mardiana cb vi-a billingual simple object words
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
1/16
FIELD PROCEDURE OF BILLINGUAL
APPROACH
The Simple Object Words
By :
Mardiana CB
6thA of PBI
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
2/16
Introduction
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
3/16
The linguistic data cannot be neatly divided into
phonological, morphological and syntacticsections, each to be treated in turn after the
preceding one has been fully analyzed.
Field procedure is absolutely essential to anyadequate analysis or description of a language.
For the beginner should have some understanding
of the various approaches to collecting data.
There are 2 principal methods of approach toacquisition the language data. First is monolingual
and second is billingual.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
4/16
Monolingual, which there isnt intermediate
language that used by the investigator and the
informant. Billingual, which there is someintermediate language.
The monolingual approach requires very special
initial techniques, but as soon as the investigator
can receive explanations of forms within the nativelanguage and then the two approaches coincide.
Monolingual approach quickly becomes identical
with the billingual one.
Since the billingual situation as the more common,
the further developments of the field procedure will
be treated in relation to it
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
5/16
Discussion
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
6/16
Billingual Approach
There are 3 principal phases of billingual approach
a. The nature of the data
b. The methods of recording the data
c. The informant
During the discussion for the first two phases we must
take for granted an average informant, who knows
something intermediate language, though thisknowledge may be, and frequently is limited to a
made usage.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
7/16
For example, if someone is an Indian in Latin
America, he may know some Spanish orPortuguese, but we cant expect him to explain fine
distinctions of tense or aspect in his own language
or to provide equivalents for the numerous tense
fom in Spanish or Portuguese.
Maybe only one mode, and even these do not
have any one-to-one correspondence with forms in
his own language
These practical limitations must always be
considered in a realistic field procedure
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
8/16
The Data
There are 6 increasingly complex types of data
which the investigator attempts to contain :
1.Simple object words
2.Object words in possible morphological
categories
3.Simple process words
4.Process words in possible morphologicalcategories
5.Object and process words in combinations
6.Texts
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
9/16
Simple object Words
First, the investigator must obtain the name of
objects.
These should be Interprete things to which one
may point. E.g. houses, trees, grass, sun, clouds,
dogs, etc.
The name of such objects are generally as short as
any nounlike words, but some sounds may be
conspicuous exceptions.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
10/16
The investigator must be ask at any one time for
words with related semantic areas.
Example :
- Body parts - Article of clothing
- House objects - Industries
- Fauna and fllora - etcShould be asked for in their appropriate groupings,
rather than jumbles in sequences as head, pants,
pot, plow.
Semantic grouping makes it easier for the
informant, and morphological characteristics oftenparalel such semantic subdivisions.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
11/16
Its absolutely essential that words elicited by
culturally partinent.
Various peoples manufactured articles, theirrelationships to one another. This means that no list
words will be universally applicable, and hence
that the investigator must make up his list.
One should exclude minute semantic subdivisionsin the initial investigation. Example : in elicitingnames of body parts one shoulnt attempt to get
further different words for the extremities than arm,
hand, finger, leg, foot, toe, etc Language may not make the same distinction and
a single native term may be used for arm and hand
or hand and finger.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
12/16
To ask for such distinctions as upper arm, lower
arm, elbow, thumb, palm, wrist, thigh, calf, knee,
ankle instep may prove very confusing.
Even though a language may make some of this
distinctions, many of them will not correspond
exactly and the informant isnt likely to know theseless familiar terms in the intermediate language.
One mudt avoid terms possibly taboo, and in
questioning the informant any sign ofembarrassement about a particular questionshould be immediately passed over by asking for
some other words.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
13/16
Word groupings may provide some basis forselecting similar type of words for a particular
culture :
1. Body parts : head, hair of the head, nose, eye,
ear, neck, arm, hand, finger, stomach, heart, leg,
foot, toe, bone, blood, flesh.
2. Clothing : hat, shirt, pants, sandals, beads, facepaint, body paint.
3. House objects : knife, spoon, ladle, water
container, animal skin, bed, hammock, fire,
mush, bread, flour, meal, grinding stone, mortar,pestle, bananas, oranges, meat.
4. People relationships : father, mother, daughter,
son, sister, brother, uncle, aunt, brother in law,
sister in law.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
14/16
5. Articles used in native occupations : machete,
hoe, dibble stick, plow, seed, hammer, saw,
forge, iron, axe, nails, planks, vines for tying,thatch, canoe, paddles, how, arrow, spear, gun.
6. Fauna : horse, cow, ox, pig, dog, cat, sheep,
goat, ass, lion, tiger, jaguar, wildcat, elephant,buffalo, hippopotamus, rhinocheros, antelope,
deer, monkey, snake, eagle, hawk, buzzard,
sparrow, crane, fly, flea, louse, spider, ant.
7. Geographical and astronomical objects : river,stream, rapids, lake, water hole, hill, mountain,
valley, forest, planted field, cleared field, star,
sun, moon, cloud.
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
15/16
Closing
-
8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words
16/16
It isnt only valuable to select words by semanticgroups, but the order of these groups should be
considered also. It has been found fromexperience experience that some of the easiestforms to obtain are names for body parts, sincethey can readily be pointed to.
Next, may come the names for clothing andobjects about the house. But among the othersemantic groups there is not much basis forpreference.
The one difficulty with the words for body parts isthat they sometimes occur with obligatorypossesive affixes, and this may greatlycomplicate the initial problems