margaret harlow evan-ben-rebecca-edwin. historical antecedents motivation for action originally...
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Margaret Harlow
Evan-Ben-Rebecca-Edwin
Historical Antecedents• Motivation for action originally
described“drive”.
• Term “drive” first coined by Woodworth in 1918.
• Freud's “Primary Drive Theory”.
• Hull’s “Principles of Behavior” (1943).
• During this time motivation was seen as primarily resulting from biological needs.
Historical Antecedents
• Cognition theory.
• Tolman’s 1948 rat maze experiments.
• Shows learning is goal-orientated, and purposeful.
• Believed motivation was based on deprivation and incentives.
•Margaret overcame…Margaret overcame…–The Great DepressionThe Great Depression–World War II World War II –The Korean WarThe Korean War–RecessionRecession
•Legislation•Men: Women Pay scale
• 1942 Piaget: Psychology of Intelligence• 1943 Hull: Principles of Behavior• 1948 Skinner: Walden II• 1950 May: The Meaning of Anxiety• 1950 Erickson: Childhood and Society• 1951 Rogers: Client-centered Therapy• 1954 Jung: Von dem Wurzehn des
Bewussteins• 1954 Allport: The Nature of Prejudice• 1954 Maslow: Motivation and
Personality
#1 biggest obstacle personally and
professionally…..
•Zeitgeist was repressive toward females
•Graduated in 1944 with her Ph.D
•1950’s “typical woman”•Societies High Expectations
Vast Differences
The American Psychological
Association was founded in 1872.
BUT….
In 1950 women earned 14.8% of doctorates in Psychology.
In 1984 women participants in the psychology field were ranked equal with men
As of 2004 women earn 67.4% of the doctorates in
Psychology.
In 1997 women surpassed men making up 66.6% of the
psychology field.
Experiments and Research data
Ben Kindell
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Editor
• Margaret Harlow• Two Articles• “…during this period
that the journal broke with tradition and actively encouraged the publication of developmental articles.”
Experiments
• Performance of Infant Rhesus Monkeys on Discrimination Learning, Delayed Response, and Discrimination Learning Set.
• Article One
Discrimination Phase Article One
• Five groups: 60-90-150-360-120• 150 efficiency peak• Discrimination Reward
Delayed Response Phase
• Instructed Behind Opaque Glass• Isosceles Triangle• The Grape
Development
• Nine Month Old• Performs near adult
levels• Performance Peaks at
150 days of age• “Long period of
increasing capability, and there is a period beyond which learning does not improve”
Experiments
• Learning Motivated by a Manipulation Drive
Motivation Drive Article two
• 8 Monkeys• Group A: NO FOOD• Group B: Extrinsic
Reward?
Baited
• Group: food beneath hasp• Error• Disruption CI=1
Experiments
• “… a manipulation drive can best account for the behavior.”
• The drive to manipulate is present before food introduction and dissolves with food brought in.
• Edwin talks about strengths and weaknesses
Strength’s
• Subjects Rhesus Monkey’s• Theoretically based research
• Experimental environment- Lab equipment- Upbringing
• Data Collection• Administrative skills
Weakness
• Over shadowed- Harry Harlow- Other’s
• Unethical research methods
• Humanistic school of thought
Influence of the Individual over time…
•Her research is cited and referenced all over the world.
Influence
• Research into child development – deprivation– Psychotherapy and the single synapse– Book “Understanding children’s development” – Body pleasure and the origins of violence
• Awards– 1972 G. Stanley Hall
Margaret HarlowHarry HarlowJean MacFarlane
Influenced Many Areas…
• Sociology• Motivation• Psychology• Behavior• Child Development• Sexuality• Animal Behavior• Society
Summary
•Margaret overcame.Margaret overcame.• encouraged the publication of
developmental articles
• Humanistic school of thought