March 7, 2011• Chapter 3 Quiz tomorrow – key ideas and

vocabulary! Outline is due!! • We will review our exams tomorrow – lots of

kids need to take it today.

• Create your own food web ~ – Terrestrial towards the door. – Aquatic towards the prep room. – Who eats who? Set it up and once finished connect

yourselves with string…

Chapter 3 The Biosphere What is Ecology?

Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

The biosphere is the area around planet earth where life exists. It extends from 8 km. in the atmosphere to 11 km.

below the surface of the ocean.

Levels of Organization 1. species-a group of organisms so similar to each other that they can breed and produce fertile offspring 2. populations-groups of individuals of the same species that live in in a given area 3. communities-all the different populations that live in a defined area 4. ecosystem-all the communities in a given area together with the physical environment 5. biome-a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities

Species

Populations

Communities

Ecosystem

Biome – ex: Tundra

BIOSPHERE – ALL PARTS OF THE EARTH WHERE

LIFE EXISTS INCLUDING LAND, WATER AND AIR

ATMOSPHERE

LITHOSPHERE

HYDROSPHERE

Ecological Methods: Observing

Ecological Methods: Observing

Ecological Methods:

Experimenting

Ecological Methods: Modeling

Make models:-math formulas

-data testedby further obs.

March 8, 2011• Review exam – page by page!

– Retest tutorial – Wed AM with Coach Schroeder

Wed PM with Coach Fall– Retest – Thursday AM with Coach Schroeder

Thursday PM with Coach Fall– Let me know if you need a pass!

• Warm Up: What are the levels of biosphere organization from smallest to largest?

• Chapter 3 Quiz!

ENERGY FLOW

The main source of energy for all life

on earth is the sun, but less

than 1% is used by living things

II. Energy Flow A. Producers or Autotrophs-use energy from the

environment to assemble simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules

**make their own food!1. photosynthesis-process through which plants and algae take light energy to power chemical reactions that convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and energy-rich carbohydrates 2. chemosynthesis-process through which some bacteria break down inorganic molecules releasing energy that they use to make energy- rich carbohydrates

Capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food.

Use energy from the environment to fuel the assembly of inorganic compounds into organic molecules

PRODUCERS/AUTOTROPHS

(Includes plants, some algae, & some bacteria)

Autotrophs-producers-photosynthesis

Autotrophs-producers-chemosynthesis: bacteria at a deep sea vent

B. Consumers or Heterotrophs-cannot harness

energy from the environment; must get their energy from other organisms

1. herbivores - eat only plants2. carnivores - eat only animals3. omnivores - eat both plants and animals4. detritivores – eat dead matter and recycle

them to the soil 5. decomposers – break down organic matter

CONSUMERS/HETEROTROPHSGET ENERGY FROM OTHER ORGANISMS

HERBIVORES CARNIVORES OMNIVORES

EAT PLANTS EAT ANIMALS EAT BOTH

DETRITIVORES: EAT DEAD MATTER

DECOMPOSERS - BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER

EX. BACTERIA AND FUNGI

CONSUMERS (CONTINUED)

1. Chemosynthesis a. Autotroph2. Herbivore b. Takes in food from

other sources3. Producer c. Consumes plants4. Consumer d. Group of organisms

that produce fertile offspring

5. Photosynthesis e. Consumes plants or animals6. Population f. Living and nonliving things

in an area7. Species g. Group of organisms of

same kind in an area8. Omnivore h. Produce food

(organic compounds) from inorganic chemicals

9. Ecosystem i. Living and nonliving things in earth

10. Biosphere j. Producer that uses sun’s energy to make organic compounds

March 9, 2011

• You will get your quizzes back on Friday. We will review them then.

• Warm Up: – What is the difference between a food chain

and a food web? – What is a trophic level? – Describe the flow of energy through 3 trophic

levels.

C. Feeding Relationships

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs and then to heterotrophs. 1. food chains-a series of steps in which organisms

transfer energy by eating and being eaten*1 PATH*

2. food web-a graphic representation of all the food chains in a given environment

*MULTIPLE PATHS*

trophic levels-each step in a food chain or web Primary Secondary Tertiary

TROPHIC LEVELS

Steps in food chain;1st trophic level is producer;2nd and up are consumers

EN

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DEC

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TH

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FOOD CHAIN EXAMPLES

Food Web

“The greater number of alternative channels through which energy can flow, the greater

the stability of the food web and the ecosystem.”

Name a 1st order consumer, 2nd order consumer, producer, decomposer, top level consumer, autotroph, heterotroph, primary consumer, secondary consumer

from the food web above.

March 21, 2011• Welcome back…hope you had a great week!

• Review Food Web Packets!

• Notes on Different Pyramids.

• Notes on Cycles.

• Cycles of Matter Handout.

D. Ecological Pyramids- a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or web 1. Energy pyramid-

Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level

**Rest is given off as heat!!!**

2. Biomass pyramidbiomass-the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

3. Pyramid of numbers- shows relative number of individual organisms at each tropic level

ENERGY PYRAMIDS

SHOWS AMOUNT OF ENERGY OR MATTERWITHIN EACH TROPHIC LEVEL

Pyramid of NumbersShows the relativenumber of individualorganisms at eachtrophic level.

Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.

Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.

Only about 10% of available energytransfers to the next level

If we startwith 4000caloriesof foodenergy atthe base,how muchis availablefor the man?

How much would he lose as heat and use for body processes?

ENERGY PYRAMID

Pyramid of Numbers

When would a pyramid of numbersnot appear as a pyramid?

BIOMASS PYRAMID

Which word doesn’t belong?

1st order consumerHerbivore1st trophic levelHeterotroph

ProducerAutotrophPhotosynthesisChemiosmosis

HerbivoreConsumerChemosynthesisHeterotroph

CarnivoreHerbivoreOmnivoreDecomposer

Cycles of Matter

• Unlike energy flowing in one direction, matter cycles!

• Biogeochemical cycles• Systems do not use up matter, they

transform it• The same molecules are passed around

again and again in the biosphere.– Could we be breathing in the same air the

dinosaurs did????

The Water Cycle

CondensationCondensation

Nutrient Cycles

• Nutrients: all chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life.

• Passed between organisms and environment

Carbon Cycle• Four main process move carbon through

its cycle:1. Biological process- photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition2. Geochemical process- erosion and volcanic activity3. Mixed biogeochemical- burial and decomposition of dead organisms converted into fossil fuels4. Human activities- mining, cutting and burning forests and burning fossil fuels

CO2 inAtmosphere

CO2 in Ocean

CARBON CYCLE

Nitrogen Cycle• Organisms require nitrogen for AA.• Most abundant: nitrogen gas or N2 - 78% of atmosphere• Ammonia, nitrate and nitrite ions are found in waste products

– Also found in ocean and large water bodies• Human activity adds nitrogen as nitrate due to fertilizers

• Nitrogen fixation – bacteria covert nitrogen gas into ammonia Nitrates/nitrites producers use these to make proteins!!

• Denitrification – When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia – taken in by producers. Soil bacteria convert nitrates nitrogen gas, releasing nitrogen back into the atmosphere!!!

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

NITROGEN CYCLE

Phosphorus Cycle

• Essential because part of DNA and RNA• Not very common in the atmosphere• Remains mostly on land in rock and soil

minerals, and in ocean sediments as inorganic phosphate.

• When rocks and sediments wear down, phosphate is released.

• On land, some of the phosphate washes into rivers and streams where it dissolves.

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Nutrient Limitation

• Primary Productivity: rate at which organic matter is created by producers

• Factors: amount of nutrients available• Limiting Nutrient: single nutrient that limits

ecosystem because is scarce or slowly cycles– Nitrogen in oceanic environments– Phosphorus in freshwater environments

• Ex. Farmers use fertilizers– Algal bloom