marcussen - splinting & casting pearls-thursday7-2-2...marcussen - splinting & casting...

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9/22/14 1 Britt Marcussen, MD Sports Medicine University of Iowa ! None ! 1. Discuss indications for splinting ! 2. Discuss advantages/disadvantages of splints ! 3. Go through splinting materials ! 4. Discuss casting indications and different materials ! 5. Cover a smattering of ortho pearls ! 6. Discuss common fractures and assocated splints/casts ! 7. Discuss basics of making each type of splint ! Provides noncircumferential support ! Accommodates swelling ! Useful for acute injuries ! Held in place by elastic bandage

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9/22/14  

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Britt  Marcussen,  MD  Sports  Medicine    University  of  Iowa  

!  None  

!  1.  Discuss  indications  for  splinting  !  2.  Discuss  advantages/disadvantages  of  splints  !  3.  Go  through  splinting  materials  !  4.  Discuss  casting  indications  and  different  materials  

!  5.  Cover  a  smattering  of  ortho  pearls  !  6.  Discuss  common  fractures  and  assocated  splints/casts  

!  7.  Discuss  basics  of  making  each  type  of  splint  

!  Provides  non-­‐circumferential  support  !  Accommodates  swelling  !  Useful  for  acute  injuries  !  Held  in  place  by  elastic  bandage  

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!  Stabilize  acute  injury  (sprain,  fx,  reduction)  !  Immobilization…initial    !  Pain  control  !  Prevent  further  injury  !  Tenosynovitis    !  Arthritis  !  Gout  !  Post  surgery  

!  Accommodates  swelling  ! May  take  off  and  re-­‐apply  if  needed  !  Faster  to  apply  !  Easier  to  apply  !  Prefabricated  splints  available  

!  Allows  more  motion  at  site  of  injury  than  cast  !  Patients  can  take  them  off…non  compliance  ! May  not  provide  definitive  care  

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!  Circumferential  support  !  Better  immobilization  at  fracture  site  !  Provides  definitive  care  ! Most  patients  can’t  take  them  off  

!  Cost…fiber  glass  is  more  $$  ! Moldability…plaster  has  more  !  Accommodation  of  swelling…plaster  has  more  

!  Heat  production    !  Curing  time  24  hrs  for  plaster  !  Use  in  reduction…plaster  usually  preferred    !  Contact  with  water…plaster  loses  structure  ! Waterproof  padding  available  

!  Heat  production  inversely  proportional  to  setting  time  (fiberglass  =  more  heat)  

!  More  layers  of  plaster  =  more  heat  !  Increased  pressure  applied  =  more  heat  !  Hotter  water  =  faster  setting  time  !  Colder  water  =  slower  setting  time  !  No  water  =  slowest  setting  time,  best  when  starting  out  

!  Mind  the  surface  the  arm  is  resting  on…  

!  Harder  to  apply  !  Does  not  accommodate  swelling  as  well  as  splint  

!  Increased  risk  for  complications  !  Lasts  about  6  weeks,  starts  to  crumble  !  Falls  apart  in  water  contact  ! Messy  

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!  Swelling  accommodation  <plaster  and  <<splint  

!  Not  as  good  as  plaster  following  fx  reduction  

!  Roll  on  material…don’t  pull  tight  !  Let  the  material  go  where  is  wants  to  go…  ! Make  cuts  to  adjust  ! When  wet,  apply  paper  cut  outs  or  cast  material  shapes  for  fun  designs.  

!  Assess  the  injury  !  Determine  need  for  immobilization    !  Neurovascular  exam  prior  to  AND  after          splint  application  Function  Arterial  pulse  Capillary  refill  Temperature  Sensation  

!  Stockinette  !  Padding  !  Fiberglass  or  plaster  !  Tape  !  Container  of  water  !  Elastic  bandage  (Ace  wrap)  !  Sheets…to  keep  the  patient  dry  !  Bandage  scissors  !  Strong  scissors  to  cut  fiberglass  

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!  Pick  appropriate  size,  no  too  tight,  not  too  loose  

!  Error  on  the  side  of  leaving  too  long  on  both  ends  

! Make  slits  in  areas  of  folding    

!  Typically  2  or  3  layers  thick  ! More  padding  over  areas  of  pressure  !  Overlap  ~50%  each  time  !  Apply  padding  2-­‐3  cm  beyond  intended  edges  of  splint  

!  Tear  out  folds  !  Tear  technique…  !  Too  much  padding  =  less  support  !  Cast  index  

! Measure  twice…cut  once…  !  Reseal  the  edge!  ! Wet  the  strip…pad  dry  ! Mold  to  desired  body  location  !  Trim  sharp  edges  

!  Skin  sores  !  Dermatitis  !  Joint  stiffness  !  Infection  !  Compartment  syndrome  !  Nerve  injury  

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!  Long  arm:          1.  Displaced  distal  radius  fx          2.  Scaphoid  fx          3.  Combined  radius  &  ulnar  fracture          4.  Proximal  forearm  fractures          5.  Elbow  fractures  !  Short  arm:          1.  Thumb  fx          2.  Non  displaced  distal  radius  fx          3.  Transition  out  of  long  arm  cast  !  Anytime  want  to  minimize  rotation  of  forearm  or  immobilize  the  elbow  

!  “Never  bad  to  start  with  long  arm”  

! Injuries  and  their  associated  splints/casts  

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!  Most  common  in  young  males  15-­‐30  yrs  old  !  FOOSH  injury  !  Thumb  spica…studies  without  thumb,  long  vs  short  

arm  healing  time…  !  Watson  test  !  Grind  test  !  Palpate  Anatomic  snuff  box…ulnar  deviate  wrist  !  Imaging  of  choice:  AP&L  with  scaphoid  view  (wrist  

ulnar  deviated/extended…beam  dorsally)  !  Consider  MRI  !  Refer  for  displacement,  middle  or  proximal  fractures  !  Immobilize  6-­‐20+  weeks…  

!  Discuss  case  with  ortho  !  If  nml  XRAY  but  still  concerned,          splint/cast  for  2  wks,  then  XRAY          or  get  an  MRI.  

!  1-­‐2  weeks  

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MRI  shows  Stener  lesion  UCL  injury  with  avulsion  fx  of  proximal  phalanx.  

!  Common  in  skiers,  sports,…gamekeepers  ☺  !  Imaging  of  choice:  Thumb  XRAY  !  Consider  MRI:  Rule  out  Stener  lesion  !  Thumb  spica  for  variable  time…4-­‐6  weeks  typical  

!  Refer  for  grade  III  injury  

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! MeatLOAF  ! Meat=  Median  nerve  !  L=  Lumbricals  1&2  !  O=  Opponens  pollicus  !  A=Abductor  pollicus  !  F=Flexor  pollicus  

!  Extension=Radial  nerve  !  Adduction=Ulnar  nerve  

!  Pay  special  attention  to  the  padding  around  the  thumb…avoid  wrinkles  

!  Start  at  the  wrist  and  work  distally  towards  thumb  first  and  work  your  way  down  the  forearm  

!  Stop  at  mid  to  proximal  forearm  !  In  scaphoid  fx  cast  doesn’t  need  to  include  the  IP  joint  

!  Stop  padding/cast  material  at  palmar  crease  

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!  Boxer  fx  or  street  fighter  fracture  !  Note  angulation  !  Neck  fracture:  30-­‐40  degrees  tolerated  !  Shaft  fracture:  <20  degrees  tolerated  !  ~6  weeks  immobilization    

!  Put  padding  between  fingers…avoid  maceration  

!  Use  a  wide  enough  splint  !  Cover  the  DIP  joint  !  Position  of  function  

!  2nd  or  3rd  metacarpal  fracture/injury  

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!  Augmentin  first  line  !  Doxy,  Bactrim,  Pen  VK,  Cefuroxime,  Cipro,  Moxi,  Levo  !  Agents  lacking  activity  against  Eikenella  corrodens  

should  be  avoided;  these  include:        1.  First-­‐generation  Cephalosporins  (such  as  cephalexin)        2.  Penicillinase-­‐resistant  penicillins  (such  as  Dicloxacillin)        3.  Macrolides  (such  as  erythromycin)          4.  Clindamycin          5.  Aminoglycosides  !  Local  resistance  patterns  

!  Aka  Torus  fracture  !  Kids,  boys>girls  !  FOOSH  injury  !  Imaging  of  choice:  at  least  2  views  of  forearm  AP&L  

!  Splint:  volar,  Sugar  tong,  pre-­‐fabricated  splint,  etc  

!  Short  arm  cast  3-­‐6  weeks  !  Removable  splint  may  provide  definitive  tx  

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!  Stabilizes  wrist  and  elbow  ! Minimizes  pronation/supination    ! Minimizes  flex/extend  wrist  !  Limits  elbow  motion  !  Start/stop  just  shy  of  MCP  joints  !  Flush  with  elbow  !  Reverse  sugar  tong    !     

Colles  fx  

Smith  fx  

!  Aka  Colles  fx  if  angulated  with  apex  volarly  (aka  displaced  fragment  is  dorsal)  

!  Aka  Smith  fx  if  angulated  with  apex  dorsally  (aka  displaced  fragment  is  volar)  

!  FOOSH  injury…wrist  position  !  Common  in  kids  and  middle  aged-­‐older  population  !  Imaging  of  choice:  AP&L  XRAY  !  *Need  for  reduction  likely  !  Discuss/refer  to  ortho  for  significant  displacement  !  Double  sugar  tong  splint  followed  by  long/short  arm  

cast  

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!  Ideal  for  displaced  distal  radial/ulnar  fractures  !  Ideal  for  elbow  fractures  ! Minimizes  flexion/extension  at  elbow/wrist  ! Minimizes  supination/pronation  of  forearm  !  Transition  to  long  arm  cast  !  Can  use  long  arm  posterior  splint  

!  Vitamin  C  shown  to  reduce  development  of  complex  regional  pain  syndrome  following  wrist  fractures  in  elderly  

!  Doses  of  500  mg+  for  50  days  following  fx  !  Reduced  by  over  50%  !  NNT  13  !  Consider  possible  side  effects  of  high  vitamin  C  !  Kidney  stones  !  Diarrhea  !  Drug  interactions  (chemotherapeutics)  !  Caution  in  renal  failure  

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!  Most  common  elbow  fx  in  adults  !  FOOSH  injury  !  *Note  ROM  !  Imaging  of  choice:  AP&L  with  radial  head  view  !  Type  I  and  stable  Type  II  fx  treated  with  early  ROM  

!  Sling  for  comfort  PRN  !  Need  20-­‐140  degrees  of  flexion  and  70  degrees  of  supination/pronation  

!  Follow  clinically  

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! Most  common  fracture  in  kids  !  Imaging  of  choice:  AP  &  L  elbow  films  !  Consider  humerus  and  forearm  !  Splint:  Double  sugar  tong  or  long  arm  posterior  

!  Cast:  Long  arm  !  Immobilize  4-­‐6  weeks    !  Refer  for  displaced  fractures  

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!  Common  in  inversion  ankle  sprain  !  Isolated  lateral  or  medial  malleolar  fx  ok  to  tx  !  Imaging  of  choice:  standing  AP&L,  mortise  view  

!  Rule  out  multiple  fx  and  unstable  ankle  !  Splint/Cast  of  choice:  CAM  walking  boot,  posterior  splint,  stirrup  splint,  short  leg  walking  cast  

!  Keep  ankle  in  90  degrees  !  Cut  slit  in  stockinette  over  anterior  ankle  !  Apply  extra  padding  over  heel,  malleoli  (non  circumferential)  

!  Apply  extra  layers  to  heel  and  forefoot  for  walking  cast  

!  Don’t  compress  proximal  fibular  head  !  Cut  cast  around  toes,  expose  MTP  joints  

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!  Steady  hand  with  index  finger  or  thumb  on  cast  

!  Use  multiple  short  cuts  !  Don’t  leave  in  same  place  too  long  (seconds)  !  Push  down  until  feel  “give”