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2014

EuFMD

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report – MARCH 2014

Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation March, 2014

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Monthly Report

March 2014

Guest editor : Wilna Vosloo, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australia

I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)

FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)

Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page.

Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and

country status.

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Contents

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4

II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................................................................................................................... 6

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 7

A. POOL 1 – Central /East Asia .............................................................................................................. 7

B. POOL 2 – South Asia ........................................................................................................................ 10

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East ............................................................................................ 11

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa .................................................................................................................. 13

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa ....................................................................................................... 14

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA .......................................................................................................... 16

G. POOL 7 – South America ................................................................................................................. 17

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts ................................................................................................................. 19

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Guest Editor’s Comment:

Although the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemiology has remained stable over the last few months in a number of pools, there are areas of concern that continue to emphasize the need for sustained surveillance. Underreporting as well as lack of genotyping results of current FMD outbreaks limits efforts to trace the spread of viruses within and across virus pools. This information is crucial when planning control strategies and could assist with efforts to manage FMD within and between regions. Of concern is the spread of the O India 2001d lineage from Pool 2 into the Middle-East and North Africa while there has been a resurgence of O PanAsia recently after a decade of near absence. In addition, untyped outbreaks on the borders of Pool 1 need further investigation to ensure these are not new introductions from other pools. Furthermore, information regarding the recent reports of outbreaks due to SAT 2 in Egypt is needed to determine whether these outbreaks are due to ongoing circulation since 2012, or a new introduction into the region.

The serotype O outbreaks in Korea (DPR) are continuing in pigs and cattle with no apparent further analyses of the viruses. Genotyping and antigenic matching results would be useful to determine if current vaccines used in the region would be efficacious and would assist neighboring countries in their emergency response plans. Other countries in Pool 1, such as Vietnam (serotype O) and Malaysia (untyped), also reported outbreaks during the last month.

India, in Pool 2, reported outbreaks of serotype O during March 2014, whilst the Anatolia region in Turkey (Pool 3) reported outbreaks of O, A and Asia 1.

Africa has 3 virus pools with overlapping distribution. In Pool 4, Kenya has reported recent outbreaks of O, SAT 1 and SAT 2, but no genetic data have been submitted to determine the relationships with previously reported outbreaks in the region. In West Africa (Pool 5), Guinea described suspect outbreaks of FMD in cattle, close to the border with Mali. Although these cases have not been confirmed by laboratory analysis, previous reports of serotype O outbreaks in West Africa may indicate the further spread of this serotype in the region. Cameroon has started a vaccination campaign during March 2014 following outbreaks of O, A and SAT 2. South Africa (Pool 6) reported 2 outbreaks of SAT 2 in their control zone during March 2014; therefore the disease does not affect their trading status. The first outbreak of SAT 2 in this region was reported in August 2013 and data on the genetic relationships between these outbreaks would clarify whether this is an ongoing situation or whether new introductions have occurred.

The last outbreaks in South America, constituting Pool 7, were in 2011 and this region has now been free of FMD outbreaks for 27 months. Outbreaks due to serotype C anywhere in the world were last reported 114 months ago.

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I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in 2011-2013 (Map 1) Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1).

Map 1: Distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus pools, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)

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Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period 2010 – 2014

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES

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CENTRAL/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam

O, A, Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1

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WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

O, A, Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2

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WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

{O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3

7 SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O, A

* ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-OVER FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years.

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II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1 Korea (DPR) New FMD outbreaks, FMDV serotypes O, in pigs and cattle, in P’Yongyang-Si and Kangwon-Do; Malaysia A new outbreak of FMD was reported in Kelaboran, Tumpat, Kelatan region; Vietnam Three new FMDV serotype O outbreaks in Nam Lau, Thuan Chau, Son La region. POOL 2 India FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia-1 have been detected.

POOL 3 Turkey FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1 reported in Anatolia. POOL 4 Kenya FMDV Serotypes O, SAT 1 and SAT 2 have been detected. POOL 5 Guinea Two suspected FMD outbreaks in cattle were reported in Tindila and Dabaseridou village, Mandiana prefecture; Cameroon FMDV Serotypes SAT 2, O and A were detected during laboratory testing at the national FMD Laboratory, LANAVET. POOL 6 South Africa - Two FMDV serotype SAT 2 outbreaks were reported in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga. COUNTER *** 27 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 114 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED

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III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS

A. POOL 1 – Central /East Asia Korea (Dem. People's Rep.)1,5,12: North Korea first reported outbreaks of FMD in pigs to the OIE in February 2014 with the first case noted as 8 January 2014. These outbreaks have subsequently spread to cattle. According to the March 2014 disease notification report sent to OIE, 14 outbreaks occurred between 16 and 24 January 2014 in the villages of Sunan (1), Ryokpo (1), Rakrang (1), all located in P’Yongyang-Si,as well as Junghwa (1) and Kangnam (10 outbreaks), located in Hwanghae-Bukto (Map 2). The number of pigs presenting clinical signs was 1 688 out of 15 489 with 144 deaths. The national laboratory confirmed the disease on 10 and 12 January 2014 by PCR, ELISA and VNT. In the second report submitted at the beginning of April 2014, the clinical disease was reported in cattle in one farm in a remote mountainous region in southern Kangwon province, Jongdong, Cholwon County, near the border with South Korea (Map 3). FMDV involved in the outbreaks appears to be serotype O, but this is still not confirmed by an OIE/FAO reference laboratory, and in addition, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have yet to be performed. FAO officials visited the Democratic People's Republic of Korea after its’ Chief Veterinary Officer requested emergency assistance to improve his staff's ability to diagnose and control the disease. The FAO advised North Korea on basic control measures, including disinfecting farms and limiting people's movement to prevent spread of the disease to other farms, and is now preparing to provide training on farm biosecurity, field and laboratory equipment and animal handling and collection of samples. Map 2. FMD type O outbreaks in P’Yongyang-Si, Korea, 24 March 2014 (WAHID-OIE)

Map 3. FMD type O outbreaks in Kangwon –Do, Korea, 2 April 2014 (WAHID-OIE)

Vietnam4: On 1 March 2014, 3 FMDV serotype O outbreaks were reported in the villages Nam Lau, Chieng Ly and Phong Lai, from Thuan Chan, Son La region (Map 4). The affected species included buffaloes (89 affected out of 2871 susceptible, with 5 deaths), swine (44 affected, 20 deaths out of 4921 susceptible) and 15 goats out of 117 susceptible. The current control measures include movement control inside the country, disinfection of infected premises and quarantine.

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Map 4. Location of three new FMD outbreaks in Son La region, 1 March 2014 (SEAFMD)

Malaysia4: On 6 March 2014 a new outbreak of FMD was reported on a farm from Kelaboran, Tumpat in Kelatan region (Map 5). The source of infection is contact with infected animals at grazing/watering points. The measures taken in the outbreak were disinfection of the premises and quarantine. No other information was available. Map 5. FMD outbreak (arrow) in Kelaboran, Tumpat in Kelatan region, 6 March 2014 (SEAFMD)

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Map 6: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, 2010 – 2013 (EuFMD)

Table 2: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, 2011 – 2014

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 – 2014

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

Cambodia NOT TYPED Oct 2012/O China (People's Rep. of) A, O Sep 2013/A China (Hong Kong, Sar) O Nov 2012/O China (Taiwan Province) O Jun 2013/O Japan NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Jul 2010/O Korea (DPR) 2014 - O Mar 2014/O Korea (Rep. of) 2011 - O Apr 2011/O Laos PDR O Mar 2013/O

Malaysia O, A

2013 - NOT TYPED Jan 2013/not typed

Mongolia 2012 - O Sep 2013/A Myanmar 2011 - O Feb 2012/O

Russian Federation 2011 – 2012 - O

2014 - A Feb 2014/A

Thailand O, A Oct 2012/A, O

Vietnam 2011 - O 2012 - A, O

2013 - A

Apr 2013/A

Feb 2014/O

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B. POOL 2 – South Asia

India2,7: The PD-FMD at Mukteswar (FMD Reference laboratory for South Asia) serves this region and during March 2014 it reported FMDV serotype O. No samples were genotyped, but 10 field isolates of serotype O were subjected to vaccine matching tests. In the same period of time 39,217 serum samples from cattle, buffalo and sheep were tested for FMDV antibodies. FMD history for the past three years is given in Map 7 and Table 3. Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)


COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 – 2014 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

Bangladesh 2011 - O, A, Asia 1 Not available

Bhutan 2011, 2012 - O Nov 2012/O

India O, A, Asia 1 Sep 2013/ Asia 1 , Mar 2014/ O

Nepal O, A, Asia 1

Mar 2013/O

Sri Lanka O 2012/O

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C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East

Turkey2,8: In March 2014, the WELNET FMD laboratory tested 48 samples collected from Anatolia’s outbreaks. Methods used for testing were Multiplex Real Time RT PCR and Ag detection ELISA. The distribution of the outbreaks by serotype is as follows:

Serotype Nb of samples O 16 A 17 Asia 1 3 Negative 12

In total 865 serum samples were tested for antibodies to FMDV by different kinds of Ab detection ELISAs: -217 samples by NSP ELISA for Risk based THRACE surveillance programme; -13 samples by NSP ELISA for sera originating from an outbreak; -13 samples for serotyping by SP antibody ELISA; -136 samples for vaccine potency trial by SP ELISA; -486 samples for vaccine monitoring. Şap Institute genotyped 10 virus isolates, four belonging to serotype A and 6 serotype O. The vaccine matching tests revealed that the serotype A Iran05/ATur06 vaccine was poorly matched with the circulating serotype A isolates. The conclusion is that the ATur06 vaccine strain should be replaced by ATur11 (A Iran05/SIS10).

FMD history in Pool 3 for the past 3 years is given in Table 4 and Map 8.

Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)

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COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 – 2014


Afghanistan 2011 - O, A, Asia 1 Dec 2011 Armenia NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Not available Azerbaijan NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Jun 2001

Bahrain 2011 - O, A, Asia 1 2012 - O Mar 2012/O

Bulgaria 2011 - O Apr 2011/O

Egypt A, O

2012 - O, A, SAT 2 Jun 2012/SAT2

Georgia NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 2002

Iran O, A, Asia 1 Sep 2013/O, A, Jun 2013/Asia 1

Iraq O,A 2012/A Israel O Nov 2013/Mar 2012/O Jordan NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 2006 Kazakhstan O, A Jun 2013/ A Kuwait O Feb 2012/O Kyrgyzstan 2011 - O, A Nov 2011/O, A Lebanon NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 03/2010 Libya 2011 - O; 2012 - O, SAT 2 Oct 2013/O

Oman NO DATA AVAILABLE Dec 2011

Pakistan O, A, Asia 1 Nov 2012/O, Asia 1, Nov 2013/ A

Autonomous Territories Palestine 2011 - O, A, Asia 1 2012 - SAT 2; 2013 - A

Mar 2013/A

Nov 2013/O

Qatar, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Saudi Arabia O Nov 2013/O Syrian Arab Republic, 2011 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Mar/2002 Tajikistan, 2011 2011 - Asia 1 Nov 2011/Asia 1 Turkey Asia 1, A, O Mar 2014/O, A, Asia 1

Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

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D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa

Kenya2,9: The national Foot-and-mouth Disease Laboratory in Embakasi found FMDV serotype O in 12 samples and serotypes SAT 1 and SAT 2 in one sample each during March 2014. The lab also tests samples for FMDV antibodies in post vaccination monitoring.

Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa. 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)

East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but current data are limited (Map 9).


COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 2014


Burundi O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013 / not available Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Congo d. R. O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Djibouti NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Egypt 2011 - A, O

2012 - A, O SAT 2 Jun 2012/SAT 2

Eritrea O Dec 2011/O Ethiopia A, SAT 1, O 2012/O Kenya 2011 - O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/A, October 2013/O, SAT2, SAT1

Libya 2011 - O

2012 - O, SAT 2 O, Oct 2013/Apr 2012

Rwanda

ABSENT

NOT TYPED Nov 2012/not typed

Somalia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Sudan A, O 2013/O, SAT2 South Sudan O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A 2011

Tanzania 2011 - SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), O, SAT3

2012 - A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2

Mar 2013/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2

Uganda O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT3 2013/A, SAT2 Yemen NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

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E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa

Guinea1, 5, 12: Two FMD suspected outbreaks in cattle were reported in Tindila village, Saladou, and Dabaseridou village, Waili et Bogoula, Saladou, both in Mandiana prefecture of Guinea (Map 10). In these outbreaks, 65 cattle were affected of which 7 died, out of a total of 335 susceptible cattle. The serotype is currently unknown. The source of infection is believed to be contact with infected animals at grazing/watering location. Control measures taken were quarantine and movement control. Vaccination is not applied. The last reported FMD outbreak in Guinea was in 2006. Sierra Leone reported FMDV serotype O outbreaks to the OIE for Jan to Dec 2013 and Mali reported FMDV serotype O outbreaks in their Jan to Jun 2013 report. Côte d’Ivoire last reported FMD as occurring in Jan to Jun 2013 in Bouafle and Yamoussoukro (both located in the centre of the country). There is no information about FMD outbreaks in Liberia in that period. Map 10 The outbreaks in Tindila village and Dabaseridou village in Guinea, 18 March 2014 (WAHID-OIE)

Cameroon 2,10: Cameroon officially launched vaccination against FMD on 18 March 2014. There is an intention to perform vaccine matching and post vaccination monitoring. Samples submitted from outbreaks and tested by LANAVET during March 2014 detected antigen for serotypes SAT2, A and O. Foot and mouth disease is endemic in West Africa. The FMDV topotypes presented in the region are given in Map 11.

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Map 11: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)


Country Fmd history

Fmdv serotypes, reported to oie in 2011 – 2014

Last outbreak reported/serotype

Benin 2011 - A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Dec 2011/O, A SAT 1, SAT 2 Burkina Faso O, A, SAT 2 2013/ not available Cameroon 2011 - O, A, SAT 2 2013/O, SAT 1, SAT 2; Mar 2014/O,A, SAT 2 Cape Verde No data available Not available Central Afr. Rep. No data available Not available Chad 2011, 2012 - A, SAT 1 Not available Congo D. R. 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Congo R. No data available Not available Cote D'Ívoire, 2011 2011 - SAT 1, A, O, SAT 2 2011 Equatorial Guinea, 2011 No data available Not available

Gabon, 2011 No data available Not available Gambia O, A, SAT 2 2012/O Ghana O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2013/not available Guinea Biss. No data available No data available Guinea No data available No data available Liberia A, SAT 2 2011/2012, no precise data Mali O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2011/2012, no precise data Mauritania No data available Not available Niger O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2013/not available Nigeria O, A, SAT 1; SAT 2 2013/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Sao Tome Principe No data available Not available Senegal O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 2012/O, A, SAT 1 Sierra Leone No data available Oct 1958 Togo O, SAT 1 2012/O

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F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA

South Africa1: Two new outbreaks of serotype SAT 2 were confirmed in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa (Map 12) with clinical disease reported in 37 cattle. The outbreaks occurred within South Africa’s FMD protection zone in a region where vaccination for FMD is done by the State Veterinary Services. The source of infection is putatively contact with wild species. The measures applied in the outbreak were control of wildlife reservoirs, quarantine, movement control inside the country and zoning. Map 12: Location of two new outbreaks in South Africa, 12 March 2014 (WAHID-OIE)

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia which is FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively (Map 13).

FMD history for the past 3 years for southern Africa is given in Table 7.

Map 13: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for southern Africa, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)

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COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 – 2014


Angola NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Dec 2010/ SAT 2 Botswana SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 Apr 2013 Congo D. R. O, A, SAT 1 2011/2012, NO PRECISE DATA Malawi 2011 - SAT 2 Oct 2011 Mozambique 2011 - SAT 2 Jun 2011/SAT 2 Namibia SAT 1 Aug 2013/ NOT AVAILABLE South Africa SAT 1, SAT 2 Aug 2013/SAT 1; MARCH 2014 SAT 2

Zambia SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1 , SAT 2

Zimbabwe SAT 2

Aug 2013/NOT AVAILABLE Jun 2013/SAT 3

G. POOL 7 – South America No new outbreaks have been reported for this period. Most South American countries are FMD free with (Uruguay) or without (Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru). Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 14).

The FMD history in past three years is given in Table 8.

Map 14: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for South America, 2011 – 2013 (EuFMD)

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COUNTRY FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2011 2014


Ecuador O Aug 2011/O

Paraguay O Dec 2011/O

Venezuela O, A 2011/O, A

History was made during 2012, the first year without reported FMD outbreaks in 50 years in the Andean region. According to official reports submitted to the OIE, in 2012 Peru accomplished more than eight years without FMD, Bolivia and Colombia 4 and 6 years, respectively1. Argentina has not had an FMD outbreak since February 200611.

IV. OTHER NEWS: Peru6: Start of the next program of compulsory FMD vaccination in cattle The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MINAGRI) of Peru, through the National Agrarian Health Service (SENASA), established 1 April 2014 as the start of the next program of compulsory vaccination against FMD in cattle in various areas. The first phase of this vaccination campaign will run until 30 June 2014, while the second phase will take place from 15 October to 31 December, 2014. Brazil6: International recognition as a zone free of FMD Members of the World Organization for Animal Health Scientific Committee confirmed the recommendation for international recognition of Maranhão as FMD free zone with vaccination. The recommendation was made by the auditors of the committee who were in Maranhão, on 19 February 2014 to assess whether the state was able to receive the international classification. The recommendation also applies to the states of Alagoas, CE, Paraíba, Pernambuco, PI, Rio Grande do Norte and northern region of the state of Pará and will be evaluated during the 82nd General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE, scheduled for May 2014.

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V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

1. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 4. SEAFMD, http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd 5. ProMed, (http://www.promedmail.org) 6. FMD news http://cadms.ucdavis.edu/news.html 7. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) 8. WELLNET Laboratory, Sap Institute, Turkey (Dr Naci Bulut) 9. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya (Dr Abraham Sangula) 10. LANAVET-Garoua, Cameroon (Dr Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 11. SENASA, Argentina 12. FAO EMPRES-AH, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/home.asp

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http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home

http://www.wrlfmd.org/

http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd

http://www.promedmail.org/

http://cadms.ucdavis.edu/news.html

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