freely in Abkhazian language; Youth did not want to take education and preferred military service. Turkish Abkhazians desire to return to the homeland.

In August 27 the society of Sokhumi arranged the sendoff Mustafa Butbay and gave him 7 thousand Georgian Maneti for education of Turkish Abkhazians. Butbay arrived back in Istanbul through Batumi.

Mustafa Butbay’s “Memories of the Caucasus” is an important and credible source for the study of the history of struggle for independence of the North Cau-casian Mountaineers in 1920. It’s interesting the observations of Mustafa Butbay on the Democratic Republic of Georgia and as well on the social and ethnic issues in autonomous region of Abkhazia in Georgia.

118

ramaz Wanturiaramaz Wanturiasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

somxuri wreebis pretenziebi qarTul miwebzesomxuri wreebis pretenziebi qarTul miwebze

XIX s. - XX s. 20-ian wlebSiXIX s. - XX s. 20-ian wlebSi

somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba amierkavkasiaSi me-11 saukunemde arse-

bobda. Aam dros is daeca da somxebi TandaTan ucxo qveynebSi gaifantnen.

Mme-11 saukunemde1 sxvadasxva dros, e.w. `didi somxeTi~ pretenzias

acxadebda, raTa Tavisi gavlenis qveS moeqcia mTeli kavkasia. somxeTis

eklesiis saWeTmyrobelnic cdilobdnen, daeqvemdebarebinaT qarTuli da

albanuri eklesiebi, monofizitur (grigorianul) aRmsareblobaze moeq-

ciaT isini da Crdilo kavkasielebic. geografiuli mdebareobis Tval-

sazrisiT, kavkasiis centrs, guls saqarTvelo warmoadgenda (metadre

aRm. saqarTvelo) da ara somxeTi. Aamitom, somxeTis saero da saeklesio

xelisuflebma miznad daisaxes qarTvelTa gasomxeba, saqarTvelos gas-

omxureba.2

XI saukuneSi somxuri saukune Seiqmna somxeTis gareT, kilikiaSi,

xmelTaSua zRvis piras. magram, isic 1375 wels sabolood daeca.3 me-11-

me-18 saukuneebSi somxebi ocnebobdnen somxeTSi saxelmwifos, samefos

aRdgenaze da kavkasiaSi pirvelobis mopovebazec. amasTanave, maT SeiTvis-

es cru, yalbi TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos, somxuri miwebi, mxareebi, somxuri

saxelmwifos ararsebobis viTarebaSi, qarTvelebma miisakuTres. mas Sem-

deg, saqarTvelo me-15 saukuneSi calkeul samefo-samTavroebad daiSala,

qarTveli eri veRar axerxebda yvela qarTuli mxaris SenarCunebas,

kargavda zog maTgan da somxuri miwebis mitacebas rogor SeZlebda? an

iran – TurqeTi dauSvebda amas?

somxuri wreebis pretenziebma qarTuli miwebis mimarT axali ZaliT

ifeTqa me-19 saukunidan. amas xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom ruseTis

imperiam sayrdenad amierkavkasiaSi somxebi gaixada, xolo qarTvelebi

aiTalwuna4. saqme isaa, rom qrTvelTa eris nawili ver urigdeboda ru-

seTis mier 1783 wlis traqtatis pirobebis fexqveS gaTelvas, qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis mospobas. rac SeexebaT somxebs, 1827 wlisaTvis,

roca rusebma aiRes erevani, e.w. ruseTis somxeTSi, dRevandeli somxeTis

teritoriaze cxovrobda daaxloebiT sul 25000 somexi, e.i. erTi dabis

mosaxleobis odeni. ruseTis wyalobiT, somxuri mosaxleoba daubrunda

1 bizantiis imperiam 1045w. gaauqma anisis samefo.2 a. abdalaZe. ra bedisani varT qarTvelebi. Tb., 2002.

3 Г.Р. Мархулия. Из истории армянской националистической партии «Дашнакцутюп» и её политики в отношении Грузии, Жур. Исторические разыскания. Тб., 2002.4 Г.Р. Мархулия. Административная политика Российской империи на Кавказе и вопросы армяно-грузинского антогонизма. Тб., 2004.

119

somxeTs: amasTanave, maSin, rodesac ruseTis xelisuflebam mospo erT-

morwmune qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia, grigorianul somxur ekle-

sias, eCmiaZins avtokefalia SeunarCuna. ruseTis mesveurni acxadebdenen,

rom erT saxelmwifoSi, e.i. ruseTis imperiaSi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo

ori marTlmadidebluri avtokefaluri eklesia. amasTan dakavSirebiT e.

TayaiSvili SeniSnavda, rom bizantiis imperiaSi arsebobda oTxi marTl-

madidebluri avtokefaluri eklesia (ix. mogonebebi gardasul dReTa, ilia

WavWavaZe, Tb., 1987w, gv. 282). vai, rom sxvadasxva erTa TviTmyofadobis

mospobaSi ruseTma bizantiis imperiasac ajoba.

ruseTs somxuri eklesia, eCmiaZini sWirdeboda imisTvis, rom Tavisi

gavlenis qveS moeqcia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, kerZod, TurqeTSi, iransa da

sxvagan mcxovrebi somxebi da amitom SeunarCuna mwvaleblurad miCneul

somxur eklesias avtokefalia.

XVIII s-is II naxevris cnobili mogzauri, akad. giuldenStedti

werda, rom javaxeTi qarTuli mxare ariso (giuldenStedtis mogzauroba

saqarTveloSi, t.1, g. gelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1962, gv. 215) TurqeTis

batonobis miuxedavad, qarTvelma erma SeZlo javaxeTisTvis qarTuli

iersaxe, qarTuli suli SeenarCunebina. ruseTis xelisuflebisa da somx-

uri wreebis ZalisxmeviT ki XIX-XX ss-Si qarTuli mxare _ javaxeTi

somxur mxared aqcies. Sah-abasma qvemo qarTlSi TaTrebi Camoasaxla,

magram gana es usamarTloba ar unda gamoswordes? isic unda iTqvas,

rom somxebi me-19 s-dec garkveuli raodenobiT cxovrobdnen javaxeT-

Sic, qvemo qarTlSic da sxva qarTul mxareebSic. jer erTi, roca XI

saukunidan somxebi sxva qveynebSi gaifantnen, maT erTiaT, pirvel rigSi

mezobel saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuliyvnen, radgan Tu SesaZlebloba

miecemodaT, aqedan ufro advilad dabrundebodnen mSobliur somxeTSi1.

qarTvelebisTvisac ukeTesi iyo, rom somxeTSi ecxovraT qristianebs da

ara muslimebs. meorec, kavkasiis erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna somxeTma ki

ara, saqarTvelom SeZlo XII s-Si. XIII saukunidanac, Znelbedobis xanaSi,

qarTveli eri kvlav fiqrobda kavkasiis erTianobaze da yvela gaWirve-

bul kavkasiels TavSesafars aZlevda saqarTveloSi. cxadia, maSin ar

fiqrobdnen imaze, rom Semoxiznuli somxebi, osebi, afsuebi Tu sxvebi

pretenzias ganacxadebdnen qarTuli miwebis mitacebaze.

ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTveli eris dasja ganiZraxa im gziTac,

rom eTnikurad aeWrelebina saqarTvelo. am mizniT XIX - XX ss-Si

saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTSi, TbilisSi, afxazeTSi da sxvagan didi

raodenobiT Camoasaxles kerZod, somxuri mosaxleoba, amisTanave saqa-

rTvelos ekonomika, vaWroba, mniSvnelovanwilad, ruseTis mTavrobam me-

tadre, 1917 wlis revoluciamde somxebs Caugdo xelSi, qarTveli eris

naoflars somxebi iTvisebdnen, qarTul miwebs yidulobdnen da gauCndaT

1 iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi., Tb., 1919.

120

pretenzia, rom mTeli saqarTvelo CaegdaT xelSi1. somxurma wreebma

gaaCaRes saTanado propagandac, TiTqos, saqarTvelo yovelTvis, istori-

ulad somxeTis nawili, provincia iyo da Tu qarTuli kultura iqmne-

boda, mas somxebi qmnidnen TviT SoTa rusTavelis CaTvliT.

amgvar propagandas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. somxebma SeZles bevri cno-

bili pirovnebis mimxroba, qarTveli eris sawinaaRmdegod ganawyves isini.

ase, mag. TbilisSi 1881 w. gamarTul ruseTis arqeologTa (siZveleTm-

codneTa) yrilobaze, cnobilma peterburgelma mecnierma, xvolsonma Ta-

vis misasalmebel sityvaSi ganacxada: moxaruli var rom vimyofebi somx-

eTis dedaqalaq TbilisSio. yrilobas eswrebodnen cnobili qarTveli

moRvaweebi, akaki wereTeli da sxvebi. cxadia isini aRSfoTdnen.

saerTodac, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela da sxva

qarTveli morvaweebi igrZnobdnen, rom somxuri wreebis usafuZvlo pre-

tenziebs qarTuli miwebis mimarT, imaze, rom xelT egdoT saqarTveloSi

wamyvani poziciebi, kargi araferi moyveboda. maT gangaSi atexes. es

aucilebeli iyo, raTa qarTveli eri, misi nawili mainc somxuri wree-

bisagan mosalodnel safrTxes mzadyofnaSi daxvedroda. am mxriv gan-

sakuTrebiT didi roli Seasrula ilias `qvaTa RaRadma~. marTlacrom

somxeTis daSnakurma mTavrobam 1918 wlis dekemberSi jari Semousia

saqarTvelos2, miuxedavad Cveni imdroindeli xelisuflebis araerovnu-

lobisa, qarTveli eris erTma nawilma SeZlo darazmva da mtrisTvis,

momxdurisTvis sakadrisi pasuxis gacema. es ilias, akakis, vaJas da

maT Semoqmedebaze aRzrdili qarTvelebis damsaxureba iyo da ara saqa-

rTvelos xelisuflebisa. ruseTis xelisuflebis wyalobiT, Tu vis

uvardeboda xelT saqarTvelos, Tbilisis bedi, amis naTelsayofad erT

magaliTs moviyvanT. l.xatisovi (xatisiani), 1907 wels Tbilisis qa-

laqis Tavis (meris) moadgile gamxdara, xolo 1910 wlidan 1917 wlamde

Tbilisis Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi yofila. am Tanamdebobaze TiTqmis

aTi weli viyavio, wers xatisovi. gulisxmobs imas, rom misi moadg-

ileobis dros qalaqisTavi Cerqezovi (CerqeziSvili) avadmyofobda da

mas xatisovi cvlida. bunebrivia, davsvaT kiTxva: ramdenad maxlobeli

iyo Tbilisis qalaqisTav xatisovisTvis qarTveli eris sasicocxlo

interesebi? xatisovis sityviT, saqarTvelo 1918 wels sargeblobda

somxeTis SeWirvebuli mdgomareobiT, qarTvelebi `cdilobdnen TavianT

sasargeblod gadaewyvitaT teritoriuli dava, daepyroT borCalosa da

axalqalaqis (e.i. qvemo-qarTlis da javaxeTis) mazrebi. amnairad Seiqmna

is atmosfero, romlisganac iSva somxur-qarTuli omi.

am omis uSualo sababi iyo: 1. somxeTi cdilobda Tavisufali gasasv-

leli hqonoda baTumisken; 2. SeeerTebina lores da axalqalaqis `wminda

1 Г.Р. Мархулия. Армяно-грузинские взаимоотношения в 1918-1920гг., Тб., 2004.2 Г.Р. Мархулия. Армяно-грузинские взаимоотношения в 1918-1920гг., gv.

121

somxuri mazrebi, romlebzedac saqarTvelo adebda xels~.1 qarTvelebs ar

hqondaT imis garantia, rom xatisovi da misi amqari somxeTTan baTumis

SeerTebasac ar moiTxovdnen. daSnakur rukebze asec xdeboda. xatisovi

rixianad acxadebs: `Cven ar SegveZlo SevrigebodiT axalqalaqis dakarg-

vas, Tumca qarTvelebma jer kidev 1918 w. dekemberSi daipyres igi da

bolomde ekavaT~.2

inglisis daxmarebiT somxebma miaRwies imas, rom 1919w. dasawyisSi

qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri,3 romlis gadasarCenadac

qarTvelebi jvarosnul laSqrobebs awyobdnen saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi da

sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde ibrZodnen, neitralur zonad gamocxadda.

1921 w. ki, bolSevikuri ruseTis xelisuflebam lore-taSiri CamoarTva

saqarTvelos da gadasca somxeTs, iseve rogorc saingilo gadasca azer-

baijans.

dResac somxuri wreebi did pretenziebs acxadeben qarTul miwebze,

ara marto javaxeTze, walkazec. kvlav gaCaRebulia propaganda, rom saqa-

rTveloSi Tu rame gakeTebula da keTdeba, es somxebis Rvawlia. kvlav

iqmneba safrTxe, rom lore-taSiriviT radikalurad ganwyobili somxebi

Seecdebian sxva qarTuli miwebis mitacebasac. igive afxazeTSi somxebis

erTi nawili afsuebs daexmarnen qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg, es imitomac, rom

saqarTvelo dasustdes da mis nangrevebze somxeTma xeli moiTbos. qarT-

velma erma unda gaacnobieros radikaluri somxuri wreebisagan momdin-

are safrTxec da mzad iyos Tavis dasacavad am frontzec.

1 a. abdalaZe. meti obieqturoba! `mnaTobi”, 1998, #3-4, gv. 187.

2 a. abdalaZe. meti obieqturoba! `mnaTobi”, 1998, #3-4, gv. 182-183.

3 Г. Р. Мархулия. Армяно-грузинская конференция и образование Лорийской нейтральной зоны., Тб., 2006.

122

Ramaz ChanturiaPhD in History

THE CLAIMS OF THE ARMENIAN CIRCLES TO THE GEORGIAN LANDS

Since the foundation of the Armenian Kingdom in 190 A.D. Armenia set off its aggression against the Georgian State. As a result of this aggression Khordzene, Gugareti and Periadri became part of the territory of Armenia. Since then the Ar-menian-Georgian relations have been marked by the territorial claim of Armenia to Georgia.

In the second half of IX century the Armenian leaders established two Ar-menian kingdoms on the Georgian historical land: Tashiri and Vanandi. In the 50-ies of XII century the Byzantine Empire abolished the AnisiKingdom. In the years that followedGeorgia returned the historical territories of Tuisi. In XIX cen-tury the Russian Empire founded the Yerevan province. The Armenian national-istic powers desiredto establish another Armenian province at the expense of the Georgian historical land, in particular, the Alexandropol province which was to embrace Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Loche, Borchalo, Dmanisi and the two-thirds of the territory of Tbilisi but the First World War prevented them from carrying out their plans. After the declaration of independence the Armenian Government again set up a territorial claim to Georgia. In consequence of those claims the Armenian authorities started a disgraceful war against Georgia but were defeated and had to renounce their claims.After the sovietization of the South Caucasus the Communist authorities of Georgia transferred to Armenia Lore, a historical Geor-gian territory. In spite of all this Armenia’s territorial claims to Georgia haven’t been completed yet.

123

zurab papasqiri,zurab papasqiri,soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis

zogierTi aspeqti zogierTi aspeqti

kavkasiuri omi XIX saukuneSi da misi Sedegebikavkasiuri omi XIX saukuneSi da misi Sedegebi

kavkasia rusuli politikuri samyaros interesebis sferoSi moxvda

jer kidev kievis ruseTis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze

(IXs. II naxevridan), rodesac calkeuli rusuli (rus-norman-variagTa)

razmebi laSqrobdnen kaspiispireTSi.1 miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli

laSqrobebi, erTi SexedviT, nadavlis mosapoveblad gamiznuli mekobru-

li (variag-normanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli) xasiaTisa iyo, mecnierebaSi

TiTqmis dadgenilad iTvleba, rom IX-XIs. I mesamedSi kaspiispireT-

Si ganxorcielebul samxedro aqciebs garkveuli politikuri motiva-

ciac gaaCnda da maT ukan axlad aRmocenebuli kievis saxelmwifo idga,

romelsac skandinaviidan mosuli rus-variagi mTavrebi ganagebdnen.2 Zveli

rusuli matianeebi gvawvdian cnobebs calkeul rus mTavrebsa da Crdil-

oeT kavkasiel tomTa dapirispirebis Sesaxebac. kerZod, maTSi moTxro-

bilia kievis didi mTavris sviatoslavis mier `kosogebsa~ (adiRebi) da

`iasebze~ (osebi) mopovebul (965w.) gamarjvebaze; tmutarakanis mTavar

mstislav vladimiris Zis galaSqrebaze (XIs. 20-ian wlebSi) ̀ kosogebis~

(adiRebis) winaaRmdeg da adiRTa belad rededisTan mis orTabrZolaze3

(es faqti cnobilia adiRuri gadmocemebiTac).4 imave rusuli matianis

cnobiT, alania-ovseTis sazRvramde misdia yivCayebs 1116 wels iaropolk

1 amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: З. В. Папаскири. У истоков грузино-русских политических взаимоотношений. Тб., 1982, gv. 25-27; r. metreveli, z. papasqiri. saqarTvelo da Zveli

ruseTi. IX-XI saukuneebis I mesamedi. – qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli, t. XIV. Tb.,

2010, gv. 57-86.

2 ukanasknel periodSi zogierTi mkvlevari iqiTkenac, rom aRniSnuli laSqrobebi ganxor-

cielebuli iyo Zveli ruseTis sxva centrebidan – Cernigovidan da azovispireTidan. ix.:

В. М. Бейлис. О значении сведений средневековых арабских авторов для изучения внешней политики Древней Руси. – Внешняя политика Древней Руси: Юбилейные чтения, посвященные 70-летию со дня рождения чл.-корр. АН СССР В. Т. Пашуто. Москва, 19-22 апреля 1988 г. Тезисы докладов. М., 1988, gv. 10; В. Я. Петрухин. Походы Руси на Царьград: К проблеме достоверности летописи. – Восточная Европа в древности и средневековье: Международная договорная практика Древней Руси. IX Чтения памяти чл.-корр. АН СССР В. Т. Пашуто. Москва, 16-18 апреля 1997 г. Материалы к конференции. М., 1997, gv. 68-69.3 Повесть временных лет по Лаврентьевской летописи 1377 г. Текст и перевод. Подготовка текста Д. С. Лихачева, пер. Д. С. Лихачева и Б. А. Романова под ред. В. П. Адриановой-Перетц. М.-Л., 1950, ч. I, gv. 9.4 Ш. В. Ногмов. История адыгейского народа. Нальчик, 1958, gv. 120-122.

124

vladimir monomaxis Zem, sadac daqorwinda kidec osTa mTavris asulze.1

magram ruseTi, rogorc aqtiuri politikuri moTamaSe kavkasiaSi

realurad gamoCnda XVIs. Sua xanebidan, mas mere rac sabolood Cam-

oyalibda erTiani rusuli saxelmwifo da misi xelmwife – moskovis

didi mTavari – ivane IV 1547 wels sazeimod ekurTxa mefed. yazanisa

(1552w.) da astraxanis (1556w.) saxanoebis dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis

saxelmwifo moadga kavkasias. 1557w. daido pirveli samxedro-politi-

kuri xelSekruleba moskovsa da yabardos mTavar Temuryvas (Temriuk

idarovs) Soris, romelic dinastiuri qorwinebiT ganmtkicda. Crdilo-

eT kavkasiaSi Tavisi poziciebi ruseTma sunjasa da Tergis SesarTavTan

(1567w.) da Tergis deltaSi (1588w.) cixe-simagreebis agebiT gaamyara.

ufro metic, swored am periodSi (1564-1571ww.) levan kaxTa mefis

iniciativiT rusulma samxedro nawilebma kavkasioni gadmolaxes da kax-

eTSi Cadgnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom moskovma XVIs. 80-ian wlebSi ukve

iuridiulad gaaforma Tavisi proteqtorati kaxeTis samefoze, imJamad

ruseTi ar aRmoCnda mzad ufro aqtiurad CarTuliyo kavkasiis saqmeebSi.

mTeli XVIIs. manZilze moskovis saxelmwifo, marTalia, iCenda garkveul

diplomatiur aqtiurobas qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis mimarT,

magram samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT raime seriozuli nabijebi

kavkasiis mimarTulebiT ar gadaudgams. rac Seexeba CrdiloeT kavkasias,

ruseTi met-naklebi warmatebiT axerxebda calkeuli Temebisa da daR-

estnis zogierTi saxanos ayvanas mfarvelobaSi, Tumca es jer kidev ar

niSnavda ruseTis myar damkvidrebas regionSi.

mxolod XVIIIs. 20-ian wlebis damdegs petre I-ma moindoma qarT-

lis mefe vaxtang VI-sTan kavSirSi gadamwyveti dartymis miyeneba spar-

seTisTvis, magram e.w. `laSqroba sparseTSi~, romlis mTavari mizani iyo

dasavleT kaspiispireTis ruseTis saxelmwifos kontrolqveS moqceva

da sruli gavlenis damyareba mTel kavkasiaze, warumatebeli aRmoCnda

da kavkasiaSi status-qvo SenarCunda. ruseTis xelisufleba gadamwyvet

Setevaze kavkasiis mimarTulebiT gadavida 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-

TurqeTis omis dros, rodesac man gagzavna samxedro kontingenti saqa-

rTveloSi da qarTvel politikur liderebTan – qarTl-kaxeTis mefe

erekle II-sa da imereTis mefe solomon I-Tan erTad pirvelad ganaxor-

ciela samxedro moqmedebebi samxreT kavkasiaSi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg.

1774 wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zaviT ruseTma pirvelad Seitana

mcire koreqtivi osmaleTis politikaSi imereTis samefos mimarT. 1774

wels Crdilo kavkasiis sami xeobis – alagiris, qurTaTis da Tagau-

ris osuri Temebis (meoTxe Temi – digori imJamad yabardos farglebSi

iyo da ruseTs 1787 wels SeuerTda) warmomadgenlebis molaparakebebi

ruseTis xelisuflebasTan damTavrda am Temebis, da ara miTiuri `er-

1 Ипатьевская летопись. – Полное собрание русских летописей (ПСРЛ). Т. II. М., 1962, gv. 284.

125

Tiani~ osuri saxelmwifos (aseTi ram imJamad saerTod ar arsebobda),

romelic TiTqos moicavda CrdiloeT da `samxreT oseTs~, ruseTis

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi SesvliT. 1774-1781 wlebSi ruseTma SeierTa

agreTve CeCnuri da inguSuri Temebi

1783 wels dadebuli georgievskis traqtatiT, romlis mixedviTac

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida, ruseTma kidev

erTi seriozuli nabiji gadadga sakuTriv CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavisi

poziciis gansamtkiceblad. magram ruseTis mflobelobis damyarebas win

aRudga CrdiloeT kavkasielTa mniSvnelovani nawili, romelmac wamoiwyo

`saRvTo omi~ (`hazavaTi~) `urjuloebis~, anu qristianebis winaaRmdeg.

am brZolas saTaveSi Caudga yofili mwyemsi uSurma, romelsac ewoda

Seixi mansuri (arabulad – `gamarjvebuli~). mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis

azriT, swored aqedan unda daiwyos kavkasiis omis aTvla. ruseTis xe-

lisuflebam mxolod XVIIIs. 90-iani wlebis damdegs SeZlo am moZrao-

bis CaxSoba. mwvave antirusul gamosvlebs hqonda adgili did yabardoSi

1794-1804 wlebSi, sadac adre loialurad ganwyobili adgilobrivi

muslimuri elita moTminebidan gamoiyvana kavkasiis gamagrebuli xazis

mSeneblobam. yabardoelTa es ajanyeba, romelSic aqtiur monawileobas

iRebdnen yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi, inguSebi, osebi, sisxlSi CaaxSves.

1802 wels gen. k. knoringma gaatara umkacresi zomebi urCi Tagaureli

osebis mimarT da gadawva osuri soflebi.

qarTl-kaxeTisa (1801w.) da imereTis (1810w.) samefoebis gauqmebiTa

da saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebiT ruseTis xelisufle-

bam sabolood Camoixsna niRabi da mTlianad gamoaSkarava Tavis imperi-

uli zraxvebi ara mxolod erTmorwmune saqarTvelos, aramed zogadad

kavkasiis mimarT. 1804 wlis mTiuleTis, 1810 wlis imereTis, 1812 wlis

kaxeTis, 1819-1820 wlebis imereTis ajanyebebi iyo qarTveli xalxis

pasuxi rusuli imperiuli reJimis mimarT. TandaTanobiT mkacrdeboda

rusuli reJimi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, ramac ukiduresad gaamwvava urT-

ierToba ruseTis xelisuflebasa da mTiel xalxebs Soris.

am droidan formula `Покорение Кавказа~ (kavkasiis damorCileba)

oficialuri doqtrinis rangSi iyo ayvanili. am amocanis gadaWras en-

ergiulad Seudga `kavkasiis risxvad~ aRiarebuli gen. aleqsi ermolovi

(saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli – 1816-1827ww.), romlis moRvaweobiTac

iwyeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobis axali etapi. man umkacresi zomebi

gaatara CeCnebis (mis saxels ukavSirdeba rusuli cixe-simagris groz-

nos dasruleba) mimarT, romelTa daSoSminebis Semdeg yabardoc daawyn-

ara. a. ermolovma principulad uari Tqva mTielTa calkeuli liderebis

mimarT yovelgvar daTmobebsa da mosyidvis politikaze da kursi erT-

niSnad maTi iaraRis ZaliT morjulebaze aiRo. a. ermolovis politika

gaagrZela misma Semcvlelma kavkasiis rusuli administraciis xelmZR-

vanelis Tanamdebobaze, gen. ivane paskeviCma, romelmac pirdapiri miTiTe-

126

ba miiRo imperator nikoloz I-is mxridan sabolood daemorCilebina

mTieli xalxebi, an `gaeJlita urCni~: `Кончив, таким образом, одно славное дело предстоит вам другое, в моих глазах столь же славное, а в рассуждении прямых польз гораздо важнейшее – усмирение навсегда горских народов или истребление непокорных… воспользоваться сиими обстоятельствами, чтобы произвесть одновременный поиск противу всех горских народов, завладеть важнейшими пунктами их земель, а в особенности низменностями оных, и таким образом, лишив горцев средств пропитания, принудить их к покорности~.1 aman kidev ufro gaamwvava viTareba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da male iq axali ZaliT

azvirTda kavkasiel mTielTa ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola, romelsac

1834 wlidan saTaveSi Samili Caudga. Seiqmna imamatis saxelmwifo,

romelmac Tavdapirvelad daRestani da CeCneTi moicva, xolo mogvi-

anebiT misi xelisufleba Cerqezebzec gavrcelda. 25 weli grZeldeboda

Samilis brZola ruseTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. is dasrulda 1859

wlis agvistoSi Samilis datyvevebiT. ruseTma Crdilo-aRmosavleT ka-

vkasia – CeCneT-daRestani daipyro, urCi mosaxleoba (daaxl. 100 000-

mde CeCeni da daRestneli) osmaleTSi muhajirebis statusiT gaaZeva da

maT adgilas rusuli dasaxlebebi Seqmna.�

Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, rusuli imperiuli

manqanis risxva dasavleT kavkasiis adiRur (Cerqezul) da abazur mo-

saxleobas daatyda, romelic agrZelebda Tavganwirul brZolas Tavisu-

flebisaTvis. am brZolas Samilis TanamebrZoli muhamed emini meTaurobda.

magram kavkasiel mTielTa es Tavganwiruli brZolac marcxiT damTavrda.

1859-1860 wlebSi rusebma daimorCiles abaZexebi, muhamed eminma winaaR-

mdegoba Sewyvita da danebda.2 1860w. ianvarSi rusulma regularul-

ma nawilebma kontroli daamyares naTxvajebiT, maxvaSebiT, besleneebiT

dasaxlebul teritoriebze.3

Tu ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebda ruseTis xelisufleba Crdilo-

dasavleT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebul movlenebs Cans iqidan, rom 1861w.

seqtemberSi saomari moqmedebebis zonaSi Cavida TviT aleqsandre II,

romelmac dasavleT kavkasiis mTiel tomTa – abaZexebis, SafsuRebis,

ubixebis da sxvaTa warmomadgenlebs ultimatumi waruyena: an gadasaxle-

buliyvnen yubanispira dablobze, sadac samudamo mflobelobaSi miiRebdnen

1 В. А. Потто. Кавказская война. Т. 2. Ермоловское время. 2007, gv. 10-11. 2 В. А. Потто. Кавказская война. Т. 1. Вып. 1. СПб., 1897, gv. 54, xazgasma Cvenia – z.p.3 b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi. – saistorio Ziebani,

7. Tb., 2004, gv. 109-132, ix. internet-versia: https://sites.google.com/site/saistoriodziebani/dziebani2004;m. tyavaSvili. daRestnelTa muhajiroba XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. nawili I. – ix.

internet-versia: http://expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__10020/alias__Expertclub/lang__ka-GE/tab-id__2546/default.aspx

127

miwebs, SeinarCunebdnen TavianT saxalxo wyobilebasa da sasamarTlos, an

gadasaxlebuliyvnen TurqeTSi.1 mTielebma ar miiRes imperatoris SeTava-

zeba da omi ganaaxles. amasTan, maT delegacia gagzavnes stambolsa da

evropis sxva dedaqalaqebSi, maT Soris londonSi, sadac Sexvedra hqon-

daT premier-ministr palmerstonTan, magram yovelive amas raime realuri

Sedegi ar mohyolia. mTielebi gaiwirnen. maT isRa darCenodaT, rom er-

Tianad osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen.

amis Semdeg movlenebi mTlianad rusuli scenariT warimarTa. ru-

seTis xelisuflebisaTvis, romlis mTavari mizani swored urCi mTieli

`туземц~-ebisagan kavkasiis gawmenda, gamoTavisuflebul teritoriebze

rusuli dasaxlebebis Seqmna da am gziT mxaris sruli garuseba war-

moadgenda, gadamwyvet Setevaze gadavida. 1864 wlis maisSi, Tanamedrove

krasnaia polianas (adrindeli kbaada) midamoebSi rusebma sabolood daa-

marcxes adgilobrivi afxazur-adiRuri Temebi da maTi sisxliT morwyul

mindorze mowyobili gamarjvebis aRlumiT (1864w. 21 maiss) sazeimod

gamoacxades kavkasiis omis dasruleba.2

kavkasiis omis dros rusulma samxedro manqanam gawyvita aTeuli

aTasobiT kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleoba. ruseTis jari moqmedebda Seu-

braleblad. adgili hqonda vandalizmis faqtebs. am mxriv, rad Rirs

Tundac is Tu rogor aWridnen Tavebs moklul mTielebs rusi ja-

riskacebi da garkveuli safasuris fasad abarebdnen mas sardlobas,

romelic am `masalas~ ugzavnida ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademias?! amas

faqtobrivad dokumenturad adasturebs ruseTis armiis oficeri gr.

filipsoni: `Трофеями этого дня были несколько трупов горцев, у которых отрубили головы, завернули и зашили в холст. За каждую голову Вельяминов платил по червонцу и черепа отправлялись в Академию Наук. Поэтому за каждого убитого горца была упорная драка… Драка за трупы и отрезывание голов вошли в нравы и обычаи Кавказских войск. На первый раз, несмотря на воодушевление новизной картин и впечатлений, вид завернутых в холст голов, привязанных к концу казачьих пик, вызвал у меня чувство гадливости и омерзения»... Засс, по обычаю, приказал отрезать головы убитых и с этим трофеем возвратился в свой Прочный Окоп. Через год после того, я встретил генерала Засса в Ставрополе. Он ехал на санях, а другие сани, закрытые полостию, ехали за ним. «Куда это, ваше превосходительство, и что вы везете»? – «Еду, земляк, в отпуск и 1 Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией (SemdegSi – АКАК). Т. XII, ч. II. Тифлис, 1904, №705, gv. 827-829, b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis.., gv.

109-110.

2 АКАК, т. XII, ч. II, №723, gv. 844; Т. Макаров. Племя адыгэ. III. – gaz.: «Кавказ», 1862, №31, b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da afxazeTi, gv. 110.

128

везу Вельяминову в сдачу решенные дела». С этим словом он открыл полость, и я не без омерзения увидел штук пятьдесят голых черепов. Вельяминов отправил их в Академию Наук~.1

mis dros iyenebdnen e.w. `gadabuguli miwis~ (`Выжженная земля~) taqtikas, romelic iTvaliswinebda dakavebuli teritoriebis gadawvas,

raTa ayril mosaxleobas ar gasCenoda mSobliur kar-midamoSi mobrunebis

survili. am TvalsazrisiT namdvilad gulisSemZvrelia kidev erTi

rusi oficris iv. drozdovis aRweriloba: `В конце февраля пшехский отряд двинулся к речке Мартэ, чтобы наблюдать за выселением горцев, а если понадобится, то и силой выгонять их... Поразительное зрелище представилось глазам нашим по пути: разбросанные трупы детей, женщин, стариков, растерзанные, полуобъеденные собаками; изможденные голодом и болезнями переселенцы, едва поднимавшие ноги от слабости, падавшие от изнеможения и еще заживо делавшиеся добычею голодных собак... Живым и здоровым некогда было думать об умирающих... турецкие шкиперы, из жадности, наваливали, как груз, черкесов, нанимавших их кочермы до берегов Малой Азии, и, как груз выбрасывали лишних за борт при малейшем признаке болезни. Волны выбрасывали трупы этих несчастных на берега Анатолии... Едва ли половина отправившихся в Турцию прибыла к месту. Такое бедствие и в таких размерах редко постигало человечество; но только ужасом и можно было подействовать на воинственных дикарей и выгнать их из неприступных горных трущоб... Теперь в горах Кубанской области можно встретить медведя, волка, но не горца…~.2

am araadamianuri meTodebiT ruseTis imperiam miaRwia dasaxul

mizans: mSobliuri miwa-wylidan aiyara da muhajirobaSi wavida aseuli

aTasobiT adiRi (Cerqezi). imJamindeli rusuli oficialuri monacemebiT

1858-1865 wlebSi osmaleTSi gadasaxlda 493194 adamiani. TviT yvelaze

antikavkasiurad ganwyobili Tanamedrove rusi eqspert-analitikosebis

aRiarebiT kavkasiaSi mxolod adiRebis (Cerqezebis) 5% darCa samSoblo-

Si. muhajiroba Semdgom wlebSic grZeldeboda da ZiriTadad 1877-1878

wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg dasrulda. rasakvirvelia, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom kavkasiel mTielTa am udides tragediaSi garkveuli

1 Записки М. Я. Ольшевского. Кавказ с 1854 по 1866 гг. – «Русская старина», 1895, т. 84, №10, gv. 141; В. Солтан. Военныя действия в Кубанской области с 1861-го по 1864-й год. – Кавказский сборник, т. V. Тифлис, 1880, gv. 355-359; Покорение Западного Кавказа и окончание Кавказской войны. Исторический очерк. Составил С. Эсадзе. Тифлис, 1914, gv. 119; b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis.., gv. 115.

2 Известия о последних военных действиях на Западном Кавказе. – gaz.: «Кавказ», 1864, 11/25 июня, №44; Ахчипсху. – gaz.: «Кавказ», 1864, №49; В. Солтан. Военныя действия.., gv. 467-469; С. З. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии. Сухуми, 1990, gv. 23-24; b. xorava. ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis.., gv. 127-128; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove

afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan. nakveTi I. uZvelesi droidan 1917 wlamde. Tb., 2004,

gv, 177. eleqtron. versia: http://sites.google.com/site/zpapaskiri/publications-georgian

129

wvlili namdvilad osmaleTis mmarTvel wreebs, romlebic eweodnen

aqtiur islamistur propagandas da agreTve `mTielTa winaaRmdegobis~

maSindel liderebsac miuZRviT, magram sruliad udavoa, rom misi mTa-

vari avtori da Semoqmedi mainc ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba iyo.

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis mkvidri adiRi (Cerqezi) xalxebisagan

gawmendis Semdeg, 1866 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam dakavebuli teri-

toria erTi nawili yubanis olqis, xolo meore nawili – Savi zRvis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro _ Savi zRvis okrugis SemadgenlobaSi

moaqcia, romelic 1896 wels yubanis olqs gamoeyo da Savi zRvis gu-

berniad gadakeTda.1

kavkasiis omi mtkivneuli aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis. imTaviTve unda

aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli xalxis brZola rusuli imperiuli reJimis

winaaRmdeg principulad gansxvavdeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiel mTielTa

mier warmoebuli ̀ saRvTo omisagan~. uklebliv yvela antirusuli gamos-

vla, romelsac adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi XIXs. I mesamedSi, miznad

isaxavda ara srul mowyvetas ruseTisagan, aramed erovnuli saxelmwi-

foebriobis aRdgenas ruseTis imperiis farglebSi erTgvari avtonomiis

saxiT. ufro metic, kavkasiis omSi aqtiurad monawileobda ruseTis reg-

ularul armiaSi momsaxure qarTveli oficroba, xolo qarTuli aris-

tokratiis pozicia mkafiod gamoxata dimitri yifianma, imJamad Tbilisis

guberniis TavadaznaurTa sakrebulos winamZRolma Tavis adresSi kavka-

siis mefisnacvlis, didi mTavris mixeil nikolozis Zisadmi, romelSic

mTeli wodebis saxeliT miuloca (1864w. 9 ivniss) mTavarsardals

`kavkasiis damorCileba~ da es umniSvnelovanes movlenad aRiara: `Ваше Императорское Высочество! Вы довершили покорение Кавказа и тем внесли в историю неразлучное с Вашим именем событие громадной важности. Избранные грузинским дворянством, приносим Вашему Императорскому Высочеству поздравление от имени всего сословия. Теперь да поможет Вам Всевышний водворить гражданственность там, где только что прекратилась вековая война~. Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom qarTveloba, zogadad, maT

Soris isinic ki vinc aqtiur monawileobas iRebda mTielTa damorCile-

baSi (mag. grigol orbeliani), TanaugrZnobda moZme kavkasielebs da maTi

mSobliuri miwa-wylidan gasaxlebis mizezad ruseTis xelisuflebis

mxridan mTielTa ukidures Seviwrovebas asaxelebda.2

erTaderTi regioni, romelic uSualod aRmoCnda CaTreuli imier-

kavkasiaSi mimdinare tragikul movlenebSi, iyo afxazeTi. amas Tavisi

axsna aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis mTavar SarvaSiZeTa saxli,

mTlianobaSi, prorusul orientacias adga, afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos sxva

1 Воспоминания Григория Ивановича Филипсона. М., 1885. gv. 102, 127, xazgasma Cvenia – z.p.

2 И. Дроздов. Последняя борьба с горцами на Западном Кавказе. – Кавказский сборник. Тифлис, 1877. Т. 2. gv. 457, xazgasma Cvenia – z.p.

130

kuTxeebisagan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod Zlieri iyo antirusuli ganwyobile-

bebi, romelsac yovelnairad aRvivebda `brwyinvale porta~. osmalTa

politikur da, rac mTavaria, religiur-ideologiur gavlenas afxa-

zeTze noyieri niadagi Seuqmna gvian Sua saukuneebSi momxdarma eTno-

demografiulma cvlilebebma, romelic ganicada regionma monaTesave jiq-

afxazTa mTieli tomebis axali talRis mowolis Sedegad. am tomebma

mniSvnelovnad Secvales odesRac ganviTarebuli qristianuli mxaris

socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ier-saxe. iZala warmarTobam da,

rac mTavaria, afxazuri mosaxleobis sakmaod mozrdilma nawilma miiRo

islami, riTac is TandaTanobiT moeqca osmaleTis politikis farvater-

Si. aqedan gamomdinare, afxazTa mniSvnelovani nawilis brZola ruseTis

imperiis winaaRmdeg atarebda mkveTrad gamoxatul antagonistur xas-

iaTs da SeiZleba iTqvas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare `saRvTo omisa~

(`hazavaTi~) Semadgeneli nawili iyo.

kavkasiis omis damTavrebisTanave ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazeTi-

saTvis moicala da umalve gaauqma afxazeTis samTavro, xolo mTavari

mixeil SarvaSiZe ruseTSi gadaasaxla, sadac 1866 wels gardaicvala.

es gaxda mTavari mizezi afxazTa masStaburi antirusuli gamosvlisa,

romelic imperiulma reJimma sisxlSi CaaxSo. ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg

ruseTis xelisuflebam imave scenari gaiTamaSa, reJimiT ukmayofilo af-

xazebi deda-budianad ayara mSobliuri miwa-wylidan da muhajirebad aq-

cia. es iyo afxazTa pirveli didi muhajiroba. am dros afxazeTi datova

da TurqeTSi hpova TavSesafari 20 aTasamde adamianma. rogorc savsebiT

sworad SeniSnavs afxazi istorikosi st. lakoba, ruseTs `afxazeTi

sWirdeboda uafxazebod~.1 magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi urC afxazTa

asalagmavad.

XIXs. 70-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi rusuli imperiuli reJimis mkveTrad

gamoxatuli koloniuri politikis fonze gamocoxldnen proTurquli

Zalebi, romlebic afxazur mosaxleobaSi mudmivad aRvivebdnen antiru-

sul ganwyobilebas. gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen muhajirebi. swored maT

moaxdines mZlavri antirusuli amboxis inspirireba, romelsac faqto-

brivad erTianad ahyva gudauTisa da kodoris ubnebis afxazoba. xelisu-

flebam moaxdina dasavleT saqarTveloSi da yubanis mxareSi ganTavse-

buli regularuli nawilebis sruli mobilizacia da SeZlo afxazTa

morigi SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis CaxSoba. 1877 wlis ajanyeba iyo afxazTa

yvelaze farTomasStabiani gamosvla ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg da bune-

brivia, is ar SeiZleboda darCeniliyo dausjeli. mTavrobas ukve araferi

uSlida xels, sisruleSi moeyvana kavkasiis rusuli administraciis erT-

erTi satrapTaganis d. svitopolk-mirskis mier afxazebis TurqeTSi ga-

1 Ад. П. Берже. Выселение горцев с Кавказа. – Русская старина, № 1. 1882, gv. 168. – ix. internet-versia: http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Kavkaz/XIX/1840-1860/Berze/text2.htm

131

dasaxlebis jer kidev 1877 wels SemoTavazebuli gegma. osmaleTSi am

dros sul gadasaxlda daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde afxazi, romelTa erTi

nawili ukan mobrunda. xelisufleba ufro Sorsac wavida. 1880w. 31

maiss gamoqveynda imperator aleqsandre II-s brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmadac

darCenili afxazoba oficialurad gamocxadda `damnaSave mosaxleobad~

(`виновное население~).am mZime periodSi pirveli vinc gamoeqomaga afxaz xalxs iyvnen mowi-

nave qarTuli inteligenciis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi: ilia WavWavaZe,

akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, sergi mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, iona

meunargia da sxv. afxazi xalxis Tavze datrialebul am udides tragedi-

aSi qarTveli moRvaweebi erTmniSvnelovnad adanaSaulebdnen ruseTis im-

periis xelisuflebas. qarTuli sazogadoebrioba yovelnairad cdilobda

mxarSi amodgomoda did gasaWirSi myof muhajir-afxazebs da daxmarebis

xeli gaewvdina maTTvis. cnobilia araerTi faqti amgvari Tanadgomisa. am

mxriv sagangebod unda aRiniSnos polkovnik dimitri WavWavaZis (imJamad

bzifis olqis ufrosis) saqmianoba 1866 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, rodesac

man gadaafiqrebina afxazebs muhajirobaSi wasvla: `am saganze Zlieri

qeba gvesmis afxazebisganac da sxva gareSe pirTaganac bzufus mazris

ufroszed T. dimitri WavWavaZezed. man gaagebinao xelmwife imperatoris

brZaneba da mamobrivi mzrunvelobiT auxsna maTi axlandeli da Semd-

gomi mdgomareoba, rom ruseTis mmarTvelobis xelqveiT yofna sjobiao

osmaleTis mmarTvelobis xelqveiT yofnas. mTeli bzufus mazra darCao

gadausaxlebeli garda erTi soflisa,.. ase amboben afxazebi, xalxi mas

umadlis~.1

1 А. Епифанцев. Причины поражения адыгов в Кавказской войне. Кто был прав в будущем? – ix. internet-versia: http://www.apn.ru/publications/article21543.htm

132

Zurab Papaskiri, of Sokhumi State University

SOME ASPECTS OF RUSSIAN IMPERIAL POLICY IN THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASIAN WAR IN THE XIX CENTURY

AND ITS RESULTS

This article is focused on some aspects of Russian Imperial policy in the Cau-casus during the Caucasian War in the XIX century. By abolishing the kingdoms of Kartl-Kakheti (1801) and Imereti (1810) and by establishing of the Russian governance, Russian Government took off the mask and fully revealed its im-perial intentions not only towards Georgia but generally towards the Caucasus. Gradually Russian regime was becoming more and tougher in the North Cauca-sus. This resulted in an extremely strained relationship between the government and Mountain People. From this time the formula – the conquest of the Caucasus was hired as the offi cial doctrine. From 1834 the battle was lead by Shamil. His battle against the Russia continued for 25 years and ended with Shamil’s impris-onment in 1859.

After conquering North-Eastern Caucasus, the anger of the Russian Impe-rial Machine was addressed at Western Caucasian Adige (Circassian) and Abaza people, who continued their desperate battle for freedom. This battle was headed by Shamil’s fellow-fi ghter Muhamed Emin. But this desperate battle also was unsuccessful. From this time the events developed according to the Russian sce-nario. The Russian government’s main aim was to clean The Caucasus from the disobedient mountainous indigenes, to create Russian settlements on this territory, and fully russify it. In May of the 1864, near the modern Krasnaia Poliana (old Kbaada) the Russians fi nally defeated indigenous Abkhazian-Adigian peoples. And on the fi elds that were watered with these people’s blood they organized a parade (1864) and solemnly announced that the Caucasian War was over.

During the Caucasian War the Russian military machine destroyed thousands of the indigenous people’s lives. The Russian army acted mercilessly. There had been acts of vandalism. In this connection was enough to mention that the Rus-sian soldiers behead the killed mountain people and for some reward gave them to their commanders’ who send this ‘material’ to the Russian Academy of Sciences.

With these inhuman methods the Russian Empire achieved its goal: thou-sands of Adigs (Circassian) left their native land. According to the offi cial Rus-sian data of that time 493194 people emigrated to Ottoman Empire. Even the most anticaucasian experts (e.g. Andrei Epifantsev) admit that only 5 % of Adigs (Circassians) stayed in their native country.

133

daviT WiTanava daviT WiTanava iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis – ,,qarTli“ _ qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis – ,,qarTli“ _

,,qarTvelis~ mniSvnelobisaTvis,,qarTvelis~ mniSvnelobisaTvis

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis

qarTli-qarTvelis mniSvneloba mTlad naTeli ar aris.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTuli tomebi uZveles dros mcire aziaSi

cxovrobdnen da mxolod Semdgom TandaTan CrdiloeTisken wamoiwies

da amierkavkasiis miwa-wyali daimkvidres. avtorisave azriT, qarTvel

tomTa Soris sul ukanasknelad araratis midamoebidan Semoxiznulan

amierkavkasiaSi qarTebi da daupyriaT aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.1 avtori

qarTvelTa RviZl Zmebad qaldis anu xaldis xalxs varaudobs da yvela

qarTveli tomebis samSoblod qaldeas miiCnevs.2 sityva `qarTvelis~

pirvel nawils ̀ qarTu~ qveynis saxelTan aigivebs da mas savaraudod erT-

erTi qarTveluri tomis `karduxis~ (kardu=qarTu) TviTsaxelwodebas

ukavSirebs.3

karduxebis qarTvelebTan da termin qarTu-s naTesaobis iv.

javaxiSviliseul mosazrebas mxari dauWira k. leman-xauftma da am

sityvis fuZiseul identobad miiCnia adgilebis saxelwodebebi korduene,

gordiaiois saxiT. amave dros misive dakvirvebiT, es yofili karduxebis

teritoria savsea kldeSi nakveTi sacxovreblebiT, romelic gavs

saqarTveloSi SemorCenil kldis nagebobebs (varZia, ufliscixe da a. S.)

da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba somxur-xaldebamdeli kldis nagebobebisagan.

avtorisave TqmiT, aleqsandre makedonelis mier aziis dapyrobis Semdgom

karduxebis teritoriis nawili makedonuri migdiel tomTa mier iqna

dasaxlebuli. amis Sedegad karduxTa nawili gadasaxlda CrdiloeTiT

(V-I saukuneebs Soris Cvens eramde), sadac isini Sexvdnen mesxebs. nawili

karduxebisa darCa Tavis Zvel samSobloSi gordueneSi (konduene).4

n. marma identurad miiCnia населения ванской клинописной Армении – pаK-d-i←pаK-din-i, и национального племенного названия грузиин – qar-J-vel, собственно его древней двухэлементной сал-ионской части qar-←*qar-in→Qar-l «Грузия» (этнографическая нине «Картлиния»), avtori iberebs da qarTebs sxvadasxva tomad miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom «В Грузии смена иберов картвелами – это та же смена кимеров халдинами resp. qarinami –

1 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, wigni pirveli, Tb., 1951, gv. 428, 429.

2 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, wigni pirveli, gv. 430, 424.

3 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, wigni pirveli, gv. 403.

4 К. Ф. Леман-Хаупт. Вступительная лекция по истории и культуре халдов, _ Tbilisis sax-

elmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. V, Tb., 1937, calke amonabeWdi krebulidan, gv. 262.

134

скифами. qarTebs avtori skviTebad miCnevs, xolo iberebs kimerielebad,

romelTa Soris es pirveli imarjvebs anu skviTi – qarTebi. misive

azriT, gabatonebuli ena am klasobriv-tomobriv warmonaqmnSi inarCunebs

sarmatuli anu iberiuli kulturis miRwevebs.1

n. mars, termini qarT-i (kart) saerTo iafetur doneze dayavs da aRniSnavs: «... kart, что имеем в марийском в значении культового терми-на – «жреца», на которого перешло название самого тотема, в последством божества, как на носителя его могических сил, как на шаман‘а. На Кавказе мы имеем этот же kart и его разновидности в значении «калдуна» (жреца) и в значении тотема – племенного названия; между прочим, это основа национального названия и грузин - qarvel, и Грузии – Qartvel-i. и бога-племенного названия, именно бога Qaldini и народа Qaldini, как это засви-детельствовано в клинописных памятниках Ванского царства в пределах Армении с IX в. до н. э.»

s. janaSias azriT, termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan da

misi meSveobiT amave Ziris winaaziur uZveles saxelebTan.

n. berZeniSvili, leonti mrovelis cnobaze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs,

rom `qarTlis qveyana~ qarTlis koleqtivis sacxovriss niSnavs da ar

gamoricxavs, rom qarTli gora iyo qarTis pirvelsacxovrisi am mxareSi

da am qveyanasac qarTli am niadagze Seerqva.2

n. berZeniSvils ar miaCnia sarwmunod is, rom iberia da qarTli

erTi tomis ori sxvadasxva saxeli iyo. avtori Zvel mcxeTas mesxTa

daarsebulad Tvlis. mas realurad mesxis da qarTis arseboba miaCnia,

Tumca am ukanasknelis etimologia misTvis ucnobia. avtori realurad

miiCnevs, im mosazrebas, rom saxeli `qarTli~ (Tu is satomo saxelia),

am adgils Searqva im tomis mezobelma tomma (iberielebma, mesxebma?).

`qarTli~ Tavdapirvelad erTi sageografio punqti unda yofiliyo da

ara qveyana.3 avtoris azriT, megrelTa mier Tbilisis aRsaniSnavad termin

`qarTi~-s xmareba niSnavs imas, rom megreli mcxeTas uwodebda qarTis.

es ki, ganagrZobs avtori, imas niSnavs, rom `mcxeTa~ ufro gvian gaCnda,

an ukeT, ufro gvian gaupirvelesda, vidre qarTli.4

a. svaniZis aRniSvniT, xaldebis anu urartuelebis dapyroba xdeba

xaldis saxeliT, mSeneblobebi midioda xaldis saxelze, mTavari qalaqic

iwodeba xaldis qalaqad, mTel qveyanas erqva xaldea, anu xaldebis

qveyana.5 swored amgvar centralizacias poulobs paralelebi rogorc

saxelwodebaSi, ise saxelmwifo wyobaSi Zvel qarTvelebsa da qaldebs

1 Н. Я. Марр. Этно и глоттогония Восточной Европы, т. V, М. 1935, gv. 206.2 Н. Я. Марр. Этно и глоттогония Восточной Европы, т. V, gv. 457.3 s. janaSia. Sromebi, t. III, Tb., 1959, gv. 195.4 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII,¨ Tb., 1975, gv. 93.

5 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII,¨gv. 225, 227.

135

Soris, rodesac Zveli qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT Zveli qarTvelebi

Tayvans scemdnen qarTloss, Tavis Tavs uwodebdnen qarTebs – xolo

TavianT qveyanas qarTs.1

a. SaniZis azriT, qarTli, qarTvelze arsebuli axsnebi (n. maris,

iv. javaxiSvilis, n. adoncis, gr. Rafancianis, l. meliqseT-begisa),

`arc erT maTgani istoriul sinamdviles ar Seefereba~. avtorisave

TvalsazrisiT, `sityvebi qarTli da qarTveli etimologiurad mWidro

kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, magram qarTli – erT fuZes emyareba, qarTveli

ki sxvas~.2 kerZod: `Tavdapirvelad qarTli aRniSnavda ers, romelmac

daipyro mcxeTa da mimdgomi qveynebi, karga xans ibatona aq, Semdgom

TandaTanobiT gaiTqvifa adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, Tavisi ena dakarga,

magram Tavisi saxeli gadasca dapyrobil ers, romelic winaT, albaT,

mesxebis saxeliT iyo cnobili~.3 avtorisave azriT, qarTli da parTni

identuri terminebia anu, parTiis mcxovrebni da TviT parTini arian.4

misive daskvniT, parTni > qarTli (n/l monacvleoba araa ucxo qarTuli

sinamdvilisaTvis da advili asaxsnelia p>q, e. i. parTni>karTni

(Sdr. gur. porfile>korfile)>qarTni (k>q. q-s T-sTan nawilobrivi

asimilaciiT). parTias namdvili saxelia parTava; parTav; romlebsac `...

dahrTvia warmomavlobis safiqsi –el, romelsac amouRia winamavali

xmovani: parT-av-el-i > parT>v>el-i~.5 qarTuli ki saTanadod asea

miRebuli: parTav-ul-i>parTv-ul-i>parT-ul-i> qarT-ul-i. Avtori xazs

usvams im garemoebas, rom qarT fuZe megrulad qorT-s gvaZlevs (qorTu

`qarTveli~), rac avtors avaraudebinebs, rom qarT fuZis sityvebi didi

xania ixmareba da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi moeswro gadakeTebuliyo misi

megruli Sesatyvisi~.6

g. meliqiSvilis azriT, saxelwodeba `qarTli warmomavlobiT ufro

politikuri erTeulis saxeli unda yofiliyo da eTnikuri Sinaarsi

gvian unda mieRo. avtori yuradRebas aqcevs im garemoebas, rom qarTlsa

da mis dedaqalaq Tbiliss megrulSi `qarTi~ saxeli SemorCa. Misive

azriT, es saxeli Zveli dedaqalaqis (armazcixe-qarTlis) saxelidan

gadmovida. terminebi `qarTveli~, albaT: qarTa(el>qarTaveli>qarTveli,

1 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII,¨gv. 235.

2 А. Сванидзе. Материалы по истории Аларойдских племен, Тб. 1937, gv. 89.3 А. Сванидзе. Материалы по истории Аларойдских племен, gv. 90.4 a. SaniZe. etimologiuri SeniSvnebi: qarTli, qarTveli, _ Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris

Sromebi, t. 23, Tb., 1980, gv. 7, 9.

5 a. SaniZe. etimologiuri SeniSvnebi..., gv. 10; a. SaniZes amis analogiuri SemTxveva mohy-

avs: bulgareTi, volgis Sua mdinarebaze mcxovrebi Turqi xalxi, Seerivnen slavur ers

(maT gzad ruseTisa da ukrainis velebi gadalaxes, moaRwies dunais, dakarges Tavisi ena,

gaiTqvifnen dapyrobili slavuri modgmis xalxSi da saxelic misces mas – ena slavuria,

saxeli ki Turquli (iqve, gv. 9-10).

6 a. SaniZe. etimologiuri SeniSvnebi..., gv. 11.

136

saqarTvelo da sxva. avtorisave azriT, migviTiTebs imaze, rom saxel

`qarTlSi~ Zireuli `qarTa~//`qarTi~ - sityva unda iyos. es termini,

qarTlis mefeTa uZvelesi rezidenciis, didi galavanSemovlebuli

cixe-simagris saxeli iyo, romlis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi megruls

`qarTi~-s saxiT SemorCa `pirutyvis sazafxulo sadgomis~, `dauxuravi

SemosazRvruli adgilis~ saxiT, xolo `o-qarTu~ ki `sabosle adgils~

niSnavs. qarTs avtori udarebs indoevropul enebSi SemorCenil msgavsve

sityvebs: gardas - luviurSi (zRude, galavani, Robe, baki), gaždinys (gomi, gomuri wvrilfexa saqonlisa. goTuri gаrda – Tanamedrove germanuli

Hürde Viehhof. albanuri garJ - meseri. fino-ungrulSi indoevropulidan

nasesxebi gurt – sacxovrelebi. is aseve gvxvdeba agreTve pirdapir ̀ cixe-

simagris~, `gamagrebuli adgilis~, `qalaqis~ mniSvnelobiT. frigiul –

gordum ̀ qalaqi~. slavuri Град - ̀ cixe-simagre~, ̀ koSki~ > rusuli Город. aseve xeTuri (nesituri) gurta `cixe-simagre~ (“Burg”) da a. S. avtori am sityvas uZveles dros indoevropulidan SeTvisebulad miiCnevs da mas

rogorc TviTon uwodebs `xeTur-mcireaziuli~ tradiciebis matarebeli

mesxebis motanilad Tvlis.1 g. meliqiSvili iziarebs qarTvelis karduxTan

urTierTmimarTebas da maT aRmosavlur qarTul tomad miiCnevs.2

amave dros sxva idoevropul enebSi gvaqvs xeTuri – gurta – cixe-simagre, Zveli induri grhY(*grdha-) `sacxovrisi~, `saxli~, avestis

grada `devuri arsebebis bunagi~, Zveliranuli *gort _ `saxli~,

`sacxovrisi~, `sacxovrebeli adgili~ udmurtuli gart `sofeli~,

`dasaxleba~. albanuri gardh - ̀ Semokavebuli adgili~, litvuri ̀ gardas~ `Semokaveba~ `Semokavebuli adgili~. saSualo Zvel inglisuri geard - `Semokaveba~, `baRi~, `bostani~ (ingl. gard), Zveli germanuli garto `baRi~ (germ. Gagten); Zvel slavuri gradŭ `cixe-simagre~, `qalaqi~,

`baRi~, Cexuri hrYd `cixe-simagre~, `sasaxle~.3

aRsaniSnavia, rom r. frais aRniSvniT, iranul samyaroSi msaxurebi

iyofodnen or jgufad – Sinamosamsaxureebi da ucxotomel monebad.

es ukanasknelni iwodebodnen Zvelsparsuli terminiT *gŗda, romelic

damowmebulia elamur firfitebze persopolidan, formiT Rus-taš da arameulSi grd. es sityvac, avtoris azriT, momdinareobs indoevropuli

Ziridan *gherdh - `Semokaveba, SemozRudva~. pirvel rigSi is aRniSnavda

samxedro tyveebs, romlebic morekili iqnen samuSaoze.4 adreaqamenidur

periodSi *gŗda Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda monebs, romlebic muSaobdnen

samefo mamulebSi (an mamulebSi, romelic umaRles wodebas ekuTvnoda),



3 Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, Вяч. Вс. Иванов. Индоевропейский язык и идоевропейцы, т. II, Тб. 1984, gv. 744.4 Р. Фрай. Наследие Ирана, М., 1972, gv. 83.

137

Semdgom es saxelwodeba gavrcelda yvela muSis mimarT.1

Cven ar gamovricxavT qarT terminis identurobas indoevropulSi

fiqsirebul gard da gorod da a. S. mis msgavs terminebTan, romelsac

rogorc zemoT gamoCnda g. meliqiSvilma miaqcia yuradReba. aseve udaoa

misi kavSiri megrul qarTa-sTan, romelic Semokavebul adgils-saqonlis

gasaSvebad SemosazRvrul adgils(oqarTe) niSnavs. Tumca sakiTxs meti

damajerebloba sWirdeba da vfiqrobT, kidev ufro farTo paralelebis

moZiebaa SesaZlebeli. istoriis garkveul monakveTze qarTveluri

tomebis farTod ganfenis Sedegad, gancalkevebul geografiul garemoSi

Camoyalibebuli qarTveluri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTbeli msgavsi sityvebis

erT semantikur-morfologiur mniSvnelobamde dayvana gvafiqrebinebs

qarT terminis araindoevropul warmomavlobas. am mimarTulebiT

yuradRebas iqcevs megrulSi sacxovreblis da ojaxis aRmniSvneli

termini o-xoru, romelic Cven sxva adgilas ganvixileT.2 is ojaxis,

saxlis da masSi mcxovrebi naTesauri gaerTianebis da SemdgomSi tomis

da ufro farTod qveynis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi qarTveluri leqsema iyo.

misgan ganviTardnen dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa

samoxio//saxeviskaco//mexeve//xevi//xeu, romlebic rogorc soflis, ubnis,

ise ufro did administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis aRmniSvnel

zogad saxelwodebad damkvidrda mTels saqarTveloSi. vfiqrobT, termini

xora identuria svanuri qori-sa (saxli, saxlis meore sarTuli) da is,

Cveni azriT, qarT terminis Sesatyvisia. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom svanurSi

maRali adgilis aRsaniSnavad gvaqvs termini qviTlaxi, xolo megrulSi

xorgi//xurgi(SemaRlebuli, amoburculi adgili). misi Sesatyvisia

indoevropul enebSi Sesuli berZnuli coriÐo§ - SemosazRvruli adgili~,

`Robe~, laTinuri cohors (*Ro-ghr-ti-s-idan) `SemosazRvruli adgili~,

`ezo~, `pirutyvis sadgomi~, `kohorta~, `legionis nawili~ da valuri

garth `SemosazRvruli adgili~, Zvel inglisuri `geard~ SesaZloa

amosavali iyos sufiqsidan *-t[h].3saxl-qoris da sxva zemoT CamoTvlili leqsemebis (samoxio//

saxeviskaco//saxeiskaco//mexeve//xev//xeu) Zireulia xi, romelic

qarTvelur tomebs mawarmoebeli sufiqsis saxiT SemorCa (kol-xi, diao-

xi, viteru-xi, kardu-xi, mes-xi da sxv.). xi aRniSnavda ara marto

saxls, aramed mis SigniT mcxovreb naTesaur gaerTianebas. Aim epoqaSi

saxli unda yofiliyo igive cixe-simagre, romelic uzrunvelyofda iq

1 Р. Фрай. Наследие Ирана, gv. 84.2 d. WiTanava. dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli zogierT uZveles qarTul terminTa Tavdapirveli

mniSvnelobisaTvis, kr. istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, t. VII, Tb., 2003, gv. 178-209.

misive, socialur organizaciaTa aRmniSvneli uZveles qarTul terminTa interpretacii-

saTvis, kr. istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, t. VII, Tb., 2005, gv. 287-326.

3 Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, Вяч. Вс. Иванов. Индоевропейский язык и идоевропейцы, т. II, Тб. 1984, gv. 744.

138

mcxovrebi mosaxleobis Tavdacvas. Mmas yavda Tavisi mmarTveli, igive

xoras an qoras ufrosi. AaseTi Sedarebis kontekstSi qarTvelTa

mamamTavari qarTlosi unda niSnavdes saxlis ufross.

TviTon xi ar unda iyos indoevropuli enebis kuTvnileba, aramed is

iberiul-kavkasiuri enebSi TiTqmis erTnairi semantikur-morfologiuri

mniSvnelobiT SemorCenili sityvaa,1 romelzec, rogorc enaTmecnieri g.

rogava miuTiTebda, -xi ZvelisZveli sufiqsi Cans, romelic moqmedi

yofila maSinac, roca daaiwyo berZeni da qarTveli tomebis Sexvedra.2

zemoT warmodgenili leqsemebidan gamomdinare yuradRebas iqcevs

qarTvelebis da saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli ucxouri terminebi georgia,

gruzini, gurji, xeorxia (Ceorcia) da a. S. romelic TiTqmis yvela enaSi

erTi fuZidan momdinareobs. Tu Cven xora (saxli da gvari, tomi da

a. S.) da svanuri qora (saxlis meore sarTuli) identurad miviCnevT,

misi dakavSireba megrul `qorTu~-sTan (qarTveli) savsebiT dasaSvebia

(xorTu, gorTu Sdr. gordueni, qorTueni, qaldea-xaldea), rac zemoT

warmodgenili indoevropuli leqsikuri erTeulebis identuria,

romelic oxoruebis anu xorionebis formiT Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebis

mijnaze qsenofontes anabazisSia moxseniebuli. amave dros ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom asureTis da urartus mefeebi qarTveluri tomebis

winaaRmdeg laSqrobisas maT mier didi raodenobis qalaqebis aRebaSi

unda igulisxmodes amgvari qorebi//xorebi – gordebi//gardebi anu

SemosazRvruli cixe-qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebi. masSi gansakuTrebuli

tipis xorebs anu qorebs ansxvavebs qsenofonte, romlebic saTaveSi

udgas ama Tu im tomis dasaxlebas. qsenofontes anabasisSi ki sofluri

formis dasaxlebebisaTvis sxva terminic gvaqvs (cwmн). aRsaniSnavia, rom babilonSi mefeTa mier agebul patara simagreebs, romelic ucxo

mtrisgan Tavdacvisa an mamulTa rezidenciebis dasacavad igeboda

ewodeboda `xarmali~.3

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sayuradReboa kar da Ral//gal terminebi,

romlebic aseve qarT-xor-gard-gord da a. S. terminebs unda exmianebodes.

sakiTxze sainteresoa n. maris msjeloba: ̀ Кар основа само по себе означало «город» не только у северных яфетидов, но южныx и на Кавказе и за его пре-делами далеко на юге и на западе, вплоть до Африки, где южное побережье Средиземноморья первоначально заселено было яфетидами, Отсюда чистая основа Кар с окончанием то Kar-qe, то Kar-a доисторической основы исто-рически известного города Kar+a-geн’a (у римлян) или Kar+qe-don’a (у

1 d. WiTanava. socialur organizaciaTa aRmniSvnel uZveles qarTul ter¬minTa Tavdapir-

veli mniSvnelobisaTvis, kr. istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, VII, Tb., 2005.

2 g. rogava. zogierTi qarTuli gvaris sufiqsaciisaTvis, quTaisis pe¬dagogiuri univer-

sitetisis Sromebi, t. 13, quTaisi, 1995.

3 А. Оппенгейм. Древняя Месопотамия, М. 1990, gv. 94.

139

греков) в Африке, отсюда же на Кавказе qaŗa-q//qala-q, в Месопотамии, Kar-pa «город», а также «ограда» и его же мы имеем у чувашей и в производной форме Kar-da в значении «огороженного места», отсюда «изгороди», «скотного двора», «хлева», и в значении просто «города» в составе названия главного города Шибаш’ов, т-е. чувашей, - Шиbаш – Кар.1

kavkasiis mTielebSi (osebSi, xevsurebSi, TuSebSi da sxvaganac), nagebobaTa erT-erTi saxeoba mravalsarTuliani cixe-saxlebiT aris

warmodgenili, romelsac Ral//Rala ewodeba.2 v. abaevis azriT, osuri

galwan-i, qarTuli galawani, svanuri galwän-i, afxazuri a-galwan-i, avaruli galan-i, CaCnuri ğālan-i identuria da misive daskvniT, aRniSnuli

sityva gala kavkasiuri enebidan aris Semosuli da momdinareobs termin

kala-dan.3kar terminTan mimarTebaSi sainteresoa somxeTis qalaqebis

daboloebebi _ stefan-akani kirov-akani, romlis `akan~-i, `kar~-is

identurad unda iyos da misive variantia megruli `akani~, romelic

soflis kuTxis aRmniSvnelad SemorCa, xolo samegrelosa da danarCen

saqarTveloSi, `kar~ leqsema soflis tipis did dasaxlebebs daerTvis

(yuliSkari, alertkari, pavlianTkari da a. S.), xolo qarTlSi calkeuli

patronimiuli dasaxlebebis daboloebebs.4

gamomdinare iqidan, rom Cven qarTa da garda –s (Sdr. megruli

ga – goraki) identurad miviCnevT xor//qor-isa, unda vifiqroT, rom

Tavdapirvelad qarTi niSnavda cixe-simagres, gvarovnul epoqaSi sagvareulo

cixes, romlis Ziria xi, romelic qarTveluri da ZvelaRmosavluri

(SesaZloa xurituli) tomobrivi mawarmoebelia, vfiqrobT, is qi, gi//qa,

ga-mde daiyvaneba da misi indoevropuli enobrivi sawyisi Zalzed saeWvoa.

amaze n. marmac marTebulad miuTiTa.

sayuradReboa `qarT~ terminis urTierTmimarTeba qaldTan anu im

xalxTan, romlebic urartus saxelmwifos ZiriTad eTnoss warmoadgendnen.

qaldebi anu xaldebi, rogorc Cans, ufro samxreTiT iyvnen gansaxlebulni,

vidre qsenofontis dros maTi STamomavali xaldebi. es Cans iqidan, rom

samxreT babilonis xalxTa Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba iyo kaS (qaSdu),

qaSdaiu (kaSdaiu) da Semdgom babilonuri da asuruli enebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli gadasvliT – S-dan l-Si kbilismieris win is gadaiqca

kaldu, kaldaiu-d, rasac ukavSirdeba berZnuli Халайос (К’алдйос

1 Н. Я. Марр. Этно и глоттогония Восточной Европы, Л. 1935, gv. 24.2 r. xaraZe, a. robaqiZe. svanuri `lamtyvir~-is mniSvnelobisaTvis, kavkasiis xalxTa is-

toriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1966, gv. 104-105.

3 В. И. Абаев. ИЭСОЯ, т. I, М-Л, 1958, 48.4 d. WiTanava. dasaxlebebis aRmniSvnel zogierT uZveles qarTul terminTa Tavdapirveli

mniSvnelobisaTvis, _ kr. istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, t. VII, Tb., 2003, gv. 178-209;

misive, socialur organizaciaTa aRmniSvnel uZveles qarTul terminTa Tavdapirveli

mniSvnelobisaTvis, kr. istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, VII, Tb., 2005, gv. 287-333.

140

Кalsaio§). vfiqrobT, swored es qaldebi anu kaldebi//kaldu//kaldiu

unda yofiliyvnen gordouenes qveynis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mcxovrebni da

isini warmoadgendnen SemdgomSi urartus saxelmwifos erT-erT ZiriTad

eTnoss (xuritebTan erTad). maSasadame, vfiqrobT, saxelwodebebi qaSdu-

kaSdu-gaSdu _ gordu, gordueni-gordiene Zvelesi warmoebebia, saidanac

unda migveRo qarTu//karTu. aseTi gadasvla mravlobiTobis sufiqsTa

Soris qarTulSi yvelaze Zvelia – d (misi variantia T), qronologiurad

mas mosdevs – n, yvelaze axalia –eb.1 maSasadame Cven Tavdapirvelad

gvaqvs k(q)aSdu, k(q)ardu – karduxi – rac iqca //qarSTu//kardu//qardu//

karTu-qarTu-d.

v. goilaZis gamokvleviT, CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi mcxovrebi

qarTveluri warmomavlobis xalxebi, romelTa STamomavlebi ax. w. V-VI

ss-Sic ganagrZobdnen arsebobas, asaxulia juanSerTanac. avtorisave azriT,

karduxebi (gordiebi) md. kentrutis samxreTiT ZvelTaganve mcxovrebi

`kardu~-s, `qarTu~-s xalxTan Zv. w. XII s-Si jer kidev lazurenovani

muSqebis Serevis Sedegad unda Camoyalibebuliyvnen. alizisa da Subrias

mosaxleobaSi XII s-Si muSqTa Casaxlebis Semdeg, erT xans am mxareTa

mosaxleobis lazurenovnebaa savaraudebeli. Semdgom md. artaniis Sua

dinebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare miwidan (yofili diaoxis teritoriidan)

qarTlis tomTa gavleniT Zv. w. V saukunidan. karduxTa qveyanaSi

dadasturda cixis saxeli `harmazi~. armazi, karduxTa (muSqTa) qveyanaSi

erT-erTi meTauri RvTaeba iyo.2 v. goilaZe Subrias xuritulad miiCnevs,

xolo karduxebs muSqebad.3

i. diakonovis kvleviT, Zv. w. 1115 wlisaTvis muSqebma ganaaxles

TavianTi moZraoba da oci aTasi meomriT xuTi beladis meTaurobiT

daeSvnen zemo tigrosis dablobSi kadmuxSi da Seuqmnes seriozuli

safrTxe asureTis mflobelobas. tiglaTfileser I-ma dalaSqra kadmuxi.

am ukanasknelebma uari Tqves xarkis gadaxdaze, maT mxars uWerdnen

mTieli – babxi-s xalxi (mTis xuritebi). Tumca asureTma sabolood

daimorCila isini. Semdeg wels (1114 Zv. w.) tiglaTfileserma SeaRwia

`SubarielTa qveyanaSi~.4 Semdgom tiglaTfileser I laSqrobs zemo zRvis

qveynebisaken, sadac mas xvdeba nairis didi koalicia, romelsac is zemo

zRvamde (Savi zRva) misdevs, avtorisave varaudiT, md. Woroxis xeobaSi

da baTumis midamoebTan. tiglaTfileser I-is mier Zv.w. 1110 wlebSi

1 arn. Ciqobava. mravlobiTobis sufiqTa genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, _ iberiul-kavkasiuri

enaTmecniereba, Tb., 1954, gv. 75.

2 v. goilaZe. ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi CrdiloeT SuamdinareTSi qarTvelTa monaTesave

xalxebis gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, qarTvelTa eTnogenezi, Tb., 2002, gv. 263.

3 v. goilaZe. ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi..., gv. 262-263.

4 И. М. Дьяконов. Предистория Армянского народа, Эр. 1968, gv. 124.

141

dalaSqrul qveynebs Soris naxsenebia arina.1 aseve qveyana areme (SesaZloa

armes mxare, romelic dakavSirebulia SuberebTan.2

aRniSnulia, rom Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi md. halisis samxreT-

dasavleTiT, Tanamedrove koniis raionSi, boRasqoidan malatiamde

yalibdeba Zvelfrigiuli kultura, romelsac urartuelebi da

asurelebi uwodebdnen muSqebis samefos. misi dedaqalaqi iyo gordioni.3

SemorCenilia maTi mxolod ori mefis saxeli – gordii da midasi

(urartuli miTa(ta). frigielTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo yorRanuli

samarxebi, xolo sangarias saTaveebTan kldis samarxebi. umTavresi

kultebi frigiis samefoSi iyo qalRvTaeba kibelas kulti (kybēlē, kybēbē), romelic jer kidev xeTur-urartul kulturaSi kubabis

saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. aseve Tayvans scemdnen mTvaris RvTaebas man

an men-s, romlis kulti, i. diakonovis azriT, SesaZloa iyo gagrZeleba

Zveli mcireaziuli mTvaris kult armazisa.4

qarTebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT, marTebulad migvaCnia v.

goilaZis zemoT warmodgenili mosazreba da vfiqrobT, rom iberiis

samefo mesxTa tomis mier iqna daarsebuli, romlebic igive kolxebTan

arian gaigivebulni berZnul wyaroebSi. Aaq aseve unda yofiliyo svanTa

tomic. qaTebi ki am teritoriaze SedarebiT gvian Cndebian da aRweven

hegemonobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom strabonTanac ki, pirvel saukuneSi,

mcxeTis dedaqalaqobiT aq mdebare es samefo iwodeba iberiad da ara

qarTlad.

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi `qarTli,,-qarTveli-,,s lingvis-

tur urTierTkavSirze, garkveuli eWvebia gamoTqmuli.

d. musxeliSvilma, werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, sakmaod

vrclad ganixila qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis – qarTli-qarTvelis

warmoSobis istoria da marTebulad miuTiTa im garemoebaze, rom

eTnonimi `qarTli~ arsad damowmebuli ar aris, avtors toponimi qarTi

(Tbilisis megruli saxelwodeba ̀ qarTi~-dan warmoqmnilad da ukanasknel

xans mwignobruli wesiT Seqmnilad miaCnia. misive azriT, Semdeg

sinamdvileSi unda arsebuliyo eTnonimi `qarTu~ (umarcvlo u-niT),

rasac amowmebs megrelTa mier aRmosavlel-qarTvelTa saxelwodeba

`qorTu~. es `qarTu~ ganagrZobs avtori, advili SesaZlebelia punqtsac

da qveyanasac ewodeboda da swored aqedanaa nawarmoebi `qarTu-el-i~,

romelic wyaroebSi damowmebuli uZvelesi formaa. misive azriT, aqedan

momdinareobs `qarTveli~. Zveli forma qarTulisaTvis unda yofiliyo

1 И. М. Дьяконов. Предистория Армянского народа, gv. 129.2 И. М. Дьяконов. Предистория Армянского народа, gv. 130.3 И. М. Дьяконов. Предистория Армянского народа, gv. 131.4 И. М. Дьяконов. Предистория Армянского народа, gv. 133.

142

qarTueli;1 Zvel qarTulSi `u~ gadmoicemoda v-Ti;2 aq sakiTxi TiTqos

garkveulia, da d. musxeliSvils, `qarTlisa~ da `qarTuelis~ urTierT

arsebiT kavSirze ar Seaqvs eWvi, magram formaluri (lingvisturi)

TvalsazrisiT urTierTmimarTebas (qarTli – qarTveli) gaurkvevlad

miiCnevs da saeWvod Tvlis `qarTlisagan~ uSualod termin `qarTvelis~

gamoyvanas,3 misive TqmiT, `qarTli~-sagan bunebrivad nawarmoebia

`qarTl-eli~.4 avtorisave azriT, eTnonimi `qarTveli~ Tavdapirveli

mniSvnelobiT viwro tomobriv-eTnografiuli termini iyo, romliTac

aRiniSneboda erT-erT qarveluri tomis, kerZod qarTis (qarTu) tomis

warmomadgeneli. Tavdapirvelad eTnografiuli qarTlis (zena da qvena

soflis) mkvidr mosaxleobas ewodeboda `qarTvelni~.5

termin,,qarTli,,-sagan eTnonim, ,qarTveli,,-s warmoebaSi, Cveni azriT,

ar vawydebiT did lingvistur winaaRmdegobas, ramdenadac enaTmecnier

g. rogavas ganmartebiT, `Zveli qarTulis v, meoreuli foneba unda

iyos. igi unda momdinareobdes l sonorisagan. garkveul poziciaSi

Zvelad qarTulSi l gadasuli Cans v-Si. amis magaliTebi Cven gvaqvs:

tev (dauteva) ← *t-el, wy-ev ← *wy-el da sxvebi. masasadame v, l

sonorisganaa nawarmoebi. aseTi meoreuli v, TiTqos kbilbagismierisakenaa

gadaxrili, Semdeg Zvel qaTulSi bgerobriv da agreTve fonematuradac

Secvlila. igi gautolda qarTveluri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel uZveles

wyvilbagismier v(u) spirants (umarcvlo u-s).6

maSasadame unda vifiqroT, rom l-sonors unda Canacvleboda v,

anu meoreuli fonema. Ppirveladma l-m gadainacvla sityvis bolos,

romelsac sadaurobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsis mniSvneloba aqvs. aseve,

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare megrul termin qorTu-ze (=qarTveli)

darTuli u, srul SesatyvisobaSia (v=u//l=v=u) termin qarTvelSi

arsebul v da l-sTan. misi uZvelesi forma unda yofiliyo qorTu,

romelic dialeqturi saxesxvaobiT gaxda qarTli-qarTveli (qarTvelTa

TviTsaxelwodeba) da Sesabamisad warmoiqmna qarTi (Tbilisis megruli

saxelwodeba).

1 d. musxeliSvili. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis istoriisaTvis. _ kr. saqarTvelos da

qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, gv. 338

2 g. rogava. qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1962, gv. 110-112

3 d. musxeliSvili. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis istoriisaTvis, gv. 338-339

4 iqve., gv. 338

5 iqve., gv. 349

6 g. rogava. qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962, gv.113-114 misive,

v Bbgeris metaTezisis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi, a. wulukiZis saxelobis quTaisis saxel-

mwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, 18, quTaisi, 1958, gv.123

143

David ChitanavaIvane javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Georgia

FOR THE SEMANTIC MEANING OF GEORGIANS’ ETHNONYM – “KARTLI”, “KARTVELI”

The semantic and morphological meaning of Georgians’ethnonymKartli – Kartveli is discussed in the article. The viewpoint that the term Kart is of Indo – European origin is ignored. The similarity of the term with Megrelian Okhuro, denoting dwelling place and family, is underlined. Qart was the ancient lexeme de-noting family, houseand kinship union living in this house and then tribe and much widely the country. The terms denoting settlements such as: Samokhio//Sakhevis-katsio//Mekheve//Khevi//Kheu,which werederived from the above mentioned term,became a common term for village, district or much biger administrative – teritorial unitall over the Georgia. Term Khora is similar to SvanianKori (house, second fl oor of house) and is equivalent to Georgian term. The root of Sakhl – Qor and others mentioned above (Samokhio//Sakheviskatsio//Mekheve//Khevi//Kheu) is Khi. It is preserved as a derivative suffi x in the words denoting Georgian tribes (Col - chi, Dio - khi, Viteru - khi, Kardu - khi etc.). Khiwas not denoting only house, but the kinship living in this house. In the epoch of the early class commu-nity house should have been fortress, defending people who lived there. It had its own ruler, the head of Khori or Qori. According to such a comparative study the ethnarch Qartlos should mean the head of the house.

The settlements of Kartvelian tribes in the form of Okhorus or Khoriona are mentioned in the Anabasis of Xenophon at the end of the 5th century andin the beginning of the 4thcentury BC. When Assyrian and Urartu kings had campaigns against Georgian tribes and as Xenophon writes, they captured many towns. These townsmight be settlements likeKorebi//Qorebi//Gordas//Gards(town fortresses type enclosed settlements). It is worth of notice that the terms Kar and Ghal//Gal, should have been in connection with the terms Kart – Khor – Gard– Gorod etc.

The term Qart is equal to Qald, that means the main people (ethnos) of Urartu. It seems that Kaldsand Khalds were settled more southward than their descendant Khalds in the times of Xenophon. It can be seen by the name of the peoples living in southern Babylon. Their fi rst name was Kash (Qashdu), Qashdaiu (Kshdaiu) and then their namehas the form peculiar to Babylonian and Assyrian Kaldu, Kaldaiu (-sh- transformed into- l-). Greek Халайос (К’алдйос) is connected with them. Qashdu-Kashdu-Gashdu - Gordu, Gordueni-Gordiene are ancient derivations, from which we might receive Qartu//Kartu. From the begining we have K(Q)ashdu – Kardukhi, which became Qarshtu//Kardu//Qardu//Kartu-Qartu.

In our oppinion the kingdom of Iberia was founded by Meskhetians, the tribe, who in Greek sources is identifi ed with Colchians. Here also should have been tribe of Svans. Karts appeared here relatively later and reached the hegemony.

144

Even in Strabo in the 1st century this kingdom with the capital Mtskheta is called Iberia and not Kartli.

From the term Kartli ethnoname Kartveliis derived. Here sonnor -l- should have been substituted by -v-, it means with secendary phoneme. -L- moved at the end of the word. Now it has the meaning of the derivative suffi x of origin. The same is with –u- which was added to the term Kortu (=Kartveli) and is in complete coinsidence with –v- and –l- (v=u//l=v=u) in Georgian term Qartveli. Its ancient form should have been Qortu= Qartu, which with dialectical variants bacame Qartli- Q artveli (ethnoname of Georgians).Thus, the term Qorty was formed (Megrelian name of Tbilisi).

145

beJan xoravabeJan xoravasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

yirimis omi da afxazeTiyirimis omi da afxazeTi

XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebis miwuruls kvlav gamwvavda ,,aRmosav-

leTis sakiTxi~,1 romelmac am periodis ruseTis sagareo-politikur

problemebs Soris mTavari adgili daikava.

,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ warmoadgenda mwvave winaaRmdegobaTa rTul

kvanZs, romlis arsi axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebisaTvis brZolaSi md-

gomareobda. upirveles yovlisa, es gulisxmobda Rrma Sinagani krizisiT

moculi osmaleTisa da misi samflobeloebis dauflebas, axlo aRmosa-

vleTis bazrebis, am regionze gamavali savaWro gzebis, agreTve bosfo-

risa da dardanelis sruteebze gabatonebas, rac ganuyoflad iyo dakav-

Sirebuli kavkasiaSi Seqmnil politikur situaciasTan.,,aRmosavleTis

sakiTxi~ gamwvavebis kvalad izrdeboda kavkasiis strategiuli mniS-

vneloba. ruseTis xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo efiqra Savi da kaspiis

zRvebis raionSi eqspansiis gafarToebaze, kavkasiaSi ganmtkicebis gareSe.

axlo aRmosavleTSi gabatonebis pretenzia hqonda erTi mxriv ru-

seTs, romelic osmaleTSi gavlenis ganmtkicebas cdilobda; meore mxriv,

ingliss da safrangeTs, romlebic axlo aRmosavleTis bazrebze domi-

nirebdnen, surdaT am regionSi gadamwyveti ekonomikuri da politikuri

upiratesobisa mopoveba, osmaleTisa da mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis da-

morCileba; avstrias interesebi hqonda balkaneTSi, sadac aseve ruseTi

cdilobda poziciebis ganmtkicebas. es saxelmwifoebi SiSobdnen, rom

mowinaaRmdegeebi daaswrebdnen, amitom 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi isini

cdilobdnen kvanZis gaxsna daeCqarebinaT.2

1848-1849 wlebis revoluciebis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTis gavlena

evropaSi kidev ufro gaizarda, nikoloz I (1825-1855) Seecada ,,aRmosavle-

1 ,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ _ pirobiTi saxelwodeba, romelic miRebulia saistorio lite-

raturaSi XVIII s. miwurulisa da XIX s. dasawyisis im saerTaSoriso winaaRmdegobaTa

aRsaniSnavad, romelic dakavSirebulia Rrma Sinagani krizisiT moculi osmaleTis impe-

riis mosalodnel daSlasTan da didi saxelmwifoebis _ inglisis, safrangeTis, ruseTis,

avstriis (1867 wlidan avstro-ungreTi), prusiis (1871 wlidan germania), brZolasTan

misi samflobeloebis gayofisaTvis. ,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ warmoSoba dakavSirebulia

erTi mxriv, osmaleTis imperiis krizisTan, romlis erT-erT gamovlinebas balkaneTisa da

imperiis sxva araTurqi xalxebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba warmoadgenda;

meore mxriv, axlo aRmosavleTSi evropis saxelmwifoebis koloniuri eqspansiis gaZ-

lierebasTan maTSi kapitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. TviT

termini,,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ pirvelad gamoiyenes 1822 wels, saRvTo kavSiris veronis

kongresze, balkaneTSi Seqmnili viTarebis _ osmaleTis winaaRmdeg berZenTa erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebis (1821-1829 ww.), _ ganxilvisas.

2 История дипломатии. Издание второе, переработанное и дополненное, т. I, М. 1959, gv.

642.

146

Tis sakiTxi~ ruseTis sasargeblod gadaewyvita. igi osmaleTs,,avadmyof

adamians~ uwodebda, romlis memkvidreoba droulad unda ganawilebu-

liyo. Zlieri mokavSiris mopovebis mizniT nikoloz I Seecada ingliss

daaxloeboda da gavlenis sferoebis gayofaze molaparakeboda, magram

,,nisliani albioni~ ruseTTan garigebaze ar wavida; 1848 wlis revolu-

ciiT Seryeul safrangeTsa da avstrias, romelic man 1849 wels ,,ixsna~,

nikoloz I angariSs ar uwevda. ruseTis agresiulma politikam inglisi

da safrangeTi daaaxlova. maTi mTavari mizani gaxda xeli SeeSalaT

ruseTisaTvis, waeqezebinaT brwyinvale porta da saqme ruseT-osmaleTis

omamde mieyvanaT.1

inglissa da safrangeTs surdaT ruseTis gandevna yirimidan da kav-

kasiidan. cnobili ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawisa da diplomatis h.

palmerstonis* gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ruseTis danawileba. mas

unda CamorTmeoda mTeli rigi samflobeloebi, maT Soris yirimi da

kavkasia. yirimi da saqarTvelo unda gadascemoda osmaleTs, xolo Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaSi, romelsac palmerstoni CerqezeTs** uwodebda, unda

Seqmniliyo saxelmwifo CerqezeTi, romlis saTaveSic Samili moiazrebo-

da. CerqezeTi unda gamxdariyo damoukidebeli, an osmaleTis proteqto-

ratis qveS unda gadasuliyo. am kavkasiur saxelmwifos unda gadaeketa

gza ruseTis winsvlisaTvis samxreTisaken. amdenad, ingliss mxari unda

daeWira Samilis brZolisaTvis.2 inglisis gegmebi eTanxmeboda osmaleTis

revanSistul miswrafebebs, romelic yirimisa da kavkasiis dabrunebas

cdilobda.3

osmaleTis gayofaze inglisisagan uaris miRebis Semdeg, ruseTma ga-

dawyvita win waweuliyo da portaze diplomatiuri zemoqmedeba moexdi-

na. 1853 wlis martSi ruseTma portas kategoriuli formiT mosTxova

misTvis osmaleTSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da sulTnis marTlmadi-

debeli qveSevrdomebis mfarvelis uflebis miniWeba. amasTan, es ufleba

damtkicebuli unda yofiliyo sulTnis senediT da ara firmaniT, rom

1 А. Дебидур. Дипломатическая история Европы от Венского до Берлинского конгресса (1814-1878), т. II, М. 1947, gv. 91-98; История дипломатии, I, gv. 642-650; v. donaZe. bosfori da dardaneli (sakiTxis istoriis narkvevebi), Tb., 1983, gv. 89-91; История России XIX _ начала XX вв., под ред. В. А. Федорова, М. 1998, gv. 171.

*h. palmerstoni (1784-1865), ingliseli politikuri moRvawe, diplomati. 1809-1829 ww.

iyo inglisis samxedro saqmeTa ministri, 1830-1841 da 1846-1851 wlebSi _ sagareo

saqmeTa ministri, 1852-1855 wlebSi _ Sinagan saqmeTa ministri; 1855-1865 wlebSi _

premier-ministri.

**XIX saukunis I naxevarSi evropul literaturaSi da TviT ruseTSic, Cveulebriv, Cer-

qezebs uwodebdnen aramarto abazebsa da adiRebs, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiis centraluri

nawilisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis mTielebsac. Samili evropul presaSi fig-

urirebda, rogorc ,,CerqezTa beladi~ (В. К. Гарданов. Общественный строй адыгских народов (XVIII _ первая половина XIX в.), М. 1967, gv. 17).

2 P. Guedalla. Palmerston. London. 1926, gv. 360-361; История дипломатии, I, gv. 656-664.3 История России, gv. 172-173.

147

mas saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi valdebulebis xasiaTi hqonoda. ingli-

si, erTi mxriv, ruseTs aqezebda, xolo meore mxriv osmaleTs, da saqme

omamde mihyavda. ruseTma diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita portasTan

da osmaleTSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mfarvelobisa da portas mier

ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saba-

biT, romelic sulTnis mier irRveoda, 1853 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi dunais

samTavroebi daikava.1 inglis-safrangeTis dapirebebiT daimedebulma sul-

Tanma abdul mejid I-ma (1839-1861) 1853 w. 17 seqtembers (9 oqtomberi)

ruseTs dunais samTavroebidan jaris gayvana mosTxova da ultimatumis

vadis gasvlas arc daeloda, 4(16) oqtombers omi gamoucxada.2 daiwyo

aRmosavleTis omi (1853-1856), romelic aseve yirimis omis saxeliTaa

cnobili, radgan omis mTavari movlenebi yirimis naxevarkunZulze gan-

viTarda. omis Teatrma balkaneTi da kavkasiac moicva. aRsaniSnavia, rom

yirimsa da balkaneTSi ruseTis mier gancdili marcxis erTgvari kom-

pensacia gaxda ruseTis jarebis warmateba kavkasiis frontze, Tumca,

Tavidan ruseTisTvis saxarbielo viTareba arc am frontze iyo.

omis dasawyisSi ruseTi saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. 1854

wlis martSi inglisma da safrangeTma mas omi gamoucxades. mogvianebiT,

maT sardiniis samefoc SeuerTda.

omis dawyebis win ruseTis jarebis mdgomareoba kavkasiis frontze

savalalo iyo. Samilisa da dasavleT kavkasiaSi misi emisris _ muha-

med-eminis SemoWris mudmivi safrTxe kavkasiis korpusis sardlobas

aiZulebda, rom moqmedi jarebis mniSvnelovani nawili mTielebTan brZo-

lisaTvis mudmiv mzadyofnaSi hyoloda. damatebiT siZneleebs frontis

xazis gaWimuloba, gzebis uvargisoba da rTuli bunebriv-geografiuli

pirobebi qmnida.

muhamed-eminis mizani iyo dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa daqsaqsuli Za-

lebi saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaeerTianebina. mefisnacva-

li kavkasiaSi da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardali mixeil voroncovi

(1844-1854) Tvlida, rom muhamed-emins SeeZlo garkveuli warmatebebi-

saTvis kavkasionis qedis samxreTiTac mieRwia, saxeldobr, afxazeTSi.

1853 w. seqtemberSi m. voroncovma afxazeTis mTavars mixeil SarvaSiZes

(1823-1864) acnoba, rom SavizRvispireTis sakordono xazis sardlis,

general-maior iakob kuxarenkos cnobiT, muhamed-emini afxazeTSi gae-

marTa TiTqosda osmaleTis jarebTan Sasaxvedrad, xolo dasavleT kav-

kasiis marTva vinme xanuyos miando. es ukanaskneli osmaleTidan axali

Camosuli iyo. is stambolidan baTumSi Camovida, Semdeg naviT redut-

yales maxloblad napirze gadmovida da mere afxazTa xelSewyobiT

mSvidobianad miaRwia mekhemes md. belaiaze, sadac muhamed-emini mas didi

1 История дипломатии, I, gv. 646-649; История России, gv. 175.2 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне 1853-1856 гг. и международные отношения, М. 1971, gv. 101.

148

zeimiT Sexvda. m. voroncovma mixeil SarvaSiZes daavala saWiro zomebi

mieRo, raTa Semdgomac ar momxdariyo afxazeTis gavliT saeWvo pirebis

gadaadgileba da, Tu es faqti dadasturdeboda, xanuyos xelSemwyobni

gamoevlina.1 m. voroncovs aSfoTebda muhamed-eminis afxazeTSi gamoCena,

mixeil SarvaSiZes misi afxazeTSi gamoCena Tavisi Rirsebis Selaxvad

miaCnda.,,yvelaferi, rac afxazeTis sargeblobasa da zians exeba, es Cemi

piradi sargebloba da ziania, _ werda is. _ me var mTavari afxazeTisa

da mxolod me erTs maqvs gavlena afxazeTis xalxze. sxva gavlena Cems

samflobeloSi ar unda arsebobdes, magram Tuki is aris, Tundac faru-

li saxiT, ra Tqma unda is sazianoa~.2 porta garkveul imedebs amyarebda

dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebze. sulTanma muhamed-emins firmani gamougza-

vna da daavala TurqTa mxedrobisa da artileriisTvis, romelic desan-

tiT unda gadaesxaT, 2 aTasi cxenisTvis moeyara Tavi; yvela saSualebiT

daxmareboda TurqTa jars da ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mTie-

lebic daerazma. aseTi davalebis miRebis Semdeg muhamed-eminma garkveuli

zomebi miiRo da abaZexebSi meomrebisa da cxenebis Segrovebas Seudga.3

kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebi imiT daiwyo, rom 1853 wlis 15-dan

16 oqtombris RamiT Turqebma ieriSi miitanes wm. nikolozis simagreze

(SekveTili), romelsac saxazo batalionis ori aseuli da guriis mili-

ciis aseuli icavda. miuxedavad simagris damcvelTa medgari winaaR-

mdegobisa, Turqebma ieriSiT aiRes SekveTili da garnizoni TiTqmis

mTlianad amoJlites.4 Turqebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi imTaviTve med-

gar winaaRmdegobas waawydnen ruseTis regularuli jaris nawilebisa

da qarTuli saxalxo laSqris mxridan. qarTul milicias Seadgendnen

guriis 14, samegrelo-samurzayanos 12 da imerelTa ramdenime razmi.5 Se-

modgomaze Turqebi afxazeTis sanapirozec gamoCndnen. 7 noembers rusul

samxedro fregats,,florasa~ da sam Turqul xomalds Soris afxazeTis

sanapiroze Setakeba moxda. afxazeTis dedoflis aleqsandra SarvaSiZis

brZanebiT bzifis olqis mcxovrebni dauyovnebliv Seikribnen bomboris

maxloblad, raTa xeli SeeSalaT TurqebisaTvis desantis gadmosxmaSi,

Tu amis mcdeloba eqnebodaT.6 Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo kavkasiis

korpusis sardloba fiqrobda soxumis garnizoni ori batalioniT gaeZ-

lierebina.7

1 Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией, т. X, Тифлис, 1885, #279, gv.

269 (Semd. АКАК).2 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, _,,saistorio moambe~, #15-16, 1963, gv. 197.

3 АКАК, т. X, #736, gv. 786.

4 А. Л. Зиссерман. Фельдмаршал князь Александр Иванович Барятинский, 1815-1879, т. I, М. 1888, gv. 300.

5 e. burWulaZe, yirimis omi da saqarTvelo, Tb., 1960, gv. 447.

6 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 138.7 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 123-124.

149

male, ruseTis jaris nawilebma qarTvelTa saxalxo laSqarTan erTad

pirvel warmatebas miaRwies TurqebTan brZolaSi. 14 noembers generalma

ivane andronikaSvilma axalcixesTan gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena

osmaleTis jaris nawilebs, romelTac ali-faSa sardlobda da qarTlSi

SeWras an guriis sazRvarze Tavmoyril jarTan SeerTebas cdilobda.

Semdeg, general-leitenantma v. bebuTovma 19 noembers md. arfaCais marj-

vena napirze daamarcxa osmaleTis mTavari korpusi seraskir abdi-faSas

meTaurobiT, romelic Tbilisisken gaWras cdilobda.1

24 noembers generalma i. andronikaSvilma sastikad daamarcxa osma-

leTis korpusi axalcixesTan, ramdenime dRis Semdeg ki vice-admiralma

p. naximovma sinopis brZolaSi osmaleTis floti gaanadgura, rasac

kavkasiis dacvisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. sinopTan osmaleTis

flotis ganadgurebam Turqebi aiZula Tbilisis dauflebis ganzraxvaze

xeli aeRoT. amasTan, sinopis brZolis Semdeg ruseTis floti gabatonda

faqtobrivad Sav zRvaze, ramac inglis-safrangeTi SeaSfoTa. maTTvis

cxadi gaxda, rom maT gareSe osmaleTi omSi damarcxdeboda, amitom

gadawyvites dauyovnebliv emoqmedaT. 1854 wlis ianvarSi inglis-safran-

geTis floti Sav zRvaSi Sevida, rac londonis 1840 da 1841 wlebis

konvenciebis darRveva iyo. Tebervlis bolos inglisma da safrangeTma

xeli moaweres osmaleTTan samxedro-TavdacviTi kavSiris xelSekrule-

bas, riTac valdebuleba ikisres daecvaT,,osmaleTis portas uflebebi~,

xolo martSi ruseTs omi gamoucxades.2

1854 wlis dasawyisSi kavkasiis korpusis sardloba seriozul SeS-

foTebas gamoTqvamda Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis simagreebis bedis gamo

mokavSireTa flotis Sav zRvaze gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi. m. voroncovis

azriT, omis pirveli aqti iqneboda ruseTis mier Savi zRvis aRmosavleT

sanapiros TiTqmis yvela simagris dakargva, radgan Sav zRvaze ruseTis

floti ver gamoCndeboda da cixesimagreTa garnizonebs zRviT ver gaiy-

vandnen; arc xmeleTiT arsebobda maTi gamoyvanis SesaZlebloba, arada,

mters cixesimagreTa garnizoni da iq arsebuli sabrZolo da sasur-

saTo maragi xelSi ar unda Cavardnoda. amitom igi saWirod Tvlida

Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis gauqmebas, radgan misi dacva SeuZleblad

miaCnda.3 m. voroncovis azriT, mokavSireTa flotis soxumze Tavdasxmis

SemTxvevaSi Zneli iqneboda aramarto am mniSvnelovani punqtis, aramed

biWvinTis, bomboris da, saerTod, am mxaris SenarCuneba.4 mTavarsardlis

SeSfoTebas imperatoric iziarebda, Tumca afxazeTis simagreebis moxs-

nis aucileblobas jer-jerobiT ver xedavda, radgan am simagreTa garni-

1 АКАК, т. X, #733, gv. 782.

2 Н. С. Киняпина, Внешная политика России первой половины XIX в., М. 1963, gv. 247-

250.

3 АКАК, т. X, ч. 1, №71, gv. 94; А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 313.4 АКАК, т. X, ч. 1, #71, gv. 94.

150

zonebis saxmeleTo gziT gamoyvana SesaZlebeli iyo, magram adgilobrivi

sardlobis nebis winaaRmdeg ar wasula. amrigad, Savi zRvis sanapiro

xazis gauqmebisa da, maT Soris, afxazeTidan garnizonebis moxsnis saki-

Txi, faqtobrivad, gadawyda.1

1853-1854 ww. zamTarSi amierkavkasiis frontze SeteviTi operaciebi

ar ganxorcielebula.2 1854 wlis TebervalSi ki m. voroncovma afxaze-

Tis simagreebidan jarebis gamoyvanis Taobaze Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis

ufross, vice-admiral l. serebriakovsa da sanapiro xazis III ganyofi-

lebis ufross, general-maior mironovs, instruqcia misca, romelTac

biWvinTis, bomboris da mrambis garnizonebis saxmeleTo gziT soxumSi

gamoyvana daavala, raTa ukidures SemTxvevaSi soxumi mainc SeenarCune-

binaT. rac Seexeba gagras, romelic kavkasiel mTielebs afxazeTisaken

gzas uketavda, im dromde unda SeenarCunebinaT, sanam afxazeTis sxva

simagreebs daclidnen. sul male ki kavkasiis korpusis sainJinro sam-

saxuris ufrosis, general-maior ganzenis mier soxumisa da misi Semoga-

renis safuZvliani daTvalierebis Sedegad, zRvidan Setevis SemTxvevaSi

soxumis dacvac SeuZleblad iqna miCneuli.3

aseT rTul viTarebaSi, m. voroncovma moxucebulobisa da avadmyo-

fobis gamo gadadgoma iTxova, rac imperatorma daakmayofila. 1 marts

m. voroncovma mefisnacvlisa da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlis mo-

valeoba droebiT general n. reads gadaabara, xolo 4 marts Tbilisi

datova.4

4 marts mixeil SarvaSiZem, romelmac jer kidev ar icoda sardlo-

bis ganzraxva sanapiro xazis mimarT, kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross,

general-leitenant a. bariatinskis auwya afxazeTis samTavros garSemo

Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis Taobaze, da im zomebze, romelTa gatarebasac

apirebda, raTa mTielebis afxazeTSi SeWrisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia.

igi fiqrobda, gagris xeobisa da md. bzifis napiris gamagrebas iq gan-

lagebuli jarebis gaZlierebiT, raTa amiT afxazeTi muhamed-eminis Semo-

tevisagan daecva.5 6 marts l. serebriakovma n. reads acnoba, rom gagris

Crdilo-dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreebis daclas Seudga.

imavdroulad, n. readma mixeil SarvaSiZis werilic miiRo. afxazeTis

mTavari mxaris SenarCunebis mizniT aucileblad Tvlida afxazeTSi 10

batalionisa da 30 qvemexis gagzavnas iqauri garnizonebis gasaZliere-

blad. magram n. reads arc Tavisufali jaris nawilebi hyavda, da afxa-

zeTis simagreebis bedic ukve gadawyvetili iyo. n. readma aucileblad

1 А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 313.2 e. burWulaZe, yirimis omi da saqarTvelo, gv. 246.

3 АКАК, т. X, #286, gv. 272-273.

4 А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 313.5 АКАК, т. X, №281, gv. 269-270.

151

CaTvala dauyovnebliv Sedgomodnen afxazeTis simagreebidan garnizonebis

gamoyvanas, radgan mokavSireTa xomaldebs afxazeTis napirebTan gamoCena

yovelTvis SeeZloT. Semdeg SeiZleboda xmeleTiTac ver gamoeyvanaT

isini mdinareebis adidebis gamo, rac gazafxulidan agvistomde grZel-

deboda; amasTan, amierkavkasiaSi jaris nawilebi sakmarisi ar iyo mxaris

dasacavad, amitom aucileblad CaTvala afxazeTidan jaris nawilebis

gamoyvana da samxedro ministris brZanebis Tanaxmad maTi guriis razmTan

SeerTeba. n. readma gagris garda afxazeTis yvela simagris daclis brZaneba

gasca.1 imavdroulad, TbilisSi gadawyvites afxazeTidan jaris gamoyvanis

operaciis xelmZRvaneloba mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis miendoT. gaiTvaliswines,

rom mas farTo kavSirebi hqonda dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebSi da didi

gavlena hqonda maTze, gansakuTrebiT, jiqebsa da ubixebze. amitom, kavkasiis

korpusis sardloba fiqrobda, rom misi daniSvna warmatebis sawindari

iqneboda. rac Seexeba gagras, fiqrobdnen misi garnizoni Semdeg zRviT

gamoeyvanaT.2

n. readis brZaneba faqtobrivad gagris gawirvas niSnavda, rac ruse-

Tis sardlobas kargad esmoda, magram sxva gzac ar Canda. peterburgSic

iziarebdnen SeSfoTebas Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros, maT Soris,

afxazeTis garSemo Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo. imperatoris azriT,

ramenairad unda SeemcirebinaT is uaryofiTi Sexeduleba, rasac afxa-

zeTSi gamoiwvevda am mxaridan ruseTis jaris nawilebis gayvanis Sesaxeb

brZaneba da afxazebi gaemxnevebinaT. samxedro ministrs, v. dolgorukovs,

ainteresebda ramdenad SeiZleboda afxazeTis mTavris da im mxareSi gav-

leniani pirebis, magaliTad, kac marRanias erTgulebaze dayrdnoba; ruse-

Tis jarebis gayvanis Semdeg ra saSualebebi iqneboda mixeil SarvaSiZis

xelSi da SeZlebda Tu ara is Sina da gareSe mtrebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis

gawevas da mxaris dacvas; muhamed-emini monaxavda Tu ara bevr momxres

afxazebSi da SeeZlo Tu ara ruseTis xelisuflebas mosaxleobis raRac

nawilis TanagrZnobis imedi hqonoda. samxedro ministri n. reads werda,

rom Tu afxazeTis mTavari ruseTis xelisuflebis erTguli darCeboda

da am mxareSi gavlenas SeinarCunebda, sasurveli iqneboda misi gamoyeneba

gagris garnizonis samegreloSi gamosayvanad saxmeleTo gziT an azovis

flotiliis xomaldebis meSveobiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad

Tvlida yvela zomis miRebas gagris garnizonis gamosaxsnelad.3

n. readis 19 martis brZanebiT mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTSi ganlage-

buli jarebis sardlad dainiSna da daevala afxazeTis simagreebidan

jaris nawilebis gamoyvana garda gagris garnizonisa, romelic yvelaze

gvian unda gamosuliyo, rodesac misi floba ruseTis jarebis gamoyvanis

1 АКАК, т. X, #280, gv. 269; #281, gv. 270; #286, gv. 273.

2 А. Л. Зиссерман, Барятинский, I, gv. 314.3 АКАК, т. X, #280, gv. 269; #286, gv. 273.

152

dasacavad saWiro ar iqneboda.1

imave dRes mixeil SarvaSiZe biWvinTaSi gaemgzavra, raTa garnizonis

gamoyvanisaTvis piradad exelmZRvanela. mTielebi gagrasTan iyvnen Tav-

moyrili, rac mis SeSfoTebas iwvevda. 20-21 marts biWvinTis garnizoni

bomboraSi gadavida, xolo simagre afxazeTis mTavris brZanebiT dawves.

29 marts jaris nawilebi bomboridan soxumSi gadavidnen. imavdroulad,

grigol SarvaSiZem da kapitanma baTal-bei marSaniam webeldidan mrambis

garnizonic soxumSi gamoiyvanes. mixeil SarvaSiZem xmebi gaavrcela, rom

soxumis dacvas bolomde apirebdnen da am mizniT garkveuli zomebic miiRo:

soxumis dacva gumis xeobis mxridan misoust anCabaZes daavala da mas mili-

ciis nawili gadasca; amasTan, soxumidan gudavamde (gudauTa) jaris nawi-

lebi ganalaga mTielTa Tavdasxmebisagan dacvis mizniT; zRvis sanapiroze

gamagrebuli punqtebi Seqmna, sadac ruseTis xomaldebs Tavis Sefareba

SeeZloT mowinaaRmdegis eskadris gamoCenisas.2

amrigad, mixeil SarvaSiZem biWvinTisa da bomboris garnizonebi pira-

dad gamoiyvana soxumSi, romelTac mrambis garnizonic SeuerTda. gagris

simagre ki alyaSemortymuli iyo mTielebis mier. n. readma afxaze-

Tis mTavars ubrZana ganegrZo ukandaxeva da guriiis razms SeerTeboda.

Mmixeil SarvaSiZe jaris nawilebiT Tu soxumSi dayovndeboda, mowinaaR-

mdegis eskadris gamoCenisas cud dReSi aRmoCndeboda; amasTan, SeiZle-

boda kodorisa da enguris gadalaxvac gasWirveboda maTi adidebis gamo,

amitom aucileblad miaCnda afxazeTis jarebis guriis razmTan Seer-

Tebis daCqareba.3 m. voroncovsa da kavkasiis xazis sardlobas maincda-

mainc ar sjerodaT, rom bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare

mokavSireebi dasavleT kavkasiaSi, maT Soris, samegrelosa da afxazeTSi

gadmosxdebodnen. maTi azriT, Tu mowinaaRmdege Savi zRvis Crdilo-

aRmosavleT sanapiroze gadmosxdeboda da novorosiiskidan da anapidan

qveynis siRrmeSi winsvlas Seecdeboda, aramarto damarcxdebodnen, ara-

med ganadgurdebodnen kidec; aseve moxdeboda samegreloSi desantis gad-

mosxmis SemTxvevaSic. amitom m. voroncovis azriT, mokavSireebi saSiSi

iyvnen mxolod simagreebis moxsnamde, romlebic advilad SeiZleboda

maT xelSi Cavardniliyo.4 15 aprils igi a. bariatinskis stavropolidan

werda:,,rac Seexeba mowinaaRmdegis gadmosxmas samegreloSi da quTai-

sis gavliT Tbilisze laSqrobas, es SiSi umarTebuloa. Tu isini amis

gakeTebas Seecdebian, Zviri daujdebaT da warmatebac ar eqnebaT.~ igi

fiqrobda, rom mokavSireTa imedebi kavkasiis mTis tomebis maTdami dax-

1 АКАК, т. X, #283, gv. 271; #284, gv. 271-272.

2 АКАК, т. X, #283, gv. 271.

3 АКАК, т. X, #282, gv. 270.

4 А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 321-322.

153

marebis Sesaxeb usafuZvlo iyo.1

gagris garnizonis gamoyvana kavaleriis general m. xomutovs dae-

vala. n. readma mixeil SarvaSiZesac sTxova yvela Rone exmara garni-

zonis dasaxsnelad. amis Taobaze afxazeTis mTavari redut-kaleSi ori

xomaldis navmtes moelaparaka. isini Sepirdnen, rom rodesac amindi

saSualebas miscemda, gagraSi wavidodnen. marTlac, 25 marts, xomaldebi

redut-kaledan gagrisken gaemarTnen, magram aRmoCnda, rom gagris 600

kaciani garnizoni moxalise qerCel, berZen navmtes fotius sarandos

qerCSi mSvidobiT Caeyvana, xolo gagris simagre, mters rom ar Cavard-

noda xelSi, mis damcvelebs aefeTqebinaT.2

ruseTis jaris nawilebis afxazeTidan gamoyvaniT imperatori uk-

mayofilo iyo. misi azriT, am mxares jer kidev ar emuqreboda safrTxe

zRvidan. n. readi Tavs imarTlebda, rom es nabiji aucileblobiT iyo

gamowveuli.3 Nn. readi v. dolgorukovisadmi 13 aprils gagzavnil we-

rilSi aRniSnavda afxazeTis mTavris erTgulebaze, romelic man Seqmnil

rTul viTarebaSi gamoamJRavna. misi azriT, sxva veravin SeZlebda ase

warmatebiT afxazeTidan jaris gamoyvanas; afxazeTis mTavrisa da sxva

pirebis ndobac savsebiT SeiZleboda. rodesac afxazeTis naxevari ukve

datovebuli iyo, maT raime saZraxisi ar gamoumJRavnebiaT, magram Semdeg

ra iqneboda, amis warmodgena uWirda. misi azriT, afxazeTidan ruseTis

jaris nawilebis gayvanis Semdeg mixeil SarvaSiZe ver SeZlebda es mxare

morCilebaSi hyoloda, radgan gareSe mtrebisagan samTavros dasacavad

Zalebi ar hyavda, xolo muslimebiT dasaxlebuli da daumorCilebeli

mTielebis mezobeli bzifis olqi aucileblad ajanydeboda; amitom, vinc

ruseTis xelisuflebis TanamgrZnobi iyo, mas es mxare unda daetovebina.4

ruseTis xelisufleba mixeil SarvaSiZis madlieri iyo afxazeTi-

dan jaris nawilebis gamoyvanis gamo, risTvisac imperatorma is TeTri

arwivis ordeniT daajildova. amasTanave, mTavroba misgan erTgul sam-

saxurs kvlavac moeloda.5 m. voroncovi, romelic yuradRebiT adevnebda

Tvals afxazeTSi mimdinare movlenebs, a. bariatinskis werda, rom iseve

rogorc kavkasiis korpusis sardloba, aRfrTovanebuli iyo mixeil

SarvaSiZis mier dakisrebuli movaleobis warmatebiT SesrulebiT. misi

azriT, soxumisa da afxazeTis datoveba ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis

mZime iyo, Tumca _ aucilebeli. igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTis

1 А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 361-362.2 АКАК, т. X, #285, gv. 272; #286, gv. 274; АКАК, т. XI, gv. 268-275, 698-700; А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 315; a. n. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni. ru-sulidan Targmnes, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTes z. papasqirma da b. xoravam, Tb., 2003,

gv.129-130.

3 АКАК, т. X, #286, gv. 272-274.

4 АКАК, т. X, #283, gv. 270-271.

5 АКАК, т. X, #289, gv. 274-275; А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 358.

154

kvlav gabatoneba afxazeTSi Zneli ar iqneboda; rac Seexeba daRestans, am

mxaris datoveba ar SeiZleboda. aseT qveyanas Tu erTxel datovebdi, ise

advilad ver daibrunebdi, rogorc afxazeTs.1 a. bariatinskisadmi gag-

zavnil sxva werilSi m. voroncovi werda:,,Любопитно было бы узнать, как будут вести себя абхазцы, когда останутся без наших войск и какие будут намерения и попытки Магомет-Эмина через Цебельду на Карачай и не попытаются ли убыхи, которих он ведет с собою, на что-нибудь через Абхазию в северной части Мингрелии и даже в Зугдиди~.

1854 wlis martSi dasavleT kavkasiaSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesas-

wavlad britaneTis samxedro misia Camovida.2 xangrZlivi diskusiisa da

parizTan molaparakebebis Semdeg londonis kabinetma gadawyvita mTavari

dartyma yirimSi ganexorcielebina.3 aseT viTarebaSi, baTumis korpu-

sis sardalma muhamed selim-faSam 21 aprils mixeil SarvaSiZes weri-

li gaugzavna, romelSic ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisaken mouwodebda,

risTvisac portasgan did jildos hpirdeboda. afxazeTis mTavarma fa-

Sas pasuxi ar gasca da misi werili n. reads gadaugzavna, TviTon ki

kodorze wavida, raTa abJuis mosaxleoba am xazis dasacavad moemzade-

bina, Tumca fiqrobda, rom kodoris adidebis gamo, mis dacxromamde,

am mxridan Semoteva mosalodneli arc iyo.4 amave xanebSi afxazeTSi

Cerqezebi SeiWrnen sefer-bei zan-uyos meTaurobiT, romelic afxazebis

gadabirebas Seecada. mixeil SarvaSiZem mTeli Zalisxmeva gamoiyena, raTa

baTal-bei marSanias meSveobiT bzifelebisaTvis safar-beisa da Cerqezebis

undobloba Caenerga. male CerqezTa razmi gaifanta, xolo sefer-bei ba-

TumSi wavida.5 rogorc xelisufleba Tvlida, mixeil SarvaSiZem moaxerxa

afxazeTSi areulobis dawyebisaTvis xeli SeeSala.6

1854 wlis maisSi Turqebma dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali kampania

wamoiwyes da yulevSi, anakliasa da soxumSi samxedro desanti gadmosx-

es. maisis pirvel ricxvebSi soxumSi mokavSireTa ori xomaldi Cavida,

romelmac osmaleTis jaris nawilebi Caiyvana, daaxloebiT, 1500-mde meo-

mari artileriiT, 36 qvemexiT, _ warmoSobiT naTxvaji sefar-bei zan-uy-

os meTaurobiT.7 xomaldis meTaurebma mixeil SarvaSiZe moikiTxes, magram

man jer kidev 7 maiss datova afxazeTi da samegreloSi gadavida, iqidan

1 А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 363.

2 А. Л. Зиссерман. Барятинский, I, gv. 136.3 Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и Средняя Азия во внешней политике России (второя половина XVIII _ 80-е годы XIX в.), М., 1984, gv. 160.

4 J. McNeill. Memoir. London, 1910, gv. 315-316; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и…, gv. 161; a. CxeiZe, inglisis politika kavkasiaSi, Tb., 1973, gv. 87-88,

99-100.

5 АКАК, т. Х, #290, gv. 277.

6 АКАК, т. Х, #290, gv. 277.

7 АКАК, т. Х, #290, gv. 277.

155

ki TbilisSi gaemgzavra.1 safar-bei zan-uyos, romelsac sulTanma faSas

tituli uboZa, daevala dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa gamoyvana osmale-

Tis droSis qveS, agreTve afxazeTis mTavris gadmobireba.2 rodesac man

mixeil SarvaSiZis TbilisSi gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb Seityo, mis molodinSi

soxumSi darCa. imavdroulad, man dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebs rusebis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwoda. mis mowodebas maSinaTve gamoexmau-

rnen ubixebi, SafsuRebi, abaZaxebi da dasavleT kavkasiis sxva mTielebi.3

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze moxerxebuli strategiuli adg-

ilebis dakavebis Semdeg osmaleTi afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriisa da

imereTis dasakaveblad emzadeboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis

Semdeg Turqebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvlas da amierkavkasi-

is politikuri centris Tbilisis xelSi Cagdebas gegmavdnen. amasTan,

imedi hqondaT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas gadaibirebdnen,

riTac dasaxuli miznis miRwevas gaiadvilebdnen,4 Tumca maTi imedebi ar

gamarTlda da qarTveli xalxi Turqebis winaaRmdeg farTo ganmaTavisu-

flebel brZolaSi Caeba.

mixeil SarvaSiZe 19 maiss TbilisSi Cavida, raTa n. readTan afxa-

zeTSi arsebuli viTareba ganexila da moqmedebis gegmac daesaxaT. is

darwmunebuli iyo, rom kodoris adidebis gamo mowinaaRmdege abJuaSi

ver Sevidoda, amitom jer-jerobiT afxazuri miliciiT SeZlebda kodo-

ris xazis dacvas, Tu mowinaaRmdege kodoris SesarTavs zRvidan ar

Semouvlida wylis dacxromis droisaTvis, e. i. ivlisis Sua ricxvebi-

saTvis kodoris xazis dacvis gaZliereba saWiro iqneboda afxazeTis,

samurzayanos, samegrelos, imereTis miliciiT da regularuli jaris

nawilebiT. radgan kodoridan samurzayanosaken gza cudi iyo da artile-

riis gadatana Zneli iqneboda, misi azriT, regularuli jaris rezervis

kodorze ganlageba saWiro ar iyo, aramed mxolod samurzayano-afxaze-

Tis sazRvarze, xolo misi waweva kodorisken saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

ganxorcieldeboda. amasTan, afxazeTis mTavarma mzadyofna gamoTqva i.

andronikaSvils daqvemdebareboda, Tumca es ukanaskneli CiniT masze um-

crosi iyo. n. readi amis saWiroebas ver xedavda. misi azriT, afxazeTis

mTavari da i. andronikaSvili mWidro urTierTobaSi unda yofiliyvnen

erTmaneTTan da samoqmedo gegmebi SeeTanxmebinaT.5

mixeil SarvaSiZeNapirebda Seekriba afxazeTis milicia _ 500-600

cxenosnisa da 1500-mde qveiTis raodenobiT, romelsac xazinidan Tanxa

ar dasWirdeboda, sanam afxazeTis soflebSi idgeboda. Nn. readma mas

1 АКАК, т. Х, #287, gv. 275; #290, gv. 277; Воспоминания 1855 года майора Осман-бея, _,,Кавказский сборник~, т. II, Тифлис, 1877, gv. 197.2 АКАК, т.X, #290, gv. 277.

3 АКАК, т.Х, #287, gv. 274.

4 АКАК, т. Х, #275, gv. 275; #291, gv. 278.

5 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 123-124.

156

sTxova, saxalxo laSqari imdeni Seekriba, ramdenic abJuis dasacavad

iqneboda saWiro, xolo kodoris dacxromisTvis is i. andronikaSvils

daavalebda afxazeTis miliciisTvis SeeerTebina samurzayanos, samegre-

losa da imereTis saxalxo laSqari da samurzayano-afxazeTis sazR-

varze regularuli jaris rezervi ganelagebina. Tu mowinaaRmdege zRviT

Semouvlida kodoris SesarTavs, is abJuis dacvas mxolod mTielTa mci-

re jgufebis Semosevisagan SeZlebda da ara muhamed-eminis 15-20 aTasiani

laSqrisagan da iZulebuli iqneboda afxazeTi daetovebina. gamosavali

unda yofiliyo muhamed-eminis dakaveba saomari moqmedebebiT CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi.1 mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTSi darCenas mowinaaRmdegis desan-

tis gadmosxmis SemTxvevaSi manamde apirebda, sanam SeZlebda da fiqrobda

mxolod maSin daetovebina es mxare, rodesac winaaRmdegobis yvela sa-

Sualebas amowuravda.2

26 maiss mixeil SarvaSiZem Tbilisi datova. misi Svilebi samegre-

loSi iyvnen, xolo meuRle abJuaSi hyavda da mxolod ukidures SemTx-

vevaSi apirebda samegreloSi an imereTSi mis gadayvanas, radgan Seqmnil

viTarebaSi maT mier afxazeTis datoveba afxazebze uaryofiT STabeW-

dilebas moaxdenda.3

ruseTis xelisufleba kargad xedavda, rom sefer-bei zan-uyos

dasavleT kavkasiaSi didi gavlena hqonda. man kargad icoda am mxaris

xalxTa xasiaTi da zne-Cveulebebi. gavrcelda xma, rom man 60 aTasamde

qveiTi da amdenive mxedari Sekriba. afxazeTis mTavris azriT, es cifri

sakmaod gadaWarbebuli iyo, Tumca mas mainc mniSvnelovani Zala hqonda.

igi fiqrobda, rom sefer-beis mniSvnelovani gavlena eqneboda aramarto

afxazeTSi, aramed samurzayanosa da samegreloSic, amitom ar gamoricx-

avda sefer-beisTan Sexvedras da am Sexvedraze afxazeTSi SemosevasTan

dakavSirebiT misi gegmebis CaSlas apirebda. afxazeTis mTavari n. reads

md. kodorze poziciebis gamagrebas da imperatoris brZanebis Tanaxmad am

nawilis SenarCunebas urCevda.4

ruseTis sardlobis azriT, muhamed-emini CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sao-

mari moqmedebebiT general m. xomutovs da general n. evdokimovs unda

daekavebinaT, rac afxazeTis mimarT misi gegmebis ganxorcielebas Seafer-

xebda; amasTan, saWiro iqneboda, guriis razms i. andronikaSvilis meTau-

robiT moqmedeba gaeaqtiurebina; mixeil SarvaSiZes yvelaferi unda eRona

da qveSevrdomebi mowinaaRmdegesTan SeerTebisagan Seekavebina.5

imperatori afxazeTis saqmeebSi kargad iyo Caxeduli, misi azriT,

1 АКАК, т. Х, #290, gv. 277-278.

2 АКАК, т. Х, #290, gv. 278.

3 АКАК, т. Х, #289, gv. 276.

4 АКАК, т. Х, #290, gv. 278.

5 АКАК, т. Х, #287, gv. 275.

157

raki mixeil SarvaSiZes afxazeTis datoveba mouxda, droebiT TbilisSi

unda wasuliyo da Semdgom miTiTebebs iq dalodeboda. is dadebiTad af-

asebda afxazeTis mTavris Tanxmobas, i. andronikaSvils daqvemdebareboda,

Tumca es aucileblad ar miaCnda, radgan man araerTxel daamtkica, rom

damoukideblad moqmedeba Rirseulad SeeZlo.1 xelisuflebisaTvis isic

kargad iyo cnobili, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe didi pativiscemiT sarge-

blobda ubixebsa da dasavleT kavkasiis sxva mTiel xalxebSi da maTi

mamasaxlisebis meSveobiT cdilobda CaeSala muhamed-eminis gegma afxaze-

Tis mimarT.2

maisis dasawyisSi v. dolgorukovma n. reads auwya, rom mokavSireebi

ivnisis bolomde mainc ar iqnebodnen mzad kavkasiaze mietanaT ieriSi.

misi azriT, radgan kodoris adidebis gamo ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi

mis marcxena napirze gadasvla SeuZlebeli iqneboda, amdenad, kavkasiis

korpusis marjvena flangi sruliad uzrunvelyofili iyo mowinaaRmde-

gis desantis gadmosxmisagan; muhamed-emins afxazeTis CrdiloeTi nawil-

ic rom daekavebina, is kodors ver gadalaxavda. amiT unda esargebla

i. andronikaSvils, TurqebisaTvis dauyovnebliv Seetia axalcixesTan da

guriis sazRvrebidan ukuegdo, rac gavlenas moaxdenda saerTo viTare-

baze kavkasiis frontze, aseve kavkasiis mTielebzec da muhamed-eminis

gegmas osmaleTis jarebTan SeerTebaze CaSlida.3 imperatori Tvlida,

rom Tu ver moxerxdeboda CrdiloeT afxazeTis SenarCuneba, maSin yvela

zoma unda yofiliyo miRebuli kodoris xazis dasacavad, radgan misi

dakargva samurzayanosa da samegrelos aoxrebasac gamoiwvevda. sanam

kodorze foniT gadasvla SeuZlebeli iyo, mixeil SarvaSiZe afxazeTis

miliciiT SeZlebda am xazis dacvas, Semdeg ki guriis razmis nawile-

biT i. andronikaSvili gaaZlierebda. v. dolgorukovis azriT, kodoris

marjvena napirze jarebis moqmedebis mizani mTielTa mcire razmebTan

brZola unda yofiliyo, xolo afxazeTis dakaveba omis dasasrulisaT-

vis unda gadaedoT. xelisufleba n. readisgan moiTxovda, am mxareSi da,

gansakuTrebiT, soxumSi, mtkiced damkvidrebisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi

droulad moefiqrebina.4

dasavleT saqarTveloSi Turqebs warumatebloba Tan sdevdaT. 1854

wlis 27 maiss isini lanCxuTTan damarcxdnen, xolo 4 ivniss ColoqTan

brZola selim faSas 30 aTasiani korpusis ganadgurebiT damTavrda.5 aseT

viTarebaSi mixeil SarvaSiZem n. reads regularuli jaris nawilebis

enguris marcxena napirze gagzavna sTxova, rac, misi azriT, afxazebsa

1 АКАК, т. Х, #288, gv. 275.

2 АКАК, т. Х, #288, gv. 275.

3 АКАК, т. Х, #289, gv. 276.

4 АКАК, т. Х, #289, gv. 276.

5 АКАК, т. Х, #289, gv. 276.

158

da samurzayanoelebs gaamxnevebda, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki maTi gamoy-

eneba kodoris xazis dasacavad SeiZleboda.1 n. readi fiqrobda, rom 27

maisisa da 4 ivnisis brZolebSi gamarjvebas SesamCnevad unda Seemsubuqe-

bina afxazeTis mdgomareoba, miuxedavad amisa, i. andronikaSvils ubrZana

garkveuli ZalebisaTvis Tavi moeyara enguris marcxena napirze, amasTan

mWidro urTierToba daemyarebina afxazeTis mTavarTan da masTan SeTanx-

mebulad emoqmeda.2

1854 wlis ivnisis damlevs muSiri selim faSa redut-kaleSi Cavida,

sadac muhamed-emins Sexvda da moeTaTbira erToblivi Setevis organize-

bis Taobaze. ivlisis dasawyisSi selim-faSa qobuleTSi dabrunda, xolo

muhamed-emini soxumSi Cavida, iqidan ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavida.

MmTielebi Tanaxma iyvnen ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg emoqmedaT, Tumca

Sesaferis anazRaurebas moiTxovdnen. soxum-kalesa da baTums Soris

mowinaaRmdegis eskadra kreisirebas eweoda.3 aseT viTarebaSi, guriis

razmis ufrosma kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross acnoba, rom svane-

Tis mTavars, rotmistr dadeSqelians, misma siZem, webeldelma eSsou

marSaniam SesTavaza svaneTidan, enguris xeobiT gaetarebina mTielTa

qveiTi razmi, romelic jvaris mxridan Tavs daesxmoda samegrelos; ima-

vdroulad, afxazeTidan mTielTa mxedroba SeiWreboda, xolo zRvidan

da osmaleTidan samegrelosa da guriaSi TurqTa da mokavSireTa jarebi

SeiWreboda. dadeSqelianma uaryo es winadadeba da amis Sesaxeb ruseTis

sardlobas acnoba, amasTan, mTis bilikebze guSagebi daayena. guriis raz-

mis sardlobamac jvaris mimarTulebiT saguSagoebi gaaZliera. ruseTis

sardlobas informacia hqonda, rom eSsou marSania da ubixi haji keran-

tux barzegi mTielTa razmebiT afxazeTSi imyofebodnen.4

mixeil SarvaSiZe yovelnairad cdilobda dasavleT kavkasiis mTie-

lebSi muhamed-eminis avtoriteti da gavlena Seeryia. am mizniT, ivni-

sis dasawyisSi, is haji kerantux barzegsa da sxva ubix mamasaxlisebs

Sexvda. afxazeTis mTavari mTielTa siamayis sust adgils Seexo da

usayvedura, rom isini mzad iyvnen damorCilebodnen yovel ucxoels,

romelic Tavs mniSvnelovan figurad warmoaCenda. ubixebma aRniSnes, rom

erTi pirisadmi maTi damorCileba gamowveuli iyo rusebisadmi erTsu-

lovani winaaRmdegobis gawevis aucileblobiT. magram, radgan ruseTi am

mxaridan ganidevna da osmaleTTanac aRdga Tavisufali urTierToba, maT

ukve ar sWirdebodaT gareSe piri ufrosad, amitom muhamed-emins mor-

Cilebaze uari uTxres. mixeil SarvaSiZe ruseTis sardlobas auwyebda,

rom sefar-bei zan-uyos gavlenac dacemuli iyo da, amdenad, mTielebTan

1 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 123-125.2 АКАК, т. Х, #291, gv. 278-279.

3 АКАК, т. Х, #291, gv. 279.

4 Шамиль-ставленник султанской Турции и Английских колонизаторов (Сборник документальных материалов), под ред. Ш. В. Цагареишвили, Тб., 1953, gv. 412.

159

saqmeebi sasikeTod icvleboda.1 marTlac, amis Semdeg, muhamed-emini da

sefar-bei stambolSi gaemgzavrnen, raTa mTielebisaTvis TavianTi ufle-

bamosilebis damamtkicebeli sulTnis firmani CamoetanaT.,,Cemi angariSi

gamarTlda, _ werda mixeil SarvaSiZe samxedro ministrs v. dolgoru-

kovs, _ mokavSireebs gaucruvdaT is imedebi, rasac isini mahmadianebze

amyarebdnen, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis tomebi TiTqmis

ar endobian maT SemoTavazebul winadadebebs~.2 marTlac, omis dawyebis

Semdeg, rogorc samegrelos, ise yubanis xazs mTielebis arcerTi Tav-

dasxma ar ganucdia.3

sefar-bei da muhamed-emini metoqeebi iyvnen. orive maTgani cdilobda

dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebze gavlenis mopovebas da rom portas mTiel-

Ta winamZRolad ecno. 1854 wlis 7 seqtembers kavkasiis sardlobam

cnoba miiRo, rom sefer-beim TurqebTan Tavis gamoCenis mizniT samurza-

yanos dapyroba gadawyvita. man muhamed-emins SesTavaza mTielTa razmi

Seekriba da soxum-kaleSi Caeyvana. magram muhamed-eminma ukmayofileba

gamoTqva imis gamo, rom porta arc mas da arc mTielebs yuradRebas ar

aqcevda, amasTan mas sulac ar surda sefer-beis gandidebisaTvis xeli

Seewyo. male is soxum-kaleSi Cavida da iqidan stambolSi gaemgzavra,

amasTan ubixebs SeuTanxmda, rom mis Camosvlamde sefer-beis salaSqrod

ar gahyvebodnen. sefar-bei marTlac Seecada ubixebi aeyoliebina, Tumca

uSedegeod. amis Semdeg igi Seecada afxazeTsa da webeldaSi Seekriba

razmi da Tavisi ganzraxva ganexorcielebina, magram ver moaxerxa. ase,

rom afxazeTSi osmaleTis mTavari warmomadgenlis gegmebi samurzayanos

mimarT CaiSala. amasTan, sefar-beim selim-faSas brZaneba miiRo, misi ne-

barTvis gareSe SeteviTi moqmedeba ar ewarmoebina. manve acnoba, rom os-

maleTisa da mokavSireTa jarebi sevastopolSi gaigzavna da am operaciis

Sedegebamde saomari moqmedebebis warmoebas isic ar apirebda.4

ruseTis sardloba dasavleT saqarTveloSi samxedro Zalebis nak-

lebobas ganicdida. guriis razmis erTi nawili ganlagebuli iyo md.

civze zRvis mxridan qvemo samegrelos dasacavad; meore nawili md.

engurze idga da samegrelo afxazeTis mxridan mTielTa Semosevisagan

unda daecva; danarCeni nawilebi guriaSi iyo ganlagebuli. imperators

SesaZleblad miaCnda mixeil ServaSiZisTvis razmis Sedgena, raTa mas

afxazeTSi emoqmeda, magram n. readi fiqrobda, rom afxazeTis mdgomareo-

bidan gamomdinare mas sursaT-sanovagiT ver moamaragebdnen,5 amitom am

razmis Seqmna gamoiricxa.

1 Шамиль-ставленник..., gv. 413.2 АКАК, т. Х, #292, gv. 279.

3 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 142.4 В. А. Сологуб. Кавказ в Восточном вопросе, Тифлис, 1856, gv. 21.5 Шамиль-ставленник..., gv. 413-414.

160

afxazeTidan jarebis gamoyvanis Semdeg mixeil SarvaSiZe samegre-

loSi, simamris _ giorgi dadianis mamulSi damkvidrda da xan sof.

kurzuSi, xan sof. WkaduaSSi imyofeboda. is imedovnebda, rom rogorc

ruseTis armiis general-leitenants da imperatoris general-adiutants,

Sesaferis samsaxurs SesTavazebdnen, saxeldobr, guriis razmis ufrosis

Tanamdebobas, magram misi imedebi ar gamarTlda. 1854 wlis ivlisSi qu-

Taisis guberniasa da samegreloSi dabanakebuli jarebis, guriis razmis,

ufrosad general-maiori ivane bagration-muxranski dainiSna. kavkasiis

korpusis sardlobis azriT, guriis razmis ufrosad mixeil SarvaSiZis

daniSvna ar SeiZleboda mis mier jaris marTvis arcodnisa da samxedro

saqmeSi gamoucdelobis, aseve, samegrelos samTavro saxlTan mtrobis

gamo; SeuZlebeli iyo misi daniSvna im razmis meTaurad, romelic same-

greloSi idga.1 afxazeTis mTavris mdgomareoba samegreloSi saxarbielo

ar iyo, is aq rogorc kerZo piri imyofeboda, faqtobrivad, saomari

moqmedebebisagan gariyuli, amasTan, samegrelos dedofali ekaterine da-

diani xelisuflebisagan kategoriulad moiTxovda mixeil SarvaSiZes

samegrelo daetovebina, radgan misi aq yofna, samTavroSi simSvides arR-

vevda.2 1854 wlis 11 dekembers mixeil SarvaSiZe v. dolgorukovs werda,

rom aucileblad miaCnda misi yofna afxazeTis sazRvrebis siaxloves,

radgan SesaZlebloba hqonda Tavisi gavleniT qveSevrdomebze da maT

mezobel tomebze zemoqmedeba moexdina, riTac mowinaaRmdegis gegmebs

gaaqarwylebda. igi werda, rom imedebi, rasac mokavSireebi muhamed-em-

inze amyarebdnen, gaucruvdaT; Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros

tomebic maT winadadebebs undoblad ekidebodnen.3

mixeil SarvaSiZis dapirispireba samegrelos samTavro saxlTan

samurzayanos sakiTxiT iyo gamowveuli. amasTan, mas ar uyvarda same-

grelos samTavro saxlis warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT, mTavari da-

viT dadiani (1846-1853) ruseTis imperiisadmi mkveTrad gamoxatuli

erTgulebis, ruseTis xelisuflebis am saxlisadmi didi ndobisa da

mxardaWeris gamo. undobloba samegrelos samTavro saxlsa da afxaze-

Tis mTavars Soris ufro gaizarda, rodesac mixeil SarvaSiZe simamris

ojaxSi damkvidrda. giorgi dadiani ZmebTan erTad ekaterine WavWavaZe-

dadians opoziciaSi edga. rogorc Cans, am ukanasknels afrTxobda af-

xazeTis mTavrisa da giorgi dadianis SesaZlo gaerTianeba samegrelos

samTavro saxlis winaaRmdeg.4

aseT viTarebaSi, 1854 wlis 29 noembers kavkasiis mefisnacvlad da

kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad general-adiutanti n. muraviovi dain-

1 АКАК, т. Х, #756, gv. 793; #757, gv. 803; #763, gv. 810.

2 АКАК, т. ХI, Тифлис, 1888, #43, gv. 54; S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis,

gv. 179, 184.

3 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 140-141.4 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 141-142.

161

iSna. 1855 wlis TebervalSi igi TbilisSi Camovida.1

1855 wlis dasawyisSi mowinaaRmdegem moqmedeba Savi zRvis Crdilo-

aRmosavleT sanapiroze ganaaxla. 10 da 12 Tebervals inglis-safrangeT-

is xomaldebi yubanis SesarTavTan gamoCndnen da desanti gadmosxes; 28

Tebervali _ 2 marts mowinaaRmdegis eskadram novorosiiski dabomba,

imavdroulad, mas mTielebic utevdnen. novorosiiskis dasaxmareblad

anapidan vice-admirali l. serebriakovi Cavida da mTielebi ukuagdo,

Tumca cxadi iyo, rom aseT pirobebSi novorosiiskis SenarCuneba didx-

ans SeuZlebeli iqneboda. martSi, soxumSi, mustafa faSas meTauro-

biT osmaleTis armiis oTxi batalioni gadmosxda. man molaparakebebi

gamarTa afxazeTis, webeldisa da CerqezTa TavadebTan maTi osmaleTis

mTavrobisadmi damokidebulebis gasarkvevad.2 mustafa faSasTan mraval-

ricxovani amaliT gamocxadda mTavris Zma aleqsandre SarvaSiZe, romel-

mac mas xelSewyoba da daxmareba aRuTqva.3 mustafa faSa, romelic saT-

aveSi Caudga osmalur administracias soxumSi, afxazuri aristokratiis

gadabirebas aqtiurad cdilobda. aleqsandre SarvaSiZes osmalebma faSas

tituli uboZes da afxazeTis marTva daavales. osmalebTan TanamSrom-

lobdnen aseve mTavarTan daaxloebuli pirebi: general-maiori kac mar-

Rania, poruCiki hasan marRania, romelic soxumis mmarTvelad dainiSna,

maiori baTal-bei marSania da sxvebi.4

kavkasiis korpusis sardlobasTan mixeil SarvaSiZe uaryofda Zmis

osmalebis mxareze gadasvlas da xelisuflebas arwmunebda, rom ale-

qsandre afxazeTSi misi davalebiT darCa da Tumca Turqebis moTxovnebs

asrulebda, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, igi mTavris miTiTebebsac as-

rulebda da am mxareSi mis xelisuflebas warmoadgenda; hasan marRania

iq darCa rogorc memamule Tavis mamulSi, iseve, rogorc mravali memam-

ule da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, roca winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeuZle-

beli iyo, Turqebis moTxovnebs asrulebda. rac Seexeba kac marRanias,

mixeil SarvaSiZe Tvlida, rom rodesac ruseTis jarebma afxazeTi da-

toves, samTavro masac unda daetovebina.5

mustafa-faSam samegreloSi myof mixeil SarvaSiZes ramdenjerme Ses-

Tavaza afxazeTSi Casvla. mTavari winaaRmdegi ar iyo, magram gamgzavrebas

ayovnebda. bolos, faSam kac marRanias piriT mas acnoba, rom Tu af-

xazeTSi ar Cavidoda, masTan urTierTobas Sewyvetda.6 aseT viTarebaSi,

1 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 140; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Taname-drove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan, I, Tb., 2004, gv.158.

2 А. Л. Зиссерман. Фельдмаршал князь Александр Иванович Барятинский, 1815-1879, т. II, М. 1890, gv. 383-384.

3 АКАК, т. ХI, #159, gv. 282.

4 Воспоминания 1855 года майора Осман-бея, gv. 200.5 АКАК, т. ХI, #36, gv. 49.


162

1855 wlis aprilSi n. muraviovi zugdidSi Cavida, sadac igi mixeil

SarvaSiZesac Sexvda. mTavarsardali Tavidanve uaryofiTad iyo ganwyo-

bili afxazeTis mTavrisadmi da undoblad uyurebda mas, Tumca samxedro

ministrma v. dolgorukovma jer kidev 1854 wlis dekemberSi gaafrTx-

ila is, rom imperatoris azriT, mixeil SarvaSiZem xelisuflebisadmi

erTguleba daamtkica da mis mimarT undoblobis safuZveli ar arsebob-

da.1 n. muraviovma mixeil SarvaSiZes mosTxova dauyovnebliv daetovebina

samegrelo da sacxovreblad quTaisSi an TbilisSi gadasuliyo. mixeil

SarvaSiZem ver aitana aseTi undobloba da zewola, amitom maisis da-

sawyisSi afxazeTSi dabrunda.2

1855 wlis 8 maiss mixeil SarvaSiZe samurzayanoSi gaemgzavra. 9

maiss is sof. gudavaSi Cavida da samurzayanos boqauls, maior miqelaZes

auwya, rom mTavarsardlisagan saidumlo davaleba hqonda da afxazeTSi

miemgzavreboda, radgan saqmeebi am mxareSi arasasurvel Semobrunebas

iRebda. 12 maiss is ukve oCamCireSi Cavida. afxazeTSi Casuli mixeil

SarvaSiZe Seecada osmalTa sardlobasTan uSualo urTierToba daemya-

rebina.3

erTi cnobiT, man faSas auwya, rom afxazeTSi neitralurad dar-

Cena surda, sanam iq mokavSireTa desanti ar gadasxdeboda da mTielebis

saerTo Seteva ar daiwyeboda. am SemTxvevaSi is maTTan SeerTebis pirobas

debda da gamoTqvamda azrs, rom aseTi Setevis SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba

ar SexvdebodaT. TiTqos, am winadadebas faSa daTanxmda, magram ojaxTan

erTad soxumSi gadasvla mosTxova.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg mustafa-faSa

TviTon Cavida gemiT oCamCireSi da mixeil SarvaSiZe TavisTan miiwvia,

magram am ukanasknelma avadmyofoba moimizeza da ar Sexvda. amis Semdeg

faSas misi naxva ar moundomebia. mixeil SarvaSiZe mixvda, rom faSa gaa-

nawyena da mas kerantux barzegi miugzavna, romelsac is unda daerwmune-

bina, ra did sargeblobas moutanda osmaleTs mTielebze didi gavlenis

mqone afxazeTis mTavris momxroba. misma darwmunebam imoqmeda da 3 ivniss

faSa kvlav Cavida oCamCireSi aleqsandre SarvaSiZis, hasan marRaniasa da

baTal-bei marSanias TanxlebiT, Sexvda mixeil SarvaSiZes da sami saaTi

esaubra mas. 8 ivniss ki mixeil SarvaSiZe soxumSi Cavida, sadac didi

pativiT Sexvdnen.5

ivnisis pirvel ricxvebSi kavkasiis korpusis sardlobam miiRo in-

formacia, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe Turqebis mxareze gadavida. miuxedavad

amisa, n. muraviovi da v. bebuTovi saWirod Tvlidnen afxazeTis mTavarTan

1 АКАК, т. XI, #40, gv. 50.

2 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 144.3 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. 1854-1861. mogonebani, tfilisi, 1934, gv. 16; n.

TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe da yirimis omi,,,saistorio Ziebani~, II, Tb., 1999, gv. 114.

4 АКАК, т. XI, #36, gv. 45.

5 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 168; АКАК, т. XI, #36, gv. 45-48.

163

situaciis bolomde garkvevas. n. muraviovi fiqrobda, rom am nabijisken

mixeil SarvaSiZes samegrelos samTavro saxlis siZulvilma ubiZga da

igi samurzayanos dauflebasa da samegrelos sazRvrispira soflebis

gaZarcvas Seecdeboda, xolo ufro Rrmad SemoWrisagan Tavs Seikavebda.1

7 ivniss v. bebuTovma mixeil SarvaSiZis werili miiRo. mTavari Cioda,

rom misi mdgomareoba samegreloSi ar Seesabameboda mis wodebas da iq

uqmad yofna zedmetad CaTvala, misma mtrebma ki gaavrceles xmebi Turqe-

bis mxareze misi gadasvlis Sesaxeb, Tumca bolos yvelaferi gairkveoda.2

mixeil SarvaSiZe Tavis gadawyvetilebas afxazeTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb,

omis pirobebSi misi SesaZleblobebis gamouyeneblobiT xsnida, rodesac

uqmad yofnas samTavros movla da aqedan xelisuflebisaTvis sargeblo-

bis aRmoCena arCia. igi werda:,,kaci viTarca uqmi, me yovlad daimedebuli

Tavis Tvissa zeda, romel ara var gamousadeg da uqmi, varCie usaqmod

yofnas, Semosvla isev Cemive samTavroSi... da dacva maTi myudroebasa

Sina da ukeTu momcemda SemTxveva, aqedanaca aRmomeCina sargebloba Cemis

xelmwife imperatorisa~.3 amdenad, mixeil SarvaSiZe Turqebis mier oku-

pirebul afxazeTSi gadasvlas imiT xsnida, rom ar surda samTavroSi

ganviTarebuli movlenebis pasiuri macqerali yofiliyo da ruseTis

sardlobisaTvis SeZlebisdagvarad daxmareba aRmoeCina.

afxazeTSi Casul mixeil SarvaSiZes qveyana faqtobrivad osmaleTis

momxred ganwyobili daxvda.4 bzifis olqSi Casul afxazeTis mTavars

iq daxvda CerqezTa da afxazTa laSqari, romelsac ganzraxuli hqon-

da marbieli laSqrobis mowyoba samurzayanoSi tyveebisa da nadavlis

xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, magram mixeil SarvaSiZem am laSqrobis CaSla

SeZlo.5 mixeil SarvaSiZis simamri giorgi dadiani grigol dadians werda:

mixeil,,jer zufus (lixni, _ b. x.) misrula da iq yofila jarebi Sekre-

bili Cerqezebis da afxazis... es Sekrebuli jarebi momavali yofila sa-

murzayanozed, samurzayano unda daekavebinaT, mZevlebi unda gamoerTmiaT

da unda wasuliyvnen, magram es ganzraxva, yvela daurRvevia mixeils da

rac jarebi yofila yulani TavTavis saxlSi gauSvia~.6

sxva drosac, rodesac SesaZlebloba miecemoda, mixeil SarvaSiZe

xels uSlida Turqebs Cerqezebisa da afxazebis salaSqrod SekrebaSi.7

amasTan, igi cdilobda osmalebTan saerTo ena gamoenaxa. kavkasiis rusu-

li administraciisTvis cnobili gaxda, rom man TurqTa sardlobisagan

1 АКАК, т. XI, #36, gv. 46; #38, gv. 48; #40, gv. 50-51.

2 АКАК, т. XI, #37, gv. 46.

3 АКАК, т. XI, #38, gv. 46.

4 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 238.5 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 148.6 n. TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe da yirimis omi, gv. 114.

7 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 238.

164

moiTxova yvela is ufleba, rac mis papas qeleS-beis hqonda, rodesac

osmaleTis vasali iyo; afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis sardloba; yvela

olqi, romelsac iaraRiT an molaparakebebiT SeuerTebda Tavis samflo-

belos, samudamod darCeniliyo mis memkvidreobiT mflobelobaSi imave

uflebiT, ra uflebac afxazeTze hqonda.1 mustafa-faSam mas auwya, rom

aseT pirobebze daTanxmeba mis uflebebs aRemateboda, amitom es pirobebi

divanis gansaxilvelad stambolSi gadaagzavna.2

miuxedavad imisa, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe Turqebis mier okupirebul

afxazeTSi dabrunda da garkveulwilad maTTan TanamSromlobda kidec,

es ar niSnavda, rom man aSkara proTurquli pozicia daikava. faruli

kontaqtebi ruseTis sardlobasTan mas ar Seuwyvetia, mniSvnelovan in-

formacias awvdida da rusuli mxarisaTvis erTgulebis damtkicebas cdi-

lobda. n. muraviovi afxazeTis mTavars orpirobaSi sdebda brals. misi

azriT, mixeil SarvaSiZem ar icoda meomari mxareebidan vis darCeboda

afxazeTi, ar hqonda gulwrfeli erTguleba arcerTi mxarisadmi, magram

surda Tavisi samflobelo SeenarCunebina da Tavs movaled Tvlida nei-

traliteti daecva, Tumca iviwyebda, rom imperatoris general-adiutan-

tis wodebas atarebda.3 v. bebuTovic Tvlida, rom misi afxazeTSi gadas-

vla ganpirobebuli iyo samTavros SenarCunebis surviliT, radgan rusuli

iaraRis gamarjvebaSi bolomde darwmunebuli ar iyo.4

osmaleTi da misi mokavSireebi, _ inglis-safrangeTi, _ did imedebs

amyarebdnen dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebisa da Samilis mxardaWeraze.

ingliselma strategebma SeimuSaves gegma, romlis Tanaxmadac maT aqtiu-

rad unda emoqmedaT kavkasiaSi da amiT ruseTis jarebis nawili dasav-

leTi sazRvrebidan CamoeSorebinaT. amisTvis gadawyda desantiT daekave-

binaT soxumi da ruseTis winaaRmdeg Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa saerTo

ajanyeba moewyoT.5 mokavSireebi imedovnebdnen, rom CrdiloeT kavkasias

ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis aqtiur Teatrad gadaaqcevdnen, Tumca maTi

imedebi ar gamarTlda. 1855 wlis 13 maiss ruseTis jaris nawilebma

novorosiiski datoves da general-maior i. debus meTaurobiT 17 maiss

anapaSi Cavidnen; 25 maiss ruseTis jarebma vice-admiral l. serebriako-

vis meTaurobiT anapa da axlomaxlo stanicebi datoves, cixe daangries

da yvela Senoba gadawves. amis Semdeg, sul male, inglis-safrangeTis de-

santi anapaSi, xolo mogvianebiT, seqtemberSi, tamanis naxevarkunZulze

gadasxda, magram adiRebma maT realuri daxmareba ar gauwies.6 dasavleT

1 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 195.2 АКАК, т. XI, #40, gv. 51; S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 182-183.

3 АКАК, т. XI, #40, gv. 51.

4 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 246.5 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 207.6 Д. Афанасьев. К истории Черноморского флота, _,,Русский архив~, кн. I, М. 1902, gv.639.

165

kavkasiis mTielTa winamZRolebma _ muhamed-eminma da safar-bei zan-uyom

ver SeZles dapirebuli Zalebis gamoyvana, xolo CerqezTa eTnografiu-

li jgufebis daxmarebis gareSe desants seriozuli warmatebis imedi ar

unda hqonoda. muhamed-emini kidev erTxel Seecada SamilTan SeerTebas

da am mizniT yaraCaisa da yabardos dakaveba scada, Tumca uSedegod. Sami-

lic yovelnairad cdilobda SeerTeboda muhamed-emins, magram ruseTis

jaris nawilebma es mcdelobac aRkveTes.1

anapaSi osmaleTis CinovnikebTan pirveli gacnobis Semdeg, romlebic

cdilobdnen kavkasieli MmTielebi portas qveSevrdomebad gadaeqciaT,

adiRebi TurqTa mokavSireebsac eWviT uyurebdnen.2 isini imitom ki ar

icavdnen TavianT damoukideblobas ruseTis imperiasTan brZolaSi, rom

portas qveSevrdomebad qceuliyvnen.3 osmaleTis yofili didi veziris

Svilis, osmaleTis armiis oficris osman-beis cnobiT, ingliselebi ara-

fers iSurebdnen, rom ,,Cerqezebi rusebis winaaRmdgeg ganewyoT da ruseT-

Tan brZolaSi CaebaT~.4 farTod gamoiyeneboda,,CerqezeTis damoukideblobis~

lozungic, Tumca, rogorc osman-bei aRniSnavda,,,damoukidebloba ueWvelad

unda yofiliyo erT-erT iluziad, radgan osmaleTi Tavis proeqtebs saku-

Tari sargeblobisTvis adgenda da ara CerqezTa SesaniSnavi Tvisebebis

gamo~.5

nikoloz I kavkasiis fronts did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. igi sar-

dlobisgan moiTxovda osmaleTis siRrmeSi SeteviTi operaciebis ganxor-

cielebas da yarsis, baiazeTis, ardaganis, baTumis dakavebas, rac portas

iZulebuls gaxdida ruseTisTvis xelsayrel sazavo pirobebs daTan-

xmeboda. maisis miwuruls ruseTis jaris nawilebma kavkasiis frontze

moqmedeba gaaaqtiures. 24 maiss ruseTis korpusma uSualod n. muravio-

vis meTaurobiT md. arfaCai gadalaxa da osmaleTis anatoliis armiis

winaaRmdeg gaaCaRa moqmedeba, romlis ZiriTadi nawilebi yarsSi iyo dis-

locirebuli. yarsis cixe arzrumidan amierkavkasiisken mimaval umokles

gzaze mdebareobda. rogorc fuad-faSa aRniSnavda, igi osmaleTis,,aziuri

sazRvrebis gasaRebs~ warmoadgenda. misi aRebiT rusebi arzrums, Semdeg

ki mTel anatolias daemuqrebodnen.6 31 maiss ruseTis jarebma arda-

1 С. К. Бушуев. Из истории внешнеполитических отношений в период присоединения Кавказа к России (20-70-е годы XIX в.), М. 1955, gv.79; Н. А. Смирнов. Политика России на Кавказе в XVI _XIX веках, М. 1958, gv. 217-218; История СССР с древнейших времен до наших дней, т. IV, М. 1967, gv. 557.

2 Н. Н. Муравьев, Война за Кавказом, т. I, СПб., 1877, gv. 8; С. К. Бушуев. Борба горцев за независимость под руководством Шамиля, М.-Л. 1939, gv. 154-155; Crdilo kavkasiis

xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, nakv. II, Tb., 1978, gv. 71.

3 Н. Н. Муравьев, Война за Кавказом, т. II, СПб., 1877, gv. 269.4 История СССР, т. IV, gv. 557.5 Воспоминания 1855 года майора Осман-бея, gv. 206.6 Воспоминания 1855 года майора Осман-бея, gv. 171.

166

gani aiRes, xolo ivnisSi alya Semoartyes yarss da amiT osmaleTis

umTavres centrebs safrTxe Seuqmnes. imavdroulad, 1855 w. seqtemberSi

mokavSireebma TerTmetTviani alyis Semdeg, auracxeli msxverplis fa-

sad sevastopoli aiRes. napoleon III-m, romlis armiac ZiriTadi Zala

iyo yirimSi, sevastopolis aRebiT omis damTavreba gadawyvita, magram

palmerstoni, romelsac safrangeTis gaZlierebis eSinoda, omis aseTi

dasasrulis winaaRmdegi iyo. is daJinebiT moiTxovda omis gagrZelebas

da Tavisi gegmis _ ruseTis danawilebis ganxorcielebas. igi am gziT

imedovnebda evropis saxelmwifoTa TvalSi inglisis prestiJi aemaRle-

bina. inglisisgan gansxvavebiT safrangeTs ar surda ruseTis Semdgomi

dasusteba, radgan mas inglisis sapirispiro Zalad ganixilavda,1 magram

safrangeTi iZulebuli gaxda omis gagrZelebas daTanxmeboda.

1855 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi yarsis gadasarCenad Turqebma

soxumSi omer-faSas sardlobiT 45 aTasiani desanti gadmosxes, romel-

mac afxazeTi daikava.2 ingliselma oficerma balardma winaswar Seiswa-

vla afxazeTis is punqtebi, sadac omer-faSas armia unda Casuliyo.

igi mixeil SarvaSiZesac Sexvda. afxazeTis mTavarma ingliseli ofi-

ceri kargad miiRo. igi ar malavda, rom upiratesobas rusebs aniWebda,

zizRiT iyo gamsWvaluli Turqebis mimarT afxazeTSi maTi mosalodneli

damkvidrebis gamo. mixeil SarvaSiZe garegnulad mokavSireebis mimarT

simpaTias gamoxatavda, Tumca, realurad maT mxareze ar damdgara.3

omer-faSas gadawyvetili hqonda saqarTvelos gavliT yarsamde Cae-

Rwia da alyaSemortymul cixes daxmareboda. amasTanave, masze iyo da-

kisrebuli saqarTvelosa da CerqzeTis ruseTisagan gaTavisufleba da

mTeli kavkasiis gaTavisuflebis winapirobis Seqmna.4 omer-faSas Stabis

ufrosi ferhad-faSa graf rozmordiuks, romelic maSin samegreloSi

cxovrobda, werda:,,mefe ukugdebul unda iqnes Tergsa da yubans iqiT,

sabolood ase gadawyda mokavSireTa sabWoze~.5 omer-faSas uaxloesi

strategiuli mizani iyo quTaisis aReba, suramis qedis gadalaxva da

kavkasiis politikuri da administraciuli centris Tbilisis daufle-

ba.6 magram im imediT, rom afxazeTisa da dasavleT kavkasiis mosaxleoba

mis mxareze dadgeboda, omer-faSam kavkasiis siRrmeSi Setevis dawyebis

sawyis punqtad airCia ara redut-kale, romelic quTaisidan 108 versze

iyo, aramed 200 versiT daSorebuli soxum-yale, amasTan mas or didi

1 e. burWulaZe, yirimis omi da saqarTvelo, gv. 179-180.

2 Н. С. Киняпина, Внешняя политика..., gv. 263.3 Н. Н. Муравьев, Война за Кавказом, т. II, gv. 174; e.BburWulaZe, yirimis omi da saqa-

rTvelo, gv. 335-338, 356; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 325-326.4 a. CxeiZe, inglisis politika kavkasiaSi, gv. 149-150.

5 a. CxeiZe, inglisis politika kavkasiaSi, gv. 139; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 325-326.6 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 50; АКАК, т. XI, gv. 133, 241.

167

mdinaris _ kodorisa da enguris gadalaxva mouwevda.1 rogorc samxe-

dro istorikosi averianovi werda, afxazebTan da CerqezebTan axlos

yofnis survilma, romelTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg amxedrebasac omer-faSa

fiqrobda, aiZula TurqTa mTavarsardali quTaisze SetevisaTvis ufro

grZeli da naklebad xelsayreli gza aerCia.2 Tumca kavkasiis korpusis

mTavarsardali n. muraviovi fiqrobda, rom omer-faSas mizani iyo ara

anatoliis armiasTan SeerTeba da alyisagan yarsis daxsna, aramed iseTi

diversiis mowyoba, romelic quTaissa da Tbiliss safrTxes Seuqmnida

da amiT ruseTis jaris nawilebs aiZulebda yarsis blokada moexsnaT,3

rasac Tanamedrove istorikosi h.-m. ibragimbeili savsebiT iziarebs.

19 seqtembers soxumSi omer-faSa Cavida. navsadgurSi mas mixeil

SarvaSiZe daxvda. TviTmxilvelTa informaciaze dayrdnobiT, am faqts

generali n. koliubakini ase aRwers:,,19 ricxvSi diliT omer-faSa mo-

vida soxumSi gemiT. navsadgurSi afxazeTis mTavari elodeboda. mas

surda Turquli wesisamebr Tayvani eca, magram omerma SeaCera is, xeli

CamoarTva da rusulad uTxra: gamarjoba mixeil... jaris daTvaliere-

bidan mobrunebulma generalisimusma dainaxa Tavisi saxlis win mdgari

mTavari... ramdenime sityva uTxra rogorc uwin, rusulad. veravin gaigo

es sityvebi, magram xalxSi xma gavrcelda, rom man SesTavaza an Tavisuf-

leba misca dabrunebuliyo rusebTan~.4 amiT omer-faSa afxazeTis mTavars

aSkarad mianiSnebda, rom arCevanis dro dadga da Tu is TurqebTan Ta-

namSromlobas apirebda, amis Riad dafiqsireba iyo saWiro.5 erTi cnobiT,

omer-faSa sulTnis saxeliT mixeil SarvaSiZes Sepirda misTvis eboZe-

bina is miwebi, romelsac omis msvlelobaSi iaraRiT an molaparakebebiT

ruseTs waarTmevda. amasTan, mixeil SarvaSiZe anapidan baTumamde yvela

simagrisa da garnizonis ufrosad gamocxadda.6 Semdeg, mixeil SarvaSiZe,

v. bebuTovisadmi werilSi werda:,,movida ra omer-faSa soxums... winada-

midva _ ukeTu ara var winaaRdegi maTis mpyrobelobisa, maS SeuerTde

mas Cemis da mTielis laSqriTa da igi momitans firmans, damtkicebulsa

soiuzni derJavebisagan, mas Sina: romel raodens adgilebsac omer-faSa

daipyrobs Cemis TanaSewyobiTa vidre saqarTvelomde (igulisxmeba aRm.

saqarTvelo, _ b.x.), iqmnebis Cems gamgeblobaSi. me gardawyvetilad ga-

moucxade, romel aReba saWurvelisa pirispir im mxedrobisa, romlisagan

1 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 326.2 scssa, f. 1087, aRw. 1, s. 443, furc. 44; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 327.3 scssa, f. 1087, aRw. 1, s. 443, furc. 44; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 328.4 Н. Н. Муравьев. Война за Кавказом, т. II, gv. 174.5 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 193.6 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazetis istoriuli warsulidan, I, Tb., 2004,

gv.166.

168

me siyrmidanve aRzrdil da dacul var, ar ZalmiZs~.1 amdenad, mixeil

SarvaSiZe cdilobda neitraliteti daecva, windaxedulad da frTxilad

moqmedebda da ruseT-osmaleTis samxedro konfrontaciaSi monawileobi-

sagan garegnulad ganze idga.

omer-faSam TanamSromlobisaken mouwoda sxva afxaz feodalebsac,

maT Soris, ruseTis armiis polkovniks dimitri hasan-beis Ze SarvaSiZes.

omer-faSa mas werda: ,,если вы пожелаете служить у нас, то будете пользоваться тем же чином, которий вы приобрели познаниями вашими и храбростью в русской армии~.2 magram dimitri SarvaSiZem TurqTa sar-dals mkveTri da calsaxa pasuxi gasca:,,мой понятия об обьязанностях абхазца и цели вашего вторжения, совершенно противны вашему взгляду на сей предмет. Я недоступен заразе, вызываемой дурными примерами... всегда и везде позорен побег и уклонение от своих знамен~.3 dimi-tri SarvaSiZis gadmobirebas mixeil SarvaSiZec cdilobda da am mizniT

meuRlis – aleqsandras Suamavlobac gamoiyena. Emixeili dimitris urCev-

da, gaeTvaliswinebina axali samxedro-politikuri realoba, mietovebina

ruseTis samsaxuri da mTavarsa da naTesavebs ar CamoSoreboda,4 Tumca am

mcdelobam uSedegod Caiara.

oqtombris dasawyisSi soxumSi omer-faSasTan muhamed-emini Cavida.

mTavarsardalma sulTnis saxeliT is abaZexebisa da CerqezTa sxva eTno-

grafiuli jgufebis winamZRolad daniSna da faSas epoletebi gadasca.

aseTive epoletebi da saCuqrebi gaugzavna safar-beis anapaSi. omer-faSam

kargad icoda, rom CerqezTa daxmarebis gareSe mas gauWirdeboda, amitom

muhamed-emins ganucxada, rom sulTnis erTgulebis niSnad is valdebuli

iyo mTielTa laSqari Seekriba da mas SeerTeboda.5 muhamed-emini omer

faSas Sepirda, rom 20 aTasian laSqars gamoiyvanda, magram misi imedebi

ar gamarTlda.6 man mTielebs SavizRvispireTze gadamwyveti Setevisaken

mouwoda da abaZexebs asi qoxidan asi meomris gamoyvana mosTxova, magram

Cerqezebi mis mowodebas ar ahyvnen.7 muhamed-eminis gavlena CerqezebSi am

droisaTvis sakmaod Seryeuli iyo da omer-faSasTvis raime mniSvnelo-

1 scssa, f. 416, aRw. 4, s. 62, furc. 1; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 342.

2 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 239.3 Н. Н. Муравьев. Война за Кавказом, т. II, gv. 386.4 Н. Н. Муравьев, Война за Кавказом, т. II, gv. 387-388; Очерки истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I, Сухуми, 1960, gv. 195.5 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 191.6 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 327-328; Н. С. Киняпина, М.

М.Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 176-177.7 a. ioseliani. rusi da qarTveli xalxebis sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis istoriidan (XIX

saukunis reformamdeli periodi), Tb., 1955, gv. 161.

169

vani daxmarebis gaweva mas ar SeeZlo.1 erTi cnobiT, ganrisxebuli muha-

med-eminis brZanebiT erT dRes 150 Cerqezi CamoaxrCves, romlebmac omer-

faSas laSqrobaSi monawileobaze uari Tqves.2 Sedegi ver gamoiRo omer

faSas werilma abaZaxebis mamasaxlisebisadmi. masTan mxolod Temirgoeli

Tavadi korbek boloTuyo gamocxadda uzdenebTan erTad.3 dasavleT kav-

kasiis mTielebis garda, osmaleTisa da misi mokavSireebis gegmebSi didi

roli eniWeboda Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis, CeCneT-daRestnis miuri-

dul moZraobas, magram arc Samilma isurva mokavSireebis daxmareba. is

undoblad uyurebda Turqebs da daifica kidec maTTan saerTo araferi

hqonoda.4 omer-faSam Samils muSiris (marSlis) wodeba uboZa, magram

amiT нисколько не польстило его самолюбие.5 Oomer-faSas kargad esmoda saqarTveloSi osmaleTis armiis gamoye-

nebis mizanSeuwonloba, radgan Turqebis iq yofna gaacocxlebda mZime

mogonebebs maT batonobaze, gaamZafrebda politikur atmosferos da

mosaxleobas SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis gasawevad ganawyobda, amitom

mas ufro gamarTlebulad miaCnda misi korpusis rusebis winaaRmdeg ga-

moyeneba yubanSi, sadac Cerqezebis mxardaWeriTac isargeblebdnen, xolo

saqarTveloSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebs meti warmateba eqnebodaT,6

magram ukve arafris Secvla ar SeiZleboda.

oqtombris dasawyisSi omer faSas korpusis soxumSi Tavmoyris pro-

cesi dasrulda.7 imavdroulad, yarsis garnizonis mdgomareoba kritiku-

li gaxda. cixeSi SimSiloba daiwyo, ramac garnizonis moraluri suli

da brZolisunarianoba dasca. erTaderTi imedi omer faSa iyo.8 oqtombris

meore naxevarSi omer faSas korpusi soxumidan samegrelosken daiZra. gza

metad rTuli iyo, gauvali, talaxiani. i. bagration-muxranskis samurzaya-

nos dacvisTvis garkveuli RonisZiebebi gaetarebina: xergilebi moewyo,

soflebi gaemagrebina, adgilobrivi milicia Sekriba, magram omer-faSam

yvela winaaRmdegoba gadalaxa da mTavar Zalebs _ 30 aTasamde mebrZolsa

da 37 qvemexs, _ 20 oqtombrisaTvis md. enguris marjvena napirze mouyara

1 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 327-328.2 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 327-328; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М.

Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 177.3 a. ioseliani, rusi da qarTveli xalxebis..., gv. 160.

4 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 328.5 J. F. Baddeley. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. London - New York, 1908, gv.

449; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и…, gv. 178.6 scssa, f. 1087, aRw. 1, s. 443, furc. 45; М. И. Богданович. Восточная война 1853-1856 гг., т. IV, СПб., 1877, gv.344; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv.190.7 Russian War, 1855. Baltic and Black Sea. Official Correspondence. London, 1945, gv.

391; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 177; a. CxeiZe. inglisis

politika kavkasiaSi, gv. 150-151.

8 Russian War, 1855, gv. 367; И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг. М., 1956, gv. 156.

170

Tavi.1 i. muxranskis mtris Warbi Zalebis winaaRmdeg 5 aTasi jariskaci

da saxalxo laSqris razmebi hyavda. 25 oqtombers, Zlieri saartilerio

momzadebis Semdeg, omer-faSa md. enguris gadalaxvas Seecada. gvalviani

Semodgoma idga da enguri sakmaod dapataravebuli iyo. amitom masze

foniT gadasvla SeiZleboda. Turqebma ramdenime mimarTulebiT miitanes

ieriSi. brZola mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. rusTa da qarTvelTa

laSqari TavdadebiT ibrZoda, magram mtris Warb ZalebTan verafers gaxda.

RamiT, i. muxranskis brZanebiT rusTa da qarTvelTa laSqarma organize-

bulad ukan daixia. ramdenime dRis Semdeg i. muxranskim moulodnelad

samegrelo datova, imereTSi gadavida da mTel jars md. cxeniswylis

marcxena napirze mouyara Tavi.2

engurTan brZolaSi afxazTagan Tavi gamoiCines me-11 batalionis

meTaurma, polkovnikma solomon zvanbam, romelic gmirulad daeca brZo-

lis velze; cxenosani razmis ufrosma, polkovnikma dimitri SarvaSiZem,

saartilerio batareis meTaurma, praporSikma samson SarvaSiZem da mra-

valma sxvam.3

26 oqtombers Turqebma ubrZolvelad daikaves samegrelos samTav-

ros centri zugdidi da male mTel samegrelos moedvnen, magram Sem-

dgomi winsvla Seferxda. mtris mier dakavebul teritoriaze mZlavri

partizanuli moZraoba gaCaRda,4 rac osmalTa jars did zarals ayenebda.

saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom partizanebma osmalTa korpusis Stabi

daarbies da kinaRam omer-faSa tyved Caigdes.5 Turqebma samurzayano

safaSod gadaaqcies da faSad ruseTis samsaxuris general-maiori, af-

xazeTis mTavarTan daaxloebuli kac marRania daniSnes. Mmas didi gav-

lena hqonda afxazebSi, webeldasa da dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebSi. man

samurzayanoelebs gamoucxada, rom amieridan osmaleTis qveSevrdomebad

iTvlebodnen da valdebuli iyvnen osmalTa banakSi TiTo sofels TiTo

Zroxa mieyvana.6 rTuli viTareba iyo Turqebis mier okupirebul afxa-

zeTSic, sadac okupantebma tyvis syidva gaaCaRes. 26 oqtombers soxumis

1 В. А. Потто. Воспоминания о закавказском походе 1854-1855 годов, Военный сборник, 1863, март, т. XXX, gv. 122-150, Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 177.

2 М. И. Богданович. Восточная война 1853-1856 гг., т. IV, СПб., 1877, gv. 346.3 Н. Н. Муравьев. Война за Кавказом, т. II, gv. 287, 293, 296; k. borozdini. samegrelo

da svaneTi. gv. 20-21; e.burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo, gv. 375-379; e. orjonikiZe,

yirimis omi da samTavroebis gauqmeba saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,

t. V, Tb., 1970, gv. 213; Е. В. Тарле. Крымская война, 2-е изд. т. II, М., 1950, gv. 535; И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг., gv. 156-157; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 330-331.4 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 21; АКАК, т. XI, gv. 109; Г. А. Дзидзария. Восстание 1866 года в Абхазии, Сухуми, 1955, gv. 81. #4

5 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 331.6 И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг., gv. 157.

171

reidze Semovida inglisuri gemi,,kenguru~, romlis ekipaJic tyvis sy-

idvas eweoda.1 maSin inglisuri gazeTi,,Taimsi~ werda:,,aqauri afxazebis

siZulvili Turqebisadmi araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs... isini aramarto ar

gvexmarebian, aramed daangries ramdenime xidi, romlebsac SeeZlo Cveni

moqmedeba gaeadvilebina. am xalxSi ar malaven TanagrZnobas da erTgule-

bas rusebisadmi~.2 miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazTa erTi nawili Turqebis

mxareze gadavida, mosaxleobis didi nawili antiTurqul ganwyobas in-

arCunebda da maT winaaRmdeg saomar operaciebSic monawileobda. ami-

tomac iyo, rom Turqebma mniSvnelovani raodenobiT afxazuri saxalxo

laSqris Sekreba ver moaxerxes.3

miuxedavad imisa, rom omer-faSas axal-axali Zalebi emateboda, winsv-

la SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. daiwyo Semodgomis kokispiruli wvimebi, ramac

gzebi gauvali gaxada. mdinareebis adidebam SeuZlebeli gaxada maTi

gadalaxva, Turqebis mier agebuli xidebi ki wyalma waiRo. TurqTa ko-

rpusi sakvebis, furaJisa da Sesaferisi amuniciis naklebobas ganicdida;

mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba Turqebis mimarT sul ufro izrdeboda. aseT

viTarebaSi omer faSas laSqrobis gagrZelebaze laparakic ar SeiZlebo-

da.4 TurqTa sardloba mosaxleobis mimxrobas Seecada. omer faSa cdi-

lobda xalxSi Tavmdabali, alersiani, miukerZoebeli, sxvisi uflebebisa

da sakuTrebis pativismcemeli gamoCeniliyo. xalxis keTilganwyobis

mopovebis mizniT cdilobda aRekveTa Zarcva-rbeva, morodioroba, amitom

armiaSi mkacri disciplina daamyara. miuxedavad amisa Turqi jariskace-

bi disciplinas xSirad arRvevdnen da Zarcva-glejas ar eridebodnen,

riTac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ukmayofileba kidev ufro izrdeboda.5

omer faSas jars ukan mohyvebodnen afxazebi, webeldelebi, ubixebi da

sxva mTielebi, romlebic soflebs moedvnen, arbevdnen da awiokebdnen

mosaxleobas, qal-vaJebi tyved mihyavdaT. omer-faSas brZanebiT, visac

Zarcva-rbevaze waaswrebdnen, ucbad asamarTlebdnen da xvretdnen an to-

maraSi agdebdnen da wyalSi axrCobdnen, magram yvelafrisTvis Tvalis

midevneba mTavarsardals ar SeeZlo. rbeva-awiokebis dros waaswres da

Seipyres ali-bei SarvaSiZis Svilebi gidi da maJara. maTma dedam, kneina

kesaria dadianma omer-faSas sTxova Seebralebina isini. mTavarsardali

1 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 33.

2 Е. Е. Бурчуладзе. Крушение англо-турецких захватнических планов в Грузии в 1855-1856 гг.,,Вопросы истории~, #4, 1952, gv. 18.

3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Восстание 1866 года в Абхазии, gv. 81.4 Д. Нинуа. Некоторые вопросы истории Абхазии периода Крымской войны1853-1856 годов. _ a. m. gorkis saxelobis soxumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi,

t, IX, soxumi, 1956, gv. 216-217.

5 М. И. Богданович. Восточная война 1853-1856 гг., т. II, gv. 351-352; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 331.

172

pativiscemiT moepyra kneinas da Svilebi Caabara.1 osmalTa jars adevneb-

ulma afxazebma da sxvadasxva juris mZarcvelebma samegrelos araerTi

sofeli gaZarcves da aaoxres. sofel sujunaze Tavdasxmisas maT 60-mde

kaci gautacniat da Turqebze gauyidiaT.2

mosaxleoba saxl-kars Tavs anebebda da tyveebsa da mTebSi ixizne-

boda. Sedegi ar mohyolia omer-faSas politikur manevrirebasac, ro-

melic samegrelos mosaxleobisa da samTavro saxlis keTilganwyobis

mopovebisaken iyo mimarTuli. jer mTavarsardalma, xolo Semdeg masTan

mivlinebulma inglis-safrangeTis warmomadgenlebma f. longuortma da

grafma de mefrem 1855 wlis 6 dekembers (25 noemberi) samegrelos

dedofals werilebiT mimarTes. isini ekaterine dadians arwmunebdnen,

rom osmaleTis armiis mizani iyo rusebis winaaRmdeg brZola, ruseTis

agresiis aRkveTa kavkasiaSi da samegrelos damoukideblobis aRdgena,

rom,,samegrelo da misi mezobeli qveynebi damoukidebeli iyvnen ruseTi-

sagan da sxva nebismieri saxelmwifoebisagan~. isini dedofals zugdidSi

dabrunebisa da Zalauflebis xelSi aRebisaken mouwodebdnen.3 aseTive

Sinaarsis werili ufro adre, 9 (21) noembers ekaterine dadians omer-

faSamac miswera.4 magram ekaterine dadiani ar endo maT dapirebebs da

Turqebis winaaRmdeg samegreloSi gaCaRebul partizanul brZolas Tvi-

Ton Caudga saTaveSi.

aseT viTarebaSi, 1855 w. 15 noembers yarsis garnizonma kapitulacia ga-

moacxada. 16 noembers ruseTis sardlobas yarsis mTeli garnizoni Cabarda,

maT Soris, cixe-simagris dacvis xelmZRvaneli, ingliseli generali vil-

iamsi, osmaleTis muSiri vasif-faSa da sxva sardlebi, sul 10 generali da

18 aTasze meti jariskaci da oficeri, ris Sedegadac osmaleTis anatoliis

armiam arseboba Sewyvita.5 viliamsi ruseTis sardlobasTan Riad gamoTq-

vamda ukmayofilebas omer-faSas mimarT. misi TqmiT, iaraRis dayra imitom

mouwiaT, rom omer-faSa quTaisze galaSqrebis nacvlad soxumSi gadmosxda

da dasavleT saqarTvelos WaobebSi Caeflo.6

yarsis dacemis Sesaxeb cnoba omer-faSam 25 noembers miiRo.7 amis

1 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 27; e. .burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo,

gv. 357; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 329; a. CxeiZe. inglisis

politika kavkasiaSi, gv. 150.

2 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 33-34.

3 АКАК, т. XI, gv. 148; Н. Н. Муравьев. Война за Кавказом, т. II, gv. 299.4 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 43-46.

5 k. borozdini. samegrelo da svaneTi. gv. 31-32.

6 В. А. Потто. Воспоминания о закавказском походе 1854-1855 годов, Военный сборник, 1863, апрель, т. XXX, gv. 415-444; М. И. Богданович. Восточная война 1853-1856 гг., т. IV, gv. 382-399; И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг., gv. 158; e.. burWulaZe. yirimis

omi da saqarTvelo, gv. 399.

7 В. А. Потто. Воспоминания о закавказском походе 1854-1855 годов, gv. 441.

173

Semdeg misma laSqrobam yarsis dasaxmareblad azri dakarga. amasTan,

osmalTa sardali sxva sirTuleebis winaSec aRmoCnda. guriis razmTan

damxmare Zalis mosvla mis korpuss safrTxes Seuqmnida, amitom omer-

faSa Seecada samegrelosa da afxazeTSi gamagrebuliyo da amisTvis za-

mTris ugzoobac sasikeTod gamoeyenebina. Tumca qarTvelma partizanebma

misi gegmebi CaSales. 14 dekembers erT-erTma partizanulma razmma mou-

lodneli TavdasxmiT TurqTa zugdidis garnizoni TiTqmis mTlianad

amowyvita, xolo ramdenime dRis Semdeg TurqTa ori razmi gaanadgura.1

ruseTis jaris nawilebma da saxalxo laSqarmac TurqTa korpusis wi-

naaRmdeg gaaqtiures moqmedeba. yovelive aman omer-faSa aiZula Savi zR-

vis sanapirosaken daexia, rac gaqcevaSi gadaizarda.2 mixeil SarvaSiZemac

kavkasiis korpusis sardlobas metad saWiro da mniSvnelovani cnobebi

miawoda afxazeTsa da samegreloSi osmalTa jaris raodenobisa da gan-

lagebis Sesaxeb. igi werda:,,soxumis mcvelni _ eqvsi baTalion, oCamCires

oTxi baTalion da rva zarbazani, gudavis xevis pirzed _ erTi baTalion

da ori zarbazani, zugdids _ xuTi baTalioni qveiT da samasi cxenosani

da yulevs maTi galavni STabi gadmoiyvanes soxumidan da TviT omer-faSa

mand aris garnizonianaT _ vgoneb rva baTalionis meti ar iyos. maTi

moqmedeba CvenTvis faruli aris~...3

1855 wlis dekemberSi portam miiRo oficialuri cnoba omer-faSas

soxumisken daxevis Sesaxeb. cnobili gaxda, rom osmalTa mTavarsardalma

ver SeZlo armiis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa im qveyanaSi, sadac wyal-

didobis gamo mdinareebis gadalaxva Zneli gaxda, xolo gzebi gauvali.

am ukandaxevam, romelsac stambolSi moelodnen kidec, sazogadoebis

yvela fenaSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. yvelani brals sdebdnen omer-

faSas iseve, rogorc winaT ganadidebdnen. amas mTavrobac iziarebda,

amitom roca arzrumis sakiTxi ganixileboda, omer-faSas ukandaxevis

cnobis miRebisas, TiTqmis erTsulovnad uaryves azri misi axali armiis

mTavarsardlad daniSvnis Taobaze, romelsac mcire azia unda daecva.

sardlobam gadawyvita omer-faSas korpusidan 10 aTasi mebrZoli gamo-

eyo da im samxedro nawilebisaTvis SeeerTebina, romlebic trapizonSi

iyridnen Tavs arzrumis dasacavad izmail-faSas meTaurobiT, romelmac

dunaize gamoiCina Tavi. es imaze metyvelebda, rom omer-faSas avtorite-

ti mniSvnelovnad daeca. trapizonis gubernators emin muxlis-faSas

daevala amis Taobaze omer-faSasTvis ecnobebina da es ganexorcielebina.

emin muxlis-faSa Tavidanve sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo omer-faSas gegmis,

romelic aseTi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. emin muxlis-faSa soxumSi unda

1 АКАК, т. XI, gv. 152; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 329.2 И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг., gv. 158.3 e.. burWulaZe. yirimis omi da saqarTvelo, gv. 405-414; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 332.

174

Casuliyo da 10 aTasi mebrZoli trapizonSi Camoeyvana.1

yarsis dacemam garkveulwilad gaauferula mokavSireTa warmatebebi

yirimSi, romelic didi msxverplisa da saxsrebis fasad iyo miRweuli. man

didi STabeWdileba moaxdina kavkasiis mosaxleobaze, mniSvnelovnad gazarda

ruseTis prestiJi aRmosavleTSi da, sabolood, omis damTavreba daaCqa-

ra.2 omer-faSas laSqrobis mizani miuRweveli darCa, magram mokavSireTa

sardlobam mdgomareobis gamosworeba ganizraxa. omer-faSam brZaneba miiRo

1856 wlis zamTari samegreloSi gaetarebina, brZolaSi Selaxuli kor-

pusis nawilebi wesrigSi moeyvana, gadajgufebebi moexdina da gazafxulze

saqarTvelos teritoriis siRrmeSi laSqroba daewyo im mizniT, rom kavka-

siis administraciuli centri Tbilisi daekavebina da kavkasiidan ruseTi

ganedevna.3

saomari moqmedebebis samma welma mowinaaRmdegeTa Zalebi gamofita.

omis gagrZelebas gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi ewinaaRmdegeboda, radgan mTa-

vari mizani _ ruseTis dasusteba Savi zRvis auzSi, ukve miRweuli iyo,

da inglisis interesebisaTvis kavkasiaSi omis gagrZeleba mas ar surda.

amasTan, safrangeTisa da inglisis sazogadoeba antisaomarma ganwyobam

moicva. britaneTis parlamentma kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara mTavroba,

romelsac adamianTa did msxverplSi da warumatebeli, efeqturi saomari

moqmedebebis warmarTvis SeuZleblobaSi dasdo brali. amitom safrange-

Tis iniciativa, ruseTTan samSvidobo molaparakeba daewyoT, britaneTis

kabinetisagan gansakuTrebul winaaRmdegobas ar Sexvedria.4

1856 wlis Teberval-martSi, parizSi, yirimis omis Sedegebze evro-

puli konferencia gaimarTa. inglisi cdilobda ruseTis mimarT Tavisi

gegmis realizebas _ kavkasiis mowyvetas ruseTisagan da mis ukugdebas

yubani-Tergis xazze. magram safrangeTs ar surda ruseTis Semdgomi da-

susteba da inglisis gaZliereba, amitom inglisis agresiuli zraxvebis

mimarT yirimSi, kavkasiasa da Savi zRvis auzSi gulgrili ver iqneboda. am

garemoebam gamoiwvia inglis-safrangeTis antirusuli kavSiris daSla da

safrangeTis ruseTTan daaxloeba, Sesabamisad, inglisis gegmebis ganux-

orcielebloba.5 safrangeTis warmomadgenelma, sagareo saqmeTa ministrma

grafma a. valevskim, romelic parizis kongresze Tavmjdomareobda, wa-

moayena winadadeba specialurad ganexilaT,,Savi zRvis aRmosavleTiT

mdebare teritoriebis mdgomareoba~, romelSic saqarTvelo da, saerTod,

1 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 235.2 ,,Кавказ~, 1856, 15 января, # 5.

3 Е. В. Тарле. Крымская война, т. II, gv. 537; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 178; Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 359.4 Х.- М. Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 335-336; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М.

Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 180; a. CxeiZe. inglisis politika kavkasiaSi, gv. 173.

5 И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг. gv. 158; История России, gv. 181; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и…, gv. 183.

175

samxreT kavkasia igulisxmeboda, magram es iyo mxolod Zveli mokavSiris

mimarT valis moxda. gancxadebis iqiT saqme ar wasula da evropaSi

ZalTa axali gadajgufebis gamo am sakiTxs gverdi dumiliT auares.1

1856 wlis 30 marts xeli moewera parizis sazavo SeTanxmebas. ru-

seTma SeinarCuna kavkasiuri samflobeloebi omamdel sazRvrebSi, xolo

dapyrobili yarsisa da baiazeTis safaSoebi osmaleTisTvis unda dae-

brunebina; mas aekrZala Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yola da Savi

zRvis navsadgurebis gamagreba.2 Aamdenad, parizis traqtatma axlo aR-

mosavleTSi gabatonebisaTvis ruseTis swrafvas zRvari daudo.

parizis kongresis damTavrebis Semdeg omer faSam samegrelos dato-

vebis brZaneba miiRo.3 1856 wlis adre gazafxulze omer faSas sakmaod

SeTxelebuli korpusis nawilebi soxumidan da redut-kaledan zRviT

baTumisa da trapizonisaken gaemarTa.4 parizis traqtatis Tanaxmad, 1856

wlis 28 ivliss yarsis olqis mmarTvelma m. loris-meliqovma yarsis

olqi osmaleTis administracias gadasca.5

***

jer kidev omis msvlelobisas, kavkasiis rusulma administraciam

gadawyvita gamoekvlia, uRalata Tu ara ruseTis xelisuflebas mixeil

SarvaSiZem. 1855 wlis zafxulSi am sakiTxis Seswavla daevala mefis-

nacvlis kancelariis TanamSromels dimitri yifians, romelic keTilsin-

disierebiT, piruTvnelobiTa da obieqturobiT iyo cnobili. seqtemberSi

d. yifiani Tbilisidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi Cavida da am saqmis Seswa-

vlas Seudga. uamravi masalis Seswavlisa da gaanalizebis Sedegad, 1855

wlis oqtomberSi man xelisuflebas vrceli moxseneba warudgina. moxse-

nebaSi d. yifianma damajereblad uaryo mixeil SarvaSiZisadmi wayenebuli

1 Л. Дебидур. Дипломатическая история Европы…, т. II, 135-136; С. К. Бушуев. Из Истории..., gv. 81; Е. В. Тарле. Крымская война, т. II, gv. 569-570, 576-577; История дипломатии, I, gv. 669; Н. С. Киняпина. Внешняя политика России, gv. 263-264; Х.- М.

Ибрагимбейли. Кавказ в Крымской войне, gv. 365; M. S. Anderson. The Eastern Question 1774-1923. A Study in International Relations. New York, 1966, gv. 141.2 l. de furi. saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso ufleba, wgn.: awmyo Sobili warsulisagan.

qarTuli emigrantuli literatura, t. I, Tb., 1989, gv. 141; g. gvazava. saqarTvelos sakiTxi

parizis kongresze (1856 w.), wgn.: awmyo Sobili warsulisagan. qarTuli emigrantuli

literatura, t. I, gv. 167; a. CxeiZe, inglisis politika kavkasiaSi, gv. 265-266; M. S. Anderson. The Eastern Question 1774-1923. gv. 141; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 183-186. 3 С. К. Бушуев. Из Истории.., gv. 80-84; И. В. Бестужев. Крымская война 1853-1856 гг. gv. 158; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 186, 188; Cборник договоров России с другими государствами, 1856-1917 гг., М. 1952, gv. 23-33; v. donaZe.

bosfori da dardaneli, gv. 93-95.

4 Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и …, gv. 185.5 e. burWulaZe, yirimis omi da saqarTvelo, gv. 405-421; Очерки истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I, gv. 196.

176

braldeba Ralatis Sesaxeb da daadastura, rom igi moqmedebda Tavisi

movaleobis didi SegnebiT, rogorc imperatoris erTguli qveSevrdomi.1

n. muraviovi mixeil SarvaSiZis RalatSi darwmunebuli iyo, ami-

tom misi azriT, d. yifianis mokvleva ufro misi gamarTlebis xasiaTs

atarebda, vidre gamoZiebis.2 radgan d. yifianis moxseneba n. muraviovis

azriT naTel suraTs ar iZleoda, man v. bebuTovs sTxova am sakiTxis

Taobaze Tavisi azri warmoedgina. v. bebuTovi dasavleT saqarTveloSi

gaemgzavra da daukavSirda mixeil SarvaSiZes, romelic maSin oCamCireSi

imyofeboda. 1856 wlis 22 ianvars mixeil SarvaSiZem vrceli werili

gaugzavna v. bebuTovs, romelSic Seecada Tavisi moqmedeba aexsna da

gaemarTlebina.3 v. bebuTovma mis mier Segrovili masala, maT Soris,

mixeil SarvaSiZis werilebi n. muraviovs warudgina da Tavisi azric

daurTo. igi Tvlida, rom arsebuli cnobebiT Zneli iyo gadaWriT mix-

eil SarvaSiZis RalatSi dadanaSauleba, amitom mizanSewonilad miaCnda

saboloo ganaCenis gamotana momavlisTvis gadadebuliyo, rodesac saam-

isod xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmneboda.4 amis Semdeg, n. muraviovma odnav

Seicvala azri mixeil SarvaSiZeze da mas orpirobaSi adanaSaulebda.

samxedro ministris, general-adiutant v. dolgorukovisadmi 1856 wlis

27 Tebervlis werilSi igi aRniSnavda, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe rogorc

ruseTis, ise osmaleTis mimarT orpirobas iCenda, rac gamomdinareobda

misi eWvidan, meomari mxareebidan vis darCeboda afxazeTi; arcerTi mx-

arisadmi gulwrfeli midrekileba mas ar hqonda, magram surda Seenar-

Cunebina Tavisi samTavro da erTgvari neitralitetis dacvas fiqrobda,

Tumca iviwyebda, rom general-adiutantis maRal wodebas atarebda.5 es

ki, misi azriT, mainc ficis darRveva iyo da mixeil SarvaSiZe unda

dasjiliyo. meore, 1856 wlis 8 maisis werilSi, igi samxedro minis-

trs sTxovda, imperatoris nebarTva gamoeTxova, raTa mixeil SarvaSiZe,

romelic peterburgSi apirebda gamgzavrebas, TbilisSi CamosvlisTanave

daepatimrebinaT.6

peterburgSi ufro realisturad Sexedes am sakiTxs da mefisnacv-

lis azri ar gaiziares, Tumca saWirod CaTvales mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis

saidumlo meTvalyureobis daweseba. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti roli

Seasrula parizis sazavo xelSekrulebis mexuTe muxlma, romlis Tanax-

1 ,,Кавказ~, 1856, 12 августа, # 63.

2 d. yifiani. memuarebi. redaqcia, SeniSvnebi da pirTa saxelebis saZiebeli s. xuciS-

vilisa, Tb., 1990, gv. 61; S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis sakiTxi yirimis omis

dros da dimitri yifiani, _ a. m. gorkis saxelobis soxumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri

institutis Sromebi, t. XVI, soxumi, 1963, gv. 33-36; АКАК, т. XI, #42, gv. 52.

3 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 230.4 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 238-242; АКАК, т. XI, #42, gv. 52.

5 АКАК, т. XI, #38, gv. 46-49.


177

madac omis msvlelobaSi mowinaaRmdegesTan TanamSromlobaSi damnaSave

pirebs patieba eZleodaT. ruseTis mTavrobas, romelic omSi damarcxda,

ar SeeZlo daeSva qveynis Semdgomi izolacia saerTaSoriso arenaze,

rasac udavod gamoiwvevda parizis sazavo xelSekrulebis darRveva.

aqedan gamomdinare, ucxo saxelmwifoebis mxridan meZieblobis Tavidan

asarideblad imperiis xelisuflebam mizanSewonilad CaTvala afxaze-

Tis mTavrisTvis danaSauli epatiebina da marTlmsajulebis amoqmedeba

xelsayreli droisTvis gadado.1 1856 wlis 22 maiss ruseTis axalma

samxedro ministrma, artileriis generalma n. suxozanetma n. muraviovs

acnoba, rom imperatoris brZanebiT mixeil SarvaSiZe yovelgvari meT-

valyureobisagan unda gaeTavisuflebinaT da neba miecaT peterburgSi

daubrkoleblad gamgzavrebuliyo.2

1856 wlis 12 ivniss suxozanetisadmi gagzavnil werilSi n. murav-

iovi kvlav daubrunda am sakiTxs da yirimis omSi mixeil SarvaSiZis

Ralatis gamo afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da mTavris ruseTis rome-

lime Soreul guberniaSi gadasxlebis sakiTxi aRZra.3 n. muraviovis az-

riT, afxazeTSi mmarTvelobis iseTi organo unda Seqmniliyo, rogoric

arsebobda samegreloSi, manamde ki guriaSic iyo, e. i. sabWo. arsebobda

sakiTxis gadawyvetis meore variantic: afxazeTis mmarTvelobas saTaveSi

Cadgomoda iq ganlagebuli jarebis sardali manam, sanam qveyanaSi samoqa-

laqo mmarTveloba damyardeboda. ruseTis jarebis afxazeTSi Sesvlamde

mxaris mmarTvelobis sakiTxis gadaWra mTavarsardals gadaudebel amo-

canad miaCnda. magram peterburgSi misi azri ar gaiziares. xelisufleba

mixeil SarvaSiZes afxazeTsa da dasavleT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis

aRdgenisa da ganmtkicebis erTgvar garantad miiCnevda; saomari moqmede-

bebi kvlav grZeldeboda CeCneT-daRestanSi, dasavleT kavkasia dasapyrobi

iyo, arc afxazeTSi iyo simSvide, amitom ruseTis xelisuflebas mixeil

SarvaSiZe jer kidev sWirdeboda. imperatorma afxazeTis mTavris Ralati

dadasturebulad ar cno da es saqme miyuCda.4 ufro metic, imperatorma

n. suxozanets daavala mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis Seqebis werili mieweraT,

romlis mizani unda yofiliyo misi waxaliseba im saqmeebis SesrulebaSi,

rasac misgan moelodnen.5 moelodnen ki bevrs. imperatoris nebiT, mixeil

SarvaSiZes daekisra ruseTis jaris nawilebis Seyvana afxazeTSi, am mx-

arisa da webeldis dakaveba.6 1856 wlis 6 agvistos n. muraviovma werili

1 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 248.2 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 247-249.3 S. Cxetia, afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 249.4 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros.., gv. 250-251; АКАК, т. XI, #43, gv. 54.

5 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros.., gv. 251, 252; АКАК, т. XI, #44, gv. 54.

6 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 251.

178

gaugzavna mixeil SarvaSiZes da imperatoris neba auwya.1

16 ivniss n. suxozanetma n. muraviovs acnoba, rom sasurveli iyo

Savi zRvis sanapiro punqtebi, romlebic jer kidev mowinaaRmdegis jar-

ebis mier iyo dakavebuli, ruseTis mxares traqtatis zusti dacviT,

dadgenil vadebSi gadascemoda, osmalTa jarebis mTavarsardlisa da

kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlis ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT, da rom afxaze-

Tis simagreebi mixeil SarvaSiZes Caebarebina.2 n. muraviovma 10 ivliss n.

suxozanets acnoba, rom baTumis korpusis, guriis, samegrelos sanapiro

punqtebsa da imereTSi ganlagebuli jarebis mTavarsardali jer kidev

zavis dadebamde wavida osmaleTSi, xolo TurqTa nawilebma parizis

sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebamde nebayoflobiT datoves redut-kale da

SekveTili, rodesac es mosalodneli arc iyo. rac Seexeba mixeil Sar-

vaSiZis mier afxazeTis simagreebis Cabarebas, korpusis mTavarsardali

ministrs auwyebda, rom am mxareSi Turqebs dakavebuli hqondaT mxolod

soxumi, romelic zamTarSi, ukandaxevisas sanaxevrod, xolo 27 maiss

sabolood dacales.3 ruseTis jaris nawilebma mixeil SarvaSiZis meTau-

robiT 10 ivliss soxumi daikaves.4Aomis damTavrebis Semdeg ki ruseTs

afxazeTis dapyroba kidev erTxel mouxda.

amrigad, yirimis omis dros Turqebma afxazeTis okupacia moaxdines.

aseT viTarebaSi mixeil SarvaSiZe samTavros interesebidan gamomdinare mo-

qmedebda da samTavro TurqTa aoxrebisagan ixsna. albaT, sworia kavkasiis

mefisnacvlisa da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlis n. muraviovis azri,

rom mixeil SarvaSiZes arasodes hyvarebia rusebi, Tumca arc Turqebi

uyvarda. afxazeTis mTavarma pragmatuli nabiji gadadga da ori okupanti-

dan upiratesoba ruseTs mianiWa. ruseTis xelisuflebamac pragmatulad

imoqmeda da afxazeTis mTavris moraluri TvalsazrisiT arcTu gamarTle-

bul qmedebaze droebiT Tvali daxuWa.

1 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis, gv. 252; АКАК, т. XI, #44, gv. 54.

2 АКАК,т. XI, #44, gv. 54.

3 АКАК, т. XI, #45, gv. 55.

4 АКАК, т. XI, #45, gv. 55.

179

Bezhan KhoravaSokhumi State University

THE CRIMEAN WAR AND ABKHAZIA

During the Crimean war in 1853-1856 the Turks managed to occupy Abkha-zia. In this situation Mikheil Sharvashidze acted in the interests of the principality and saved it from the Turkish plunder. In our opinion, N. Muraviov was quite right in thinking that the Abkhazian prince never favoured the Russians, neither was he fond of the Turks. The Prince of Abkhazia made a very pragmatic step and gave priority to Russia. The Russian Guvernement answered pragmatically too and temporarily closed its eyes to the morally unjustifi ed deed of the Abkhazian prince.

180

dazmir jojuadazmir jojuasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

ruseT-saqarTvelos 1812 wlis omi ruseT-saqarTvelos 1812 wlis omi

(kaxeTis ajanyeba)(kaxeTis ajanyeba)

qarTuli antiimperialisturi diskursis SuqzeqarTuli antiimperialisturi diskursis Suqze1

saqarTveloSi yoveli prorusuli doqtrina da, zogadad, proimperi-

uli diskursi iwyeba da mTavrdeba erTi mTavari „debulebiT“ - ruseTis

agresiuli qmedeba ZiriTadSi gamowveulia qarTvel politikosTa ara-

SorsmWvretelobiT, maT mier ruseTis regionaluri interesebis gauT-

valiswineblobiT da am qveynis zedmeti, zRvarsgadasuli kritikiT. ase

akritikebdnen iulon, farnaoz da aleqsandre batoniSvilebs da solo-

mon II-s XIX-is damdegs, noe Jordanias da giorgi kvinitaZes 1921 wels,

z. gamsaxurdias 1991-1993 wlebSi, ase akritikeben dRevandel xelisu-

fals da aseve gaakritikeben nebismier momaval xelisufals, romelic

uars ityvis imperiis mimarT monur morCilebasa da qeddadrekilobaze.

es aris manqurTuli da kolaboracionisturi msoflgagebis klasikuri

nimuSi, roca msxverpls akritikeben mtaceblisadmi daumorCileblobis

gamo. arada, aseT pirobebSi swored daumorCilebloba aris erovnuli

organizmis bunebrivi da kanonzomieri refleqsia. es naTlad daadastura

kaxeTis 1812 wlis antirusulma ajanyebam.

am SemTxvevaSi Cvens mizans ar Seadgens kaxeTis ajanyebis yovlis-

momcveli analizi, misi moculobiTi da sistematizebuli suraTis war-

modgena. statiis konteqsti moiTxovs, vaCvenoT es erovnuli movlena

rogorc faqtologiuri fenomeni _ mxolod ZiriTadi da arsebiTi ten-

denciebis saxiT.

ruseT-saqarTvelos omi _ kaxeTis ajanyeba daiwyo 1812 wlis 31

ianvars axmetaSi. ukve TebervalSi ajanyebulma TavianT kontrols dau-

qvemdebara mTeli kaxeTi, duSeT-fasanauris monakveTSi gadaketes saqarT-

velos samxedro gza da ajanyebis mTavarsardlad da saqarTvelos mefed

grigol ioanes Ze bagrationi gamoacxades. 1812 wlis 1-2 marts sof.

CumlayTan grigol I-is Zalebi damarcxdnen gen. pauluCis mravaljer

aRmatebul korpusTan. ajanyebis pirveli etapi dasrulda.

misi meore etapi daiwyo 1812 wlis ivlisSi. patriotulma Zalebma

isargebles saerTaSoriso arenaze ZalTa axali ganlagebiT da moxerxe-

bulad gamoiyenes ruseTSi napoleonis armiis SeWra. ukve seqtemberSi

saqarTveloSi Camovida da saomar Stabs saTaveSi Caudga aleqsandre

batoniSvili. ajanyebam farTomasStabiani da nawilobriv saerTo-kavkasi-

1 wakiTxulia moxsenebad Cerqezuli (adiReuri) kulturis centris mier 2012 wlis

5 aprils mowyobil `kavkasiur seminarze~, romelic mieZRvna kaxeTis amboxebis 200

wlisTavs.

181

uri xasiaTi SeiZina. magram imperiis strategiulma upiratesobam mainc

Tavisi gaitana. sofel SildasTan gamarTul gadamwyvet brZolaSi ruseb-

ma gaimarjves, xolo xevsureTSi gaxiznuli aleqsandre batoniSvili

iZulebuli gaxda, 1813 wlis 3 ivnisis Satilis brZolis Semdeg, dae-

tovebina saqarTvelos sazRvrebi da daRestanSi gadasuliyo.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos am omSi rusebis mier gamoCenili yov-

lad gaumarTlebeli sisastike, aRviraxsniloba da paTologiuri siZul-

vili „veluri“ qarTvelebis mimarT.

modiT, davsvaT aseTi kiTxva: ras gvaswavlis kaxeTis ajanyeba (iseve,

rogorc zogadad XIX-is pirveli meoTxedis antirusuli winaaRmde-

gobis samxedro moZraoba)? rogori unda iyos am istoriuli movlenis

aRqma Cveni erovnuli da zogadkavkasiuri TviTcnobierebis WrilSi?

pirdapir unda iTqvas: kaxeTis 1812 wlis ajanyeba, cxadia, warmoad-

gens faqtologiur pirvelwyaros ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg qarveli

xalxis brZolis TvalsazrisiT. ajanyebam aCvena eris udreki suli, misi

ukompromisoba TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, kidev erTxel daadastura

erisTvis am umaRlesi da maradiuli idealebis ukvdaveba.

meore mxriv, kaxeTis ajanyebis zogierTi tendenciis gonebrivi pro-

eqcia qmnis analitikur bazas, erTgvar konceptualur sawyiss qarTuli

antiimperialisturi diskursis warmoebisTvis. ufro metic: kaxeTis

ajanyeba namdvilad qmnis imis SesaZleblobas, rom Seiqmnas WeSmariti

da miukerZoebeli msoflmxedvelobiTi garemo rusuli imperializmis

antikavkasiur politikaze diskursis warmoebisTvisac.

rogorc cnobilia, XIXs-is pirvel aTwleulSi ruseTis imperiam

kavkasiaSi ganaxorciela aneqsiebisa da proteqtoratebis mTeli sistema:

1801w. - qarTl-kaxeTis samefo (aneqsia); 1803w. - samegrelos samTav-

ro (proteqtorati), ganjis saxano (aneqsia); 1804-1805ww. - imereTis

samefo (proteqtorati), yarabaRis, Saqisa da Sirvanis saxanoebi (aneq-

sia); 1806w. - baqos saxano (aneqsia); 1809w. - TaliSis saxano (aneqsia);

1810w.–imereTis samefo (aneqsia), afxazeTis samTavro (proteqtorati).

regionis geopolitikuri sistemis es cvlileba iuridiulad daadas-

tures ruseT-iranis gulistanisa (1813w.) da ruseT-TurqeTis buqares-

tis (1812w.) sazavo xelSekrulebebma.

carizmis politikam daSala „amasiis geopolitikuri pariteti“

da kavkasiaSi monopolisturi imperiis aSenebas Seudga. qarTveli eris

istoriaSi daiwyo „rusianoba“ _ rusuli imperializmisa da kolo-

nializmis uSualo batonoba; „rusianoba“, rogorc kavkasiaSi ruseTis

imperiuli dominirebis sistema; „rusianoba“, rogorc eris garkveul

nawilSi proimperiuli mentalitetisa da socialuri eTikis danergva;

„rusianoba“, rogorc xalxis TviTSemecnebaSi „arabobis“, „Turqobis“,

„ulusobis“, „osmalobis“ xarisxobrivi eqvivalenti (sarwmunoebrivi

identurobis miuxedavad).

182

miuxedavad g. WavWavaZis politikuri dasis da qarTuli aris-

tokratiis erTi nawilis mtkicebisa, rom carizmis winaaRmdeg pirdapiri

brZola TviTmkvlelobas udrida, saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisu-

flebeli moZraoba faqtiurad erovnuli monarqiis gauqmebis pirvelive

wuTebidanve daiwyo da imperiuli reJimis mimarT permanentuli samxedro

winaaRmdegobis forma miiRo. cxadia, rom moZraobis faqtobriv proces-

Tan erTad TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda moZraobis gnoseologiuri safuZ-

vlebi, Seiqmna qarTuli antiimperialisturi diskursi Tavisi cnebebiT,

debulebebiT, specifikuri „eniT“, rusuli reJimisadmi winaaRmdegobis

aucileblobis gacnobierebiT. samwuxarod, paralelurad proimperiuli

diskursic Seiqmna, rasac naTlad adasturebs imave kaxeTis ajanyebis

dros qarTuli elitis nawilis monawileoba carizmis saeqspedicio ko-

rpusis mxareze. aqve imasac vityviT, rom proimperiul diskurss ramde-

nadme dasrulebuli saxe mieca mogvianebiT, giorgi muxranskis TeoriaSi.

muxranski ambobda, rom „didi Tevzi pataras Wams, didi mxeci - pataras“,

amitom gadagvareba da garuseba gardauvalia, qarTveli eris „dasacavad“

da „aziuri Jangis gadasarecxad“ aucilebelia rusebTan asimilacia. cnobi-

lia, rom ilia WavWavaZem muxranskis „WkuiT da guliT mocveTili uwoda“.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

dawyebasTan erTad daiwyo am moZraobis aucileblobis, ufro metic, misi

gardauvalobis gacnobierebac. e.i. erTdroulad mimdinareobs rogorc

moZraoba (faqti), aseve misi gonebrivi proecireba qarTul TviTSegne-

baSi. amitom qarTuli antiimperialisturi diskursi qronologiurad

Tavsebadia erovnul–ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan. kaxeTis ajanyeba

ki warmoadgens am moZraobis mexuTe fazas – 1801 wlis ianvarSi „ba-

toniSvilTa koaliciis“ gamosvlisa da „martyofis blokis“, 1802 wlis

ivlisSi qelmenCuris SeTqmulebis, 1804w. qarTlis mTianeTis ajanyebis

da 1810w. ruseT–imereTis omis Semdeg.

kaxeTis 1812 wlis ajanyebis Sinagani anatomia da, ase vTqvaT, pro-

cesualuri formati warmoSobs da erTian mTlianobaSi kravs qarTuli

antiimperialisturi diskursiis ramdenime komponents.

pirvel rigSi, es gaxlavT istoriul–genetikuri komponenti, ufro

konkretulad rom vTqvaT, ruseT–saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriuli

koncefciis Secvla. cxadia, rom es urTierToba araerTgvarovani da

araerTmniSvnelovani procesia. masSi aris garkveuli pozitiuri tenden-

ciebi – religiur-sulieri kavSirurTierTobebis gansazRvruli plasti,

„teritoriuli faqtori“, sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvelTa aRmasvla impe-

riis umaRles ierarqiaSi da a.S. magram „urTierTobis“ cneba mxolod

erTi, Tanac araganmsazRvreli mimarTulebiT „moZravi“ fenomeni rodia.

is kompleqsuri da mravalganzomilebiani fenomenia da moiTxovs mov-

lenaTa mTeli erTobliobis sinTezur gaazrebas.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis procesSi ganmsazRvrel tenden-

183

cias warmoadgens fundamentur interesTa konfliqti: qarTuli naciona-

lizmis, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis qarTuli ideisa da rusuli

imperializmis, saqarTvelos damonebis rusuli ideis SeuTavsebloba.

amasTan, es SeuTavsebloba, interesTa konfliqti apriorulia, is struq-

turuli faqtoria. Sesabamisad, ruseT–saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi ma-

gistralur, birTvul faqtors warmoadgens omebi da arasamxedro xasi-

aTis konfliqtebi. pirovnebebi da maTi xasiaTi, politikuri reJimebis

buneba da evolucia am SemTxvevaSi mxolod situaciuri cvladebia da

sxva araferi.

es momenti naTlad daadastura kaxeTis ajanyebam. am ajanyebiT qa-

rTulma antiimperialisturma diskursma miiRo sistemaSi moyvanili

instituciuri bazisi – mTavari, arqistrategiuli amocana qarTuli

erovnuli saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aRdgenis, qarTuli socialuri

organizaciisa da religiur–kulturuli TviTmyofis dacvis lozungiT.

amasTan, am amocanis gadawyvetisaken mimarTulma taqtikurma sqemam miiRo

gaazrebuli da saR racionalizmze damyarebuli xasiaTi.

racionalistur gansjaze iyo aseve dafuZnebuli ajanyebis mesveurTa

strategiuli gegmebi kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. rogorc Cans, kavkasiis

Cagruli xalxebis gaerTianeba da erTiani kavkasiuri frontis Seqmna

iseTive organizebuli da gegmiuri stategiuli xazi iyo, rogorc TviT

ajanyebis organizacia da warmarTva. amas naTlad adasturebs ajanyebis

pirvel etapze grigol ioanes Zis kontaqtebi daRestnis garkveul

wreebTan da Saqisa da Sirvanis elitis jgufebTan. amasve absolutu-

rad cxadad uCvenebs ajanyebis ZiriTad etapze aleqsandre batoniSvi-

lis moRvaweobis zogierTi aspeqti. mTavarmarTebel pauluCis mier 1812

wlis 26 marts imperatorisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceva kaxeTis ajanyebis kavSirs kavkasiis sxva xalxebTan da

amgvari kavSiris seriozul safrTxes imperiuli interesebisaTvis.

Zalian sagulisxmoa aleqsandre batoniSvilis werili iranel xe-

lisufalTadmi, romelSic is moiTxovda garkveul Tanxas kavkasiaSi an-

tiimperiuli politikis warmoebisaTvis da regionaluri warmonaqmnebis

gaerTianebis proeqtic Seadgina. es ki, cxadia, iyo rusuli reJimis wi-

naaRmdeg TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiis darazmvis taqtika, ris gamoc kaxeTis

ajanyebis gegma garkveulwilad geostrategiul konteqsts Rebulobda.

kaxeTis ajanyebam gamokveTa qarTuli antiimperialisturi diskursis

kidev erTi komponenti – saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

erTgvari harmonizacia Tanadroul globalur saerTaSoriso proce-

sebTan. cnobilia, rom ajanyebis dawyebis momentSi ukve mimdinareob-

da ruseT–iranisa da ruseT–TurqeTis omebi. xolo ajanyebis meore,

ZiriTadi etapi daemTxva 1812 wlis zafxulSi saerTaSoriso mdgomareo-

bis arsebiT Secvlas – ruseTisaTvis sazianod Secvlas da napoleonis

armiis ruseTSi SeWras. maSasadame, sruliad cxadia ajanyebis gegmis

184

SeTavseba ruseTisaTvis saziano sagareo procesebTan. ufro ganzoga-

debulad rom avRniSnoT, saxezea erovnuli moZraobis gnoseologiur

sistemaSi sagareo faqtoris gacnobierebis koncepti, saerTaSoriso are-

naze ZalTa ganlagebis angariSgawevis da SesaZlo mxardamWeri blokebis

Ziebis sakiTxi.

kaxeTis ajanyebis dros erTgvarad sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo qa-

rTuli antiimperialisturi diskursis centralurma komponentma –

erovnuli saxelwifoebriobis instituciuri statusisa da ruseTTan

misi momavali urTierTobis problemam. am sakiTxSi sakuTriv ajanyebis

xelmZRvaneli dasis pozicia gasagebia – erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgena bagrationTa dinastiiT saTaveSi, xolo ruseTTan urTierTobis

samarTlebriv safuZvlad – georgievskis traqtatis pirobebi. magram

kaxeTis ajamyebam struqturuli siaxleebi Seitana am sakiTxSi. kerZod:

isargebla ra kaxeTis ajanyebis mimdinareobiT da amis gamo saimpera-

toro karis dayoliebis SesaZlo perspeqtiviT, ruseTSi myofma daviT

giorgis Ze bagrationma 1812 wlis seqtemberSi imperators warudgina

baraTi „saqarTvelos ukeTesi mowyobis Sesaxeb“. arsebiTad es iyo e.w.

„saTxovari punqtebis“ safuZvelze da e.w. monarqiuli legitimizmis

principis bazaze, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri qar-

Tuli samefos aRdgenis proeqti.

aq yuradRebas iqcevs ori momenti: daviT giorgis Ze avtonomiuri

samefos Seqmnas miiCnevs saqarTveloSi mimdinare antirusuli ajanyebis

prevenciis saSualebad. e.i. sruliad cxadia, rom is sargeblobs kaxeTis

ajanyebis faqtiT. meore: mis proeqtSi Cans imperiis cnebis erTgvari

gadafaseba. daviT giorgis Ze imperias uyurebs ara rogorc SiSveli

batonobisa da damonebis sistemas, aramed rogorc saxelmwifos al-

ternatiuli politikur–samarTlebrivi reJimis formas, romelSic qar-

Tulma politikurma organizmmac unda miiRos monawileoba avtonomiuri

monarqiis formiT. amiT daviT giorgis Ze safuZvels uyris mSvidobiani

erovnuli moZraobis ideologias, ufro sworad – erovnul – ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis zomier–liberaluri frTis ideologias.

rogoria am ori modelis taqtikuri sqemebi? aleqsandre batoniSvi-

lis taqtika aris gamomdinare dabalansebis strategiidan da warmoad-

gens Sekavebis politikis aliansur eqvivalents, xolo daviT giorgis

Zis taqtika gamomdinareobs mitmasnebis strategiidan da aris Sekavebis

politikis kompromisuli eqvivalenti. Tu kaxeTis ajanyebis strate-

gia iyo rusuli safrTxis SekavebisaTvis sxvebTan kavSiris Seqmna, da-

viT giorgis Zis strategia iyo rusuli safrTxis SekavebisaTvis TviT

safrTxis wyarosTan kompromisuli kavSiris Seqmna interesTa balansis

safuZvelze. swored imiT aris kaxeTis ajanyeba saintereso, rom man

gamokveTa es ori modeli, erovnuli gnoseologiis es ori sawyisi.

185

Dazmir JojuaSokhumi State University

RUSSIA-GEORGIA WAR IN 1812 YEAR (KAKHETI REBELLION) IN THE LIGHT OF GEORGIAN ANTI-IMPERIALISTIC DISCOURSE

In 1812 year anti-Russian rebellion of Kakheti had an important role in the history of Georgia. This was Georgian nation’s national liberation movement, one of the important features of war against the violence of Russian regime.

Rebellion had a great infl uence on Georgian national movement ideology; it identifi ed a number of new components of Georgian anti-imperialistic discourse. At the same time the rebellion laid the foundation for ideology of moderate-liberal wing of national movement.

186

omar ardaSelia omar ardaSelia soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

`Turquli renesansis~ dasawyisi`Turquli renesansis~ dasawyisi1

msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi wignis beWdvis teqnikur prog-

ress gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. osmaleTis kultu-

ris istoriaSi didi roli iTamaSa wignis beWdvis dawyebam, romelsac

saTave cnobilma Turqma moRvaweebma ibrahim muteferikma da said efendim

Cauyares. miuxedavad imisa, rom osmaleTSi ebraul, berZnul da somxur

enebze wignebi jer kidev XVI-XVII saukuneebSi ibeWdeboda, osmalurad

wignis beWdva akrZaluli iyo sulTnis karis mier, amitom osmalur enaze

wignis beWdvis sakiTxi Seferxebuli iyo, rac xels uSlida osmaluri

nacionaluri TviTcnobierebis struqturis Camoyalibebas, osmaluri

kulturis ganviTarebas da Turqulenovani xalxebis konsolidacias erTi

civilizaciis qveS. civilizaciis cnebas garkveulwilad ukana planze

gadaaqvs erovnuli gansxvavebani xalxebs Soris. masSi aqcenti keTdeba

imaze, rac adamianebisaTvis saerToa... masSi gamoixateba xalxTa TviTcno-

biereba, romelTa nacionaluri sazRvrebi da TavisTavadoba2 TandaTano-

biT irRveva. maSin rodesac osmaleTis imperia warmoadgenda sxvadasxva

eTnikuri jgufebisa da nacionalur TaviseburebaTa konglomerats, osm-

aluri `civilizaciis~ Camoyalibeba sulTnis karisTvis konceptualuri

mniSvnelobis unda yofiliyo. aRniSnuli problema fundamenturad aris

dakavSirebuli civilizaciis erT-erTi wamyvani fenomenis, wignis da

wignierebis xelSewyobasa da ganviTarebasTan. miuxedavad amisa, sulTnis

karma didi xnis manZilze Cauketa kari civilizaciis am fenomens.

iohan gutenbergis mier XV saukuneSi wignis sabeWdi dazgis gamo-

gonebam revolucia moaxdina wignis gamocemis saqmeSi. es gamogoneba

swrafad gavrcelda evropis qveynebSi da maT Soris, XV saukunis bo-

los es siaxle TurqeTSic dainerga. evropis qveynebisagan gansxvave-

biT am siaxles osmaleTis imperiaSi bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda.

miuxedavad amisa, wignis beWdvis erT-erTi pionerebi TurqeTSi gadmo-

saxlebuli ebraelebi iyvnen, romlebmac pirveli wignis sabeWdi dazga

TurqeTSi Camoitanes. isini espaneTidan inkviziciis devnas gamoeqcnen

1 wakiTxulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros SoTa rusTavelis

erovnuli samecniero fondis sagranto proeqtis farglebSi, saqarTvelos parlamentis

erovnuli biblioTekis, sapatriarqos wmida Tamar mefis saxelobis saswavlo universite-

tisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mxardaWeriT TbilisSi, 2012 wlis 21-24 ivniss

TurqeTeli qarTveli sazogado moRvawis ahmed melaSvilis 90 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saer-

TaSoriso samecniero konferencize `saqarTvelo da TurqeTi: kulturul urTierTobaTa

istoria, dRevandeloba da perspeqtivebi~.

2 norbert eliasi, civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb, wigni I, Targmani da winasityvaoba irma

wereTlisa, Tb., 2005, gv. 64.

187

da am qveyanas Seafares Tavi. 1494 wels orma ebraelma Zmam semuel da

daviT naxmesebma osmaleTis imperiis dedaqalaqSi – stambulSi daaarses

pirveli stamba, swored aq daibeWda pirveli nabeWdi wigni TurqeTSi.

es iyo mose winaswarmetyvelis,,xuTwigneuli“ komentarebiTurT. Zmebi

naxmesebis stam bam stambolSi oci weli iarseba.1

XVI saukuneSi sulTnis samflobeloSi sagrZnoblad gafarTovda

sagamomcemlo saqme, kerZod, 1510-1520 wlebSi stambolSi ukve ebraelTa

mier daarsebuli rva stamba arsebobda, rac male gavrcelda da am saqmiT

osmaleTis sxva qalaqebSic dainteresdnen. 1512 wels stamba daarsda

salonikSi, 1519 wels – halebSi, 1554 wels – edirneSi, 1605 wels -

damaskoSi da a. S.2

wignis beWdvis saqmeSi dawinaurebulma ebraelebma TavianTi saqmi-

anoba osmaleTis sulTnis xelSewyobiT, imdenad gaafarToves, rom XVI-

XVIII saukuneebSi osmaleTis imperiis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi ebraelTa

mier daarsebulma stambebis ricxvma ocdaaTs gadaaWarba. marto izmirSi

1656-1758 wlebSi aTi stamba funqcionirebda. nabeWdi produqcia didi

mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeoda da umeteswilad religiuri xasiaTisa

iyo, Tumca ibeWdeboda saero xasiaTis wignebi, magaliTad, istoriaze,

gramatikaze da a. S.3

wignebis beWdvas XVI saukunidan xeli mihyves TurqeTSi mcxovrebma

somxebmac. stambulSi pirveli somxuri tipografiis damaarseblad iT-

vleba abgar tokateci, romelmac wignis beWdvis xeloba Seiswavla

veneciaSi, sadac jer kidev 1512 wels gamoica pirveli nabeWdi wigni

somxur enaze.4 abgar tokatecma stambolSi stamba 1565 wels daaarsa,

magram mis saqmianobas xelisufleba eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da da-

sawyisSi daapatimres kidec, Tumca male gaanTavisufles da mas mieca

SesaZlebloba Tavisi saqme warmatebiT gaegrZelebina. 1567-1571 wlebSi

tokatecma SeZlo Svidi wigni daebeWda somxur enaze. maT Soris somx-

uri enis,,gramatika”, romelic 1567 wels gamoica. droTa ganmavlobaSi

somxebma stambolSi SeZles ramdenime stambis daarseba, xolo 1697

wels somxeTis sapatriarqos egidiT, isev stambolSi daarsda stamba,

romelic TurqeTSi somxur enaze wignebis gamocemis centrad iqca.

aRniSnul tipografiaSi, religiuri xasiaTis literaturasTan erTad,

ibeWdeboda Zveli somexi istorikosebis Sromebic, kerZod: 1709 wels

gamoica agaTangelosis, 1719 wels znob glacis istoriuli Txzulebebi,

1730 wels favstos buzandacis, 1764 wels eRiSes Txzulebani, V sau-

kunis somexi filosofosis eznik koxbacis Sromebi da sxvebi5.

1 O. Ersoy, Turkiye’ye matbaanin girisi ve ilk. basilan eserler, Ankara, 1959. gv. 18. 2 F. Babinger, Stambuler Buchvessen im 18 Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1919. gv. 7.3 H. Omont, Missions archèologiques francaises en Orient aux XVII et XVIII siècles, pt. 2, Paris, 1902. gv. 103-1064 А. С. Бабаян. Армянская книга. Ереван, 1956. gv. 31.5 А. С. Бабаян, Армянская книга, gv. 32.

188

momdevno saukuneSi wignis beWdvis xelobiT dainteresdnen osmale-

Tis qveSevrdomi qristiani berZnebic. 1627 wels berZenma berma nikom-

edos metaqsasma londonidan Camoitana sabeWdi mowyobiloba da gamouSva

pirveli nabeWdi wigni berZnul enaze, magram mas problemebi Seeqmna os-

maleTSi mcxovreb frang iezuitebTan, romlebic aseve beWdavdnen wignebs

berZnulad da sarfianad yidnen. rogorc Cans, frangma iezuitebma nikom-

edosis saxiT konkurenti dainaxes da misi Camocilebis mizniT moisyides

ianiCarebi da daarbevines misi stamba, ris gamoc is iZulebuli gaxda

daetovebina stamboli1. am dros berZnul sapatriarqos ukve gaaCnda ber-

Znulenovani stamba dedaqalaqSi da iq dabeWdili religiuri saxis lit-

eratura vrceldeboda osmaleTis sulTnis marTlmadidebel qveSevrdo-

mebs Soris (berZnebi, serbebi, bulgarelebi, qristiani albanelebi).2

evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, osmaleTis imperiaSi wignis beWd-

visa da stambis saqmiT dakavebul pirTaTvis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi

arsebobda. xelisufleba, gamomdinare Tavisi religiuri Sexedulebebi-

dan, eWvis TavliT uyurebda qristiani da ebraeli qveSevrdomebis saqmi-

anobas da krZalavda maT stambebSi wignis beWdvas Turqul da arabul

enebze. garda amisa, ar unda dabeWdiliyo literatura muslimTaTvis.

radgan stambebi ekuTvnodaT ebraul, berZnul, somxur, an sxva qristian-

uli Temis warmomadgenlebs, osmaleTis xelisufleba nebas rTavda maT

ewarmoebinaT sagamomcemlo saqme, manam sanam is ar Seexeboda imperiis

politikur, ideologiur da ekonomiur safuZvlebs3. amaze miuTiTebs is

faqti, rom mas Semdeg, rac XVIII saukunis II naxevarsa da XIX saukunis

dasawyisSi osmaleTis imperiaSi daiwyo qristiani xalxebis erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, xelisuflebam Zalian bevri stamba daxura

im motiviT, rom isini sulTnis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis

mTavari centrebi iyo4.

sakuTriv Turquli wignis beWdvis saqme gacilebiT rTulad iyo,

radgan osmaleTSi Turqul da arabul enebze wignebis beWdva sulT-

nis mier iyo akrZaluli. Turqi inteleqtualebi nabeWd produqcias am

enebze mxolod ucxoeTSi Seqmnili gamocemebis meSveobiT ecnobodnen.

pirveli nabeWdi wigni arabul enaze gamoica 1514 wels italiis qalaq

fanoSi. sayuradReboa, rom es wigni iyo arabulad Targmnili evangele,

romelic gankuTvnili iyo im kaTolike qristiani misionerebisaTvis,

romlebic miemgzavrebodnen aRmosavleTSi qristianobis saqadageblad.

1516 wels daibeWda arabul enaze Targmnili fsalmunTa krebuli. XVI

saukunidan evropelebs gauCndaT mecnieruli interesi Zveli arabu-

li xelnawerebis mimarT. aRniSnuli xelnawerebis mixedviT daibeWda

1 E. Legrand, Bibliographie hellènique, ou description raisonnèe des ouvrages publiès par grecs, au XVII siècle, t.I. Paris, 1894. gv. 194 – 200. 2 F. Babinger, Stambuler Buchvessen im 18 Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1919. gv. 7.3 O. Ersoy, Turkiye’ye matbaanin girisi ve ilk. basilan eserler, Ankara, 1959. gv. 19-20.4 O. Ersoy, Turkiye’ye matbaanin girisi ve ilk. basilan eserler, Ankara, gv. 21.

189

calkeuli mecnieruli Sromebi, kerZod, ibn sinas (avicenas) naSromebi

medicinisa da evklides geometria. 1612 wels italielma ieronimo me-

jiserom gamoaqveyna arabuli enis gramatika, 1665 wels romSi gamovida

italiur-Turquli leqsikoni, romelic Seadgina kapuCinelma berma ber-

nardom, xolo f. meninskim 1680 wels venaSi gamosca Tavisi cnobili

arabul-sparsul-Turquli leqsikoni.

osmaleTSi arabuli SriftiT dabeWdili wignebis Semotana 1567

wels sulTan murad III - is dros iqna nebadarTuli. sulTnis brZanebiT,

neba daerTo gaevrcelebinaT romSi gamocemuli,,evklides dawyebiTi geo-

metria~. am movleniT osmaleTis imperiaSi safuZveli Caeyara evropaSi

dabeWdili arabuli, Turquli da sparsulenovani wignebis gavrcelebas.

miuxedavad amisa, osmaleTis imperiaSi sastikad akrZaluli iyo evropaSi

dabeWdili muslimanuri religiuri Sinaarsiis wignebis, kerZod, yuranis

Semotana, im motiviT, rom is qristianebis mier iyo dabeWdili da mi-

uRebeli unda yofiliyo marTlmorwmune muslimTaTvis. aseve idevneboda

Turqul an arabul enaze gamocemuli qristianuli literaturac.

im periodSi Turqebsac SeeZloT stambis gaxsna da im wignebis da-

beWdva, romlebic maTTvis misaRebi iyo, radgan es arc teqnikur da arc

materialur siZneleebTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli. amisTvis Turqebs arc

evropaSi sWirdebodaT wasvla, radgan istoriuli wyaroebidan irkveva,

rom jer kidev 1589-1611 wlebSi safrangeTis elCma de brevma adgilo-

briv ostatebs SeukveTa Turquli Sriftebi da safrangeTSi waiyvana

ramdenime Turqi xoja, romelTa daxmarebiT parizSi wignebs aRmosavlur

enebze gamoscemda.1

miuxedavad aramuslimani qveSevrdomebis mcdelobisa, XVI-XVIII

saukuneebSi, TurqeTSi wignis beWdvis saqme Seferxebuli iyo Turqe-

Tis saerTo kulturuli da socialuri CamorCenilobiT, feodalur-

despoturi reJimiT, gansakuTrebiT muslimuri samRvdeloebis fana-

tizmiT, romelsac arc undoda da arc survili hqonda rame eswavlaT

urwmuno,,giaurebisagan“. wignis beWdvis gavrcelebas arabul da Turqul

enebze osmaleTis sasuliero da saero pirebi imitom uyurebdnen SiSiT,

rom is maTi azriT zians miayenebda sazogadoebriv wesrigs da religiur

aRmsareblobas. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom im periodSi

osmaleTSi arsebobda sakmaod didi fena wignis gadamwerebisa, romlebic

haTaTebad iwodebodnen da romlebic mWidro kavSirSi iyvnen saxelwi-

fos umaRles sasuliero da saxelmwifo moxeleebTan. isini umaRles

xelisufalTagan iRebdnen SekveTebs xelnaweri wignebis damzadebaze,

xolo teqnikuri progresi safrTxes uqadda maT xelobas da Semosavals.

balkaneTis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaaqtiurebam da

osmaleTis damarcxebebma ruseTTan XVIII saukuneSi osmaleTis impe-

ria daasusta. am movlenam qveynis mmarTveli wreebi aiZula samxedro

saxis reformebis Catarebaze efiqraT, romlis erT-erTi Semadgeneli

1 O. Ersoy, Turkiye’ye matbaanin girisi ve ilk. basilan eserler, gv. 22.

190

nawili iyo teqnikuri literaturis Targmna maTTvis gasageb arabul da

Turqul enebze. sulTan ahmed III - is mmarTvelobis wlebSi (1703-1730),

is da misi uaxloesi garemocva cdilobda mfarveloba gaewia, aramarto

tradiciuli kulturuli dargebisaTvis, magaliTad, rogoric iyo poe-

zia, literatura, ferwera, aramed teqnikuri codnis gavrcelebisaTvis

maTematikaSi, astronomiaSi, geografiaSi da a. S. osmaleTis xelisufle-

bas esmoda, rom es aucilebeli winapiroba iyo samxedro teqnikuri

CamorCenilobis aRmosafrevlad. am mizniT, 1712-1718 wlebSi, stambolSi

Seiqmna oTxi axali biblioTeka, sadac religiuri saxis literaturas-

Tan erTad warmodgenili iyo samecniero saxis wignebic, garda amisa,

sulTnis did - veziris TaosnobiT Seiqmna specialuri komisia 25 ka-

cisagan, romelsac unda daewyo teqnikuri saxis evropuli literatu-

ris Targmna Turqul enaze1. swored, aseT pirobebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli

pirveli Turquli stambis daarseba, romelsac saTaveSi Caudgnen ibrahim

muteferiki da said efendi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom pirveli, war-

moSobiT Turqi ar iyo, aramed ungreli, romelic 1674 wels kalvinis-

tur ojaxSi dabadebula. muteferiki 1689-1699 wlebSi monawileobda

TurqeT-avstriis omSi, sadac tyved Cavarda da imis gamo, rom aravin

ar gadaixada gamosasyidi mis gasanTavisufleblad is stambulis monaTa

bazarze gayides. osmaleTSi yofnisas man islami miiRo da ibrahimis

saxeliT moinaTla. rogorc Cans, axali sarwmunoeba man safuZvlianad

Seiswavla da islamis Sesaxeb gamokvlevac ki Seqmna saTauriT,,traqtati

islamis Sesaxeb~ (,,risale-ii islamiie”). muteferiki Tavisi niWisa da

axali religiisadmi erTgulebiT male dawinaurda, kerZod is daiaxlova

osmaleTis did-vezirma ibrahim faSam. 1715-1745 wlebSi ibrahim mute-

feriks araerTxel Seusrulebia mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo da diplo-

matiuri davalebebi avstria-TurqeTis omis dros. 1716-1718 wlebSi is

molaparakebebze gagzavnes ungrelebTan, romlebic habsburgTa winaaRmdeg

gamodiodnen. 1718 wels daniSnuli iqna Tarjimnad ferenc rakocisTan,

romelic xelmZRvanelobda antiavstriul gamosvlebs ungreTSi da misi

damarcxebis Semdeg iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavi osmaleTisTvis Seefare-

bina. 1737 wels ibrahim muteferiki iyo im elCobis wevri, romelmac

moinaxula poloneTi. 1737-1739 wlebSi monawileobda safrangeTTan mo-

laparakebis procesSi, magram osmaleTis istoriaSi igi Sevida, ara ro-

gorc gamocdili diplomati, aramed, rogorc pirveli Turquli stambis

damaarsebeli2.

ibrahim muteferikma 1719 wels gamosca pirveli wigni Turqul

enaze, romelic warmoadgenda marmarilos zRvis ruqebs komentare-

biTurT. aRniSnuli gamocema man osmaleTis did vezir ibrahim faSas

warudgina. am saqmianobaSi mas SeuerTda said efendi, romelic iyo saf-

rangeTSi TurqeTis elCis mehmed Celebis vaJi da imave saelCos mdivani.

1 A. Adnan - adivar, Osmanli turklerinde ilim, ikinci tabi, Istanbul, 1900. gv. 26. 2 Ю. В. Крачковский. Избранные сочинения. Т. 4. М - Л., 1957. gv. 634.

191

am elCobis mTavari mizani iyo evropis, kerZod safrangeTis teqnikuri

da kulturuli miRwevebis Seswavla. said efendi swored parizSi dain-

teresda wignis beWdvis xelobiT da gadawyvita ibrahim muteferikTan

erTad stambolSi stamba daearsebina. rogorc Cans, muteferiki da said

efendi erTmaneTs kargad icnobdnen, radgan maT osmaleTis did vezir

ibrahim faSas warudgines moxsenebiTi baraTi, romelSic asabuTebdnen

wignis beWdvisa da stambis Seqmnis aucileblobas osmaleTis saxelm-

wifosa da TviT muslimanuri sarwmunoebisaTvis. isini arwmunebdnen

did vezirs, rom wignis beWdva xelnawerTan SedarebiT iafi jdeboda da

garda amisa,,,is aamaRlebda islamisadmi rwmenas, ise, rogorc es ̀ jihadma~

gaakeTao~.1

stambis gaxsnas TurqeTis didi veziri mfarvelobda, magram am saqmes

didi winaaRmdegoba mohyva, rogorc islamuri samRvdeloebis, aseve xel-

naweri wignis gadamwerTa mier, romlebmac saprotesto msvlelobac ki

moawyves stambolSi. stambis gaxsnisaTvis saWiro da aucilebeli gaxda,

rom osmaleTis Seix - el - islamis mier specialuri fetva (islamis

religiuri meTaurebis dasturi) gamocemuliyo. osmaleTis sulTanma

ahmed III - m 1727 wlis 5 ivlisiT daTariRebuli specialuri firmaniT

neba darTo ibrahim muteferiks da said efendis stamba gaexsnaT stam-

bolSi. imave dros sulTani krZalavda muslimanuri Sinaarsis wignebis

- yuranis, hadisebis da a. S. beWdvas.

pirveli Turquli stamba gaixsna stambolSi ibrahim muteferikis

saxlSi. is Sedgeboda oTxi sabeWdi mowyobilobisagan: ori wignisaTvis

da ori ruqebisaTvis. stambis nawili Camoitanes evropidan, nawili ki

Seisyides adgilobrivi somxebisagan. Turquli Srifti daamzadebines

ebrael ion aSkenazis, romelic muteferikis stambaSi muSaobda Sriftis

amwyobad2. pirveli Turquli stamba saxelmwifos sakuTreba iyo da

wignebic mxolod oficialuri xelisuflebis gankargulebis safuZvel-

ze, mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS ibeWdeboda.

1729 wlis 31 ianvars ibrahim muteferikis stambaSi pirvelad daibe-

Wda arabul - Turquli leqsikoni or tomad, igi Sedgenili iyo XVI

saukuneSi mehmed bin mustafas mier. imave wels am stambaSi gamovida

XVII saukunis cnobili Turqi mecnieris haji xalifis (qaTib Celebis)

Txzuleba, aseve ibrahim muteferikis mier Targmnili poloneli kaTo-

like iezuiti misioneris krusinskis istoriuli Txzuleba, romelSic

aRwerilia 1721- 1723 wlebSi avRaneli tomebis mier iranis dedaqalaqis

aRebisa da sefianTa dinastiis dacemis ambavi. 1730 - 1731 wlebSi daibe-

Wda muhamed bin hasan mesudis naSromi amerikis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb (,,vest

- indoeTis istoria”, romelic specialurad sulTan murad III-sTvis

daiwera, jer kidev 1583 wels), aqve daibeWda maxlobeli aRmosavleTisa

da maRribis qveynebis istoriis narkvevebi 728 wlidan 1721 wlamde,

1 Ю. В. Крачковский. Избранные сочинения, gv. 639. 2 F. Babinger, Stambuler Buchvessen im 18 Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1919. gv. 11.

192

iezuiti beris xoldermanis cnobili Turquli enis gramatika frangul

enaze, ibn arabSahis Temur-lengis biografia, ahmed bin hemdem suheilis

egviptis istoria or tomad 1628 wlamde.

ibrahim muteferikma 1732 wels Tavisi saxeliT gamosca naSromi

magnetizmis Sesaxeb, aseve traqtati ,,xalxTa mowyobis brZnuli safuZv-

lebi~. bolo aTi wlis manZilze 1733 - 1742 wlebSi ibrahimis stambaSi

gamoica haji halifis (qaTib Celebis) cnobili naSromi,,qveynierebis

sarke~ da misive ,,istoriis kalendari~ osmaleTis sulTnis karis is-

torikosebis naimas, raSidis, aseve ismail asim Celebi – zades qrinikebi

1733 wlamde. aq daibeWda hasan efendis cnobili Turqul - sparsuli

leqsikoni, romelic 22 550 sityvisagan Sedgeboda.

1743 wels ibrahim muteferiki daavadda da ori wlis Semdeg gar-

daicvala. misi saqmianoba stambaSi 13 weli gagrZelda, romlis ganmav-

lobaSi aq daibeWda 17 nawarmoebi 23 tomad, maTi saerTo tiraJi 12 500

cals aRwevda. ibrahim muteferikis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi stambis

saqmianoba ramdenime xniT Sewyda. 1755 - 1756 wlebSi stambam muSaoba

ganaaxla da oci wlis Semdeg kvlav Sewyda. sulTan selim III - is mier

samxero reformis,,nizami jedidis~ dawyebis Semdeg, muteferikis yofil

stambaSi gamoica sami wigni samxedro saqmis Sesaxeb.

TurqeTSi wignis beWdvis axali etapi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

daiwyo, am dros osmaleTis imperiaSi seriozuli Zvrebi ganxorcielda

qveynis ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul sferoSi. mravaleTnikur

osmaleTis imperiaSi osmalur enaze sagamomcemlo saqmianobis dawyebam

da wignierebis kulturis gavrcelebam xeli Seuwyo axali, saerTo na-

cionaluri gamocdilebis dagrovebasa da RirebulebaTa erTiani siste-

mis Camoyalibebas. osmaleTSi wignis beWdvis dawyebam revoluciuri

gadatrialeba moaxdina osmaluri kulturis ganviTarebasa da dawinaure-

baze. es faqti iTvleba evropizaciisa da `Turquli renesansis~ pirvel

etapad, romelmac SemdegSi safuZveli Cauyara axali Turquli kultur-

isa da civilizacis Camoyalibebas.

193

Omar ArdasheliaSokhumi state University

BEGINNING OF “TURKISH RENAISSANCE”

Technical progress of book printing in the history of the world civilization takes particularly an important place. In the history of culture of Turkey, the be-ginning of book printing played a signifi cant role which is led by famous Turk-ish fi gures Ibrahim Muteperik and Said Efendi. Although in the Ottoman Empire books in the Hebrew, Greek and Armenian languages were printing in the XVI-XVII centuries, printing of the book in Turkish was prohibited by the Sultan, that’s why a book printing issue was hindered, that prevented development of the Ottoman culture and consolidation of Turkish peoples under one civilization.

At the beginning of the XVIII century, with support of the Ottoman Sultan Hungarian Ibrahim Muteperik, who received Islam religion, published the fi rst printed book - in Turkish language in 1719. He was soon joined by the son of the Ottoman ambassador in France Mehmed Chelebi - Said Efendi, who together with Ibrahim Muteperik founded the fi rst Ottoman printing house, which in 1729 published the fi rst printed book in Turkish language - Arabic-Turkish dictionary in two volumes. The books with Muslim contents - the Koran, Hadith and so on were prohibited by the Sultan. Accordingly, the fi rst Turkish printing house was owned by the state and the books were published only under strict supervision of the offi cial government decree.

Despite these limitations, beginning of the book printing in Ottoman Turkey had the revolutionary overthrow on the development and promotion of Ottoman culture. This fact is considered as the fi rst phase of “Turkish Renaissance”, which later laid the foundation for the establishment of a new Turkish culture.

194

ka xa kva Si la vaka xa kva Si la va

so xu mis sa xel mwi fo uni ver si te ti

av Ra ne Tis sa xal xo- de mok ra ti u l par ti a Si av Ra ne Tis sa xal xo- de mok ra ti u l par ti a Si

ar se bu li wi na aR mde go be bis so ci a lu ri ar se bu li wi na aR mde go be bis so ci a lu ri

as peq te bis sa kiTx i saT vis as peq te bis sa kiTx i saT vis

XXs. 70-i an wleb Si gan vi Ta re bul ma mov le neb ma kri ti ku li ro li

Se as ru la Ta na med ro ve av Ra ne Tis is to ri a Si. 1979w. 27 de kem bris sab-

Wo Ta in ter ven ci am av Ra ne Tis mra val tan ju li mi wa mud mi vi anar qi i sa da

kon fliq tis al Si ga ax vi a. Tum ca, am mov le ne bis ax sna Se uZ le be li iq ne ba

aR niS nul pro ce seb Si av Ra ne Tis sa xal xo- de mok ra ti u li par ti i sa da iq

mom xda ri Si da gan xeT qi le bis ana li zis ga re Se. wi nam de ba re sta tia pir-

ve li mok rZa le bu li mcde lo baa qar Tul is to ri og ra fi a Si ze moT wa moW-

ri li prob le mis gan xil vi sa. kvle vi sas Cven vi ye neb diT da kri ti ku lad

vi xi lav diT am sa kiTx is gar Se mo ar se bul ucx o ur is to ri og ra fi ul da

me mu a rul mem kvid re o bas, ase ve do ku men tur wya ro ebs, rom le bic am li-

te ra tu ra Sia gab ne u li an in ter net Sia gan Tav se bu li.

av Ra neT Si XXs. II na xe var Sic fe o da lu ri gad mo naS Te bi ba to nob da,

rac qvey nis gan vi Ta re bas afer xeb da. ne li tem pe biT vi Tar de bo da ka pi-

ta lis tu ri ur Ti er To be bi.1 reg re sul da prog re sul sa zo ga do eb riv

for ma ci ebs So ris mo sa lod ne li kon fliq tis niS ne bi ga mo a aS ka ra va 40-

50-i a ni wle bis mij na ze gan vi Ta re bul ma li be ra lur -de mok ra ti ul ma moZ-

ra o bam `viS zal mi a ni~ (`gaR vi Ze bu li axal gaz rdo ba~), rom lis Se de ga dac

mo nar qis tul ma re Jim ma 50-60-i an wleb Si da iwyo gar kve u li re for me bis

ga ta re ba, mag ram is ar iyo Tan mim dev ru li da, rig Sem Txve va Si – wi na-

aR mde gob ri vic.2 ami tom qve ya na Si ar se bu li so ci a lu ri, eko no mi ku ri da

po li ti ku ri prob le ma, Zi ri Tad Si, ma inc ga da uW re li dar Ca.

ase Ti `na yo fi e ri~ ni a da gi me mar cxe ne- ra di ka lu ri Za le bis ga mo Ce-

nis sa fuZ vels hqmni da. miT uf ro es re a lu ri iyo im xa neb Si sab Wo Ta

kav Sir Tan ga aq ti u re bu li ur Ti er To e bis fon ze. mos ko vi, qa bu li saT vis

mniS vne lo va ni sa xel mwi fo iyo, sa i da nac se ri o zul eko no mi kur da po li-

ti kur mxar da We ras Re bu lob da.3 im xa neb Si av Ra neT Si me mar cxe ne po li-

ti ku ri ga er Ti a ne bis ram de ni me uSe de go mcde lo ba iyo. `viS zal mi a nis~

aq ti vo bis pe ri od Si po li ti kur as pa rez ze ga mo vid nen in te li gen ci is,

wvril mo xe le Ta da wvri li bur Ju a zi is war mo mad gen le bi, rom le bic mo-

1 История Афганистана, С древнейших времен до наших дней. Ответственный ре дак-тор Ю. В. Ганковский. М., 1988, gv. 253.

2 М. Ф. Арунова, В. В. Басов, В. Н. Пластун, С. В. Полтавская и др., Ак туаль ные проблемы Афганской ре во лю ции. М., 1984, gv. 54 (Semd.: Актуальные проб ле мы...).3 k. kvaSilava, avRaneTis respublikis sagareo politika da ssrk. 1973-1978, _ sais to rio

Zi e ba ni. t. V. Tb., 2002, gv. 335-336.

195

iTx ov dnen qve ya na Si de mok ra ti u li gar daq mne bis dawy e bas, mo nar qi u li

re Ji mis moq ce vas kon sti tu ci ur Car Co eb Si, mo sax le o bis dar To fe ne bis

so ci a lur -e ko no mi ku ri mdgo ma re o bis ga um jo be se bas, erov nu li mrew ve-

lo bis pro teq ci as da a.S.

av Ra neT Si me mar cxe ne e bis ga aq ti u re ba dro Si em Txve va ssrk-av Ra ne Tis

ur Ti er To be bis daT bo bas (50-i a ni wle bis II nax.), ro de sac aS ka rad ga mo-

ik ve Ta qa bu lis moq ce va mos ko vis ̀ frTeb qveS~.1 ssrk-s mi er av Ra ne Tis Tvis

ga we u li gi gan tu ri eko no mi ku ri in ves ti ci e bi sa kuT riv mos ko vis Tvi sac

um niS vne lo ar iyo, mag ram es ga ni xi le bo da nak leb da na xar jad, vid re im

Sem Txve va Si, rom lis ga Re bac mo u wev da mos kovs qa bu lis ga das vliT da-

sav le Tis blok Si.2 bu neb ri vi a, sab Wo Ta spec sam sa xu re bi au ci leb lad da-

iwy eb dnen av Ra neT Si sa ku Ta ri agen tu ru li qse lis da ner gvas, xo lo agen-

te bis mo Zi e ba arc ise rTu li un da yo fi li yo, rad gan gar kve u li ba zi si

amis Tvis uk ve ar se bob da ssrk-Si ga naT le ba mi Re bu li av Ra ne le bis sa xiT,

maT So ris – sam xed ro e bic. am uka nas knel Ta ricx vi 1978 w. ap ri li saT-

vis 3000-ze me ti iyo.3 50-i a ni wle bis Su a xa ne bi dan ve av Ra neT Si ara le-

ga lu rad vrcel de ba mar qsis tu li li te ra tu ra. am saq mis `pi o ne ri~ iyo

av Ra ne li sam xed ro mfri na vi rah ma ni, ro me lic 1947-1948ww. ssrk-Si

swav lob da da ru si me uR le hyav da. sam Sob lo Si dab ru ne bis Sem deg, igi

per ma ne tu lad ekon taq te bo da qa bul Si sab Wo Ta sa el Cos, sa dac rah mans

mar qsis tul li te ra tu ras aw vdid nen. Sem deg es wig ne bi nur mu ha med

Ta ra kis, bab raq qar mal sa da sxva me mar cxe ne eb Tan xvde bo da.4 amas Ta na ve,

Ta ra ki da qar ma li uk ve 50-i a ni wle bis mi wu ru li dan qa bul Si sab Wo Ta

sa el Cos xSi ri stum re bi xde bi an.5

av Ra nel ma me mar cxe ne eb ma 1965 w. 1 ian vars ma inc SeZ les po li ti ku-

ri ga er Ti a ne bis – av Ra ne Tis sa xal xo- de mok ra ti u li par tia – da fuZ ne ba,

mag ram dam fuZ ne bel yri lo ba ze, ro mel sac mxo lod 27 de le ga ti es wre-

bo da, ar iyo war mod ge ni li par ti is wes de ba da sa moq me do prog ra ma im

mar ti vi mi ze ze bis ga mo, rom ase Ti do ku men te bi arc iyo Seq mni li im

dro i saT vis.6 asdp-s ge ne ra lur mdiv nad air Ci es Ta ra ki, xo lo mis mo ad-

1 k. kvaSilava, avRaneTis respublikis sagareo politika da ssrk. 1973-1978, gv. 335.

2 П. Аллан, Д. Клей, Афганский капкан. Правда о со вет ском вторжении. М., 1999, gv.

51.

3 Ю. В. Ганковский, Урок, который стоит усвайваить. Война в Афганистане гла за ми историка, _ Известия, 6. 05. 1989.4 В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла: Афганистан в тисках геополитики. М., 1998,

gv. 181-182; av Ra neT Si memarcxenuli literaturis `eqsports~ iranis saxalxo par tia

`Tudec~ eweoda (Ак ту альные проблемы.., gv. 56).5 В. Коргун, Бабрак Кармаль. – «Азия и Африка Сегодня», №4, 1998, gv. 27.

6 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 58-59; Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Вторжение. Опыт жур на-лис тского расследования. – «Зна мя», №3, 1991, gv. 196; В. Пла стун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 24; А. Ляховский, Трагедия и доб лесть Афгана. М., 1995, gv. 17; zo-gierTi mkvlevari (Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Вторжение.., gv. 196) Sec domaSi Sedis, ro desac

196

gi led – qar ma li.

1966w. 11 ap rils par ti is ga zeT Si `xal yi~ ga moq vey nda wes de ba, sa-

dac aRi niS na, rom asdp-s mi za nia qve ya na Si ar se bu li re Ji mi sa da wyo bi-

le bis Sec vla xal xis in te re se bis ga mom xat ve li xe li suf le biT. amas Tan

kav Sir Si ga ni mar ta `xal xis~ ra o bac, ro mel Sic igu lis xme bod nen mSro-

me le bi, gle xe bi, xe los ne bi, prog re su li in te li gen ci a, sa Su a lo da

wvri li bur Ju a zi a.1 Se sa ba mi sad, iq ki ver mox vdnen e.w. `ga ba to be bu li

eq splu a ta to ru li kla se bi~. amiT, ki asdp av Ra nu ri sa zo ga do e bis gax-

le Cas ax den da. qve ya na Si axa li wyo bi le bis dam ya re ba un da uz run ve le yo

re vo lu ci ur -de mok ra ti u li Za le bis gan Sem dgar erov nul fronts, rom-

lis li de ric asdp iq ne bo da. an ti fe o da lu ri, an ti im pe ri a lis tu ri sa-

xal xo- de mok ra ti u li re vo lu ci is Sem deg, qve ya na Si un da ga ta re bu li yo

prog re su li re for me bi: mi wa- wylis na ci o na li za ci a, mSro mel Ta kla sis

(ro me lic, faq tob ri vad, arc ar se bob da av Ra neT Si – k.k.) cxov re bis ga-

mu jo be se ba, erov nu li prob le mis ga daW ra da a.S. par ti is um Tav res mi-

zans ki av Ra neT Si so ci a lis tu ri sa zo ga do e bis mSe neb lo ba sa xel de bo da,

ro me lic, ro gorc prog ra ma Si iyo aR niS nu li, `So ri mo mav lis Tvis ar

ga da i de ba~.2 Tum ca ama ze kon kre tu li qro no lo gi u ri Car Co iq mo ce mu-

li ar iyo. par ti is wes de ba ki 1967w. ga zaf xul ze ga moq vey nda da am

po lit ga er Ti a ne bis ra o ba gan mar te bu li iyo, ro gorc `av Ra ne Tis mSro-

mel Ta kla se bis avan gar di da mu Sa Ta kla sis po li ti ku ri or ga ni za ci is

umaR le si for ma~, rom lis ide o lo gia iyo mar qsiz m-le ni niz mi, xo lo

or ga ni za ci u li for ma ki – de mok ra ti u li cen tra liz mi.3

mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom par tia da ar se bi dan pro ko mu nis tur ga dat ri-

a le bam de ara le ga lu rad ar se bob da, mis ma wev reb ma (b. qar ma li, a. ra teb-

za di, n. a. nu ri da fa iz ul -xa ki) ma inc mo a xer xes 1965w. ar Cev neb Si

av Ra ne Tis par la men tis qve da pa la ta Si gas vla. asdp-s uk ve 1965w. no em-

bri saT vis q. qa bul Si 17 pir ve la di par tor ga ni za cia hqon da Seq mni li,

xo lo re gi o neb Si ki – 9. ro gorc vxe davT, mi si Zi ri Ta di da say rde ni

Za la manc de da qa la Si iyo Tav moy ri li. rac Se e xe ba or ga ni za ci is wev rTa

ra o de no bas 60-i a ni wle bis bo los Tvis, aq sru li ga ur kvev lo ba a, rad gan

wle bis man Zil ze asdp-s wev rTa re gis tra ci is sa kiTxi mog va re bu li ar

hqon da.

asdp-s ofi ci a lu ri war dge na `uf ro si ko le ge bi saT vis~ 1965w. de-

damfuZnebeli yrilobis mier mowonebul par ti is miznebsa da sa mo qmedo amo canebs asdp-s

programad acxadebs.

1 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 60-61. 2 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 60-61; А. Ляховский, На афганской выжженной земле. Неп редвзятый анализ со бы тий, вооруженной борьбы до и после Ап рельской ре во лю ции, – «Коммунист Вооруженных Сил», №18, 1990, gv. 53; В. С. Сафрончук, Аф га нис тан вре мен Тараки, – «Международная жизнь» (SemdgomSi: «МЖ»), №12, 1990, gv. 92.3 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 66.

197

kem ber Si Sed ga, ro ca ger ma ni a Si sam kur na lod mi ma va li Ta ra ki mos kov Si

Se Cer da. am pe ri od Si l. breJ ne vis xe li suf le ba uf rTxil de bo da mu ha-

med za hir -Sah Tan Tbil ur Ti er To bebs da ami tom Ta ra kis `mas pin Zlo ba~

me o re xa ris xo van ma Ci nov ni keb ma (skkp ck-s Sua aR mo sav le Tis seq to ris

gam ge n. n. si mo nen ko da ck-s sa er Ta So ri so gan yo fi le bis mo ad gi le r.

a. uli a nov ski) ga u wi es. bu neb ri vi a, am vi zi tis gax ma u re bac ar mom xda ra.

`mas pin Zle bi~ ga ec vnen Ta ra kis Te o ri u li mom za de bis do nes da asdp-s

geg mebs. ck-s Ci nov ni ke bi pir ve liT aS ka rad uk ma yo fi lo ni iy vnen, xo lo

me o res Tan da kav Si re biT ki, av Ra nel ko le gas gar kve u li rCe ve bi mis ces:

am etap ze av Ra neT Si so ci a lis tu ri re vo lu cia ara sa sur ve li iyo. am

`na Te li dRis~ dad go mam de, asdp-s un da mo e xer xe bi na `e rov nul -de mok-

ra ti u li Za le bis~ Se kav Si re ba, mar qsiz m-le ni niz mis ide e bis gav rce le ba

mo sax le o ba Si, xal xTan mWid ro ur Ti er To be bis dam ya re ba da par ti is

er Ti a no bis gan mtki ce ba.

er Ti a no bis mxriv ki, asdp-s mar Tlac di di sir Tu le e bi hqon da. ma ga-

li Tad, par ti is er T-er Tma dam fuZ ne bel ma, a. h. ja jim asdp me o re dRes ve

da to va imi tom, rom ck-Si ar Ce u li ar iq na.1 am mxriv kri ti ku li mov le-

ne bi gan vi Tar da 1966w. no em ber Sic, ro ca b. qar mal ma da mis ma mom xre eb ma

(g. d. pan jSe ri, s. a. keS tman di, S. Sah pa ri) ck-s Se mad gen lo ba da to ves

da cal ke fraq cia da a fuZ nes, ro mel sac `far Co mi~ (`a la mi~). Ta ra ki da

mi si Ta na mo az re e bi ga er Ti an dnen `xal yis~ fraq ci a Si. am gan xeT qi le bam

mniS vne lo va ni ze gav le na iqo nia ro gorc sa kuT riv asdp-s mo ma val gan vi-

Ta re ba ze, ase ve av Ra ne Tis Sem dgo mi pe ri o dis is to ri a ze. mi si ga mom wve vi

mi ze ze bis mTe li speq tri a:

qar ma li da Ta ra ki gan sxva ve bu lad ud ge bod nen Te o ri u li sa kiTx-

ebs. Ta ra ki se u li e.w. `xal xu ri~ (`xal yi~) re vo lu ci is Te o ri as asdp,

faq tob ri vad, SeT qmu le bis mowy o bi sa ken mih yav da: do ku men tis mi xed viT,

par tia iyo er Ta der Ti Za la qve ya na Si sa xel mwi fo wes -wyo bi le bis Se sac-

vle lad. Ta ra kis az riT ki, ami saT vis sa Wi ro iyo mSro me leb sa da in te-

li gen ci a Si `prog re su li ide e bis~ (a nu – mar qsiz m-le ni niz mi) Se ta na da

ar mi a Si asdp-s kon tro lis da we se ba. ami to mac, gan sa kuT re bu li aq cen ti

keT de bo da swo red Se i a ra Re bul Za leb ze, rad gan igi, Zi ri Ta dad, da ba li

so ci a lu ri fe nis war mo mad gen le bi sa gan Sed ge bo da. amas Tan, ar mia dis cip-

li ni re bu lic iyo da, Tu ki igi pro le ta ri a tis diq ta tu ris ma ta re be li

gax de bo da, es ga a ad vi leb da ar se bu li re Ji mis dam xo ba sac, – mi iC nev da

Ta ra ki.2

qar ma lis mi xed viT, Tav da pir ve lad sa Wi ro iyo asdp-s xel mZRva ne le-

biT erov nul -de mok ra ti u li re vo lu ci is gan xor ci e le ba xe li suf le ba-

Si `de mok ra ti u li erov nu li xe li suf le bis~ mos vla, ro me lic iq ne bo da

1 Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Вторжение.., gv. 197.2 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 61-63; Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Вторжение. Опыт жур на-листского расследования. – «Зна мя», №4 (1991), gv. 231.

198

mSro mel Ta diq ta tu ra, xo lo for mis mxriv ki – xal xis de mok ra ti u li

mTav ro ba. aqe dan ga mom di na re, b. qar ma li mo sax le o bis uf ro far To ma seb-

ze day rdno bas mo iTx ov da, Ta ra kis `pro le ta ri a ti sa gan~ gan sxva ve biT. am

re vo lu ci ur mTav ro bas da e va le bo da de mok ra ti u li re for me bis ga ta re ba,

ro me lic sa fuZ vels Ca uy ri da so ci a liz mis `ma te ri a lur da so ci a lur

ba zas~.1 qar ma li Ta ra kis ar eTan xme bo da ima Sic, rom mxo lod asdp-s ga ne-

xor ci e le bi na re vo lu ci a, rad gan mi iC nev da rom am wa mowy e bis war ma te ba

da mo ki de bu li iyo mxo lod xal xis far To ma se bis mxar da We ra ze da da-

saS ve ba dac ki mi aC nda mo nar qis tu li re Ji mi sad mi opo zi ci u rad gan wyo bi li

ma Ra li fe nis war mo mad ge nel Ta Car Tvac ki re vo lu ci a Si.2 es, cxa di a, mi-

u Re be li iyo ra di ka li Ta ra kis Tvis. far Co mis te bi po li ti ku ri brZo lis

le ga lur for mebs em xro bod nen, xal yis te bi ki asdp-s ko mu nis tur par ti-

ad ga daq ce vas da ia tak qve SeT Si ga das vlas mo iTx ov dnen. par ti is li de rebs

ga u Wir daT Se Tan xme ba or ga ni za ci a Si axa li wev re bis mi Re bis sa kiTx Sic.

qar ma li mi iC nev da, rom par ti is wev ro bis kan di da tis kla sob ri vi war-

mo mav lo ba Se ma fer xe be li faq to ri ar un da yo fi li yo, ra sac Ta ra ki ar

izi a reb da.3

ro gorc vxe davT, `far Co mi~ Se da re biT li be ra lur po zi ci eb ze id-

ga, gan sxva ve biT `xal yi sa gan~. ra di ka liz mi Ta ra kis te bis da ma xa si a Te be li

ni Sa ni iyo da isi ni yve la fer Si uki du re so bam de mi di od nen, maT So ris

xe li suf le ba Si yof nis dro sac (1978w. 28 apr. _ 1979w. 27 dek.), ra mac

ki dev uf ro ga a u a re sa av Ra ne Tis mdgo ma re o ba. Tum ca, `far Co mis~ li be ra-

lo ba sa da ̀ xal yis~ ra di ka lizms aqvs gar kve u li ax sna, rac maT wev re bis

so ci a lur da eT ni kur war mo mav lo bas em ya re ba:

Ta ra kis te bi aer Ti a neb dnen mci red uz run vel yo fil, na xev rad pro le-

tar da mSro mel ma sebs (wvri li mo xe le e bi, mom Ta ba re e bi, xe los ne bi da

a.S.), rom le bic, Zi ri Ta dad, pro vin ci eb Si cxov rob dnen. qar ma lis te bi ki,

um Tav re sad, SeZ le bu li fe ne bi sa da kla se bis war mo mam dgen le bi (me ma mu-

le e bi, msxvi li vaW re bi, ar mi is eli ta, uz run vel yo fi li in te li gen ci a,

sa qa la qo bur Ju a zia da a.S.), rom le bic qa bul sa da mis Se mo ga ren Si

cxov rob dnen. ro gorc qa bu lis X ra i o nis pir ve la di par tor ga ni za ci is

mdi va ni mu sa obi eq tu rad afa seb da su raTs, ro ca aR niS nav da, rom `asdp

xel mZRva ne lobs ra mSro me li kla sis ide o lo gi iT, war mo ad gens or di-

na lur wvril bur Ju a zi ul par ti as~ da amis mi zezs is av Ra neT Si mSro-

mel Ta kla sis arar se bo ba Si xe dav da.4 ase Ti ve Se fa se ba hqon da mo ja hed Ta

1 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 63-66; Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Вторжение.., gv. 231. 2 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 63-66; Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Вторжение.., gv. 231; В. Коргун, Бабрак Кармаль, gv. 29.3 В. Н. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 25, 26; А. Ляховский, Трагедия и до б лесть Афгана, gv. 18-19; А. Ляховский, На афганской выжженной земле, gv. 54.4 В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 182.

199

er T-erT cno bil li ders g. hey ma Ti ar sac.1 k. ca go lo vic2 asdp-s wvril-

bur Ju a zi ul par ti ad mi iC nevs.3 20 we li wa di das Wir daT asdp-s li de rebs

am re a lo bis aRi a re bis Tvis. ker Zod, qar mal ma asdp-s ck-s 1985w. no em-

bris ple num ze ga nacx a da, rom par ti as ar ga aC nia da say rde ni so ci a lu ri

ba za (a nu mSro me le bi).4 amas Ta na ve, `far Co mi~ aer Ti a neb da, Zi ri Ta dad,

ga ta ji ke bul puS tu nebs, sa kuT riv ta ji kebs da sxva erov nul um ci re so-

bebs. xal yis te bi, um Tav re sad, puS tu ne bi iy vnen.5

ro gorc vxe davT, qar ma li Zi ri Ta dad de da qa laq Si mcxov re bi SeZ le bu-

li fe ne bis (um Tav re sad, erov nu li um ci re so be bis war mo mad gen le bi) in te-

re sebs ga mo xa tav da ma Sin, ro ca Ta ra kis ir gvliv ga er Ti an dnen pro vin ci eb Si

mo sax le nak le ba duz run vel yo fi li qvey nis do mi nan ti eris – puS tu ne bis

– war mo mad gen le bi. Tu ga viT va lis wi nebT am uka nas knel Ta da mo ki de bu le bas

erov nu li um ci re so be bis mi marT, ga sa ge bi xde ba, rom erT or ga ni za ci a-

Si ma Ti er Tad yof na xan grZli vi va diT, faq tob ri vad, Se uZ le be lic iyo.

puS tu ne bi erov nul um ci re so be bis war mo mad gen lebs me o re xar si xo van ada-

1 В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 199.2 rusi general-maiori da filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. 1981-1984ww. ufrosi

mrCevlis ran gSi msaxurobda avRaneTSi dislocirebuli sabWoTa armiis rigebSi. 1989-

1991ww. mona wi le ob da osi separatistebis omSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, – http:// www .g a ze ta .ru/20 05/08 /12/oa _16 7191.shtml.3 К. М. Цаголов, Не все так просто (открытое письмо Ричарду Барнетту и Экбалю Ахмаду), – «США-эпи (эко но мика, политика, идеология)», №6, 1989, gv. 66. 4 В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 171.5 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 69-70; В. Споль ников, Афганистан: исламская оп по зи ция. Истоки и цели. М., 1990, gv. 71; Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Втор же ние.., – «Знамя», №3, 1991,

gv. 197; В. А. Меримский, В погоне за «Львом Панджшера». М., 1993 – ht tp: //militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/merimsky_va1/01.html; О. Антонов, Как со ветский по сол афганского ге не ра ла водкой поил, – «Новое время» /SemdgomSi: «НВ»/, №17, 1992, gv. 28; А. А. Проханов, Афганистан, – «МЖ», №7 (1988), gv. 29; С. Крах ма лов, Записки военного атташе. М., 2000, gv. 221; Л. Млечин, Кто давал со веты Ка бу лу? – «НВ», №48, 1990,

gv. 31; В. Левикин, Мой друг Пешавари, – «НВ», №9, 1989, gv. 42; К. М. Цаголов, Афганистан: предварительные итоги, – «Огонек», №30, 1989, gv. 221; S. Harrison, Da teline Afghanistan: exit trough Finlandisation? – “Foreign Policy”, 1980/1981, Winter, №41, gv. 166-167; Ta ra ki daibada mesaqonle nazar muhamed Ta ra kis ojaxSi. igi ero v ne biT puStuni iyo

(Rilzais tomi, Tarakis klani, buranis Sto). qarmalis mama general-leitenanti mu ha med

huseini paqtiis general-gubernatori iyo. Sem deg ki – Tavdacvis saministros sa fi nan-

so sammarTvelos ufrosi. muhamed da udis xe lisuflebis dros (1973-1978ww.) xel-

mZRva ne lob da heraTis qveiTTa divizias da q. heraTis gu bernatori iyo. qarmali mamiT

miekuTvneboda iu sufzaelTa puStunuri to mis mulaxelis klans, dediT ki tajiki iyo.

viTarebis Se sa ba mi sad, Tavs xan ta ji kad, xan ki puStunad ac xa debda. (Ю. А. Булатов, Хальк и Парчам: основные эта пы борь бы за завоевание по ли ти че с кой власти в Афганистане, М.,

1997, gv. 60-61; Ак туальные проблемы.., gv. 74; В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 23; Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Втор жение.., gv. 203; В. Кор гун. Бабрак Кармаль, gv. 26-27; Н. Иванов, Ограниченный контингент, – «Со вет ский Войн» /SemdgomSi: «СВ»/, №16, 1991,

gv. 20; А. Ляховский, Трагедия и доблесть Афгана, gv. 95; И. Лагунина, Пуш тун тад-жи ку может быть товарищ. Но не вождь, – «НВ», №18, 1992, gv. 25).

200

mi a ne bad mi iC nev dnen da maT Tan er Tad Ta na ba ruf le bi a no bas sa ku Ta ri eris

Rir se bis Se lax vad aRiq vam dnen. ase ve dar Ca Sem dgom Si is la mu ri opo zi ci-

is or ga ni za ci eb Si (maT So ris, Ta li ban Sic1). am gva ri mkveT ri sxva o ba ori-

ve fraq ci is so ci a lur da erov nul Se mad gen lo ba Si ga na pi ro beb da er Tis

ra di ka liz msa da me o ris li be ra lizms. uqo nel Ta war mo mad ge ne li Ta ra ki

pir da pir so ci a liz mze ga das vlas es wraf vo da; SeZ le bul Ta war mo mad ge-

ne li qar ma li, mar Ta li a, izi a reb da qve ya na Si ar se bu li wes -wyo bi le bis

cvli le bis au ci leb lo bas, mag ram wi na aR mde gi iyo ra di ka lu ri na bi je bi sa.

mag ram am gan xeT qi le bas su bi eq tu ri mi ze ze bic ga aC nda: Ta ra ki da qar ma li

as dp-Si pir ve lo bis Tvis ib rZod nen, ra sac Ta na meb rZo le bic adas tu re ben.2

am `gay ris~ Sem deg `far Co mi~ da `xal yi~ ve ra so des ga er Ti an dnen,

Tum ca ki amis mcde lo bas (ssrk-s ze gav le niT) 1977w. iv lis Si hqon da

ad gi li.3 Tum ca, es `u ni ac~ dro e bi Ti aR moC nda. faq tob ri vad, ori ve daj-

gu fe ba da mo u ki de bel po li ti kur or ga ni za ci ad gan vi Tar da, sa ku Ta ri

po li ti ku ri xa ziT, xel mZRva ne li or ga no e biT, wev re biT, Tum ca ki ori ve

cnob da asdp-s dam fuZ ne be li yri lo bis mi er aRi a re bul prin ci pebs, mog vi-

a ne biT mi Re bul prog ra ma sa da wes de bas.4 ori ve ni Tavs asdp-d mi iC nev dnen

da mom xdar ga TiS vas sa pi ris pi ro mxa res ab ra leb da. sa in te re so a, rom

qar ma lis daj gu fe ba Tavs uwo deb da ̀ asdp – yve la mSro mel Ta avan gards~,

ma Ti opo nen te bi ki – `asdp – mSro me li kla sis avan gar di~.

ro gorc vxe davT, xal yiz mi da far Co miz mi, ar se bi Tad, or gan sxva ve-

bu lad ide ur -po li ti kur mim di na re o bas war mo ad gen dnen sa ku Ta ri da mo u-

ki de be li or ga ni za ci e biT, mom xre Ta gan sxva ve bu li so ci a lu ri da eT no-

na ci o na lu ri ni San -Tvi se be biT, gan sa kuT re bu li miz ne bi Ta da taq ti kiT.5

Tum ca, e. ah ma di da r. bar ne ti asdp-s gan xeT qi le bis mi ze zad li der Ta pi-

rov nul Se u Tav seb lo bas asa xe le ben.6 ma Ti Se fa se ba sa kiTx is ga mar ti ve bu-

lad war mo Ce nis mcde lo bad mig vaC ni a. ro gorc ze moT vna xeT, maT So ris

1 Дж. Кьеза, Бесконечная война. М., 2003, gv. 12-13.

2 Д. Гай, В. Снегирёв, Втор же ние.., – «Знамя», №3, 1991, gv. 203.

3 В. Коргун, Бабрак Кармаль, gv. 32; Ак туальные проблемы..,gv. 151.4 Д. МакИчин, Афганистан. 1973-79гг., – http://artofwar.ru/f/foreign/text_0140.shtml.5 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 71; В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 130; А. Ляховский, На аф ганс кой выжженной земле.., gv. 52; К. М. Цаголов, С. Хар ри сон, Афганская война (взгляд из се го дня ш него дня), – «Восток (афро-азиатские об щес-тва: история и современность)», №2, 1991, gv. 48; R. Gar thoff, Dé tente and Con fron tation: America-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington, D.C., 1985, gv. 892; T. Ham mond, Red Flag over Afghanistan: The Communist Coup, the Soviet Invasion and the Con sequences. Bo ul-der, Co lo., 1984, gv. 29-34; H. Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Uni on. Durham, N.C., 1983, gv. 49-52; S. Ka t si kas, The Arc of Socialist Revolutions: Angola to Af ghanistan. Cambridge, Mass., 1982, gv. 216; B. Male, Re vo lu ti ona ry Afghanistan: A Re ap pra isal. St. Martine’s Press, 1982, gv. 20-51. 6 E. Ahmad, R. J. Barnett, Bloody Games, – “The New Yorker”. Apr. 11, 1988; Э. Ахмад, Р. Барнетт, Кровавые иг ры (реферативное изложение), – «США-эпи», №6, 1989, gv. 58.

201

ar se bob da mkveT ri so ci a lu ri da eT ni ku ri gan sxva ve ba, rac av Ra ne Tis

si nam dvi li saT vis um niS vne lo prob le ma nam dvi lad ar aris. es rom ase-

a, das tur de ba am daj gu fe beb Si mog vi a ne biT gan vi Ta re bu li mov le ne biT,

ro de sac ri gi erov nu li um ci re so be bis war mo mad gen leb ma (xal yis ti t.

ba dax Si) da to ves sa ku Ta ri fraq ci e bi. iyo sxva Sem Txve ve bic: ma ga li Tad,

1969w. `far Co mi~ da to ves ta ji keb ma g. d. pan jSe rim da s. Se nam, uz bek ma

a. os to var ma, S. Sah par ma, rad gan taq ti kur sa kiTx eb Si ver Se Tan xmdnen

b. qar mal Tan. zo gi er Tma (z. ofo ki, s. Se na da sxv.) ki da to va ra fraq-

ci a, sa ku Ta ri me mar cxe ne mi mar Tu le bis po li ti ku ri or ga ni za cia Seq mna.1

qar mal ma da Ta ra kim maT So ris ar se bu li da vis mog va re ba maT Tvis

`sa ar bit ra Jo sa sa mar Tlos~ anu skkp ck-s mi mar Tes. ro gorc Cans, `mom-

Ci va ne bi~ fiq rob dnen, rom krem li maT Si mtyu an -mar Tals ga mo ar Cev da da

ga mar jve bu li mxa rec sa bo lo od mo a xer xeb da asdp-s kon trols. am miz-

niT, isi ni da u kav Sir dnen ssrk sa xel mwi fo uSiS ro e bis ko mi te tis re-

zi dents qa bul Si, ro mel sac `kom pro man te bic~ ki mi a wo des er Tma neT ze:

qar ma lis Tvis es iyo Ta ra kis `Te o ri a~, ro mel sac is an ti mec ni e ru lad

mi iC nev da, xo lo mi si po nen ti saT vis ki – `far Co mis~ li de ris Tbi li

da mo ki de bu le ba da ur Ti er To ba mmar Tve li re Ji mis war mo mad gen leb Tan.2

ma le mos ko vi dan `me gob ru li rCe ve bic~ mo vi da: `uf ro si ko le ge bi~ maT

ur Cev dnen im sa kiTx e bis ukug de bas, rom le bic prin ci pu li mniS vne lo bis

ar iyo da er Tad ez ru naT `qvey nis yve la prog re su li Za lis~ ga sa er Ti-

a neb lad `mSro me li xal xis in te re se bis Tvis~ sab rZol ve lad.3 am kin kla-

o bis Sewy ve ta mos kov ma 1974w. 8 ian var sac mo iTx o va.4 Tum ca, am rCe vebs

re a lu ri Se de gi ar moh yo li a.

Tum ca, ssrk, mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom iva ra u de ba mi si gar kve u li ro-

li asdp-s Ca mo ya li be bis for si re ba Si, mas pro pa gan das ar uwev da: 1975w.

ga mo ce mu li `qar Tu li sab Wo Ta en cik lo pe di is~ I tom Si gan Tav se bul

sta ti a Si av Ra ne Tis Se sa xeb ara vi Ta ri cno ba ar mo i po ve ba asdp-s Ta o-

ba ze; amas Tan, ssrk-Si ar qvey nde bo da ma sa le bi aR niS nu li or ga ni za ci is

Ta o ba ze; mos kov Si ofi ci a lu ri vi zi te biT ar iw vev dnen asdp-s li de re bi.

pir ve li cno be bi am par ti is Se sa xeb sab Wo ur pre sa Si mxo lod 1978w.

ap ri lis mov le ne bis Sem deg qvey nde ba. ro gorc Cans, am gva ri `ig no ri re-

ba~ mi zan mi mar Tu li qme de ba iyo. l. breJ ne vis xe li suf le bas kar gi ur-

Ti er To ba hqon da mu ha med za hir -Sah Tan da mu ha med da ud Tan (Tum ca, am

1 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 72-74; А. Ля ховский, На афганской выжженной земле.., gv. 54; Д. Гай, В. Сне ги рёв, Втор же ние.., – «Знамя», №3, 1991, gv. 197.

2 А. Мо розов, Кабульский резидент, gv. 39.3 В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 130; Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 75; П. Аллан, Д. Клей, Аф ган ский капкан, gv. 59.4 Постановление ЦК Коммунистической Партии Советского Союза об обращении к ру ководиделям груп пи ро вок «Парчам» и «Хальк», – http://psi.ece. jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRU S S/BUK /GBARC/pdfs/afgh/ct109-74.pdf.

202

uka nas knel Tan mxo lod gar kve ul pe ri o dam de). av Ra ne Tis sa me fos sa ga re-

o po li ti ku ri kur si sav se biT pa su xob da ssrk-s in te re sebs da mos kovs

ar sWir de bo da ar se bu li vi Ta re bis ga u a re se ba. miT uf ro, rom im dros

asdp or ga ni za ci u lad Zal zed sus ti war mo naq mni aR moC nda. Tum ca, mos-

ko vi ma inc Ta nam Srom lob da as dp-sTan am pe ri od Sic da maT saq mi a no ba ze

kon trols suk -is qa bu le li re zi den te bis meS ve o biT axor ci e leb da. av-

Ra neT Tan kar gi ur Ti er To be bis fon ze, kremls, ro gorc Cans, ma inc sWir-

de bo da `V ko lo nis~ ar se bo ba, ro mel sac er Tgva ri `maT ra xis~ ro li

da e kis re bo da sam xre Te li me zob lis Se saZ lo ur Co bis Sem Txve va Si.

aseT vi Ta re ba Si Sex vda asdp 1973w. 17 iv li sis (hij riT 1352w. 26

sa ra ta ni) an ti mo nar qis tul sa xel mwi fo ga dat ri a le bas, e.w. `26 sa ra-

ta nis re vo lu ci as~,1 ro mel Sic far Co mis te bi da xal yis te bic aq ti u rad

mo na wi le ob dnen.2 me mar cxe ne Ta Car Tu lo ba `26 sa ra ta nis re vo lu ci a-

Si~ m. da u dis wi na aR mdeg sab rZol ve lad aq ti u rad ga mo i ye na is la mur ma

opo zi ci am.3 axa li xe li suf le ba Si me mar cxe ne ofic re bic mox vdnen. amis

ga mo da sav le Ti, Tav da pir ve lad, un dob lad eki de bo da mu ha med da uds,

ro mel sac `wi Tel prin cad~ mo ix se ni eb da. iq mi iC nev dnen, rom 17 iv li sis

mov le ne bi ssrk-s or ga ni ze bu li iyo.4 am etap ze Wirs imis gar kve va, Tu

ro gor mox da ma Ti Car Tva m. da u dis mi er or ga ni ze bul aq ci a Si: es iyo

wi nas war da de bu li gar kve u li Se Tan xme ba mas sa da asdp-s li de reb Tan Tu

me mar cxe ne ofic re bi, am Sem Txve va Si, par ti is gan da mo u ki deb lad moq mdeb-

dnen? skkp-s ck-Si mom za de bu li er Ti do ku men ti dan ir kve va, `far Com sa~

da `xalys~ 1973w. 17 iv li sis sa xel mwi fo ga dat ri a le bis mom za de ba sa

da gan xor ci e le ba Si mo na wi le o ba ar mi u Ri aT.5 Tum ca, sa va ra u do a, rom

da uds gar kve u li wi nas wa ri kon taq te bi hqo no da qar mal Tan, ro mel sac

pi ra dad ic nob da jer ki dev 50-i a ni wle bi dan. qar ma li, im pe ri od Si, da-

u dis mi er Ca mo ya li be bu li or ga ni za ci is wev ric iyo.6 amas Tan, yu radR e ba

mi eq ce o da `far Co mis~ `li be ra lur~ kur sac. TviT qar ma lis te bis aq ti u-

ro ba 17 iv li sis mov le ne bis dros da ck-Si ma Ti um rav le so ba xal yis-

teb Tan Se da re biT un da mi a niS neb des Se saZ lo wi nas war kon sul ta ci eb sa

da gar kve ul Se Tan xme ba ze da ud sa da qar mals So ris. ase Ti ve mo saz re be bi

ga aC ni aT a. li a xov skis da v. kor guns.7

18 iv liss `xal yma~ da `far Com ma~ Ta vi an Ti gan cxa de be biT mxa ri

1 k. kvaSilava, avRaneTis respublikis sagareo politika da ssrk. 1973-1978, gv. 333.

2 k. kvaSilava, avRaneTis respublikis sagareo politika da ssrk. 1973-1978, gv. 337-338; Д. Мак Ичин, Афганистан. 1973-79гг., – http://artofwar.ru/f/foreign/text_0140.shtml.3 Ахмад Шах Масуд, Джихад вблизи, – «НВ», №6, 1991, gv. 37.

4 Л. Б. Теплинский, Афганистан – наш южный сосед. М., 1978, gv. 61.

5 В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 131.6 А. Ляховский, В. Забродин, Тайны афганской войны, – «Армия», №3-4, 1992, gv. 72.

7 А. Ляховский, Трагедия и доблесть Афгана, gv. 21; А. Ляховский, В. Забродин, Тайны афганской войны, gv. 73; В. Коргун, Бабрак Кармаль, gv. 29.

203

da u Wi res mo nar qi is dam xo bas. ima ve dRes Ta ra kim au di en cia sTxo va m.

da uds, ra Ta pi ra dad mi e lo ca da sa ku Ta ri mom xre e bi ga ey va na sa xe li-

suf lo or ga no eb Si. res pub li kis pir vel pirs da Za bu li ur Ti er To be bi

hqon da Ta ra kis Tan jer ki dev 1953 wli dan. ami tom, da ud ma dip lo ma ti u-

ri ua riT Ta vi ai ci la `xal yis~ li der Tan Sex ved ra.1 am vi Ta re ba Si igi

da u kav Sir da qar mals da sTxo va war mo ed gi na kad re bi axa li sa xel mwi fo

or ga no e bi saT vis. bu neb ri vi a, rom `far Com ma~ es Se saZ leb lo ba xe li dan

ar ga uS va da mTe li ri gi Ta nam de bo be bi mi i Ro ro gorc cen tra lur xe-

li suf le ba Si, ase ve – pro vin ci eb Si.

mi u xe da vad imi sa, rom da ud ma am pe ri od Si me mar cxe ne ebs `kar t-blan-

Si~ mis ca da xe li suf le ba Si Se iy va na, igi ma inc Zal zed frTxi lad moq-

me deb da: man, ma ga li Tad, Ta nam de bo bis ga re Se da to va qar ma li, mi u xe da vad

maT So ris Tbi li ur Ti er To e bi sa. da u di eri de bo da me mar cxe ne eb Tan Se da-

re biT mWid ro kav Sirs da es ali an si mas mxo lod dro e biT da iZu le biT

qme de bad mi aC nda.2 da ud ma sa xel mwi fo apa rat Si me mar cxe ne Ta mow ve vi sas

gan sa kuT re bul xerxs mi mar Ta: man Ta nam de bo be bi mxo lod im pi rebs Ca a ba ra,

ro me lic aq ti u rad mo na wi le ob dnen `e rov nul re vo lu ci a Si~, mis mi marT

lo i a lu rad iy vnen gan wyo bi li da arc par ti u li Ta nam de bo be bi eWi raT.3

es prag ma tu li svla iyo: er Tis mxriv, man me mar cxe ne e bi, gar kve ul wi-

lad, mo i mad li e ra imiT, rom sa xel mwi fo apa rat Si Se uS va isi ni, mag ram,

me o re mxriv, maT ze gar kve u li kon tro lic ki da a we sa: sa xel mwi fo apa ra-

tis ka rebs miR ma da to va asdp-s aq ti u ri po li ti ko se bi. `far Co mi saT vis~

er Tgva ri `pri vi le gi e bis~ mi ni We biT, man ki dev uf ro ga aR rma va da Za bu-

lo ba qar mal sa da Ta ra kis So ris, ra sac asdp-s Sem dgo mi da sus te bis Tvis

un da Se ewyo xe li. da u dis svleb ma ma le Se de gic mo i ta na: Ta ra kim ide-

i sad mi Ra la ti das wa ma far Co mis tebs. Ta ra kis teb ma kvlav ia tak qve SeT Si

ga ag rZe les moR va we o ba ma Sin, ro de sac far Co mis te bis er Tgva ri le ga li-

za cia Sed ga.4 `far Co mis~ am gva ri mdgo ma re o biT mos ko vic sar geb lob da:

xe li suf le bis or ga no eb Si da saq me bu li qar ma lis te bi mniS vne lo van sa-

xel mwi fo in for ma ci ebs aw vdid nen sab Wo Ta agen tu ras.5

am ri gad, asdp-s, ro gorc me mar cxe ne- ra di ka lu ri mi mar Tu le bis po li-

ti ku ri or ga ni za ci i sa, war moq mna XXs-is 60-i an wleb Si ar Se e sa ba me bo da

im pe ri o dis av Ra neT Si ar se bu li is to ri u li re a li e bis moTx ov ni le bebs,

vi na i dan mas ar ga aC nda Se sa ba mi si so ci a lu ri ba zi si, ra mac ga na pi ro ba

mok le xan Si mom xda ri Si da par ti u li gan xeT qi le bac.

1 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 105, 107.2 k. kvaSilava, avRaneTis respublikis sagareo politika da ssrk.., gv. 338.

3 В. Коргун, Бабрак Кармаль, gv. 31.4 Актуальные проблемы.., gv. 108; В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 131.5 А. Мо розов, Кабульский.., gv. 45; В. Пластун, В. Андриянов, Наджибулла.., gv. 130-143.

204

Kakha KvashilavaSokhumi State University

THE SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CONFROTANTIONS EXISTING IN THE PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN

The re we re so me at tempts of es tab lis hing the left ori en ta ti on po li ti cal or ga ni-za ti ons in Afgha nis tan in 50-60-i es of 20th cen tury. Fa i lu re of this pro cess bro ught to light that the re was not exists ne e ded so ci al ba sis for such party. But Afghan lefts co uld to cre a te the Pe op le’s De moc ra tic Party of Afgha nis tan in Ja nu ary 1, 1965. So on the party di vi ded on two fac ti ons: “the Khalq” by le a ded Nur Mu-ham mad Ta ra ki and “the Par cham” of Bab rak Kar mal. So me ob ject and sub ject fac tors ca u sed this di vi si on. The le a ders of party had dif fe rent opi ni ons to the so-me the o re tic prob lems. Par cha mists be li e ved in le gal forms of po li ti cal strug gles, but Khal qists wan ted to chan ge PDPA as a Com mu nist Party. They al so co uld not ag ree in prob lem of ad mit new mem bers in to party. The li be ra lism of Par cham and the Khalq’s ra di ca lism was sti pu la ted by the so ci al and et hnic ori gin of his mem bers. Les s-wel l-off sec ti ons, la bo urs (small blac k-co a ted wor kers, no mads and etc.) we re uni ted in Khalq, but rep re sen ta ti ves of wel l-to- do sec ti ons of po-pu la ti on (big lan dow ners, tra ders, eli te of the Army, in tel li gen tsi a, bo ur ge o i sie and etc.) we re be ca me mem bers of Par cham. If Khal qists we re ba si cally Pas htos, Par cha mists we re Ta jiks and rep re sen ta ti ves of ot her na ti o nal mi no ri ti es. Be ca u-se it was not sur pri se that PDPA di vi ded on two fac ti ons. We can con clu si on the es tab lis hment of lef t-ra di cally po li ti cal or ga ni za ti on in 60-i es of 20th cen tury in Afgha nis tan did not fi t with his to ric ac tu als of that pe ri od.

205

guram yoranaSviliguram yoranaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

giorgi soseliagiorgi soselia

saqarTveloSi socialuri klasebisa da saqarTveloSi socialuri klasebisa da

saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxebsaxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb

gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom TiTqosda saqarTveloSi klasebi-

sa da saxelmwifos warmoSobis problemas e. w. marqsistul-leninuri

poziciebidan pirvelad simon janaSia Seexo.1 magram es ase rodia. am

TvalsazrisiT pirveli iyo iuristi da istorikosi giorgi soselia

(1897-1961), romelmac 1930 wels am sakiTxze sakmaod vrceli statia

gamoaqveyna.2 igive naSromi odnav Secvlili saxiT, momdevno wels ru-

sul enazec daibeWda kavkasiis komunisturi universitetis ,,samecniero

CanawerebSi~. faqtia, rom simon janaSias Tavis aRniSnul narkvevSi gior-

gi soselias es naSromi ar mouxseniebia.

1936 wlis 23 marti _ 2 aprils Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetSi gamarTuli diskusiis dros simon janaSia aRniSnavda: ,,amx.

soseliam gamoaqveyna specialuri narkvevi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic

daibeWda 1930 wels Jurnal ,,mnaTobSi~. me im dros saqarTveloSi ar

gaxldiT da, samwuxarod, maSinve es nawarmoebi ar gamicvnia. rogorRac

ise moxda, rom aravis Cemi yuradReba ar miuqcevia amisaTvis, ase rom

Cems ganakveTSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom dawerilia 1931 wlis damlevs,

misi naSromis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. esec ra Tqma unda, umarTebulo

iyo Cemis mxriv~.3

giorgi soselias Sexeduleba aRniSnul sakiTxze mokled SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: Zv. w. aTaswleulebSi qarTvel tomebSi, farTo azriT,

axla rom qarTvelurs vuwodebT, adgili hqonda gvarovnul (,,sagvareu-

lo~) wyobilebas, romelsac TiTqosda vxvdebiT strabonis ,,geografiis~

aRwerilobaSic iberiis Sesaxeb, Zv. w. I saukuneSi. giorgi soselias si-

1 s. janaSia. sazogadoebrivi klasebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSoba qarTvel tomebSi,

tfilisi, 1932.

2 g. soselia. qarTvel tomebSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxisaTvis, Jurn.,,moambe~, 1930,

#5-6.

3 SesaZloa, giorgi soselias Rvawlis mouxseniebloba hqonda mxedvelobaSi niko ber-

ZeniSvils, rodesac 1938 wlis 23 ivniss, simon janaSias sadoqtoro disertaciis dacvi-

sas, ganacxada:,,meore nakli zogadi xasiaTisa es aris avtoris mier ama Tu im sakiTxis

Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literaturis mouxseniebloba~; arsebuls literaturas is

maSin asaxelebs, roca savsebiT eTanxmeba iq gamoTqmul azrs, roca daesesxeba mas (aseTi

Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi prof. s. janaSia ara Tu werilobiT, zepirad gamoTqmuli azris

avtorsac ar tovebs mouxseneblad), sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaTa literaturas is Cveu-

lebriv ar asaxelebs~ (n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. III, Tb., 1966,

gv. 366-367).

206

tyvebiT, ,,arc monobis arseboba, arc qurumebis calke gamoyofa da arc

arseboba sazogadoebis iseTi wris, romelic mefes svamda, _ arc erTi es

garemoeba strabonis mier aRweril pirobebSi arafers ambobs imaze, rom

sagvareulo wyobileba am dros sagrZnoblad Seryeuli yofiliyos~.1

Cans, misi azriT, es xana mainc gardamtexi yofila. giorgi soselia

werda:,,udavoa, rom socialuri uTanasworoba qarTvelebSi Camoyalibda

I-IV s.s.-Si. aSkaraa, am periodSi qarTvelebi rac (albaT unda iyos,,raRac~

_ g.y.) gansakuTrebul pirobebSi unda yofiliyvnen, raki maT socialur

wyobilebaSi aseTi didi gardatexa moxda~.2 aRniSnul process igi xs-

nida romaelebis zegavleniT; TiTqosda am ukanasknelT didad daaCqares

aRebmicemobis (vaWrobis) ganviTareba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, xelosnobisa

da miwaTmoqmedebis Semdgomi zrda ganapiroba.

romi dasavleT saqarTveloSi uSualod gabatonda da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, misi zemoqmedebac ufro Zlieri unda yofiliyo. magram ase rodi

fiqrobda giorgi soselia, romlis mixedviTac,,dasavleT saqarTveloSi

(kolxidaSi), magaliTad, jer kidev 134 w. (!) qr.S., rogorc flabius ar-

rianes dawerili da adriane keisrisaTvis mimarTuli moxsenebidan Cans,

oTxi erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukidebeli tomi saxlobda Turme.

cxadia, saukuniT adre, am mxriv mdgomareoba, uaresi Tu ara, ukeTesi ar

iqneboda. (Tumca i. javaxiSvilis azriT strabonis droindeli mdgomareo-

ba sul sxvanairi yofila: am dros kolxida erT mTlian,,saxelmwifos~

warmoadgenda Turme (,,qarTveli eris istoria~, 1928 w., gv. 159-160).

magram es carieli sityvebia mxolod, Tugind marto imitomac, rom TviT

i. javaxiSvili acxadebs: am droindel dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

cnobebi ar mogvepovebao (iqve, gv. 154)~.3

ase rom, giorgi soselias azriT, qarTlSi jer gaCndnen gabatonebu-

li da daCagruli klasebi da Semdeg, V_VI saukuneebSi, _ saxelmwifo.

amdenad,,,me-5 saukunidan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yalibdeba feodal-

uri wyobileba~;4,,daaxloebiT aseTive mdgomareoba unda yofiliyo dasav-

leT saqarTveloSic~;5,,mTianeTSi ki, saxeldobr xevsurebsa da mTiulebSi,

geografiuli pirobebis gamoisobiT, gvarovnuli wyobileba gvian xanamde

SemorCa~.6

rogorc vxedavT, giorgi soselia sakiTxs ganixilavda e.w. marqsizm-

leninizmis poziciidan, ufro zustad v. leninis,,cnobili~ Sexedulebis

mixedviT. amdenad, TiTqosda adgili hqonda amgvar istoriul jaWvs:

1 g. soselia. qarTvel tomebSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 177.





6 g. soselia. qarTvel tomebSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 187-188.

207

kerZo sakuTreba (maT Soris miwaze) _ socialuri klasebi _ saxelm-

wifo. rac Seexeba ivane javaxiSvilisadmi damokidebulebas (mimarTe-

bas), giorgi soselia iziarebda didi mecnierisa da mamuliSvilis azrs

strabonis epoqaSi gvarovnuli weswyobilebis arsebobis Taobaze, magram

absoluturad miuReblad miiCnevda im dros saxelmwifos arsebobas da

Tvlida, rom igi (es instituti) feodalizmis pirobebSi warmoiSva.

giorgi soselia fiqrobda, rom ivane javaxiSvils SesaZleblad mi-

aCnda saxelmwifos warmoqmna Zaldatanebis meSveobiT (didi, Zlieri

gvari ipyrobda mcire, sust gvars). aRniSnuli faqtori ki socialuri

klasebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobis procesSi TiTqos araviTar rols

ar asrulebda. Aam mxriv avtori ar indobda arc karl kauckis, aRa-

rafers vambobT l. gumploviCze.

rasakvirvelia, ivane javaxiSviliseuli aRniSnuli saerTo Sexed-

uleba mcdaria da misi kritika savsebiT bunebrivia. kerZod, ase akeTebda

cnobili qarTveli moazrovne da sazogado moRvawe arCil jorjaZe,

magram es unda momxdariyo normalur sazogadoebriv da politikur

pirobebSi, koreqtulad da ara,,aSkara reaqciuli Teoriis~ iarliyis mi-

webebiT.1 Aanda rogori misaRebia aseTi sityvebi:,,marqsizmis, saxelmwifos

marqsistuli Teoriis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rogorc vxedavT, aRmoCndnen

erTimeoris gverdiT, erTi da imave iaraRiT xelSi, erTis mxriv, marqsiz-

mis renegati, ,,socialisti~ kautski da, meores mxriv, Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetis profesori i. javaxiSvili~.2

rogorc viciT, simon janaSia aRniSnul sakiTxs, imave e.w. marqsizm-

leninizmis poziciidan, sxvanairad miudga. Mmisi SexedulebiT, strabo-

nis xanis iberiaSi (qarTlSi) klasobrivad diferencirebuli, danawevre-

buli sazogadoeba arsebobda. Sesabamisad, adgili hqonda saxelmwifos

arsebobasac. Aamdenad, misi azriT, gvarovnuli wyobileba saqarTvelos

barSi karga xnis winaT daiSala. MTavis Sexedulebas giorgi soselia

vera da ver Seelia. Aamitomac 1936 wlis 16 aprils man gazeT ,,komu-

nistSi~ dabeWda statia saTauriT ,,umecreba Tu Segnebuli mavnebloba?~

(gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos arsebobis Sesaxeb s. janaSiasa

da n. berZeniSvilis SexedulebaTa, `kritika~ (wina dRes igi gazeT,,zaria

vostokaSi~ daibeWda). Aavtori miuTiTebda: ,,Cvens istoriografiaSi ker-

Zo sakuTrebis, klasebis da saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxSi dRemde

batonoben aSkara antimarqsistuli, reaqciuli Sexedulebebi~. metic, mis-

ive sityvebiT, ,,unda vikiTxoT: saqme gvaqvs umecrebasTan Tu Segnebul

mavneblobasTan?! ras akeTeben is organoebi, romelTac ekisrebaT Cvens


2 g. soselia. qarTvel tomebSi saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 211. rusulad

gamoqveynebul variantSi ki vxvdebiT amgvar kvalifikacias,,Струве-Джавахишвилиевская точка зрения~ (gv. 219). igulisxmeboda rusi legaluri marqsisti petre struve, ro-

melic dapyrobis gziT saxelmwifos warmoSobis Tvalsazriss iziarebda.

208

skolebSi istoriis swavlebis saqmis uSualo xelmZRvaneloba? rogor

moxda, rom 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi aseT umsgavsoebas awvdian Cvens mo-

swavle axalgazrdobas da amaze aravis krinti ar dauZravs?~1

aq aRZrul problematikas giorgi soselia karga xnis ganmavlobaSi

aRar Sexebia. rogorc cnobilia, 1937-1946 wlebSi igi represirebuli

iyo da mas mxolod mogvianebiT daubrunda, kerZod, Jurnal ,,Вопросы истории~-s 1956 wlis meoTxe nomerSi dabeWda mcire zomis SeniSvna

(заметка): ,,Мона~ по древнегрузинским источникам~. igi aRniSnavda, rom ,,monas~ uwin, Zvel saqarTveloSi, mxolod Sinamsaxuris mniSvneloba hqon-

da: ̀ Институт мона-шинамсахури в раннефеодальной Грузии представлял форму патриархального рабства периода разложения первобытно-общинного строя и образования классового общества~. aqedan gamomdin-are, ,,Нет случая, чтобы этого слугу, служителя можно было бы принять за раба, ,,живую вещь~ рабовладельческого общества, чтобы ,,монеба~ _ служение являлось бы повиновением ,,живого инвентаря~, грузинские источники ни одного такого примера не дают~.2

giorgi soselias Tanaxmad, Sinamsaxuris mdgomareoba mkveTrad gau-

aresda gviandel xanaSi, kerZod, iranTan da TurqeTTan monebiT vaWrobis

pirobebSi. amieridan ,,Мона-шинамсахури оказывается на положении раба. Слово ,,мона~ начинает обазначать раба~.3

ukve motanili citatebidanac cxadad Cans, rom giorgi soselia arc

1956 wels iziarebda Zvel saqarTveloSi monaTmflobeluri sazogadoe-

brivi wyobilebis arsebobis Tvalsazriss. magram aRniSnul Sexedulebas

igi ufro mkveTrad daupirispirda ,,Вопросы истории~-s imave wlis meaTe

nomerSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi: ,,Существовала ли рабовладельческая формация в Грузии?~, sadac vkiTxulobT: ,,Государственный аппарат в Грузии постепенно оформлялся лишь по мере возникновения и укрепления феодального строя. Нет и следов того, чтобы феодальная Грузия получила в наследство от прошлого какой-либо институт государства. Она унаследовала и приспособила к условиям классового феодального общества лишь некоторые институты родового строя (,,эристави~, ,,хевисбери~, ,,хевисупали~); многие институты государственной организации были заимствованы у соседей, главным образом у народов Ирана. Своеобразные черты средневекового грузинского права были унаследованы не от рабовладельческого государства, а непосредственно

1 g. soselia. umecreba Tu Segnebuli mavnebloba? (gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi saxelm-

wifos arsebobis Sesaxeb s. janaSiasa da n. berZeniSvilis SexedulebaTa,,kritika~.

gazeT,,komunisti~, 1936 w. 16 aprili.

2 Вопросы истории, 1956, #4, gv. 131. analogiuri mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli g. soselias

wignSi,,saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba,,vefxistyaosnis~

mixedviT, soxumi, 1956, gv. 50-51.

3 Вопросы истории, 1956, #4, gv. 131.

209

от первобытно-общинного строя~.1 statiaSi kvlav gameorebulia azri, rom gvarovnuli wyobileba ro-

maelTa zegavleniT swrafad iSleboda, kerZod qarTlSi, Zv. w. I sau-

kunidan mokidebuli, ris Sedegadac II_IV saukuneebSi warmoiSva feo-

daluri sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo. ramdenadac axali arqeologiuri

aRmoCenebis, maT Soris epigrafikuli monacemebis, mixedviT iberiaSi

(Zvel qarTlSi) saxelmwifos arseboba ueWveli gaxda, giorgi soselia

iZulebuli iyo eRiarebina es garemoeba, mxolod ufro mogvianebiT. rac

Seexeba strabonis xanas, igi aRniSnavda:…,,География~ Страбона ясно говорить о том, что к в. до н. э. в Иберии _ передовой части Грузии _ существовало еще доклассовое общество~.2

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, giorgi soselia miT ufro gamoricx-

avda saxelmwifos arsebobas Zvel kolxeTSi. kerZod, monetis (e.w.

,,kolxuri TeTris~) Taobaze igi dasZenda: ,,Колхидки~ и другие монеты Грузии, с греческими надписями и изображениями греческих богов свидетельствуют, наоборот, о том, что эти монеты чеканились в местных греческих колониях~.3

WeSmaritad Rrmaazrovani gaxlavT giorgi soseliaseuli SeniSvne-

bi: ,,определяя социально-политический строй Грузии по памятникам материальной культуры, С. Джанашия и его ученики исходят из своеобразного представления о первобытно-общинном строе. Всякие постройки ,,типа дворца~-строения, окруженные стеной и башнями, или золотые или серебрянные вещи, особенно с признаками орнамента и т.д. _ они принимают за явления, выходящие из рамок первобытно-общинного строя (и высшей его ступени), признают бесспорным показателем развитого классового общества~;4 ,,Достаточно вспомнить, какаое сложное, богатое культурное наследие переходит от первобытно-общинного строя к классовому обществу, чтобы стала ясна несостоятельность утверждений о том, будто бы описанные выше памятники материальной культуры говорят о существовании у грузин еще до начала новой эры вполне развитого рабовладельческого общества и государства~;5 ,,не менее сложной была ,,иерархия~, например, у германцев времен Тацита или у гомеровских греков~.6

vimeorebT, msgavsi SeniSvnebi rigi qarTveli istorikosebis da ar-

qeologosebis mimarT friad safuZvliania da TavianT Zalas inarCuneben



3 Вопросы истории, 1956, #10, gv. 78.4 Вопросы истории, 1956, #10, gv. 78.

5 Вопросы истории, 1956, #10, gv. 76.6 Вопросы истории, 1956, #10, gv. 76.

210

dResac ki. maTi aqtualuroba naTlad gamoCnda saqarTveloSi social-

uri klasebisa da saxelmwifos Taobaze gasuli saukunis miwuruls

mimdinare diskusiebisas.

amave statiaSi giorgi soselia ar exeboda Zvel kolxeTSi klasebi-

sa da saxelmwifos arsebobis sakiTxs, riTac, cxadia, amJRvavnebda Tavis

uaryofiT damokidebulebas misadmi.

SegaxsenebT, rom amave, 1956 wlis ,,Вопросы истории~ -s meoTxe no-merSi daibeWda giorgi meliqiSvilis statia ,,К вопросу о возникновении классового общества и первых государственных образований в Грузии~, romelSic avtori Zvelebur yaidaze, janaSiasa da misi mimdevrebis kval-

dakval, kvlav amtkicebda Zvel saqarTveloSi monaTmflobeluri sazoga-

doebis socialur-ekonomikuri formaciis arsebobas, mxolod odnavi mo

difikaciiT,,,adremonaTmflobeluri~ anda,,Temur-monaTmflobeluri~ sax-

elwodebebiT. ,,Вопросы истории~ -s momdevno wlis meSvide nomerSi ki

SoTa mesxiam, nodar lomourma da oTar lorTqifaniZem dabeWdes statia

saTauriT ,, К вопросу о происхождения государства и существовании рабовладельческой формации в Грузии~, sadac udidesi TavgamodebiT icavdnen msgavs Tvalsazriss. ase rom, giorgi soseliaseul argumenta-

cias aRniSnul avtorebze zegavlena ar mouxdenia.

metsac mogaxsenebT. 1964 wels giorgi meliqiSvili werda: ,,aRniS-

nul problemasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom qarTvel

sabWoTa istorikosebs mouxdaT mwvave polemikis warmoeba mecnieruli

mimarTebiT savsebiT uniadago mtkicebaTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic uaryofd-

nen monaTmflobeluri formaciis arsebobas~.1 cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi

pirvel rigSi giorgi soselia igulisxmeboda.

ise, cnobilia, rom simon janaSia 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ar

izirebda Zvel saqarTveloSi monaTmflobeluri wyobilebis (socialuri

sistemis) arsebobis Tvalsazriss. amis magier Sesabamisi istoriuli

sinamdvilis gaazrebas igi cdilobda socialur-ekonomikuri mraval-

wyobianobis TvalTaxedviT. gardatexa mis SexedulebebSi moxda 1938

wlidan moyolebuli, mas Semdgom, rac daibeWda partistoriis, `mokle

kursi~, romelSic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xuTformaciuli sqema sab-

WoTa kavSirSi (da Semdeg sxva e.w. socialistur qveynebSi sabolood

iqna ,,kanonizebuli~.

male, universaluri monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri

formaciis ideas wyali Seudga. dasavleli (ingliseli, frangi) mar-

qsistebis ZalisxmeviT, rogorc cnobilia xelaxla, 1930-iani wlebis

Semdgom, aRorZinda (maT Soris sabWoTa kavSirSic) diskusia aziuri

warmoebis wesis Sesaxeb. amjerad, saRad, kritikulad moazrovne isto-

rikosTaTvis aSkara gaxda monaTmflobeluri formaciis universaluri


211

gavrcelebis Tvalsazrisis uniadagoba. 1965 wlis bolos istoriis, ar-

qeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi specialuri moxsenebiT gamovi-

da giorgi meliqiSvili, romelmac uaryo aRniSnuli tipis sazogadoebis

arseboba Zvel saqarTveloSi (movigonoT erTi wlis winaT gamoTqmuli

miseuli azri!). mas mxari bevrma dauWira, magram paradoqsia, rom arc

maSin da arc Semdeg aravis gaxsenebia giorgi soselia, romelic 1930-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi da 50-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi mtkiced idga Zvel

saqarTveloSi monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis (formaciis) uaryofis

poziciaze.1

aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu rogori

socialur-fsiqologiuri viTareba sufevda da axlac sufevs uaxlesi

xanis qarTul istoriografiaSi.

dabolos, davsZenT, rom amJamad socialuri klasebisa da saxelmwi-

fos warmoSobis sakiTxze saerTod, Zveli saqarTvelos socialuri da

politikuri ganviTarebis Taobaze kerZod, bevri ram ufro cxadi gaxda,

maT Soris, aziuri warmoebis wesis Sesaxeb gamarTuli diskusiebis Sede-

gad. naTeli Seiqna Zveli Taobis warmomadgenelTa, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

uSinaarso, sqolastikuri msjelobani sakiTxze. axleburad vxedavT si-

mon janaSiasa da giorgi soselias Rvawlsac aRniSnuli didi problemis

garkvevaSi.2 rodesac am TvalsazrisiT Cveulebriv simon janaSiasa da

giorgi meliqiSvilis damsaxurebas aRniSnaven xolme, daviwyebuli ar

unda iqnes giorgi soselias Sesabamisi Sexedulebanic.

1 zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs imas, rom giorgi soselia saerTod uaryofda monaTmflobelobis,

rogorc formaciis universalurobas da mis sanacvlod aziuri warmoebis wesis koncef-

ciis momxre iyo an gaxda. piriqiT, igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda xolme Zveli aRmosavleTis

qveynebSi,,monaTmflobeluri formaciis~ arsebobas. ase rom, Zveli saqarTvelo am Tval-

sazrisiT gamonaklisad miaCnda, Tumca ar cdila aexsna, daedgina am movlenis gamomwvevi

mizezebi.

2 mainc erTgvar gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos simon janaSiaseuli xazgasma 1936

wlis diskusiis dros:,,amx. soselias garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRvis am sferoSi (e.

i. saqarTveloSi klasebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis kvlevaSi _ g. y.). man

scada sakiTxis marqsistuli dayeneba. Tu ar vcdebi, es aris am mxriv pirveli cda.

soseliam samarTlianad aRniSna, rom prof. javaxiSvilis Sexedulebebi erTi meoresTan

SeuTavsebelia, rom saxelmwifos arseboba gvarovnuli wyobilebis pirobebSi miuRebelia,

rom saxelmwifo klasobrivi organizaciaa~.

212

Guram KoranashviliDoctor of Historical Sciences

GIORGI SOSELIA ABOUT AN ORIGINATION OF SOCIAL CLASSES AND STATEHOOD IN GEORGIA

It is spread a view on of Simon Janashia’s authorship about an origination of social classes and statehood in Georgia from so-called Marxism-Leninism’s posi-tion. But it was not so. Jurist and Historian Giorgi Soselia (1897-1961) published a large article on this problem in 1930: About Problem of Origin of Statehood in Georgian Tribes (Magazine “Moambe”, #5-6). Next year he again published this research work with small revision in periodical issue of the Caucasian Communist University “Scientifi c Notes” (in Russian).

213

malxaz baramiZemalxaz baramiZearqeologiuri kvlevis centri

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis rkinis aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis rkinis

metalurgiis zogierTi sakiTximetalurgiis zogierTi sakiTxi

ukanaskneli sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi kolxeTis arqeolo-

giis bevri kardinaluri sakiTxi sruliad axleburad iqna gaSuqebuli.

erT-erT aseT sakiTxs rkinis metalurgia da misi Casaxva-ganviTarebis

etapebi, nakeTobaTa tipologiuri da regionaluri gavrceleba da sxva

warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo rkinis metalurgiis

qronologiis sakiTxs da es sruliad bunebrivia. am interess aRvivebda

antikur wyaroTa cnobebi, romlis mixedviT rkinis, rogorc sawar-

moo metalis, gamogonebis prioriteti ekuTvniT xalibebs da SesaZloa

swored aqedan maragdeboda xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebi.1 samecniero literaturaSi xazgasmulia xeTebis gansakuTrebuli rolic Savi meta-

lurgiis ganviTarebis sakiTxSi.2

Cven ar SevudgebiT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli mraval-

ricxovani literaturisa da Teoriebis ganxilvas. igi srulad mo-

cemulia prof. d. xaxutaiSvilis specialur naSromSi.3 rogorc Cans, garkveuli safuZveli qarTveli tomebis (xalibebis) mier miRweuli

gansakuTrebuli warmatebebis dasasabuTebulad materialur kulturaSi

marTlac arsebobs. amitom SemTxveviTi ar iyo is garemoeba, rom gaCnda

specialuri termini kolxeTis rkinis warmoebis samTometalurgiuli

centri,4 romelic efuZneboda cecxlauris, askanas da pirveli WoRas

teritoriebze gamovlenili mZlavri samrewvelo obieqtebis arqeolo-

giur Seswavlas. faqtiurad am teritoriis qveS gaerTianda guria-aWaris

da samegrelos regionebi, sadac am mimarTulebiT specialuri kvleva

warmoebda. ukve am periodSi SesaZlebeli iyo am teritoriis gafar-

Toeba, radgan arsebobda cnoba oqumis xeobaSi mZlavri rkinis sawarmoo

obieqtis arsebobis Sesaxeb,5 rac ukanasknel xanebSi dadasturda Cveni

samuSaoebiT afxazeTSi, kerZod nawilobriv Seswavlil iqna sakmaod

mZlavri kera galis raionis sof. pirveli galis teritoriaze, mziuri

I sawarmoo saxelosnos naSTebi.

1 Б. Деген-Ковалевский. К истории железного производства Закавказья, Изв. ГАИМК-120, стр. 242.2 C. Blinkenberg. Pe Peys natal su Fer. Mem. Soc. Roy. Antiquity, 1925, p. 204-205; T. Rickard. Man and Mettalls, II, New-York, 1932, p. 870.3 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, Тб., 1987, стр. 6-39.4 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 2.5 n. berZeniSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelos qvis xanis arqeologiuri eqspediciis angariSi.

_ savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba sqarTveloSi, Tb., 1968.

214

aRsaniSnavia, rom 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi engurhesis mSenbelobas-

Tan dakavSirebiT gagzavnilma sadazvervo eqspediciam walenjixis raio-

nis sof. lias teritoriaze adgil “joRoriaS wyurgilSi~ da “oyan-

WeSi~ miakvlia mZlavr rkinis sawarmoo ubans,1 romelic nawilobriv

gaTxril iqna 1984-85 ww. Cvens mier.2 marTlia, aq uSualod sadnobi

quris mxolod niSnebi iqna dafiqsirebuli, magram saqme gvaqvs widebis

da arqeologiuri masalis mZlavr gadanayarTan, romlis farTobi aras-

ruli monacemebiT 300X200 m, sisqiT saSualod 0.8 m-mdea. monapovar

masalaSi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sxvadasxva formis ramdenime aseuli

saberveli milis natexebi, romelTa nawils TavTan xelosnis niSnebi

aqvs datanili.3 nayarSi aRmoCenili keramikis fragmentebis da CaSvebuli

samarxis inventaris mixedviT sawarmoo obieqti TariRdeba welTaR-

ricxvebis mijniT, Tumc ar aris gamoricxuli am teritoriaze ufro

adreuli qurebis aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba. amaze unda migviTiTebdes aqve

SemTxveviT aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis

xanis ZeglebisaTvis tipiuri brinjaos brtyeli culi. samwuxarod, am

uaRresad sayuradRebo Zeglis gaTxrebi aRar gagrZelebula misi masSta-

burobisa da finansuri siZneleebis gamo.

afxazeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam 1991 wels q. galSi, mziuris

citrusebis meurneobis teritoriaze Seiswavla gzis gayvanisa da stiqi-

uri movlenebisagan gaSiSvlebuli rkinis sawarmoo ubnis erTi nawili.

gaTxrili da gawmendili iqna erT vertikalze ganlgebuli rkinis 4

sadnobi qura da teritoria mis irgvliv (tab. I). qurebis ZiriTadi

nawili Sedis gauTxrel farTobSi, romelTa Seswavla saWiroebda miwis

did samuSaoebs teqnikis daxmarebiT, ris gamoc Zeglis sruli gamovlena

gaTvaliswinebul iqna 1992 wels. samwuxarod, afxazeTSi politikuri

viTarebis gamwvavebam saSualeba ar mogvca aRniSnuli Zegli srulad

yofiliyo Seswavlili. amasTanave ver moxerxda geofizikuri monacemebis

laboratoriuli kvlevis dasruleba da sadReisod mxolod zogadad

SegviZlia vimsjeloT Zeglis asakze. kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenili ram-

denime keramikuli fragmenti kecis mixedviT, igi ufro winareantikuri

ierisaa, vidre sxva romelime periodis. TiTqos amave periodis Cans

erTi mrgvalqobiani, pirgadmokecili profilic. TviT widebis monac-

risfro nafeni swored am droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac araerTg-

1 g. grigolia, m. baramiZe. engurhesis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli sadazvervo eqspedi-

ciis 1963 wlis muSaobis angariSi. _ sakms, 1963., Tb., 1964.

2 r. abramiSvili, T. miqelaZe, m. baramiZe. enguris arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1964 wlis

muSaobis abgariSi, sakms, 1963; m. baramiZe, r. ramiSvili. gvianantikuri xanis Zeglebi enguris

xeobaSi. _ istoriis institutisa da zugdidis istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis er-

Toblivi samecniero sesia, Tezisebi, zugdidi, 1965.

3 xelosanTa niSnebi warmodgenilia laTinuri asoebiT (alfa, delta, ifsiloni, geome-

triuli saxeebi da wreebi, wertilebi, samkuTxedebi, oTxkuTxedi da sxv.).

215

zis dadasturda d. xaxutaiSvilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT.1 TviT quris

tipi kargad ukavSirdeba guria-aWaris teritoriebze Seswavlil qurebs.

gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom mziuri I saxelosnos qurebis kedlebi

araa qviT mopirkeTebuli da kedlebi mxolod cecxlgamZle TixiT aris

Selesili, rac Cveni azriT Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris gvi-

anbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis kolxuri kulturis afxazeTis lokaluri

regionisaTvis SesaZloa iyos damaxasiaTebeli. yovelive zemoTqmulidan

gamomdinare Cven SesaZlod migvaCnia mziuri I winaswarulad winareanti-

kuri xaniT iqnas daTariRebuli.

saerTod unda aRvniSnoT, rkinis sadnobi qurebis daTariReba Zalze

rTuli sakiTxia. Cveulebriv, am tipis Zeglebze arqeologiuri masala

Zalze cotaa da maTi daTariReba Wirs. amdenad, Cveni azriT, gamarTle-

bulia maTi SeswavlisaTvis geofizikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba, magram am

SemTxvevaSi didi sifrTxilea saWiro. arqeomagnituri meTodis gamoyene-

ba rTuldeba saqarTvelosaTvis miRebuli magnituri mrudis faqtiurad

ararsebobis gamo. radionaxSirbadiT daTariReba yovelTvis ar iZleva

sasurvel Sedegs, radgan qurebSi CaJonili wyali xSirad garkveulad

zemoqmedebs isec mcire raodenobis naxSirze. ufro perspeqtiuli unda

iyos am rigis Zeglebis daTariRebisaTvis Termoluminiscenciis meTodis

gamoyeneba, magram samwuxarod am mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi kvleva ar

warmoebs. bunebrivia, yvelas mainc kompleqsuri kvelva sjobs, magram

amis saSualeba yovelTvis ar aris.

am TvalsazrisiT udaod aRsaniSnavia rkinis sadnobi mTeli rigi

saxelosnoebis Seswavlis Sedegebi, rac wlebis ganmavlobaSi xorcield-

eba samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis teritoriaze. aq gamovlenili

ramdenime aTeuli qura-saxelosno sainteresoa aramarto kulturis gan-

viTarebis zogadi suraTis saCveneblad, aramed konkretulad rkinis war-

moebis adreuli safexurebis kvlevisaTvis. samecniero literaturaSi

araerTgzis gamoTqmulia mosazreba samxreT saqarTvelos teritori-

aze rkinis warmoebis adreul periodebSi gaCenasTan dkavSirebiT.2 Cven,

principSi, viziarebT am mosazrebas da migvaCnia, rom qvemo qarTli da

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi iyo is regionebi, sadac SesaZle-

belia xdeboda rkinis warmoebis Casaxva da aqedan Semdgom saqarTvelos

sxva raionebSi misi gavrceleba. magram Cven ver daveTanxmebiT pativce-

mul mkvlevarebs rkinis gaCenis im maRal TariRebTan dkavSirebiT, rac

arsebobs zemoTxsenebul naSromebSi. qvemo qarTlSi rkinis gaCenis ad-

reuli TariRebis Sesaxeb Cveni damokidebuleba gamoTqmuli gvaqvs jer

1 И. Грдзелишвили. Железоплавильное дело в древней Грузии, Тб., 1964; Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 66, 69, 72, 79 da sxva.2 r. abramiSvili. samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili...; misive, rkinis warmoebis aTvisebis

sakiTxisaTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. _ ssmm XXII-B, Tb., 1961; Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, Тб., 1987.

216

kidev 60-ian wlebSi da mas aRar gavimeorebT.1 dRes Cven gvinda SevexoT

mxolod zemoxsenebul qura-saxelosnoebis daTariRebis konkretul

sakiTxebs.

rogorc aRvniSneT, savsebiT gamarTlebuli gveCveneba am ri-

gis sakiTxebis kvlevaSi interdisciplinaruli meTodebis gamoyenebis

aucilebloba, magram ver viziarebT kalibrirebuli TariRebisadmi zed-

meti ndobis gamocxadebas. saqme imaSia, rom ukanasknel aTwleulebSi

p. daimonisa da misi mowafeebis mier radionaxSirbadis daSlis ciklis

gansazRvraSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi, rac saerTo jamSi iZleva 1-dan

4-5 saukunemdis TariRTa daZvlebas. amis gasamarTlebel argumentad mo-

tanilia debuleba kavkasiis, evropisa da wina azia-anatoliis uZveles

kulturaTa erTmaneTTan sinqronizaciaSi moyvanis aucilebloba.2

wina azia-anatolia ganviTarebis tempebiT yovelTvis win uswrebda

kavkasias, miT ufro evropas da am kulturaTa qronologiuri gawonas-

worebis araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs. amasTanave, mxedvelobaSia

misaRebi is garemoeba, rom radionaxSirbadis daSlis cikli yvelgan

erTnairi ar aris da misi sayovelTaod gamocxadeba aucileblad iwvevs

cdomilebas. p. daimoni da misi mowafeebi SesaZloa savsebiT samar-

Tlianad radionaxSirbadis daSlis ciklis gazrdas gulisxmoben evro-

pisaTvis, magram aris Tu ara es saWiro kavkasiisaTvis, naTeli ar Cans.3

fizikosTa Soris am sakiTxis irgvliv erTiani azri ar aris, Tumca

rogorc Cans umravlesoba mainc aRiarebs Tavdapirvel variants, yovel-

gvari daSlis ciklis gazrdis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, kalibraciis

meTodiT miRebuli TariRebi erTgvarad eWvis qveS dgeba. Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT SedarebiTi meTodebiT miRebul arqeologiur TariRebs, es

Seusabamoba miT ufro TvalSisacemia. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT kidev erTi

garemoeba. fiCori I stratigrafiuli Wrili, sadReisod albaT yvelaze

srulyofilad Seswavlili Zegli, zeda I-V fenebi arqeologiuri da-

TariRebis garda, Semowmebulia yvela arsebuli meTodiT (arqeomagne-

tizmi, radionaxSirbadi, Termoluminiscencia) da srul SesatyvisobaSia

SedarebiT-qronologiur meTodTan.4 ufro metic, kalibraciis meTodiT

miRebuli TariRebi aSkarad miuRebelia am fenebis daTariRebisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare Cven migvaCnia, rom jerjerobiT mainc tradiciuli

meTodebiT daTariRebis meti safuZveli arsebobs, vidre axali qro-

nologiuri Skalebis SemoRebis.

yovelive zemoTqmuli saWiroebs garkveul midgomas rkinis qura-

1 o. jafariZe. recenzia; r. abramiSvili. rkinis aTvisebis sakiTxisaTvis aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelos teritoriaze. _ ssmm XXIII-B, 1962; m. baramiZe. Sida qarTli gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis xanaSi, avtoreferati, Tb., 1966.

2 Х. А. Арсланов. О поправках к радиоуглеродному возрасту, “Геохимиа”, 1978, №8.3 Г. Кавтарадзе. К хронологии эпохи энеолита и бронзы Грузии, Тб., 1983.4 ix. m. baramiZe. Sida qarTli gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi, avtoreferati, Tb., 1966.

217

saxelosnoebis daTariRebis sakiTxSic. mziuri I saxelosno centri ar-

qeomagnetizmiTa da Zalze mcire masalebis mixedviT winareantikuri

xaniT unda ganisazRvros. amgvari TariRis sisworeze unda miuTiTebdes

swored tipologiuri msgavseba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis I naxevris qura-

saxelosnoebTan samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTidan.1 gansxvaveba maT

Soris mxolod quris kedlis mopirkeTebaSia. mziurSi qvis gamoyenebis

kvali ar dasturdeba da kedlebi uSualod cecxlgamZle TixiTaa mopir-

keTebuli. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT SesaZloa, es momenti regionis lo-

kaluri Taviseburebebis amsaxveli iyos.

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis rkinis qura-saxelosnoebis

detaluri ganxilva vfiqrobT gvaZlevs saSualebas zogierTi daskv-

nis gakeTebisaTvis. Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli qura-saxelosnoebis erTi

nawili ufro mogviano xanis unda iyos, vidre es Zeglis Semswavlels

aqvs mocemuli. upirveles yovlisa, saqme exeba adreul qurebs. b-ni d.

xaxutaiSvili, rogorc Cans ufro meti ndobiT ekideba kalibrirebul

TariRebs, Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom naSromSi amaze pirdapiri miTiTe-

ba ar aris da Cveulebriv orive TariRia motanili.2 Cveni yuradReba

miiqcia, upirveles yovlisa, im garemoebam, rom am adreul qurebSi

ara gvaqvs arqeologiuri masala, romelic uaryofda an daazustebda

fizikosTa kvlevis Sedegebs. magram aq yuradRebas iqcevs erTi garemoeba.

mag. mSvidobauri II aris mocemuli ori TariRi, ormos Zirze aRebuli

nimuSi iZleva 3483±125, kalibrirebuli 3760±103, ormos TiTqmis zeda nawilSi aRebuli nimuSi ki 3270±80, kalibrirebuli 3491±125.3 amde-nad, gamodis, rom qura funqcionirebs 213-269 wels, rac Cven sakmaod

ararealuri gveCveneba. 2-2.5 saukune erTi quris arsebobisaTvis Za-

lze saeWvoa. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave quridan aris kidev erTi nimuSis

TariRic, rogorc Cans, miRebuli Termoluminiscenciis meTodiT – Zv.

w. 1207±100.4 amdenad, am ori meTodiT miRebuli TariRebi nawilo-

briv emTxveva zeda doneze miRebul daTariRebas da erTgvarad amagrebs

mas. magram, meore mxriv, sruliad gamoricxavs kalibrirebul TariRs

(cdomileba absolutur asakTan 284 w. miuRebeli Cans).

saintereso suraTs iZleva mSvidobauri IV arsebuli TariRebi. or-

mos Zirze aRebuli nimuSis asaki gansazRvrulia 3149±45, kalibrirebu-

li 3390±125. absoluturi asaki Zv. w. 1241 da 1440. sxvaoba 2 saukune

sagrZnobia, miT ufro, rom Termoluminiscencia igive qurisaTvis iZleva

1180±100, rac TiTqmis Tanxvdeba arakalibrirebul TariRs.5 aRsaniSnavia

1 Sdr. Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, sur. 2, 3, 6, 8 da sxva.2 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 150.3 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 180, cxrili.

4 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 180, cxrili.

5 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 155; gv. 180, cxrili.

218

is faqtic, rom am quridan moipoveba sakmao raodenobiT keramika: Sver-

iliani da zoomorfuli yurebi, farTo kanelurebiani WurWeli,1 rac Zv.

w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulze miuTiTebs da arcerT winare Zeglze es

formebi ar gvxvdeba.

msgavsi suraTia nagomari I-2-is quris asakTan dakavSirebiT. aq ori

nimuSia gansazRvruli. isini 3410±50 da 3450±50 iZleva. kalibrire-

buli meTodiT TariRi ganisazRvra 3670±103 da 3724±103. cdomileba

aqac 2.5-3 saukunis farglebSia. TermoluminiscenciiT qura daTariRda

Zv. w. 1377±100.2 sxvaTaSoris, es aris am meTodiT miRebuli yvelaze

Zveli TariRi da TiTqmis imeorebs arakalibrirebul TariRs. samwux-

arod, arqeologiuri masala am quridan ara gvaqvs.

Cven ar SevudgebiT yvela quris TariRebis ganxilvas. TiTqmis yvela

SemTxvevaSi erTnair suraTTan gvaqvs saqme. arakalibrirebuli Tari-

Rebi metnaklebad emTxveva arqeomagnetizmiTa da TermoluminiscenciiT

miRebul asaks. amdenad, kalibrirebuli monacemebi rkinis sadnobi qura-

saxelosnoebisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli Cans. es miT ufro exeba Zv.

w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris am rigis Zeglebs, saidanac gvaqvs

arqeologiuri masalebic, romlebic ZiriTadSi swored aTariReben am

qurebs. Cven mxolod ramdenadme daZvelebuli gveCveneba mxolod askanis

jgufis qurebis TariRi. mag. askana I aris, rogorc Cans, arqeomagnituri

meTodiT miRebuli TariRi Zv. w. 1092±100, TviT gamTxreli ki masalaze

dayrdnobiT mas Zv. w. X-IX ss aTariRebs.3 aq aRmoCenili keramikuli

fragmentebi ramdenadme mogviano ieris Cans. am tipis kanelurebi da

yurebi ZiriTadad winareantikuri xanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca

Cndeba mis winare kompleqsebSic. aseve SeiZleba ar gaviziaroT askana

II-is TariRic, romlis Sesaxeb gamTxreli TviTon aRniSnavs, rom aq aR-

moCenili keramikuli fragmentebi winareantikuri xanisaa.4 aRsaniSnavia,

rom am quridan aris gansazRvruli erTi nimuSi, romlis asaki 3175±45 (kalibrirebuli 3370±125). arqeomagnituri meTodiT qura daTariRebu-lia XIV-XIII ss. es aris erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac kalibrirebuli

TariRi garkveulad exmianeba sxva meTodiT miRebul daskvnas. magram aq

ukve meore momentia Cveni azriT ganmsazRvreli, TviT arqeologiuri ma-

sala, romelic aSkarad gviania. daSveba imisa, rom qura funqcionirebda

7-8 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia. askanis

jgufis qurebSi ramdenadme mogvianod Cans askana III, romelSic adrean-

tikuri ieris keramikaa dafiqsirebuli.5 aRniSnuli garemoeba erTgvar

1 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 154, sur. 52.2 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 162; gv. 180, cxrili.

3 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 102-106; gv. 180, cxrili.

4 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 106-109, sur. 25.5 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 119.

219

sabuTs warmoadgens am jgufis qurebis mogviano xaniT daTariRebisaTvis.

aseve sakamaTo Cans askana IV TariRic. saqme imaSia, rom arsebobs

quris mxolod arqeomagnituri meTodiT miRebuli TariRi. z. WeliZis

azriT askana IV ekuTvnis IX an XIV-XIII ss.1 gansxvaveba 4 saukunis

farglebSi aSkarad miuRebelia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom

askanis mTeli kompleqsi garkveulad sinqronulia, unda davuSvaT, rom

es qurac ufro Zv. w. I aTaswleulis farglebSi unda iqnas moqceuli.

amgvarad, kolxeTis qura-saxelosnoTa TariRebis aseTi mokle ganx-

ilvac aSkarad gviCvenebs im saerTo siZneles, rac axlavs am rigis

Zeglebis Seswavlas. geofizikur meTodTa arasrulyofileba erTgvarad

eWvqveS ayenebs maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, Tumca garkveuli si-

frTxile, meTodTa damTxveva da, rac yvelaze arsebiTia, arqeologiuri

masala warmoadgens im amosavals, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobT am quraTa

daTariRebis sakiTxSi. aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom kolxeTis rkinis

sawarmoo qura-saxelosnoebi ver ganekuTvneba Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

verc pirvel naxevars da verc Sua xanebs. sadReiso monacemebiT maTi

yvelaze adreuli nimuSebi Zv. w. XII s. siRrmeSi ar unda midiodes.

am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze adreuli Cans mSvidobauri II da nagomari I,

Tumca maTi asakic II aTaswleulis mesame meoTxedSi ar unda gadadiodes.

rkinis sadnob qura-saxelosnoTa daTariRebis siZnele dakavSirebu-

lia kolxeTis arqeologiisaTvis erTerT umniSvnelovanes problemasTan.

saqme exeba TviT rkinis nawarms, romelic kolxeTis adreul Zeglebze

saerTod ar Cans. ufro metic, kolxeTis dablobSi da nawilobriv

mTiswina zolSi Cven ara gvaqvs faqtiurad arcerTi samarovani, romelic

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris da I aTaswleulis sawyis komple-

qsebs Seicavdes. es garemoeba Zalze arTulebs rkinis warmoebis adreuli

safexurebis kvlevas. rac Seexeba mTis zolSi ganlagebul samarovnebs

(brili, Tli) da afxazeTis wiTeli Suquras samarovanze rkinis iaraRi

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis sawyisis uadres xanaSi ar Cans gavrcelebuli.

dablobis zolis e. w. kolxur samarovnebze rkinis iaraRi erTbaSad

Cndeba da Tanac sakmaod mogviano xanisaTvis. amdenad, maTi monacemebis

gamoyeneba adreuli safexurebis rkinis warmoebis asakis gansasazRvrad

faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.

aseve Zalze safrTxiloa am mimarTebiT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

rkinis inventaris Semcveli samarxebis TariRebis moSvelieba kolxuri

masalebis daTariRebisaTvis. magaliTad, i. grZeliSvilma leRva I rkinis

sadnobi qura-saxelosno samTavros samarovanze gavrcelebuli pirmoyri-

li WurWlis analogiebiT Zv. w. XII saukuniT daaTariRa,2 magram Semdegi

kvlevebiT gairkva, rom es TariRi Zalze daZvelebuli iyo, sul cota

1 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 122.2 И. Грдзелишвили. Железоплавильное дело в древней Грузии, Тб., 1964, стр. 51.

220

2-3 saukuniT.1 pirmoyrili WurWeli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi damaxa-

siaTebelia gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli safexurisa da uSualod misi

momdevno xanisaTvis.2 Semdgom etapze igi ukve aRar gvxvdeba. sapirispiro

suraTia kolxeTis Zeglebze. am tipis pirmoyrili WurWeli kolxeTSi

gavrcelebas iwyebs Zv. w. I aTaslweulis sawyisidan da ZiriTadad

ganmsazRvrelia winareantikuri xanisaTvis.3 amdenad, kolxuri keramikis

daTariRebisaTvis aRmosavluri formebi TiTqmis gamousadegaria. amas

adasturebs TviT leRva I aRmoCenili sxva fragmentebic, kerZod daS-

trixuli samkuTxedebiT Semkuli WurWeli da zoomorfulSveriliani

yuri, romlebic tipiuria Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris kolx-

uri keramikisaTvis.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rkinis nivTebis Semcveli adreuli komple-

qsebi kolxeTidan faqtiurad ara gvaqvs. is ramdenime samarovani, rom-

lebzec Zv. w. II aTaswleulis II naxevrisa da I aTaswleulis sawyisis

samarxebia warmodgenili, am mimarTulebiT faqtiurad arafers iZleva.

Tlias samarovanze iyo mcdeloba gamoyofiliyo mTeli rigi samarxeuli

kompleqsebi, romlebSic rkinis adreuli iaraRebi iyo warmodgenili.4

Zeglis gamTxreli samarovanze rkinis pirveli nivTebis gaCenas Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis dasasrulidan gulisxmobs,5 Tumca rogorc Cans uZvelesi

kompleqsebis gamoyofa mainc uWirs da maTac IX-VII ss. farglebSi

aqcevs, rac savsebiT sworad asaxavs viTarebas.6

analogiuri suraTia brilis samarovanzec. aq gaTxrilia didi kole-

qtiuri samarxi moedani brinjao-rkinis inventariT, romelsac g. gobe-

jiSvili Zv. w. X-VII ss. aTariRebs.7 SesaZloa, qveda TariRi ramdenadme

dazustebas saWiroebdes, radgan ZiriTadi masala (brinjaos situlebi,

culebi, rkinis iaraRi) aSkarad mogviano ierisaa. yovel SemTxvevaSi

individualur samarxebSi brilSi rkinis iaraRi Zv. w. VIII saukuneze

uadres kompleqsebSi ar Cans.

saintereso samarovani iTxreboda q. soxumSi, wiTeli Suquras teri-

1 Д. А. Хахутаишвили. Производство железа в древней Колхиде, gv. 94.2 r. abramiSvili. samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili...; m. baramiZe. kaspis samarovani, gv. 42.

3 m. baramiZe, n. oqropiriZe. paluris `saZvale”.

4 Б. В. Техов. Тлийский могильник (комплексы IX – первой половины VII в. до н. э.), Тб., 1981.5 Б. В. Техов. Тлийский могильник (комплексы IX – первой половины VII в. до н. э.), Тб., 1981, gv. 5.6 Cven Segnebulad ar viZleviT Tlias samarovnis zogierTi adreuli kompleqsis Cve-

neul TariRebs. igi mocemuli gvqonda naSromSi Хронология-периодизация памятников эпохи поздней бронзы-раннего железа Колхиды. Симпозьюм кавказоведов в г. Сигнаги, 1979, romlis mixedviT aSkaraa, rom Zv. w. IX uadresi kompleqsi rkinis nivTebiT TliaSi araa

dafiqsirebuli.

7 g. gobejiSvili. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi...; misive, saqarTvelos arqeologia, Sesabamisi

Tavi.

221

toriaze, romlis gamTxreli m. TrafSi samarovnisTvis iZleva zogad

TariRs Zv. w. IX an VIII saukunidan vidre II s. CaTvliT.1 aRsaniSnavia,

rom erT adgilze igi samarovnis qveda sazRvrad Zv. w. XII s. ixseniebs.2

rogorc Cans, samarovnis asaki misTvisac ramdenadme gaurkveveli iyo,

rac daTariRebis amgvar gansxvavebaSi aisaxa. Cven SeZlebisdagvarad gave-

caniT wiTeli Suquras samarovnis kompleqsebs da SesaZleblad miviCnieT

zogierTi maTgani (samarxebi ##44, 47, 64, 90, 93) Zv. w. II aTaswleu-

lis miwuruliT dagveTariRebina.3

amJamad, CvenTvis rkinis metalurgiasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT

sayuradRebo gveCveneba #93 samarxi, romelSic aRmoCenilia brinjaos

kolxuri culi, grZelmasriani Subispiri da rkinis iaraRebi – sami

Subispiri da satevari. erTi SexedviT, kompleqsi aSkarad mogviano

ierisaa, magram aris erTi sayuradRebo momenti, romelic Cveni azriT

ramdenadme aZvelebs samarxis TariRs. saqme exeba samarxSi aRmoCenil

kolxur culs. igi d. qoriZis klasifikaciiT kolxuri culebis II da

IV saxeobebs Soris erTgvar gardamaval formas warmoadgens. II saxeobis

culebTan mas akavSirebs tanis moyvaniloba, xolo IV-sTan dawaxnage-

buli yua. swored yuis formireba aris is elementi, rac aRniSnul

culs ufro arqaul iers aZlevs. Tu es sworia, maSin aSkaraa, rom

culi gardamavali forma unda iyos am or saxeobas Soris. II saxeobis

culebis gavrcelebis asaki Zv. w. XIV-XII ss. modis, xolo IV saxeoba

gavrcelebuli Cans Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwurulidan I aTaswleulis

pirvel meoTxedSi.4

amrigad, wiTeli Suquras culi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwuruliT

unda daTariRdes. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia wi-

Teli Suquras #93 kompleqsi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis sul miwuruliT

an I aTaswleulis sawyisiT daTariRdes. kompleqsSi Semavali brin-

jaos Subispiri xels ar uSlis amgvar daTariRebas. amgvarad Cvens

SesaZleblad migvaCnia wiTeli Suquras samarovnis #93 samarxi kolx-

eTis teritoriaze erTerT uadres rkinis iaraRTa Semcvel komple-

qsad miviCnioT. TavisTavad, rkinis iaraRis simravle amgvar TariRs

xels ar unda uSlides.5 qronologiurad am kompleqsTan axlos unda

1 М. Трапш. Труды, т. I, Сухуми, 1969, стр. 38.2 М. Трапш. Труды, т. II, Сухуми, 1969, стр. 82, 208.3 М. Барамидзе. Хронология-периодизация памятников эпохи поздней бронзы-раннего железа Колхиды. Симпозьюм кавказоведов в г. Сигнаги, 1979.4 d. qoriZe. kolxuri kulturis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1965, gv. 154. Cven sruliad vizi-

arebT d. qoriZis klasifikacias da teqstSi ZiriTadad mas veyrdnobiT. Tumca Cven

dasazustebeli gvgonia kolxuri culebis ganviTarebis zeda sazRvari, e. w. kolxur

samarovnebze (paluris “saZvales” individualuri samarxebi, brilis samarovani) aSkarad

gviCvenebs, rom es sazRvari aSkarad moicavs Zv. w. VII saukunes, mis pirvel naxevars mainc.

5 siRnaRis sakavSiro simpoziumze Cveni moxsenebis ganxilvis dros gansxvavebuli mosaz-

222

idges #44 samarxis masala, romelSic aRmoCenilia brinjaos dublire-

buli, gaurkveveli formis sakidi, brinjaos firfitovani Rru mZivebi

da, rac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, naxevradovaluri balTa, zedapirze

WriliT, soliseburi ornamentiTa da rkinis masiT inskustrirebuli.

brinjaos Rru mZivebi tipiuria dolmenuri kulturis ukanaskneli

safexurisaTvis,1 Tumca gvxvdeba mis uSualod momdevno xanaSic (eSeris

kromlexebi, gagris adreuli osiuariumebi).2

brinjaos naxevradovaluri balTebi gamoCenas iwyebs aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos masalebSi gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapis dasasru-

lisaTvis (samTavro, java, meRvrekisi)3. isini cnobilia afxazeTis sxva

punqtebSic, gansakuTrebiT mravladaa aRmoCenili Crdilo kavkasiaSi,4

sadac gvxvdeba drois did monakveTSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi didi

nawili, rkiniT, ZvliT an xis masaliT aris inkustrirebuli.5 faqtiu-

rad, es aris kolxeTSi rkinis masalis gamoyenebis erTerTi uadresi

SemTxveva. zemoTxsenebuli kompleqsic am procesis maCvenebeli unda

iyos. misi TariRis gansasazRvrad amosaval wertilad brinjaos mZivebi

migvaCnia, romlebic TiTqos Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwurulis Semd-

gom kolxur masalebSi aRar gvxvdeba.6 aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZleblad

migvaCnia #44 da 93 samarxebis garkveuli sinqronizacia davuSvaT da

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis masalebSi (samarxeul kompleqsebSi) rki-

nis pirveli nivTebis gaCenis TariRad Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwuruli

da I aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxedi ganvsazRvroT. amrigad, kolxeTSi

gamovlenili adreuli qura-saxelosnoebi qronologiuradac SeiZleba am

etapTan iyos ramdenadme miaxloebuli.

rac Seexeba momdevno etapebs, kolxuri samarovnebis mixedviT aSkaraa,

rom Zv. w. VII saukunidan rkina ukve ZiriTadi sawarmoo saSualebaa.

misgan aris damzadebuli yvela, sabrZolo Tu sameurneo iaraRi, Tumca

jer kidev xmarebaSia brinjaos nakeTobanic (culebi, satevari, Toxi).

reba gamoTqva g. kvirkveliam da samarxi Zv. w. VIII s. miakuTvna, rkinis iaraRis simravlis

gamo.

1 m. baramiZe. brilis akldama.

2 Г. Шамба. Ешерские кромлехи, таб. XXV, стр. 28; Д. Бжания. Археологические разведки в г. Гагра, moxseneba wakiTxulia 1985 wels, savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi-

sadmi miZRvnil sesiaze TbilisSi.

3 t. CubiniSvili. mcxeTis uZvelesi arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1957, gv. 90, tab. XVII.

4 В. Стражев. Бронзовая Культура в Абхазии, Из. АНО, вып. IV, 1926, стр. 112, кар. 6.5 МАК, VIII, таб. XL12; Е. И. Крупнов. Древняя история северного Кавказа, стр. 147, хронологическая таблиица.6 t. CubiniSvili samTavrul kulturaSi maT gaCenas Crdilokavkasiur an dasavlur-

qarTuli kulturebidan momdinared miiCnevs (t. CubiniSvili. mcxeTis uZvelesi arqeolo-

giuri Zeglebi, gv. 90), magram amis sadReisod araviTari sabuTi ar arsebobs. Crdilo-

kavkasiuri, iseve rogorc dasavluri nakeTobani sul mcire 2 saukuniT mainc CamorCeba

asakiT samTavruls.

223

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom Zv. w. VII s. dasasrulidan samarxeul

kompleqsebSi Tavs iCens rkinis samkaulic (samajuri, rgoli, kirkali),

Tumca am rigis nakeTobebi ZiriTadad mainc brinjaosganaa nakeTebi.1 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adreuli rkinis iaraRi da rigi nivTebi faqtiu-

rad imeoreben brinjaos nakeTobaTa formebs (culi, satevari, Subispiri,

isrispiri, segmenturi iaraRi, samajurebi, fibulebi da sxv.), rac maTi

adgilobrivi warmomavlobis udao sabuTs unda warmoadgendes (tab. II).

Cven mTlianad viziarebT r. abramiSvilis mosazrebas dasavleT saqa-

rTvelos regionebSi rkinis iaraRis SeRwevis sxvadasxva periodebis

Sesaxeb.2 es gansakuTrebiT exeba mTis zolsa da kolxeTis dablobs. aseT

SemTxvevaSi savsebiT dasaSvebia samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

regionis ramdenadme upiratesi roli rkinis metalurgiis adreuli

safexurebis kvlevis sakiTxSi, rac zemoxsenebuli qura-saxelosnoebis

magaliTzec kargad Cans. SesaZloa, swored es teritoria iyo is ZiriTa-

di regioni, saidanc moxda rkinis metalurgiis gavrceleba dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriaze drois gansxvavebul periodebSi. rkinis Sem-

cveli samarxeuli kompleqsebis gamovlena vfiqrobT, rom am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebul mTel rig sakiTxebs mofens naTels.

sainteresod dgeba sakiTxi rkinis metalurgiis madniT momaragebis

Sesaxeb, rac ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis arqeologiis kvlevis

erTerTi ZiriTadi problemaa. am mimarTebiT aucilebelia kolxuri kul-

turis erTerTi saintereso Zeglis e. w. diunuri nasaxlarebis dan-

iSnulebis sakiTxi. diunuri dasaxlebani warmoadgens qviSazvinulebs,

romlebic vrceldeba Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv da

aWaridan gagris CaTvliT. Cveulebrivi qviSazvinulebi sxvadasxva si-

maRlisaa – 1.5-7 m. maTSi ramdenime done 2-3-dan 7-8-mde fiqsirdeba:

Cveulebriv, isini warmodgenilia moSavo-mowiTalo zolebiT, romlebSic

zogjer SeiniSneba Tixatkepnili zolebi. arqeologiuri masala mraval-

ferovania da mravalricxovani da warmodgenilia specifiuri qsoviliani

agurisferi keramikiT, romelSic gamoiyofa e. w. abazaniseburi WurWeli,

Sveriliani bolowawvetebuli 25 sm simaRlis boZkintebi da winar-

eantikuri xanis specifiuri kolxuri nawarmi – kaneluriani keramika,

yurmiliani doqebi, zoomorfulSveriliani yurebi da sxv. masala Za-

lze tipiuria da zustad aTariRebs qviSazvinulebs Zv. w. IX-VI ss-iT.

aSkaraa, rom diunuri dasaxlebani wyveten arsebobas Zv. w. VI saukunis

Sua xanebisaTvis. dgeba sakiTxi am Zeglebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. da-

sawyisSi maTi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb qarTvel da rus mecnierTa Soris

SeiniSneboda erTiani azri da isini eTnografiul monacemebze dayrdno-

1 m. baramiZe, n. oqropiriZe. paluris “saZvale”; Т. Микеладзе. К археологии Колхиды. Тб., 1990.2 r. abramiSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv. 261-265.

224

biT zRvis wylidan aorTqlebis gziT marilis sarewebad iqna miCneuli.1

gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi am. kaxiZem zRvispira diunuri sad-

gomebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sakulto adgilebad miiCnia, romle-

bic dakavSirebuli iyo xaris, zRvis RvTaebaTa da lerwmis kultTan.

Cveni azriT, arqeologiuri masalis dabali xarisxi, formaTa uCveulo

saxeebi, uaryofen sakulto nakeTobebad maTi miCnevis SesaZleblobas.

amave dros, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 60-70-ian wlebSi gamoTqmuli

iqna sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba diunaTa daniSnulebis Sesaxeb.

n. xoStariam dasaSvebad miiCnia qviSebidan rkinis magnetituri madnebis

miRebis SesaZlebloba, rac erTgvarad ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva istoriul

wyaroebSi qarTvel tomTa warmatebas rkinis warmoebaSi. am Tvalsazriss

garkveulad mxari dauWires al. ramiSvilma2 da i. grZeliSvilma. Zegli

daSorebulia zRvis napirs daaxloebiT 3 km-iT da amdenad zRvasTan

araviTar kavSirSi ar Cans. borcvis qviSa ar aris zRviuri danaleqi da

warmoqmnilia mdinaris monazviniT. mdinare ki mtknar wyals warmoadgens,

romelic dResac gamoiyeneba sasmelad. amrigad, borcvis daniSnuleba ar

SeiZleba iyos marilis sarewi. aqedan gamomdinare, vivaraudeT, rom Sesa-

Zloa gamoyeneboda qviSidan rkinis madnis (magnetitis) misaRebad. Cven

al. ramiSvilTan erTad fexiT gaviareT zRvispira yvela diuna aWaridan

gagris CaTvliT da gairkva, rom yoveli maTgani uklebliv Seicavs mag-

netits. aqedan gamomdinare aSkaraa, rom diunuri namosaxlarebi rkinis

madnis misaRebad iyo gamoyenebuli.

riT avxsnaT Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi diunaze cxovrebis

Sewyveta, miT ufro, rom rkina am periodidan ukve ZiriTadi sawarmoo

metalia. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia im garemoebam, rom Zv.

w. I aTaswleulis rkinis sawarmoo qurebTan dakavSirebuli widebi

kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze erTgvarovania. pirvel adreul periodSi

moyavisfro-mowiTalo, xolo Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan mona-

crisfro, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom am periodidan masalad gamoyenebulia

sxva jgufi, SesaZloa kolxeTisaTvis tipiuri e. w. Waobiseuli rkinis

madani.

1 А. А. Иессен. Сухумская экспедиция ГАИМК, СА, III, 1937. gv. 251-2; Л. Н. Соловьев, Селища с текстильной керамикой на побережье Западной Грузии, СА, XIV, 1950, gv. 279-282; misive, Следы сольяроно промысла близ г. Сухуми и г. Очамчире, Труды АБГМ, вып. I, Суху-ми, 1947, gv. 23-50; Н. В. Хоштария. Археологические исследования Уреки, МАГК, т. I, gv. 26-30; Б. А. Куфтин. Материалы по археологии Колхиды, Тб., 1950, т. II, gv. 247, 287 da sxva.2 А. Т. Рамишвили. О назначении стоянок с “текстильной керамикой” Восточного Причерноморья, СА, №4,1975; m. baramiZe, g. fxakaZe. winareantikuri xanis arqeologiuri

Zeglebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze, wgn. narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan.

afxazeTi, Tb., 2006.

225

Malkhaz BaramidzeCenter of Archaelogical Research

SOME ASPECTS OF IRON METALLURGY OF EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL

The evidences of iron metallurgy of Colchis are based on archaeological data of Guria, Adjara, Samegrelo and Abkhazia regions and on the information of for-eign sources as well.

The fi rst iron objects and metallurgical centers are identifi ed in the southern part of Western Georgia in the last quarter of II mill. B. C. In I mill. B. C. it was widespread over the northern part of Colchis territory also.

The fi rst iron artifacts copied exactly the bronze instruments and decorations of the same function.

Undoubtedly both of them are the products of local manufacture.We suppose that the fi rst iron ores were originated from dune sand hills with

the great mixture of magnetite. But at the end of VI century B. C. they were re-placed by magnetic ores.

We have all possibilities for distinguishing the several stages iron develop-ment of ancient iron metallurgy in Colchis.

gali, mziuri. rkinis qurebis gegma da Wrili

226

brinjaos da rkinis kolxuri iaraRis nimuSebi.

227

daviT WiTanavadaviT WiTanavaiv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa

da eTnologiis instituti

,,rakutias~ rituali,,rakutias~ rituali

mevanaxeobasTan dakavSirebul wes-Cveulebebs Soris samegreloSi Cems

mier Caweril iqna ̀ rakutias~ saxelwodebis rituali, romelic am saxiT

sruldeboda: ̀ ojaxis ufrosi Sevidoda maranSi joxiT xelSi, dadgeboda

sawnaxelTan da joxis sawnaxelze mirtymiT aseT sityvebs warmosTqvamda

_ `rakutia-rakutia, Cqimi oWinaxu ebSa re do mezobelefiSi carieli~

(`rakutia-rakutia Cemi sawnaxeli yurZniT savse mezoblebis (an romelime

gvars asaxelebda) carieli~-o). am dRes acxobdnen Rvezels da klavdnen

mamals.

zemoT aRwerili qmedebis identuri unda iyos s. makalaTias mier

aRwerili saaxalwlo rituali, romlis saxelwodebas avtori ar

afiqsirebs. kerZod, s. makalaTias aRwerilobiT, `axal-weliwad dilas

mekvle pirvelad Sevidoda maranSi, sadac ekida gideli saaxalwlo

kverebiT, CamoiRebda im gidels, sawnaxels miartyamda da daiZaxebda: ̀ Cqimi

mamuli xargelia, SxvaS mamuls furcelia~-o (Cemi mamuli WirnaxuliT

dazvinuli, sxvisi ki aCalulio). zogan sadac vazi xarobda ityodnen:

`Cqimi yurZeni tiania, SxvaS yurZens furcelia~-o (Cemi vazi mtevniani,

sxvisi farTo foTolianio). amis Semdeg sawnaxels mivardebodnen, bavSvebi

urtyamdnen mas joxebs da imeorebdnen mekvles sityvebs. marnidan mekvle

kverebiT mividoda saRoresTan da iq dailoceboda Rorebis gamravlebaze.

dasasruls am kverebs maRla aisroda, bavSvebi kverebs akrefdnen da vinc

mets gaitacebda, im weliwads igi gamarjvebuli iqneboda.1

mocemuli ritualis aRwerilobidan Cans, rom adamiani am qmedebiT

cdilobda vazis nayofierebisTvis da Sesabamisad sawnaxelis ̀sisavsisaTvis~

Seewyo xeli. zogadad religiur-ritualuri qmedebis kuTxiT

miwaTmoqmedebasTan Tu sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli

yvela rituali swored baraqianoba-gamravlebasTan da nayofierebasTan

aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca am ritualis SemTxvevaSi Cveni yuradReba

miiqcia TviT misma saxelwodebam (`rakutia~). vfiqrobT,,,rakutias~

rituali konkretulad kavSirs poulobs mevanaxeobasTan dakavSirebul

berZnul CveulebasTan. kerZod, TviT saxelwodeba ̀ rakutia~-s identurad

migvaCnia berZnuli `arqtosi~, romelic dakavSirebulia didi daTvis

TanavarskvlavedTan, TviT arqtosi ukavSirdeba kalistos miTs.2 Zvel

berZnul samiwaTmoqmedo ritualebSi arqturas amosvla gvauwyebda

1 s. makalaTia. samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, Tb., 1941, gv. 297.

2 Мифологический словарь, Л. 1961, gv. 95.

228

gazafxulis Semosvlas da vazis SeWris dasawyiss, xolo igive arqturas

Casvla gvauwyebda vazis mosavlis aRebis dros.1

aRsaniSnavia, rom didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi (laT. Ursa Major), romelic cis CrdiloeT naxevarsferos Svidi varskvlavisagan iqmneba

waagavs saxelurian CamCas. didi daTvis xilvadobis yvelaze ukeTesi

pirobebia martsa da aprilSi, Tumca is rogorc Cauvali Tanavarskvlavedi

Cvengan wlis nebismier dros moCans.2

kalisto aris berZnuli nimfa, romelic eWvianma geram (berZnebamdeli

RvTaeba), gadaaqcia Zu daTvad (sxva miTis mixedviT es gaakeTa zevsma,

rom kalisto daemala gerisgan). artemidam mokla Zu daTvi. zevsma ki

kalistos misca ukvdaveba gadaaqcia ra is Tanavarskvlavedad anu didi

daTvis Tanavarskvlavad.3

TviT es RvTaebebi miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT calke kvlevas

moiTxovs, amjerad ki aRvniSnavT, rom semantikur-morfologiuri

TvalsazrisiT, Cveni azriT, megruli `rakutia~ da berZnuli `arqtosi~

identuria, romelic dakavSirebulia mevenaxeobasTan dakavSirebul

saqmianobaSi astrologiuri codnis gamoyenebasTan, is `rakutias~,

anu arktosis saxiT mosavlianobis da `sisavsis~ asociacias iwvevda,

SesaZloa didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedis, anu Cafis formis gamoc. misi

caze mTeli sikaSkaSiT gamoCena niSnavda mevenaxeobasTan dakavSirebuli

samuSaoebis dawyebas, xolo SedarebiT mkrTali naTeba mis dasrulebas.

is Cafis formiT, romelic Sekruli da savsea, swored `sisavses~

ganasaxierebs. zogadi msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT is imave niSnis RvTaeba-

varskvlavi unda yofiliyo, rogoric iyo egviptelTaTvis siriusi da misi

msgavsni, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva xalxTa agrarul saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebul ritualebSia cnobili.

1 Б. Л. Богаевский. Земледельческая религия Афин, т. I, Петроград, 1916, gv. 65.2 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. III, Tb., 1978; Большая советская энциклопедия, т. III, М. 1970.3 Мифологический словарь, Л. 1961, gv. 111.

229

David ChitanavaIvane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Etnology of Georgia

THE RITUAL OF `RAKUTIA~

`Rakutia~, the ritual recorded in Samegrelo was performed in the fallowing way: the head of the family used to enter marani (building for keeping vine in pitchers) with the stick in his hand, go towinepressand stand there. He used to strike the stick on the winepress with the fallowing words: “Rakutia, Rakutia, let my winepress be full of grapes and my neighbor’s (or a certain family, he wanted,was mentioning) empty”. On this day special ritual bread was baked and a cock slaughtered.

From the description of this ritual it is obvious that a human being was try-ing to increase fertility of vine and thus make winepress always full. The ritual of Rakutia is linked and connected with Greek tradition of viticulture. We believe that the name itself, Rakutia, is identical to Greek Arktos, who is connected with the constellation of Great Bear. Arktoshimself is connected with the myth of Kal-listo. In old Greek agricultural rituals rising of Arcturus was announcing starting of springtime and a time of cutting vine, set of Arcturus was showing that it is a time of vine harvest.

egrelian Rakutia and Greek Arktos are identical and are connected withthe use of astrological knowledge in viticulture. Rakutia/Arktos was a symbol of produc-tivity and plentitude. It might be because of the Great Bear constellation;because its form of chapi (liquid vessel containing 18 litres). Its appearance on the sky with full brightness meant that it is just a time to start labor connected with viti-culture and when it had rather dim light, to fi nish it. When the constellation is in its form of chapi, it symbolizes plentitude.

230

eliso baRaTuria-knereliso baRaTuria-knerludvig Mmaqsimilianes universiteti

winare-da-adreuli istoriisa da

provincialur-romauli arqeologiis instituti

Cacmuloba afSileTSiCacmuloba afSileTSi

afSileTis samarxeuli monacemebi mniSvnelovan informacias iZlevian

mdinareebis MmaWarasa da kodoris arealSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi gan-

viTarebis procesebze, wes-Cveulebebsa da rwmenaze, romelTa dakvirveba

warmodgenas gviqmnis gardatexis sam ZiriTad istoriul fazaze. cvli-

lebebis adreuli etapi, romelic ZiriTadad 270-300 wlebSi iCens Tavs,

SedarebiT mkveTrad aisaxeba afSileTis materialur kulturaSi ax. w.

300-380 wlebis ganmavlobaSi. standartuli monacemebi SeiniSneba ax.

w. 380-400 wlebSi, romelic ax.w. 500 wlamde grZeldeba da ZiriTadad

romauli gavleniT xasiaTdeba. adrebizantiuri xana (ax.w. 450-500) da

ax.w. 600-650 wlebi, anu afSileTis materialuri kulturis finaluri

etapi, regionSi mimdinare gaZlierebuli samxedro cvlilebebis macnea.

Cacmulobis wesi, romelic aqamde mecnierulad ar gamokvleula,

garkveul warmodgenas qmnis adgilobrivi da damkvidrebuli ucxouri

wes-Cveulebebisa da sxvadasxva saxis gavlenebze. magram aqve unda aRi-

niSnos, rom sustad dokumentirebuli da sizustes moklebuli arqeo-

logiuri monacemebi grafikul naxazebTan erTad, mxolod gansazRvrul

informacias iZleva tansacmelTan dakavSirebul Sesakrav-sakinZebze

(abgiZraxus samarovani, samarxi 33)1 da mosarTavebze. samwuxarod, arc

fibulebze SemorCenili qsovilis naSTebi gamokvleula da amdenad,

tanisamosisTvis gamoyenebuli qsovilis interpretacia arqeologiaze

dayrdnobiT veRar xerxdeba. arqeologiurad, ra Tqma unda, rTulia ase-

ve tanisamosis zomisa da formis damowmeba. afSileTSi damkvidrebuli

Cacmis wesebisa da modis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas iZleva mxolod

da mxolod sakinZebisa da tansacmlis morTulobis detalebi da maTi

gamoyenebis meTodi. amdenad, tanisamosis tipebze da maT praqtikul da-

niSnulebaze mxolod spekulireba SegviZlia.

romaul da adrebizantiur periodSi orive sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li ZiriTadi tanisamosi savaraudod iqneboda sxvadasxva sigrZis tunika

(tunica), sxvadasxva zomisa da formis saxeloebiTa da sayelo WriliT. tilo da matyli cnobili qsovili iyo tunikasTvis, romelic martivad

moipoveboda kolxeTSi.2

1 Ю. Воронов, Н. Шенкао. Вооружение воинов Абхазии. Древности великого пересления народов V-VIII вв. Москва. 1982. pic.31.3-4. 2 D. Braund. Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 CAD 562. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1994:71

231

qalis tanisamosi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi uTiTeben 1,6-1,62 sm. si-

maRlis qalbatonebs (yvela SemTxveva rodia dokumentirebuli), romle-

bic, savaraudod, ubralo viwromklavian tunikasTan erTad atarebdnen

garedan Semocmul moklemklavian kabas (Table I, VI). kaba savaraudod, iyo moSvebuli an qamriT SemoWerili mkerds qvemoT (Table VII), an welze (Table VI). adgilobrivi klimatis Sesamabisi mosasxami, romelic

qalbatonebis mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda, miuTiTebs peplosis (peplos)

tipis mosasxamze, gulmkerdis areSi Sekvris kvaliT (Table VI).1 mklavsa

(Table VI)2 da welze (Table VII),3 iSviaTad Sekruli tanisamosi aseve

miuTiTebda fibulibis funqciasa da modaze.

adreuli ax.w. 170/200-250/300 wlebis nimuSebi uCvenebs tansacm-

lis sami fibuliT Sekvris meTods (Table I).4 ori maTgani gamovlenilia

gulmkerdis areSi orive mxares, xolo mesame SesaZlod uzrunvelyofda

mosasxams (Table I). iSviaT movlenas warmoagdens marjvena mxarze Sekru-

li tanisamosi (Table II, III). ax.w. 380 wlidan afSili mandilosnis

tanisamosi gamoirCeoda uamravi fibulebis gamoyenebiT. xSir SemTxve-

vaSi xuTi an eqvsi fibulidan, sami amSvenebda mkerdis ares, danarCeni

ki mkerds qvemoT an wels. Isini rogorc Cans, moSvebul tanisamoss an

formas aZlevda an higienuri nivTebisa da kosmetikis sakidebs uzrun-

velyofda (Table VIII). Tavis are damshvenebuli iko aseve cali an

wyvili fibuliT (Table III). siRaribiT gamoirCeuli Tmis aqsesuarebi miuTiTeben Tmebis martivi

meTodebiT Sekvraze, rac SesaZloa maT arapopularobazec miuTiTebdes.

metalis xviebi da rgolebi, savaraudod, pirdapir TmebSi magrdeboda

(Table V). sakinZebi, romlebic Tavis qalis qvemoT da safeTqlebTan da-

dasturda mxars uWers Tavsaburavebis (Table XVI) an Tmis dekoraciuli

qsovilis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.

zogierTi metalis rgoli iSviaT aRmoCenebs miekuTvneba (Table VIII). fibulebi (Table II, III, IV, XV.1), sakidi rgolebi (Table VIII, XV.3) da qviT Semkuli sabnevebi (Table XV.2) amSvenebda Tmis dekoraciul qso-

vils. Tavsaburavebs SesaZlod ikravdnen kefasTan, marcxena safeTqelTan

an orive mxares safeTqlis areSi (Table II, III, IV).homogenuri xasiaTis matarebeli, metalis spiraluri xviebiTa (Ta-

ble XVI) da cxovelis kbilis sakidebiT Semkuli fibulebi, gamoiyene-

boda mxrisa da Tmebis Sesamkobad (Table II). cxovelis kbilis sakidebi

kombinirebulia oTxkuTxaganivkveTian da jvris formis budis mqone

1 peplos aris gareTa tanisamosis berZnuli saxelwodeba, romelic qitonze iyo Semocmu-

li da Sedgeboda orive mxarze Sekruli oTxkuTxa naWrisgan.2 fibulebi gamoiyeneboda wyvilad,an sami-oTxi cali marjvena mklavze, romelic ga-

movlinda qalis samarxxSi `cerkovni~ borcvis samarovanze, NI da III samarxebSi.

3 `cerkovni~ borcvis samarovani samarxebi N4, N8.4 webeldis samarxi N6. ix. Ю. Воронов. Древности Азантской долины.Тбилиси 1982.

232

fibulebTan (Table XVI.5-6), romlebic qristianul sazogadoebasTan

asocirdeba. aseTi sakidebis daniSnuleba ucnobia, magram maT uTuod

gaaCndaT simboluri an SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba. jvris gamosaxulebian

fibulebTan1 kombinireba SesaZloa mxolod esTetikur daniSnulebazec

miuTiTebdes.

mTeli romauli da adrebizantiuri periodis ganmavlobaSi fibulebis

stilisturi variacia Seesabameba ucxour gavlenebsa da savaraudod, adg-

ilobrivi mosaxleobis moTxovnilebasac. siRaribiT gamorCeuli homogen-

uri dekoraciis esTetikuri baza, ZiriTaTad, xviismagvar elementebzea

fokusirebuli, romelic ax.w. 170-400 wlebSi uwyvetad warmoebda. erTi

da imave teqnikiT Sesrulebuli adgilobrivi stilisturi elementebi

warmodgenilia fibulis zurgze Semoxveuli mrgvali mavTulebiT an

sakidi spiralebiT. ax. w. 260/300-340 wlebSi fibulebi transformacias

ganicdian. Zveli da axali elementebis sinTezi gamovlinda dekoratiuli

xviebis intervalebSi moTavsebuli morbenali spiralebiTa da S formis komponentebiT (Table II.3; III.1; IV.3-4). daaxloebiT ax.w. 380-400 wlebidan

fibulebis morfologia da dekoratiuli repertuari axal monacemebs

iZleva. kolxeTisTvis ucxo, axali geometriuli dekoratiuli element-

ebi, romlebmac daaxloebiT ax.w. 300/320 wlidan mniSvnelovani adgili

daikaves afSilTa yofa-cxovrebaSi da 150 welze metxans dominirebda,

warmodgenilia wreebiT da wreSi an wreebSi Casmuli wertilebiT (Table XII.7).2 analogiuri komponentebi Tavdapirvelad ax.w. 300/320 wlebSi

adgilobriv keramikaze Cndeba. ramdenime weliwadSi es elementebi aseve

gamoicada fibulebze da 50 wlis Semdgom daamSvena balTebic. wreSi Cas-

muli wertilebi, romlebic aSkarad ucxour dekoratiul bazaze iqna gaT-

viTcnobierebuli, uamrav analogebs poulobs ax.w. I-VI saukuneebis sakma-

od vrcel geografiul arealSi. postsabWour mecnierebaSi ki ratomRac

afSilur homogenur movlenad iqna interpretirebuli. wreSi Casmuli

wertilebi gacilebiT adre gaCnda dasavleT da CrdiloeT sasazRvro

zolSi, vidre afSileTSi, sadac tipiur dekoratiul wyaros warmoad-

1 vinaidan analogiuri fibulebi aRmoCenilia kremaciul samarxebSic, xolo sxva standar-

tuli monacemebi ar arsebobs, ris safuZvelzec SegveZlo msgavsi fibulebis dakavSireba

mxolod da mxolod arealis qristianizaciasTan. am fonis qristianuli religiis sa-

sargeblod axsna im SemTxevevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tuki CavTvlidiT rom, kremacias

garkveuli socialuri TvalsazrisiT eweodnen, rac naklebad damajerebeli argumentia

im kremaciuli samarxebis fonze, romelebic swored saSualo an maRali socialuri

statusiT gamoirCevian.

2 `wertili wreSi~ Sesrulebuli iyo nakveTi teqnikiT, romelmac Secvala `darTvis~

teqnika.

233

genda sabrZolo iaraRebisTvis,1 javSnebisTvis,2 sakinZebisTvis,3 gacile-

biT adreuli kelturi monetebisTvis,4 samkaulisTvis,5 sxvadasxva tipis

kosmetikuri kompleqtebisTvis6 da sxvadasxva saxis higienuri nivTebisT-

vis.7 arahomogenuri warmoSobis sxva dekoratiuli efeqtebi, romlebic

aseve SeiZina gviandelma oTxkuTxa ganivkveTianma fibulebma afSileTSi,

asocirebulia mTvaresTan-naxevar wreebTan (Table XI.5) da siriuli

tipis frTagaSlil frinvelTan biCianTan (analogiuri elementebi aseve

Cndeba balTebzec). budesa da zurgs Soris sustad gamokveTili jvris-

magvari elementebi (Table IV.1) ax.w. 450 wlamde konkurencias uwevs

adgilobrivi warmoSobis mrgvali xviis dekoracias, romelic sabolood

Canacvlda aradekorirebuli zurgiTa da budeze qristianul religias-

Tan dakavSirebuli mkveTrad gamosaxuli jvriT (Table VI1-3). fibulis

morfologiuri monacemebi miuTiTebs oTxkuTxa mavTulSi gardaqmnis

50 wlovan (400-450 wlebis ganmavlobaSi) procesze (Table IX.1; XI.5).

1 qarqaSis dekoraciis nimuSebi nidamidan (Nydam), ix: G. Bemmann, J. Bemmann. Der Opferplatz von Nydam. 1998; vismosidan (Vismose) ix: Carnap-Börnhheim. Die schwertriemen-bügel aus dem Vismose (fünen). Zur typologie der Schwertriemenbügel der römischen Kaizerzeit im Barbaricum und in den römischen Provinzen. Kliene schriften aus dem Vorgeschichtlichen seminar der Philips-Universität Marburg 38. 1991; frankfurt-sindlingenidan (Frankfurt-Sindlingen) ix: Ch. Miks. Studien zur Römischen Schwertwaffenung in der Kezerzeit. Kölner Studien zur Archeologie der Römischen Provinzen. Band 8.2007.2 vendelis (Vendel) samrxi 14 da velsgredes (Valsgärde) samarxi 8-Si meomrebi gamov-linda `wertili wreSi~ elementebiT dekorirebuli javSniT. ix: H. Slope and T. Arne. La nécropole de Vendel, Stockholm. 1927.pl.xlii,fi g.i; G. Ardwidssom. eadem, Die Gräberfunde von Valsgärdel III, Valsgärde 7, Upsala. 1977.abb.115,120; Bruce-Mitford :214-20; N. Adams. Rethin-king the Sutton Hoo Shoulder Claps and Armour. 2010:97.plate 22. M. R. Mengarelli. ‘Necropoli barbarica di Castel Trosino’, Monumenti Antichi della Reale Accademia di Lincei,12. 1902.3 firfitiani fibulebi britaneTidan, ix. Laing, Lioyd Robert 2010.pic.2.1-e; 2.3-b,d4 ix. S. Hansen. Archäologische Funde aus Deutchland. 2010:74; dekoratiuli elementi‘certili wreSi’ miuTiTebs kelturi xelovnebis post-romaul gavlenebze, ix. L. Laning. A catalogue of Celtic orna-mental metalwork in the Britisch Isles, c. AD 400-1200. BAR Britisch Series, 229. Oxford.1993. L. Laning. The Archaeology of Celtic Britain and Irland ca. AD 400-1200. Cambridge. 2006. L. Laing. Europian Infl uence on Celtic Art. Patrons and Artists. England.2010)5 siniavkas (Sinjavka) Zvlis sakidebi tanaisidan da skalistoes samarxidan qerCSi, ix. V. Bierbrour. Ethnos und Mobilität im 5.Jahrhundert aus archäologischer Sicht: Vom Kaukasus nach Niederösterreich. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosopisch-historische Klasse Abhandlungen.Neue Folge, Heft 131. München.20086 analogiuri dekoraciis mqone kosmetikuri kompleqtebi CrdiloeT sazRvridan aRsa-

niSnavia 3-4 saukuneebis saqson Soa-s (Saxson Shore) cixeSi, lakenhitsSi (Lakenheath) da aseve sufolkSi (Suffolk), CrdiloeT krikeSi (North Creake), norfolkSi (Norfolk) da stonea-qambSi (Stonea-Cambs), ix. R. Jackson. Cosmetic Sets of Late Iron Age and Roman Britain. British Museum Researchers Publication. 2010.29,144,1687 gamovlinda vilbarkis (Wielbark) kulturis md. vistulas areali, elblagis (Elblag) jgufis, frusc gdanskis (Pruszcz Gdanski) N8 samarxis gamovlenil savarcxelze. ix. E. Cnotliwy. Grzebienie dzwonowatego typu w Europie. Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologow Pol-skich ODDZIAL W SZCZECINIE. 2010:188.pic.11.14

234

fibulebis zomebsa da sxva struqturul cvlilebebs safuZvlad daedo

funqciuri kriteriumi, rac TavisTavad exmianeboda praqtikul aucile-

blobas. yvelaze patara 4,7-5,3 sm sigrZisa da 1,7-2,1 sm simaRlis mqone

fibulebi moiazreboda mandilosanTa tanisamosis gulmkerdis arisa da

saqamre monakveTis Sesamkob-sakinZad. saSualo zomis 8,2-9,9sm sigrZisa

da 3-4 sm simaRlis fibulebi sxva sakinZ daniSnulebas Seesatyviseba.

xolo fibulis didi zomebi, romelic ar gascdenia 10,1 sm sigrZes da

3 sm-mde Semcirebuli simaRliT warmogvidgeba, uTuod gamoiyeneboda

mandilosnebis mosasxamis Sesakravad. bolo ori, rogorc Cans, gaTvlili

iyo mosasxamebis qsovilis sisqesa da daniSnulebaze.

qarvis momcro zomis mrgvali mZivebi, aseve gamoiyeneboda Sida

tanisamosis sakinZad, razec miuTiTebs xSirad maTi micvalebulTa ybis

qveS calad dadastureba. msgavsi tendenciebi, ZiriTadad, gamovlenilia

ax.w. 380/400 wlidan da damaxasiaTebelia saSualo da maRali social-

uri klasis warmomadgeneli mandilosnisTvis (Table III, IV).statistikidan gamomdinare mandilosnis tansacmeli ar saWiroebda

qamars an kidev welze SemoWerili iyo ubalTo, tyavis an sqeli qsovi-

lis qamrebiT. balTiani qamriT SemoWerili samoselis sul orad ori

nimuSi gamovlinda abgiZraxus samarovanis N2 da N45 samarxebSi (mie-

kuTvneba samarxebis meore qronologiuri jgufis adreul etaps, ax.w.

340-370 ww), romlebic maRali socialuri klasis mandilosnebTan aso-

cirdeba.1 erT-erTi maTgans welze SemoWerili hqonda viwro qamari

firfitiani saqamre balTiT (abgiZraxus samarovnis 2 samarxi). zogi-

erTi qamari, savaraudod, danis Tasmebs uzrunvelyofda, magram rTulia

afSili qalbatonebis mier danis realurad tarebis faqtis mtkiceba

(ar gamoiricxeba, rom samarxebSi danebis Cataneba, ZiriTadad dakrZal-

vis wess ukavSirdebodes). yoveli SemTxvevisTvis welze (da SesaZloa

gulmkerdzec) maTi aRmoCenis faqtebi (Table II) mxars uWerdes am ideas. Cacmulobas Sexamebuli iyo uamravi mZivebi, romelsac TiTqmis yove-

li mandilosani atarebda. SesamCnevia naxevradsferuli mZivebis sim-

ravle, romlebic an gansakuTrebuli moTxovnis an momaragebis wyaros

Sedegi gaxldaT. maRali klasisTvis favoriti mZivebis kombinacia Sedge-

ba Zvirfasi qvebis, qarvisa (Table VII.8; VIII.5) da sardionis (Table VII), mTis brolis (Table VIII), oqrofenili (Table VII), vercxlfenili

minis, inkurstrirebuli pastis (Table II, IV), zoliani (Table II.4; III.10; VI.8), Tvala da mozaikuri (Table VI) mZivebis da naklebad zRvis

niJarebisagan (Table VI). iSviaT aRmoCenebs miekuTvneba wiTeli qvisgan

dekorirebuli oqros mrgvali sakidi da sakidi jvari (Table II, VIII.6). dagrexili mavTulis yelsabamebi S-tipis Sesakravi nawiliT (Table V) iSviaT aRmoCenebs warmoadgens, romelic ax.w. 380-450 wlebis movlenad

1 М.Трапш. Труды. т. III. Table I.4; XXIII.6. Тбилиси. 1971:22.

235

iTvleba. TiTqmis yvela mandilosani atarebda ubralo brinjaos mrgval

sayureebs (Table VI, VII). adreuli grZeli sayureebi, romlis cirkula-

cia ax.w. 170-340 wlebiT Semoifargleba, Zvirfasi qvebiT dekoriebuli

mrgvalfirfitiani zeda terminaliTa da margalitis wveTiseburi for-

mis sakidebiT dasrulebuli qveda terminaliT xasiaTdeba (Table II. 6). ax.w. 320/340 wlisTvis isini icvleba ufro didi zomis zeda oTxuTxa

terminaliTa da wvrili sakidebiT (Table II, VIII.6). ax.w. 380/400 wli-

dan me-6 saukunis bolomde arsebuli sayureebi ZiriTadad mrgvalma-

vTuliani rgolisagan Sedgba, aranairi gansakuTrebuli esTetikiT ar

gamoirCevian da gansazRvrul tipebs warmoadgenen.

mandilosnebi samajurs ZiriTadad orive mklavze atarebden. ad-

reuli mrgvalmavTuliani uornamento (Table V.12) da wiwviseburorna-mentiani sqeli samajurebi, ax.w. 380 wlidan icvleba mrgvalmavTuliani

Tavgadaxveuli (Table VII.4) da sxva tipis samajurebiT, romlebic aseve,

finalur fazaSi Canacvlebulia kombinirebuli, CrdiloeTkavkasiuri

(Table VI.4) da dabrtyelebulTaviani siria-palestinuri zoomorful-

Taviani samajurebiT (Table VII.12). qamarze damagrebuli kosmetikuri (Table VII; XV.B,1-2) da higienuri

kompleqtebis sakidebis (frCxilis sawmendebi. Table VII.1) aRmoCenebi romaul gavlenebze miuTiTebs. patara zarebis tareba, romelic ax.w. 450

wlidan SeiniSneba, qristianuli religiis damkvdrebas ukavSirdeba.

mamakacis tanisamosi. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma uCvena, rom adgilobri-

vi mosaxleobis umravlesoba samxedro samsaxurSi imyofeboda. iaraRis

simciriT gamorCeuli mamakacis samarxebi iSviaT aRmoCenebs ganekuTneba.

mamakacis ZiriTadi samoqalaqo tanisamosi, savaraudod, ubralo tuni-

ka iqneboda, romelic daaxloebiT muxlamde swvdeboda da welze samx-

edro qamrisgan gansxvavebuli, viwrobalTiani qamriT iyo SemoWerili.

dakvirvebebma uCvena, rom balTiani qamrebis gamoyeneba dasturdeba ax.w

270 wlidan da maTi aRmoCenebi sam kremaciul samarxs ukavSirdeba.

sqeli naWrisgan Semdgari zamTris mosasxami, savaraudod, warmoadgenda

marcxena mxarze Sekrul sagumis (sagum) tips,1 an gulmkerdis areSi

Sekrul paenulas (paenula) tips,2 romelic muxlamde wvdebodaT an ufro

grZeli iyo (Table XII). sakinZi fibulebi mamakacebis mier praqtikuli

daniSnulebiTvis gamoiyeneboda ax. w. VI saukunemde, roca is sabolood

gavida modidan an tanisamosis cvlilebas ukavSirdeba.

meomarTa tanisamosi. mamrobiTi sqesis umravlesoba sruliad Seiara-

Rebuli Cans ax.w. 380 wlidan. Tanmxlebi sabrZolo iarRebis tipebi

da xasiaTi gamoyofs mZimed SeiaraRebuli infanteriis (Table IX, X) sakmaod did kontigents da fexiT mosiarule (Table XI) an cxenosani

1 es iyo marTkuTxa qsovilis naWeri, mxarze an ybis qveS martivad Sekruli fibuliT.

2 gamoWrili iyo Txeli matylis gsovlis criuli an naxevradcriuli didi naWrisgan.

236

moisreebis (Table X) ramodenime magaliTs.

meomrebis damaxasiaTebeli tanisamosi, ubralo da ganiermklavian

tunikaze Semocmuli, muxlamde sigrZis (tunica exteriodum) da moklem-

klaviani gareTa samosi iyo, romelic zomaSi gacilebiT mokldeba ax.w.

380/400 (Table XII). meomrebi romlebic garedan atarebdnen javSans,

ecvaT grZelmklava, gacilebiT sqeli naWrisagan Semdgari tunika an

sxva saxis tyavis samoseli. Sarvali, ZiriTadad, grZeli, minimum koWamde

(romaelebi eZaxdnen braccae) mainc iqneboda. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma

gamoavlina tyavis fexsacmlis oradori nimuSi, romelic ax.w. 500-550

wlebis samarxeul kompleqsebs ukavSirdeba.1 samwuxarod, Zalian sustad

dokumentirebuli monacemebi, mcire informacias iZleva mis konstruqci-

aze. pirveli nimuSi subtalaris (subtalaris-‚koWs qvemoT’) msgavsad fexs koWamde faravda. meore fexsacmlis samagrebisa da Sesakravebis ricxvi

da xasiaTi miuTiTebs gacilebiT rTuli konstruqciis mqone mZime fex-

sacmelze, romelic wvivamde aRwevda (Table XIII.6). SemorCenili Ses-

akravi detalebi Sedgeba patara balTisagan, brinjaos mosarTavebisagan

da gverdiTi saTasme samagrebisgan. analogiuri fexsacmelebi uTuod

gamoiyeneboda grZel windebTan.

sakinZebi miuTiTeben mosasxamis mokle paenulas (paenula. Table XI), lakernasa (lacerna-ikvreboda marjvena mxarze. Table XI) da sagu-mis (sagum) tipebze. samarxSi fibulebis pozicia miuTiTebs mosasxamis marcxena (Table IX) an marjvena mxares Sekvraze. Sesakravebis marjvena

mxarTan tarebis meTodi miRebuli iyo xmlisTvis mosasxamis asacile-

blad (Table XI).2 mZime jvrisTaviani fibulebi Paenula-s tipis mosasx-amze gulmkerdis areSi dadasturebulia budiT maRla orientirebuli

(Table X, XII). aseve fiqsirdeba mamakacebisTvis fibulis gamoyenebis

uCveulo wesi, rogoricaa wyvili fibulis gamoyeneba, romelTagan erTi-

erTi mosasxams gulmkerdze amagrebda, meore ki SesaZlod quds uzrunve-

lyofda, vinaidan meore fibula Tavis areSi marjvena safeTqelTan aris

aRmoCenili. samarxeuli konteqsti (webeldis samarxi N1-43) da meomari,

romelic gamTxrelis mier interpretirebulia mozardad,3 mis maRal

socialur statustze mianiSnebs. meore SemTxveva uCvenebs gulmkerdis

areSi wyvili fibulebis jvrisTava nawiliT qvemoT orientirebulad

gamoyenebas (Table X).

1 webeldis cixis samarxi N13a. ix: Ю. Воронов, О. Бгажба, Н. Шенкао, В. Логинов. Исследование крепостей и могильников в Цебельде. Археологические Открытия в Абхазии в 1984 г. Тбилиси. 1989:11. pic.6,29-30,36-442 es gaxldaT muxlamde sigrZis, didi naxevarwriuli mosasxami, romelic xSirad gamoW-

rili iyo matylis qsovilisgan da ZiriTadad miCneuli iyo oficrebisa da kavaleriis

tanisamosad.

3 N. Whitfi eld. More thoughts on the wearing of brooches in the Early Medieval Irland’ in Houri-hane. 2004:72

237

warmodgenili sxvadasxva saxisa da xarisxis fibulebi, damzadebu-

lia vercxlis, brinjaosa da rkinisgan. rkinis fibulebi procentulad

mcirdeba ax.w. 450 wlisTvis. adreuli tipebi warmodgenilia bude-

abmuli, mrgvalmavTuliani rkaliseburzurgiani fibulebiT. arqeolo-

giuri monacemebi amtkicebs, rom xviiseburi dekoratiuli elementebi

ar iyo mamakacebisTvis mimzidveli an gamosadegi. fibulis yvelaze pa-

tara zomebi, romlebic ax.w. 380-450 wlebSi mamakacis tansacmlisTvis

gamoiyeneboda gamoirCeoda 6,5-7,5 sm sigrZiTa da 2,3-3 sm simaRliT.

amavdroulad ax.w. IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cirkulaciaSi Semodis

saSualo zomis fibulebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba 8,1-9 sm. simgrZiTa da

2,7-3,5 sm simaRliT. daaxloebiT ax.w. 450 wlisaTvis Cndeba axali fun-

qciuri tipebi, romlebic morfogiurad Sesqelebuli da dabali zurgiT

gamoirCevian. ganieri da sqeli terminali Seesabameboda qsovilisgan

gamowveul stress da yovelgvari deformirebisa da dazianebebis gareSe

efeqturad arTmevda Tavs qsovilis simZimisagan gamowveul daqaCvas. maTi

sigrZe 12-13 sm. aRwevs.

meomrebi, romlebic wibulumis’ (`Tzibulum~ Proc. Goth. IV.V128) cix-is damcav Tu SemteviT procesebSi Rebulobdnen monawileobas warmodge-

nilia imperiuli klasis javSnebiT, rogoricaa Lorica Hamata, Ring Mail da Lorica Segmentata.

Lorica Hamata udaod gvianromaul periods ganekuTvneba da misi

detalebi warmodgenilia jaWvis perangis damoqlonebuli calkeuli

rgolebiTa (Table XVI. C.1,2) da gulmkerdze Sesakravi sxva detalebiT

(Table XVI. C.3).1 analogiuri javSnebi moklemklaviania da wels qvemoT

Semoklebuli. damaxasiaTebelia auqsiliisa (Auxiliari) da legionerebi-

saTvis (legionaries). meore saxesxvaoba Ring Mail-is saxelwodebiT (terminologia gansaz-

Rvravs `oTxi erTSi~) cnobili javSani warmoadgenda Lorica Hamata–s SedarebiT ganviTarebuli saxes da damaxasiaTebelia adrebizantiuri

periodisTvis. SemorCenilia jaWvis perangis nawili, romelic uCvenebs

qsovis tips, erT rkinis rgolSi damoqlonebul 4 rgols (Table XVI. C.4).2 es javSani gaTvlili iyo Semtevi saCexi iaraRebisTvis. analogiuri

javSnebi rekomendirebuli iyo Tbili klimatisaTvis da amdenad farTod

gamoiyeneboda aRmosavleT sasazRvro frontze.

mesame tipi gaxldaT legionerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iaraRebis

isrebisa da xiStebisagan efeqturad damcavi javSani Lorica Segmentata. SemorCenilia Semadgeneli saTasme segmentebi da damoqlonebuli fir-

1 asakobrivi kriteriumi ganisazRvra vizualur bazisze da ZiriTadad kbilebis sigrZi-

dan gamomdinare, amdenad es sakiTxi spekulirebis sagans warmoadgens

2 Ю. Воронов, О. Бгажба. Раскопки могильника Цибилиум. Археологические исследования в Цебельде. Тбилиси. 1983:36 pic.58.3-5

238

fitebis uamravi detali (Table XVII. D.1-3).1 javSani savaraudod ikvre-boda marcxena mxares da daculi iyo fariT.

funqciuri samxedro qamrebi. qamrebi ZiriTadad meomris samarxebSi

dasturdeba. qamriani tanisamosis standartuli monacemebi, romelic

mxolod ax.w. 400-450/500 wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba, dakavSirebu-

lia samxedro samsaxurSi myof mZimed SeiaraRebul meomrebTan, rogorc

Cans infanteriasTan. msgavsi qamrebis funqciuri xasiaTi naTelia, rom-

lebic gamoiyeneba welis qamrebisa da qarqaSis uzrunvelsayofad, umetes

SemTxvevaSi ki samxariRlie RvedTan aris kombinirebuli. gamonaklisi

SemTxvevebi adasturebs sam standartul qamars, romelic aRmoCenilia

webeldis sam samarxSi N1a-3 (Table XIV), N8 (Table XV) da N13a (Table XIII). samive Sedgeboda qamris zonrebis daboloebisTvis gankuTvnili

metalis terminalebisa da qamris morTulobis sxvadasxva detalebisagan

(Table XVIII.G-I). qamris zonrebis terminalebis simravle miuTiTebs

qamris siganesa da zomebze. qamrebi, romelebic oTxi zonris mosarTa-

vebisagan Sedgeboda ganieri qamrebis klasze miuTiTebs (Table XVIII). zogierTi qamari xasiaTdeba nakveTi teqnikiT Sesrulebuli cremli-

smagvar ornamentiani terminalebisagan. viwro da dabrtyelebuli qamris

mosarTavi firfitebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda wyvilad. erT-erTi maTgani

gamoirCeva `maskis tipis~ dekoratiuli mosarTaviT, romelic cnobilia

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic (uc Tefes samarxi azerbaijanidan), aseve sasa-

nuri sparseTidan da lombardiuli italiidan (nokera umbras samarxe-

bi N16,18,42,79,84,85. nax. Firenze 2005) da TariRdeba VI saukuneebiT.2 qamris mosarTavebi warmodgenilia viwro (Table XII.b), ganieri (Table XII.g) an wagrZelebuli (Table XII.c) firfitebiTa da `heraldikuri

tipis~ saqamre zonrebis daboloebebiT (saukeTeso magaliTia webeldis

samarxi N3). isini, ZiriTadad, damaxasiaTebelia msubuqad SeiaraRebuli

meomrebisTvis (Table XVII.I), romelic tolnanemedisa da leodorfis

aRmoCenebis analogia. qamari danisaTvis gankuTvnili ori moqloniT iyo

aseve uzrunvelyofili (Table XVII.A).

funqciuri qamrebi uzrunvelyofda xanjlebs, satevrebs, sabrZolo

grZel danebs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi iseT aucilebel sagnebs, rogoric

iyo cecxlis dasanTebad saWiro elementebi (Table XVII.E)3 an sales

1 javSnis es tipi cnobili iyo romaelebamde didi xniT adre da gamoiyeneboda siriaSi

Zv.W. 600 wlidan. misi gamoyeneba grdZeldeboda gvianSuasaukuneebamde. ufro ganviTa-

rebuli, gacielbiT mZime da mWidro variantebi, romlebic gvianSuasaukuneebistavis aris

damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenilia erT damoqlonebul rgolSi Caketili 6 rgoliT, romel-

ci 8-9mdec izrdeba.

2 dasax. naSr. Ю. Воронов, О. Бгажба. 1983:37. Pic.54,55,563 F. Daim. Byzantine Belt Ornaments of the 7th and 8th centuries in Avar Context. ‘Inteligible Beau-ty’. Recent research on Byzantine Jewellery. 2010:63; Cs Balint. ‘Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe. Das Grab. 1992:309-496.

239

qvebs, romelTaTvisac momcro zomis tyavis CanTebi iqneboda gankuTvnili

(Table XII). funqciuri qamrebis Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgenda sqeli

da patara zomis mrgvali rgoli (Table X; XVII.C-D), romelic uzrun-

velyofda xanjals an satevars da aseve ori moqloni, romelic udaod

ganekuTvneba danebis, tyavis qarqaSis Tasmebs (Table IX.a; XIV.K; XVII.A,J).X-is magvari mogrZo metalis mosarTavebi damaxasiaTebelia ganieri

qamrebis funqciuri (Table XII)1 da arafunqciuris tipebisaTvis, romle-

bic meomrebTan asocirdeba. qamrebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia xanjlebis

uzrunvelsayofad, xasiaTdebian wyvili mrgvali (Table XVII. C-D), an oTxkuTxedi sakidi rgolebiT (Table XVII.D).

qamris balTebi, ZiriTaTad, marjvena mxares fiqsirdeba. samxariRlie

Rvedebis balTebi gamoirCeva milefioris teqnikis SesaniSnavi nimuSebiT

(Table XII). afSileTSi gamovlenili qamrebi miuTiTebs bizantiel xelosnebze,

an piriqiT, `barbarosebis xelovnebaze~ romelic moqceulia bizantiuri

teqnologiebis gavlenis qveS (romlebic adgilobriv formebs da moti-

vebs uTavseben bizantiur modas da gemovnebas).

iaraRis tarebis meTodi. mZimed SeiaraRebuli meomari atarebda ia-

raRebis sxavadsxva kombinacias da iseT iaraRebs rogoricaa wyvili

satyorcni da sxva saxis (Pilum, Table IX) Subebi, kenti an kombini-rebuli xanjlebi, danebi, satevrebi da sabrZolo Subebebi. damatebiT

gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva tipis farebi.

funqciuri qamrebi, samxariRlie Rvedebi da qarqaSebi gansazRvrul

wamrodgenas iZleva iaraRis tarebis meTodze. spaTas (Spathae) tipis xanjlebis tarebis ori meTodi dasturdeba: 1. roca xanjali dakidulia

samxariRlie Rvedze da 2. roca samxariRlie Rvedi qarqaSis Sida mxares,

ubralo tyavis an qarqaSze damagrebuli specialuri metalis gasayrel

firfitaSia gayrili (Table IX). qarqaSze dadasturebuli samxariRlie

Rvedis gasayreli metalis firfitis damagrebis wesi, ZiriTadad, adre-

bizantiur xanas ukavSirdeba, vinaidan adrebizantiuri xanis magaliTebi

naTlad asaxaven samxariRlie Rvedze dakidul spatas, romelic mimagre-

bulia ara qarqaSze, aramed sasxlet nawilSia gayrili (`scabard slide~. Table X).2 marjvena mxares, mrgvali metalis moqlonebze damagrebuli

danebi dakiduli iyo tyavis TasmebiT (Table IX). isris Casadebi CanTebi

1 somxuri aTaras N1 samarxSi dadasturda meomris erT-erTi mniSvenlovani nivTi, fo-

ladis nawili, romelic gamoiyeneboda kaJTan erTad cecxlisaTvis da gamobmuli iyo

qamarze savaraudod balTiT.

2 gamovlinda mrambas regionSi, axacaraxus samarovanze N2samarxSi, ix. Trapsh 1971, table XLVII.8-9. Sapkis regioni, `verinis~ borcvis samarovani N5 samrxi, ix: Ю. Воронов, О. Бгажба, Н. Шенкао. Погребения Апсилов из окрестостей Цебельды. Археологические Открытия в Абхазии 1985 г. Тбилиси. 1990. pic.23.13-16.; fuSTas samarovani, N10samarxi, ix. dasax. naSr. Ю. Воронов. 1982, pic.24.23-31.

240

imave meTodiT iqneboda marcxniv dakiduli (Table IX). sabrZolo cu-

lebi ki marjvena mxares ganier da sqel qamarSi iyo martivad gayrili

(Table IX, X, XII).mamakacis samkauli. samkauli, romlebsac mamakacebi siamovnebiT ata-

rebdnen afSileTSi Sedgeboda beWdisagan, samajurisgan da adrebizantiu-

ri xanidan cxviris rgolebisagan. mamakacebis mier beWdisa da samajuris

tarebis faqti afSileTSi jer kidev ax.w 270-300 wlidan SeiniSneba,1 magram samajurebi iSviaT aRmoCenebs miekuTvneba. beWedi, romelic gan-

sakuTrebulad sasurveli Cans meomrebisTvis xSirad gamoiyeneba ax.w.450

wlidan. oqros beWdebi dekorirebulia qarviT, vercxlis beWdebi ki sxva

RirebulebebiT gamoirCeva (Table XII. webeldis samarxi 1a-3).2

interpretacia. tansacmlis tipebi, sxeulis molvasTan da silama-

zesTan dakavSirebuli individualuri komponentebi (frCxilis sawmen-

di nivTebi, parfiumeriis SuSebi, kosmetikuri kompleqtebi), jarebis

uzunvelyofis sakiTxebi da samarxeuli inventaris saxe, aSkarad in-

ternacionaluri xasiaTis matarebelia. romaul-bizantiuri gavlenebis

Sesabamisoba ki mrvalmxrivia da mravalferovani. Cacmuloba da tansac-

mlis morTuloba warmoaCens romanizebuli mandilosnebis sazogadoe-

bas xmelTaSuazRvispiruli gavlenebiT, rac kargad gamovlinda Tundac

gulmkerdis areSi sakinZebis tarebis wesidan gamomdinare. afSileTSi

gamovlenili iaraRis tarebisa da javSnebis tarebis aspeqtebi da ti-

pologia igive scenars imeorebs, rac Seesabameba dasavlur jarebs. in-

tegraciis dinamika naTlad SeiniSneba arqeologiurad dadasturebuli

suprisTvis gankuTvnili nivTbis kombinaciaSi, romelic ax.w. 400-450

wlebidan samarko samarxeuli depoziti xdeba memomrebisTvis (amforisa

da minis sasmisebis kombinacia, rasac sakmaod vrcel geografiul are-

alSi gaedevneba Tvali).3 es xasiaTi Seesatyviseba sasazRvro zolisTvis

damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas, rac kargad aisaxeba panoniisa da dunais sanapi-

roebis Zeglebzec.

gavrcelebuli iaraRebis tipi miuTiTebs saxelmwifo momaragebis

sitemaze. msgavsi monacemebi dasturdeba biWvinTaSic, rac SesaZloa

samxedro monacemebis gavrcelebis pirdapir wyaroze miuTiTebdes. spe-

cifika, romelic daiZra afSileTisken, rogorc Cans, gaxldaT Crdilo

dasavleT lazikaSi gaZlierebuli romaul-bizantiuri politikis Sedegi

(gansakuTrebiT adrebizantiuri xanidan ax.w V saukunidan, roca sabrZo-

lo kampaniebisTvis winapiroba Seqmnilia da didi interesi SeCerebulia

kavkasize), romelic aseve kombinirebuli iyo lazikis Sida politikur

interesebTan.

1 moqloniani danartebi

2 dadasturda abgiZraxus samarovanis N3 kremaciul samarxSi, ix.dasax. naSr. М. Трапш. 1971:24. Tabl.II.53 webelds samarxi N1-43, ix. dax. naSr: Ю. Воронов. 1982. pic 17.1.

241

Eliso BagaturiaLudwig Maximillian University

CLOTHINGS IN ABSILIA

Abstract

Cloting habit in Absillia is largly unknown and scientifi cly never exemined. Archaeological picture show the females about 1,6 cm length (Abg.gr.N45) and 1,72 or 1,80 cm males buried in their best garments with their most prized orna-ments and possessions. But survival condition basis, poorely documented reports and sketches gives a limited information. Inhumation graves suggest fully dressed society according to their garments and dress attires. Arrangment of various fas-teners gives images of clothing fashion. Survival mineralised textile fragments found in female grave N33 of Apushta cemetry may support clothing textile, but survival traces never was investigated. Unfortunatly it is not possible to give the detail analyses of demostrated dress attire, but it may be signifi cant to know how the society represented themselfs in the areas of the rivers Machara and Kodori valley during the 170-600 AD.

The basic garment for both genders might be the tunica with varying sleeve and hem length pined variously throughout the roman and Byzantine period. Lienen (and wool) as common fabric for tunic was easily obtain in Colchis.

Female dress attire. The size and shape of female clothing is difi cult to proove archaeologicly. We may only speculate all garment types and their practi-cal purposes. An established component of women’s fasion might be the dress be-low the knee or riched the ankle. Simple narrow sleeved basic tunica with slit neck possibly wore toghether with the short sleeved over dress (Table I, VI) wether drapped (Table VII) or belted either under the breast (Table VII) or at the waist (Table VI). Fibulae arrangment suggests the overgarment mathces to the peplos type which was fastened at the chest (Table VI). Dress was fastened at the chest, shoulders, rarely on sleeve (Table VI) and at the waist (Table VII) indicate dress fasion and function. Function criteria was the key feature for fi bulae dimension that coresponded to fasion and other practical nessecciaties.

Fasteners postioned at under the scull or at the temples support the idea that garment must be pulled over the head to cover (palla?) or must be used the seper-ate headress (Table Table XVI). Hair decoration was largly poore and no pins remain. Coil wares hoops directly arranged on wavy (Table V) or braided hairs. Several ringlets belong the occasional fi nds were simply arranged in female hair (Table VIII). Favoured arrangments of fi bulaes (Table II, III, IV, XV.1), hoop rings (Table VIII, XV.3) and stone decorated plate pins (Table XV.2) at the temple may probably indicate hair decorative textile straps.

Garment fasteners assested by favourible decorative straps characterise homo-gen nature of metal spirals (Table XVI.4) and animal tooth of probably amuletic

242

purpose. Such streps decorated female head or shoulder (Table II). Appearance of strandart features related to the AD 450 when new Christian belief shaped much simbolic values of representative side. Purely aesthetic local values focus on ap-plied coil ware elements with uncertain menaings that lasted over three thousend years and continously produced during the AD 170-400. New estethic values that occupied an important place in Absilian life more than 150 years demonstrated by geometric elemets of dot-in-circle that was especially typical for local utilitar-ian powering pottery from AD 320 and fashioned on fasteners like fi bulae and 50 years later treated on buckles as well. It was obviously introduced on foreign decorative anviroment.

The only evidences of belted female dress with buckles demonstrate middle and high class females buried in Abgidzrakhu cemetry and may date to the AD 340-370. Certain belts may suport strepped knifes at the waist. But difi cult to say if knifes was actually worn by females or simply deposited in graves occurs either on the breast or hip or at the waist. In any case occuarence of knife on waist may suggest the method of their use (Table II).

Verious and numerious beads used almost all female. They wore simple bronze hoop earing (Table VI, VII). Spatial distribution of nail cleansing strap-ends or cosmetic sets (Table VII.XV.B.1-2) attached to the waist (Table VII.11) or worn on the right shoulder show the development of roman habities. Number of similar fi nds has multiplied rapidly during the AD 480-500. Aspects of wareing the smal bells that occur from the AD 450 probably related to the christianiation.

Civilian male dress attire. Basic garment of civilian male might be very simple sleeved tunic reach the knee or above and belted with narrow leather fas-tening belt buckle which might not be identical with militry one. Observed dife-rences between various chronologic group demostrate earlier male dresses rarely used buckled belt or other fastened items. Changes appear towards the AD 270 when three cremation graves proove the use of single buckles and plate brooch or bow feabula. The strips of cloth wound round the legs may protect from cold wether. Winter overgarment required cloack of much haviy garments as sagum fastened on the left shoulder or paenula type with frunt fi bulae with or without hood and knee-length or longer. Fibulas had been worn single for fastening the overgarment until they fell out of fashion (Table XIV) that is remakrable towards the second half of the 6th century.

Warriors. The clothig that may distinguish wariors from the civilians might be the short sleeved outer garment possibly the knee length (Tunica exteriodum) that become shorter towards the AD 380/400 (Table XII) and worn over the sim-ple wide sleeved undergarment tunica (Table XII). Fasteners suggesting over-garments of short Paenula type cloack with front fi bulae (Table XI), Lacerna fastened at the right shoulder (Table XI) fastened at the right shoulder and the Sagum. Soldiers wore the body armor would ware the undergarment made of the heavy fabric or leather as required.

243

Archaeological remains of leather footware tied near to the ankle (Table XIII) may suggest that warior wore the trouses fell to the ankle that called as braccae by romans. Only two different footware examples remain in Absilian grave context of AD 500-550. Remains show leather material. First examples likewise the Sub-talaris (‘below the ankle’) covered the foot and tied untill the ankle. Character and number of other shue fasteners demonstrate havily construted footware covered the ankle and reached until the shin (Table XII, XV). Survival remains suspended by bronze fi ttings, side plates for leather thongs and small buckles.

Soldiers took part in difencive or ofencive processes of Tsibile demostrate aditional protective cloths of imperial class. Two different types of armoury il-lustrated the roman type body armour Lorica Hamata, ‘Ring mail’ and Lorica Segemntata (scale, segmentata plate). It is diffi cult to say if roman armory was in-dtroduced in Absilia before the Byzantine-Sassanian campaign, but Lorica hamata obviously has earlier traditions of use. Details of Lorica Hamata view arangment of riveted linkes alternating with rings (Table XVII.1-2). Survival parts show fas-tening or front deails (Table XVII.3). It usally did not occur the extended sleeves and shortened to the below the waist. Such armoury was typical protection for Auxiliary troops that utilesd by Legionaries as well. Soldiers armed with much developed form of Lorica Hamata the ‘Ring Mail’ (Term indicate ‘four in one’ pattern or weaved) assembled together riveted rings that required interlocking one iron ring with four others (Table XVII.4). It was suitable only for slashing and blunt weapon attacks. Body Mail armour was suggested for warm climate as well and widely used in Eastern Empire. Lorica Segemntata was a body armor susupended by segments or plates assembled with leather straps and buckles or metal hooks (Table XVII.6-8). It was affective protection from arrows and stab-bing weapons used by legionary soldier. Scale fastening probably made on the left-hand and may protect by shield.

Fibulae display show dress fastend on the left (Table IX) or right shoulder. The method of wearing the fasteners on the right shoulder expected to keep the cloak back from the sword. Fibulae with havy crucifrm head up and foot down pined Paenula on the chest (Table X, XII). Jewellry wore by the male in Absilia consist braceltes, rings and nose rings. Ring and bracelet wearing features in male graves already remarkible from the AD 270-300.

Functional militiary belts. Standart features of belted dress appear during the AD 400-450/500 related to male bieng in military duty and havily equiped. Their functional nature is obvious and acompanied with shoulder streps support-ing the waist belt with scabart.

An exaptional standrtise case of multi-part riveted belts occur warriors buried in Tsibile cemetry grave N1a-3 (Table XIV), N8 (Table XV-) and 13a (Table XIII-). The number of strip-terminals illustrates medium or wide belts. Each strip had four studs that expect the wide dimensions, while large namber of strips char-acteised to the narrow belts (Table XVIII). Two rivets sequare the belt and sup-

244

port the dagger. One of them distinguishes with decorative ‘musc fi ttings’ com-mon in Northern Caucasus (Uc Tepe grave from Azerdbajdjan), Sasanian Persia and Lombard Italy-Nocera Umbra (gr.N16,18,42,79,84,85) and dated to the fi nal quarter of the 6th century. Belt fi ttings are either narrow plates (Table XII-b), wide (Table XII-g) or alongated (Table XVI-C). ‘Heraldic’ type strap ends deco-ration suspended the belt of light equiped warior from Tsibile fort grave N3 re-mind similar fi nds from Tolnànemedi and Leodorf (Table XVIII.I).

Functional belts supported wether the swords, seax, knife and few cases show additionally attached nesseccary element for making fi re (Table XVIII.E) or sword wretstone. Functional belt set suspended by circle loop (Table X; XVIII.C-D ) suported sword streps or seax and two circular riveted attachments for dagger or knife (Table IX-a, XIV-k; XVIII.A, J). Funcinal belt possibly occur small bags for such nessesery items like the sword wretstone (Table XII). Belt buckles worn usually on the right side.

Weapon wearing method. Havily equiped warior occure several combina-tion weaponry like pairs of lance and Pilum (Table IX-) asseting the single or pairs of diferent sword combination, battle axe and seax or knifes. They were aditionaly protected by shields of oval, or sqaure type.

Funcional belt fi ttings, baldrics and sword scabards give a limited understand-ing about the weapon wearing method in Absilia. There is two ways spatha was worn: 1.spatha slang from the shoulder belt or baldric fi xed to the inside carved scabard (Table IX) or 2.threaded through the ‘scabard slide’ (Table X-). Knifes would hang by leather threads on the knife circular rivets at the right (Table IX-). Arrowhead bag would hang in the same way at the left (Table IX-). Battle axes supposed simply stick into the swavn on wide strong belt (Table IX-, X-, XII-).

Interpretation. Observation through clothing and other individual compo-nents related to body care (fl asks) and buty (cosmetic sets), mobility of armies and grave offerings expressing an international character. The responce of Roman and Byzantine infl uences were varied. Dress attire avidence romanised female socity with mediterranean infl uences of wearing the fi bulaes on the breast. Aspects of weapon wearing method or body armour observed in Absilia show the similar scenario relevent to Western armies. Features of integration signalled by develop-ment drinking and eating culture presented by coresponding items typical to the frontier regions.

Comperions what happend during the AD 170-300 and after AD 380 show consdierable difenernces of weapon types, mobilisation and sthrengthened impe-rial military power in Absilia. Standartisation of military equipment demonstrate a great deal of individual combat technique, military class and composition. Similar features evidenced in Pithius suggest distribution of new developments through Pithius or Sebastopolis. Specifi c features moved to Absilia might be a conse-quance of roman-byzantine encreased political domination in NW Colchis/lazica (especially from early byzantine period when military campains increases the in-

245

terest of Caucasia) combined with Lazian innter political interest in this area.

248

nodar berulava, nodar berulava,

dariko fifiadariko fifiasoxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

adreSuasaukuneebis epoqis adreSuasaukuneebis epoqis

dasavleTevropuli sagmiro eposis zogierTi dasavleTevropuli sagmiro eposis zogierTi

aspeqtis gagebisaTvisaspeqtis gagebisaTvis

`heroikuli eposis~ nawarmoebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi patriarqal-

uri sazogadoebis saomar koleqtivebSi, maT Soris mefe-beladebis pi-

rad amalebSi iqmneboda. xsenebuli razmebi metad Tavisebur da sain-

tereso movlenas warmoadgendnen. specialur literaturaSi aseT

gaerTianebebs,,komitatebs~, xolo maT wevrebs _ ,,komitebs~ eZaxian.1

patriarqaluri epoqis samxedro razmi, Tavisi tipiuri struqturiT im

drois produqtia, roca sazogadoebaSi dominirebs naTesauri, an fsevdo-naTesavuri principis mixedviT gamijvna-gaerTianeba. razmic naTesavuri

jgufis (ojaxis, Temis) imitacias warmoadgenda. xSir SemTxvevaSi masSi

Sesuli kaci specialuri ritualebisa da ficis meSveobiT uaryofda

Tavis yofil, mSobliur Tems da Sedioda axal,,ojaxSi~, sadac beladi,,mama~

iyo, xolo razmeulebi, maTi kategoriidan gamomdinare - ufrosi da

umcrosi,,Zmebi~. magram cxadia, Sinagani urTierTobebi am koleqtivebSi martivi ar iyo.

razmeulTa (profesional meomarTa) wreSi Seqmnili epikuri nawar-

moebebi, rogorc wesi Zlier ideologiur datvirTvas atarebda da

mebrZolTa axali Taobebis aRzrdis saqmes emsaxureboda. Sesabamisad,

adreSuasaukuneebis warmarTul, aseve - maT safuZvelze Seqmnil zogierT

adreqristianul nawarmoebSi Semonaxulia mefe-beladebisa da ideal-

uri meomrebis - epikuri gmirebis urTierTobebis zogierT saintereso

aspeqtze miniSneba, romelTa gageba SeuZlebelia aRniSnuli epoqisa da

sazogadoebrivi wris mentaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

beladebs, gansakuTrebiT ki ganTqmuli dinastiebis warmomadgenlebs, zeci-

uri Zalebis gansakuTrebul wyalobas, maTTan lamis pirdapir kontaqts miaw-

erdnen xolme. amitomac maT mier naCuqar oqro-vercxleulobasac xSirad ar

xarjavdnen da sapatio TilismebiviT inaxavdnen. am nivTebs saerTo nadimebisa

da saerTo brZolis msgavsad, mistikuri madlis erTgvari gacvla-gamocvlis

funqcias miawerdnen xolme.2 analogiurad, gangmiruli mtris beladis aR-

Wurviloba, samkauli, tanisamosi da a. S., Zvirfas nadavls imis gamoc war-

1 komitatus - laTinuri terminia, romelic meomrebSi arsebul jgufur solidarobas, na-

klebformalur pirad urTierTobebsa da horizontalur megobrul kavSirebs asaxavs, –

Кардини. Истоки средневекового рыцарства. М., 1987, gv. 106.2 А.Гуревич. История и сага. М., 1972, gv. 55–57, 84.

249

moadgenda, rom masTan erTad gamarjvebuls misi yofili mflobelis madlis

nawilic ergeboda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki rigiTma mebrZolma mtris beladis

mokvla moaxerxa, is Cveulebriv mis nivTebs Tavis meTaurs miarTmevda, riTac did jildosa da waxalisebas daimsaxurebda, maT Soris, SesaZloa am nivTebis

nawilis saxiTac. magram TviTneburad aseTi nadavlis miTviseba Tavisi beladis

abuCad agdebisa da meomris uzomo ambiciebs mianiSnebda.

aRniSnuli madli da RmerTebis wyaloba, maSindeli warmodgenebis

Tanaxmad marto memkvidreobiT rodi gadadioda beladebis ojaxebSi.

saukeTeso dinastiis warmomadgenelic ki, Tuki misi Rirsi ar aRmoCnda,

misi dakargvis saSiSroebis winaSe dgeboda. da piriqiT, gmirs - gansa-

kuTrebiT ki romelime beladis Svils, anganTqmuli ojaxis warmomad-

genels mainc, saWiro Tvisebebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi, mefeze aranak-

lebi RvTis wyalobis miRebis Sansi hqonda. Tumca `RvTis wyaloba~

- arcTu zusti dasaxelebaa im bediiswerisa, romelic rCeulTa xve-

drs warmoadgenda. aq saubaria gacilebiT Rrma da idumalebiT mosil

movlenaze, vidre magaliTad romelime warmarTuli RvTaebis wyaloba

da mfarveloba konkretuli pirovnebis mimarT. Zvel germanelebsa da

keltebs, antikuri berZnebis msgavsad swamdaT, rom sadRac arsebobs

maTTvis cnobil anTropomorTul RmerTebze maRali Zala - bediswera,

romelic Cuqnis da arTmevs iRbals rogorc adamianebs, aseve TviT Rmer-

Tebsac ki! mis mier boZebuli madli (mas pirobiTad `iRbals~ eZaxian,

Tumca Zvelad am termins ufro Rrma mniSneloba hqonda) araTanabrad

ganawilebulia kacobriobis erT nawilze da TviT RmerTebze. arsebobs

misi sxvadasxva doneebi: am iRbliT dajildoebuli ori pirovnebis met-

naklebad intensiuri, rogorc mtruli, aseve megobruli, an naTesavuri

kontaqtebis SemTxvevaSi, ufro Zlierma iRbalma SeiZleba STanTqos Se-

darebiT susti, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi - daCrdilos is. Tumca zogjer

piriqiT, am madliT dajildovebuli piris gverdiT myofi adamianebic

iRblianebi xdebian, xolo uiRblo kacis gverdiT yofna, Sesabamisad sa-

SiSia. bunebrivia, am zeciuri madlis yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili Rmer-

Tebze modis, Tumca maTac zogjer bedi Ralatobs xolme, risi araerTi

magaliTic Semonaxulia, kerZod, skandinaviur TqmulebebSi (pirvel rigSi

`ufrosi edas~ ciklisa). meore adgilze, Cveulebriv mefe-beladebi arian,

romelTa dinastiebi Soreul warsulSi RmerTebs enaTesavebodnen. magram

amis garda gmirebic, anu Cveni Tanamedrove leqsikoniT - `supermenebi~

arseboben, romlebic Tavis moRvaweobaSi (pirvel rigSi - omebsa da

laSqrobebSi) brwyinvale Sedegebs aRweven, rac maSindeli warmodgenebis

Tanaxmad, zeciuri wyalobis gareSe SeuZlebelia nebismieri Zalisa da

Wkuis patronisTvisac ki. Cven aseT pirovnebebs xSirad `qarizmatul~, an

`bunebriv liderebs~ veZaxiT.

Tuki Zveli berZnebi yvelaze gamorCeul, legendarul pirovnebebs

Cveulebriv RmerTTa ukanono Svilebad miiCnevdnen, dasavleT evropis

250

`barbarosul~ samyaroSi iTvleboda, rom pirad Tvisebebsa da `iRbals~

SeuZliaT gaaTanabron gamorCeuli gmiri RmerTebTan Tu ara, maTi mfarv-

elobis qveS myof mefeebTan mainc. miTumetes, rom legendaruli gmirebic,

romlebic aseve zeciur madls imsaxurebdnen, rogorc wesi TviTonac

saxelganTqmuli, SesaZloa RmerTebisagan warmoSobili gvarebis warmo-

madgenlebi iyvnen. da xSirad swored ase Cndeboda axali dinastiebi. gmi-

ri meomarTa nawils Tavis irgvliv gaaerTianebda da TviTon beladi xde-

boda, an naklebRirseul beladTan konkurenciaSi imarjvebda, an piriqiT,

kritikul momentSi avlenda or mTavar Tvisebas - pirad gmirobasa da

absolutur erTgulebas beladis mimarT, riTac am beladis sikvdilis

SemTxvevaSi, misi adgilis dakavebis Sansic ki hqonda (bunebrivia, Tuki

belads pirdapiri memkvidre ar hyavda). amis klasikuri magaliTia epi-

kuri gmiris - beovulfis sikvdilis epizodi, romelic samefos utovebs

ymawvil viglavs (odesRac mtruli, magram Rirseuli vagmudingTa klanis

warmomadgenels), ris niSnadac mas Zvirfasi nadavlis nawils: yelsabams,

beWeds, abjarsa da Cafxuts Cuqnis.1 am dros ki beovulfis danarCeni

meomrebi xmis amoRebas ver bedaven, radgan Sercxvenilni arian. maT Cai-dines meomrisTvis yvelaze samarcxvino danaSauli - miatoves TavianTi

mefe urCxulTan brZolis dros da is faqtic ki, rom isini TviT mefis

brZanebiT moiqcnen ase, bolomde ver amarTlebs maT. mefesTan bolomde

darCenilma viglavmac brZaneba xom ar Seasrula, magram swored amiT

Tavisi erTguleba da Rirseuloba daamtkica.2

magram zemoTqmuli sulac ar niSnavs imas TiTqos gmirma, romelmac

erTxel daimsaxura zeciuri mfarveloba, amiT ioli cxovreba moipova.

bedis wyaloba da gamorCeuloba sakmaod mZime jvaria. is garkveul-

wilad mudmiv pasuxismgeblobasa da tvirTs warmoadgens da gmiri mTeli

cxovrebis manZilze unda amtkicebdes, rom namdvilad misi Rirsia. mS-

vidobiani sikvdilic ki gmirs ar ekadreba. Cveulebriv, epikuri gmirebi brZolaSi, iRupebian xolme kidev erTi, Tanac udidesi gmirobis Cadenis

dros. dRevandeli gagebiT es tragikuli finalia, magram `heroikuli

saukunis~ warmodgenebiT Sebralebas swored is gmiri imsaxurebs, ro-

melic ase ar daRupula, radgan amiT man `wyalSi Cayara~ mTeli Tavisi

moRvaweoba da SesaZloa, dakarga kidevac Tavisi kuTvnili sapatio ad-

gili saiqioSi, RmerTebis gverdiT. gmiruli dacema aseTive gmiruli

sicocxlis logikur finalsa da dagvirgvinebas warmoadgenda. is niS-

navda sikvdilis Semdeg privilegiur mdgomareobas aramarto gmirebsa da

beladebisTvis, aramed maT TanamebrZolTaTvisac. idealur SemTxvevaSi es

maT isev beovulfiviT, sibereSi, xangrZlivi moRvaweobis Semdeg emarTe-

baT. Tumca is epikuri gmiric (magaliTad, zigfridi, an misi skandina-

1 Беовульф, – ix. eleqtronuli versia: lib.rin.ru/doc/i/46032p81.html, gv. 81.2 Беовульф, – ix. eleqtronuli versia: lib.rin.ru/doc/i/46032p81.html, gv. 81..

251

viuri prototipi sigurdi), romelic axalgazrda, Tanac rogorc wesi

– viRacis veragobis Sedegad iRupeba, bunebrivia TanagrZobas ki iwvevs, magram misi bedi mainc ukeTesia, vidre heroikuli eposebis im odesRac

Zlieri personaJebisa, romlebmac sibereSi ususuroba gamoiCines. amisi klasikuri magaliTia beovulfis ufrosi partniori - danTa mefe hrod-

gari (odesRac Zlevamosili gveleSapTa mZleveli), romelmac beovulfis

gareSe ver moaxerxa urCxuli grendalisagan Tavisi xalxis dacva, riTac

`saxe dakarga~.

kidev ufro saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens daniis legendaruli

mefe harold brZolis eSvi, romelic epikuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, si-

bereSi sastik paranoikad iqca. amis gamo misma TanaSemweebma misi mokvlac

ki scades da amas Ralatad sulac ar Tvlidnen, radgan maTi gagebiT,

TavianT mefes gausaZlis tvirTs aSorebdnen, romliTac misTvis sibere

iqca. am SemTxveviT gamofxizlebulma haroldma ki `oftimaluri gamo-

savali~ ipova: man rogorc iqna gadawyvita Tavisi sicocxlis dasruleba

gmirul brZolaSi, xolo metoqed Tavisi ZmisSvili - SvedeTis mefe

sigurd beWedi airCia mxolod imitom, rom yvelaze Rirseul, Tanaswor

mowinaaRmdeged CaTvala. aseTia VIII s-is SuaxanebSi realurad momxdari

braveliris brZolis legendaruli versia, romelic legendebSi lamis

kosmiur masStabebs iZens. kerZod ki, lamis mTeli msoflios saukeTeso

gmirebi Camodian, raTa monawileoba miiRon aseT saxelganTqmul saqmeSi

da TviT germanelTa mTavarRmerTi odini monawileobs masSi anonimurad,

meetlis saxiT (moxuci haroldi verc qveiTad, verc mxedrad brZolas

ukve ver uZlebs da iZulebulia ibrZolos etlze mjdari, Tumca skan-

dinaviaSi es wesi ar arsebobda). da rac mTavaria, swored odini, roca

rwmundeba, rom haroldi namdvilad imsaxurebs amas, pativs debs mas da klavs Tavisi xeliT, riTac `valhalaSi~ (gmirTa sasufevelSi) sapatio

adgils miuCens mas. haroldis Rirseuli mowinaaRmdege-ZmisSvili sig-

urd beWedi ki udidesi pativiT krZalavs mas.1

ra Tqma unda, yovelive zemoTTqmuli mxolod abstraqtul ideals

warmoadgens. realur cxovrebaSi ki arc mefeebi da arc saxelovani

meomrebi dazRveulni ar iyvnen, magaliTad, sikvdilisagan avadmyofobisa

an ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad. am SemTxvevaSi maT mainc acilebdnen

saiqioSi, rogorc gmirebs, iaraRisa da Zvirfasi nadavlis TanxlebiT im

imediT, rom RmerTebi maT warsul moRvaweobas gaiTvaliswineben.

igive moxuc mefeebsac exeba, romlebic xSirad uars ar ambobdnen

bunebriv sikvdilze. yvela maTgani fanatikosi rodi iyo! Tanac komi-

taturi ideologiis iseT nakrZalSic ki, rogoric adreSuasaukuneebis

skandinavia iyo, wyaroebi zogjer sakmaod mSvidobian mefeebsac moixse-

nieben, romlebic xSirad omis warmoebas sxva pirebs avaleben, TviTon ki

1 Г.Джонс. Викинги, потомки Одина и Тора. М., 2006, gv. 47–49.

252

aqcents akeTebdnen barbarosi beladebis sxva damaxasiaTebel funqciebze:

Zveli adaT-wesebis dacvaze, sxva tomebTan da TviT RmerTebTan urTier-Tobebis regulirebaze, anu sibrZneze gmirobis nacvlad.1 esec sapatio

moRvaweobad iTvleboda da albaT, aseve saiqio cxovrebaSi garkveuli

privilegiebis garantias warmoadgenda, Tumca STamomavlebi ufro samx-

edro moRvaweobas afasebdnen.2 xolo rac Seexeba skandinavTa rwmenas, rom

`valhalaSi~ moxvedra mxolod iaraRiT xelSi daRupulTa privilegiaa,

am problemas advilad wyvetdnen xolme. momakvdav, an axladgardacvlil

kacs xelSi maxvils aZlevdnen da ase acilebdnen saiqioSi.

sikvdilisadmi aRniSnuli midgoma, (an misi garkveuli niSnebi) qris-

tianul xanaSic sakmaod did sicocxlisunarianobas iCens, maT Soris

iseT nawarmoebebSic, romelTa gmirebi qristianebad iTvlebodnen. ze-

moTxsenebul beovulfze araferic rom vTqvaT, iseTi realisturi eniT

daweril istoriul-biografiuli Janris nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa is-

landiuri sagebi, odnav SeniRbuli formiT araerTxel gamoTqmulia

mosazreba, rom drouli da Rirseuli sikvdili madls warmoadgens

vaJkacisTvis. amisi kargi magaliTia legendaruli vikingis - egil ska-

lagrimsonis gmiruli cxovrebis bolo wlebis aRwera. kerZod, es re-

alurad arsebuli istoriuli personaJi, odesRac inglisis samefos

faqtobrivi gadamrCeneli, mSobliur kunZulze dabrunebis Semdeg ar-

sebiTad usaqmuri xdeba. is nelnela berdeba da usaqmurebis gamo, jer

axalgazrda xuliganiviT CxubisTvis nebismier sababs eZebs, Semdeg ki

TandaTanobiT Tvalis Suqs kargavs da iZulebulia viRac dedaberisgan uxeSi mopyroba aitanos, razec sevdiani ironiiT savse leqsebs qmnis.3

momdevno saukuneebis raindul literaturaSic gmiruli sikvdilis

kulti arsebobda. rusTavelis sityvebi - `sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa

sikvdili saxelovani~ sakmaod standartul ideologiur kliSes war-

moadgenda, romelmac raindul-feodalur kulturaSi ufro Zveli, `bar-

barosuli~ xanidan SeaRwia. cxadia, es midgoma garkveulwilad SeniRbu-

li iyo qristianuli ideologiiT. kerZod ki, madlianad cxaddeboda ara

nebismieri sikvdili brZolis velze, aramed pirvel rigSi qristianobis mtrebTan omSi dacema. Tumca saero raindul ideologiaSi Tavisi siu-

1 Снорри Стурлуссон. Круг земной. М., 1980.

2 А.Гуревич. История и сага. М., 1972, gv. 84.3 Исландские саги. М., 1956, gv. 247-250).* * magram saqme ar unda warmovidginoT ise, TiTqos yvela mebrZoli (zogierTi gamonaklisis garda) sul gmirul sikvdilze oc-

nebobda da wiravda Tavs. Tumca norman meomrebs marTlac xiblavda sikvdilis Semdeg

”valhalaSi” moxvedris perspeqtiva, droze adre sikvdili maTac ar undodaT. amisi

maCvenebelia, Tundac mTavarRmerT odinis mimarT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba. odi-

nis erT-erTi zedmetsaxeli xom ”mebrZolTa moRalate ”iyo. iTvleboda, rom is gmirebs

agrovebs `ragnarikesTvis”- finaluri brZolisTvis qaosis ZalebTan, romelSic, winas-

warmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, TviTonac unda daiRupos. am mizniT is xSirad maxeebs agebs

kargi mebrZoleebisTvis da droze adre Rupavs maT, rac, cxadia, naklebmosawoni iyo.

253

zerenisTvis Tavganwirvac aranakleb sapatiod iTvleboda. XII s-dan ki

evropis saero kulturasa da literaturaSi Tavis gawirvis kidev erTi,

metad mniSnelovani obieqti Cndeba - mSvenieri mandilosani, romelsac

raindi eTayvaneba. Tumca ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis literatura am naSromis farglebs scildeba.

mogexsenebaT, rom aRniSnuli nawarmoebebi barbarosobis stadiaze

myofi sazogadoebis nawarmia. maTi personaJebis mentaloba, prioritetebi

da miswrafebebi Tanamedrove adamianisTvis xSirad ucxoa, gaugebaric ki.

garkveulwilad es aixsneba zogadad `barbarosuli~ sazogadoebis real-

iebiT, romlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mudmivi konfliqtebi, sazogadoe-

bis dayofa mcire klanebad, romelTa interesebis dacva xSirad Tavgan-

wirvas moiTxovda individisagan.1 magram aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

aRniSnuli nawarmoebebi, Cveulebriv beladebis karze da profesional mebrZolTa koleqtivebSi iqmneboda da maT subkulturas warmoadgenda.

danarCeni sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi, albaT naklebi radikalizmiTa da

fanatizmiT xasiaTdeboda.

Nodar Berulava, Dariko PipiaSokhumi State University

TO UNDERCTANDING OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL EPOS

Work of the heroic epos was created in circles of professional fi ghters and kings – leaders. One of their junctions was education of new generat ion of fi ght-ers. A lot of interesting aspects of “barbaric” society are refl ected in this work. For example relation of the fi ghter and lcader moral priorities of ideal heroes.

1 `ufros edaSi~, magaliTad aris erTi, dRevandeli gagebiT amazrzeni epizodi, roca erT-

erTi sakmaod dadebiTi personaJi - dedofali hudruni, romlis Zmebi misive qmarma - mefe

atlim (atila) mokla, SurisZiebis mizniT Tavisive Svilebs klavs da maT Semwvar gulebs

qmars miarTmevs sadilad ( 8, strofi 36). saqme imaSia, rom Svilebi gvarovnuli eTikis

Tanaxmad, mamis ojaxs ekuTvnian maSin, roca maTi deda gaTxovebis Semdegac Tavisi mSob-

liuri ojaxis wevri rCeba. Tumca am miTis gviandel, gadamuSavebul versiaSi - `simRera

nibelungebze~, dedofali piriqiT, TviTon akvlevinebs Tavis Zmebs, raTa Suri iZios maT

mier moklul Tavis pirvel qmarze - zigfridze (Песнь о Нибелунгах, – http://www.fbit.ru/free/myth/texty/pnibelun/020.htm 6, XXXII-XXXIX). es ufro gviandeli, feodaluri wesebis

gavlenaa, romelTa Tanaxmad coli ukve iTvleba qmris, da ara Zmebis ojaxis wevrad.

254

papuna gabisonia papuna gabisonia iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis instituti

Tamaz beraZis xsovnasTamaz beraZis xsovnas

baton Tamaz beraZes erTi werili aqvs, romelsac lamazi saTauri

aqvs _,,saqarTvelo erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT~. mas didxans ufiqria, rom

moxdenili sityva, moxdenili fraza gamoeyenebina, rac ase amSvenebs mis

naSromebs. misi gaxsenebis yvelaze kargi Sesatyvisi swored misi weri-

lis saTauris cotaodeni Secvla iqneboda Sesaferisi: ,,Tamaz beraZe

Tvalis erTi SevlebiT~. es, ra Tqma unda, mis mravalwlian dauRalav

moRvaweobaze saerTo warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis, magram baton Tamazs

zedmetad gajerebuli arc Txroba da arc wera uyvarda: ,,mkiTxveli

ar unda daRaloo~. saerTod, batoni Tamazi mokrZalebuli da saocrad

uSualo, pirdapiri da megobruli adamiani iyo, pirferoba ar uyvarda.

bevrjer uTqvams Taviseburi siyvarulnarevi viTom ukmexobiT: `roca

movkvdebi, ar daiwyoT mere es ra didi mecnieri davkargeT, saerTod ar

minda Tqveni qeba-dideba da Cemi gakeTebulis saTiTaod CamoTvlao~.

aseTi iyo, magram baton Tamazs am Txovnas ver SevusrulebT. misi moR-

vaweoba Tvalis gadavlebas aucileblad iTxovs aramarto misi xsovnis

gamo, aramed Semdgomi TaobebisTvis, romlebsac misi naSrom-naRvawi bev-

rjer da bevrjer dasWirdebaT.

saerTod, batoni Tamazi TiTqmis yvela humanitarul dargSi gaT-

viTcnobierebuli iyo da amaze xSirad xumrobda: ,,es iZulebiT gamomivi-

dao~. istoria misTvis mTeli cxovreba iyo, romelSic ,,sanapiro curviT

Soreul okeaneSi SeaRwia~. uTqvams kidec: ,,warsulis suraTis aRwera-

aRdgena didi siamovneba ariso~ da es siamovneba man mkiTxvels bevr-

jer agrZnobina misi wignebiT, samecniero Tu samecniero-popularuli

werilebiT, romlebic didi interesiT ikiTxeba, mere ki didxans xdeba

fiqrisa da gansjis sagani.

Tamaz beraZe 1937 wels daibada TbilisSi. 1960 wels warCinebiT

daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis fakulteti

da muSaoba daiwyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi. am

droidan misi moRvaweoba, TiTqmis sicocxlis bolomde, am institut-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis

istoriisa da istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs ikvlevda. samecniero

muSaobaSi gamoikveTa misi interesi dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisa

da istoriul-geografiuli sakiTxisadmi. 1967 wels man daicva sakan-

didato disertacia Temaze ,,odiSis istoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII

ss.)~, xolo 1985 wels _ sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: ,,zRvaosnoba da

255

sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~. wlebis ganmavlobaSi,

is samecniero-pedagogiur muSaobas eweoda saqarTvelos teqnikur uni-

versitetSi, sadac 1995 wels profesorad airCies; 2007-2010 wlebSi

iyo iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare; daarsebis dRidan muSaobda saqarT-

velos universitetSi, iyo saqarTvelos universitetis sruli profe-

sori da proreqtori samecniero dargSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze

meti naSromi, maT Soris 9 monografia. misi statiebi Sesulia qarTul

sabWoTa enciklopediaSi, enciklopediaSi ,,saqarTvelo~ da sxv. saqarT-

velos uaxlesi xanis istoriaSi ar yofila raime mniSvnelovani prob-

lema, romelsac Tamaz beraZe ar gamoxmaureboda. jildoebi ar hqonda.

2011 wels afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom daajildova ,,sapatio sigeliT~

qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze wignis ,,narkvevebi saqarTvelos is-

toriidan, afxazeTi uZvelesi droidan dRemde~ momzadebasa da gamocemaSi

Setanili wvlilisaTvis TanaavtorebTan erTad da xumrobda, es ariso

Cemi erTaderTi saxelmwifo jildo, romelic mravalwliani samecniero

muSaobisaTvis mimiRiao.

Tamaz beraZe mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweoda. 1989-

1992 wlebSi igi iyo Jurnal ,,saqarTvelos bunebis~ saredaqcio kole-

giis wevri. Jurnalis mTavar redaqtorTan, oTar WeliZesTan erTad misi

wvlilic Zalian didia imaSi, rom es Jurnali erT-erTi saintereso da

informaciuli gaxda. ukanasknel wlebSi igi iyo ,,Savi zRva _ kaspiis

zRvis saerTaSoriso fondis~ vice-prezidenti da fondis mier organi-

zebul saerTaSoriso forumebSi xSirad monawileobda.

Tamaz beraZis sakandidato naSromi ,,odiSis istoriuli geografi-

idan (XII-XVII ss.)~ da Semdeg gamoqveynebuli vrceli publikacia `odi-

Sis politikuri geografiidan~ umniSvnelovanesi gamokvlevaa saqarT-

velos am kuTxis istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. man didi wvlili

Seitana samegrelos da, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisa da

istoriuli geografiis SeswavlaSi. misi vrceli nawili Sevida funda-

mentur monografiul gamokvlevaSi ,,samegrelo, kolxeTi, odiSi~ (Tbili-

si-zugdidi, 1999) Zveli egrisis samefos, axali egrisis anu lazikis

samefos, egris-afxazeTis samefos, odiSis saerisTavosa da samTavros

istoriaze. misi yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila afxazeTis istoriis

sakiTxebic. monawileoba miiRo qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze wig-

nis ,,narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan. afxazeTi uZvelesi droidan

dRemde~ momzadebasa da gamocemaSi; swavlobda imereTis istoriuli

geografiis sakiTxebs; svaneTis Sua saukuneebis istorias; mSvenieri

samecniero-popularuli naSromi uZRvna raWas.

Tamaz beraZe iyo saqarTvelos zRvaosnobis istoriis kvlevis pio-

neri. zRvaosnobis istoria qarTul istoriografiaSi manamde kvlevis

sagani ar gamxdara. erTxel, aseTi raRaca gaixsena: erT-erT konfer-

256

enciaze momxsenebels ganucxadebia, Sav zRvas saqarTvelos istoriaSi

umniSvnelo roli Seusrulebiao. Turme amas ar daeTanxma da am sakiTxis

Seswavla gadawyvita. dauRalavi Sromisa da kvleva-Ziebis Sedegi iyo

SesaniSnavi samecniero-popularuli monografia: ,,zRvaosnoba Zvel saqa-

rTveloSi~ (Tb., 1981), sadac Seswavlilia Zveli qarTuli sazRvao ter-

minebi, urTierToba ucxo qveynebTan Savi zRvis meSveobiT... navebisa da

gemebis aRweriloba. 1989 wels rusul enaze gamosca vrceli monografi-

uli gamokvleva ,,Мореплавание и морская торговля в средневековой Грузии~. am naSromiT TiTqos gacocxlda qarTuli zRvaosnobis dakar-

guli warsuli. SavizRvispireTSi naosnobasa da sazRvao-savaWro urT-

ierTobebs man kidev mravali naSromi uZRvna.

2003 wels manana sanaZesTan erTad gamosca,,saqarTvelos istoria, w.

I, antikuri xana da Sua saukuneebi~. am wignSi, romelic Zalian saintere-

sod ikiTxeba, axleburad aris danaxuli saqarTvelos istoriis mTeli

rigi sakiTxebi. 2003 wels gamovida,,saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi~,

romelic manana sanaZesa da konstantine TofuriasTan erTad moamzada.

saintereso naSromi uZRvna man saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebs (,,ru-

seT-saqarTvelos oTxi gamoucxadebeli omi~).

bevri SeiZleba daiweros Tamaz beraZis pirovnebaze, mis moRvaweo-

baze. mas didi gegmebi hqonda. apirebda xelaxla, axladmopovebuli ma-

salebis safuZvelze gamoeca Sevsebuli zRvaosnoba saqarTveloSi; apir-

ebda samegrelos istoriis daweras; male dasruldeba muSaoba afxazeTis

istoriul atlasze, romelsac man didi dro da energia Sealia...

es saocrad keTilSobili da naTeli adamiani tragikulma SemTxve-

vam Seiwira. misi am qveynidan wasvliT gulistkivilTan erTad nacnob-

megobrebSi gaCnda Rrma sevda, rom Tamaz beraZe Cvens Soris aRar aris.

257

Tamaz beraZeTamaz beraZe(gamosaTxovari)

qarTulma istoriulma mecnierebam

mZime danaklisi ganicada. tragikuli

SemTxvevis Sedegad gardaicvala Tval-

saCino mkvlevari da pedagogi, istori-

is mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Tamaz beraZe.

igi daibada 1937 wels TbilisSi.

saSualo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg

swavla ganagrZo Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis istoriis fakultetze,

romelic warCinebiT daasrula 1960

wels. imave wels Cairicxa saqarT-

velos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javax-

iSvilis sax. istoriis, arqeologiisa

da eTnografiis institutis aspiran-

turaSi da aqedan mokidebuli xuTi

aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT

moRvaweobda aRniSnul institutSi, sadac ganvlo samecniero karieris

yvela safexuri aspiranturidan samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomaremde, iqve

daicva sakandidato (1967 w.) da sadoqtori (1982 w.) disertaciebi. sa-

mecniero Semoqmedebas kargad uxamebda pedagogiur moRvaweobas. wlebis

manZilze xalisiT aswavlida mSobliuri qveynis istorias sxvadasxva

umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi misi

samecniero da pedagogiuri saqmianoba mTlianad daukavSirda saqarT-

velos universitets, sadac is samecniero-kvleviT nawils Cveuli ener-

giiT xelmZRvanelobda.

saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriis niWieri da Rrmadganswavlu-

li mkvlevari, Tamaz beraZe, farTo mecnieruli interesiT gamoirCeoda.

igi wlebis manZilze nayofierad ikvlevda dasavleT saqarTvelos (same-

grelo, afxazeTi, raWa, imereTi) istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs, ra-

sac pirvelxarisxovani monografiebi da statiebis mTeli seria miuZRvna.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom T. beraZem qarTul istoriografiaSi gza

gaukvala sruliad axal mimarTulebas _ zRvaosnobis istorias. uaR-

resad faseulia misi monografiebi, sadac mdidari wyaroTmcodneobiTi

bazis safuZvelze mecnieruli siRrmiT aris gamokvleuli zRvaosnobis

istoria Zveli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. am Tematikas man bolomde

uerTgula _ ukanasknel wlebSi gatacebiT ikvlevda sazRvao saqmis gan-

viTarebas saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.), risi

dasrulebac, samwuxarod, ver moaswro. friad sayuradReboa T. beraZis

258

wvlili Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikuri istoriisa da isto-

riuli genealogiis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi. aRsaniSnavia misi nayofieri

TanamSromloba ̀ qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediasTan~ _ dasavleT saqarT-

velos istoriuli geografiis Sesaxeb. masSi dabeWdili yvela statiis

avtori T. beraZea.

sicocxlis ukanasknel periodSi kolegebTan erTad daasrula afxa-

zeTis istoriuli atlasis, agreTve, istoriuli qronologiis saxelmZ-

Rvanelos Sedgena, romlebic male ixilaven dRis sinaTles.

T. beraZe _ WeSmariti profesionali, kompetenturi specialisti,

sanimuSo mecnier-xelmZRvaneli da konsultanti iyo, misi xeldasxmiT,

uangaro da uSurveli TanadgomiT warmatebiT iqna daculi araerTi sa-

disertacio naSromi, man araerTi damwyebi mkvlevris pirvel nabijebs

daatyo Tavisi keTilismyofeli xeli. igi iyo sxvadasxva samecniero

perioduli gamocemis redkolegiis wevri da mravali wignis redaqtori.

bolo wlebSi T. beraZe aqtiurad moRvaweobda Savi da kaspiis

zRvebis TanamSromlobisa da partniorobis saerTaSoriso fondis saqmi-

anobaSi, rogorc misi vice-prezidenti.

T. beraZis uaRresad saintereso samecniero da pedagogiur moR-

vaweobas harmoniulad erwymoda misi pirovnuli xibli, rasac bunebrivad

qmnida misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kolegialoba, keTilSobileba, mimteve-

bloba, megobrobis niWi...

Tamaz baraZes gamorCeulad Tbili urTierTobebi hqonda soxumis

saxelmwifo universitetis akadmiur personalTan, administraciasa da

axalgazrda mecnierebTan. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos misi damokide-

buleba axalgazrda istorikosebTan, ar darCenila arcerTi soxumeli

mkvlevris sadisertacio naSromi istoriis dargSi, romlis xelmZR-

vaneli, an recenzenti, an wignis redaqtori, an Tundac damkvalianebeli

ar yofiliyo. gansakuTrebiT uyvarda soxumelebTan afxazeTisa da Sida

qarTlis mTianeTis (e. w. samxreT oseTis) istoriis, kulturisa da kon-

fliqtebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb saubari, uyvarda istoriis labirinTebSi

gaseirneba da warsulis gamocdilebaze samomavlo orientirebis Wvreta,

maTTan erTad ocnebobda afxazeTSi dabrunebaze.

samwuxaroa, rom sruliad janmrTeli adamiani, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi

wvis zenitSi myofi wavida Cvengan. wavida keTilSobili, gamorCeulad

gulkeTili da Tbili adamiani, romelmac didi siyvaruli datova misi

kolegebis, aRzrdilebisa da yvela im adamianis sulSi, visac Tundac

erTxel hqonia gulwrfeli da tkiviliani saubari samSoblos Wir-

varamze dafiqrebul Tamaz beraZesTan.

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

Sromebis avtorTa koleqtivi

259

Cveni avtorebi

beJan xoravabeJan xorava

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis humani-

tarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, ssu

saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis direqtori.

lia axalaZe lia axalaZe

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis humanita-

rul mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, ssu saqa-

rTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis ufrosi mecnier-

TanamSromeli, ganaTlebis fakultetis dekani.

Tamar belqania Tamar belqania

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur

mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori.

tariel futkaraZe tariel futkaraZe

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universite-

tis sruli profesori.

kaxa fifia kaxa fifia

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asoci-

rebuli profesori, ssu saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.

giorgi qavTaraZe giorgi qavTaraZe

istoriis doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli.

dazmir jojua dazmir jojua

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur

da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori.

avTandil kilasonia avTandil kilasonia

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asoci-

rebuli profesori, ssu saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis

260


zaza wurwumiazaza wurwumia

istoriis doqtori, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida Tamar mefis

saxelobis universitetis sruli profesori, ssu saqarTvelos is-

toriisa da eTnologiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli.

ramaz Wanturia ramaz Wanturia

istoriis doqtori, ssu saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis


zurab papasqiri zurab papasqiri

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universite-

tis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis sruli profesori, ssu

samecniero koordinaciis samsaxuris ufrosi.

daviT WiTanava daviT WiTanava

istoriis doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli

omar ardaSelia omar ardaSelia

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo uniersitetis socialur

da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori

kaxa kvaSilava kaxa kvaSilava

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis samec-

niero koordinaciis samsaxuris TanamSromeli. ssu saqarTvelos

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli.

guram yoranaSvili guram yoranaSvili

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

malxaz baramiZe malxaz baramiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. afxazeTis a/r umaR-

lesi sabWos deputati.

eliso baRaTuria –kneri eliso baRaTuria –kneri

ludvig Mmaqsimilianes universitetis (miunxeni) winare da ad-

reuli istoriisa da provincialurromauli arqeologiis insti-

tutis doqtoranti

261

nodar berulava nodar berulava

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis humanita-

rul mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori

dariko fifia dariko fifia

filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis hu-

manitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis saswavlo procesis marTvis

samsaxuris ufrosi.

papuna gabisosnia papuna gabisosnia

istoriis doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli.

262

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

ssu istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

mari brosemari brose

2 1 02 1 0

SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITYINSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY OF SSU

MARIE BROSSET2 1 0

tiraJi: 200 egzemplari.

gamomcemloba `meridiani~.

q. Tbilisi, al. yazbegis, 47; tel.: 239-15-22

E-mail: [email protected]

mari brose 1 - nplgdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/10169/1/mari_brose.pdf · tonisvilis...

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