march 2005 theme group 2 theme group 2 experimental physics: testing and measuring fundamental...

March 2005Theme Group 2

Theme Group 2 Theme Group 2 Experimental Physics: Experimental Physics:

Testing and Measuring Fundamental ProcessesTesting and Measuring Fundamental Processes

Six research areas: particle physics, particle astrophysics,

cosmic rays, nuclei, gravity and quantum electronics


Theme Group 2 – Experiment - OverviewTheme Group 2 – Experiment - Overview

• Experimental High Energy Physics (6 teaching faculty)– Hadron Collider Physics

• D0 at Fermilab: Hadron Collider Physics with Tevatron• CMS at the CERN: Hadron Collider Physics with LHC

– B Physics• BaBar at SLAC: B Physics with PEP II e+e- collider

• Experimental Nuclear Physics (4 teaching faculty)– QCD structure of nucleons/light nuclei

• Parity violation at Jefferson Lab (G0)• nucleon form factors (elastic, transition, in medium)• Hypernuclei


Theme Group 2 – Experiment (cont)Theme Group 2 – Experiment (cont)

• Particle Astrophysics (3 teaching faculty)– Milagro – Gamma Ray Astronomy at Los Alamos– IceCube – Neutrino Astronomy at the South Pole

• Cosmic Ray Physics (1 teaching faculty)– CREAM – Balloon borne calorimeter measuring CR composition– ATIC (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter) Balloon Experiment– BESS (Balloon borne Experiment with solenoid Spectrometer)– AMS (Alpha Magnet Spectrometer) on the Int. Space Station

• Experimental Gravity (1 teaching faculty)– Sub-millimeter test of the inverse-square law– Gravitational wave experiment

• Quantum Electronics (1 teaching faculty)– Fundamental Experiments with Lasers and Atomic Clocks– Theoretical Investigations of Curved Spacetime Gravitation


High Energy Physics (HEP)High Energy Physics (HEP)

• Experimental Particle Physics (High Energy Physics)– B Physics

• BaBar at SLAC

– CP Violation in B sector

– Measurements of the CKM matrix elements

– Search for Physics beyond the SM using rare decays

– Hadron Collider Physics

• D0 at Fermilab:

– Top quark

– W and Z mass and width

– QCD and Substructure, SUSY, Extra Dimensions

• CMS at the LHC

– Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: the Higgs sector

– SUSY

– Extra Dimensions or Substructure or Mini Black Holes


High Energy Physics: PersonnelHigh Energy Physics: Personnel

• Faculty– Drew Baden – Professor (DZero, CMS) (Fellow APS/DPF)

– Sarah Eno – Associate Professor (DZero, CMS)

– Nick Hadley – Professor (DZero, CMS) (Fellow APS/DPF)

– Hassan Jawahery – Professor (BaBar) (Fellow APS/DPF)

– Doug Roberts – Associate Professor (BaBar)

– Andris Skuja– Professor (CMS, OPAL) (Fellow APS/DPF)

– Chung Y. Chang – Professor Emeritus (OPAL) (Fellow APS/DPF)

– Richard Kellogg – Senior Research Scientist (CMS, OPAL)

– Shuichi Kunori – Associate Research Scientist (DZero, CMS)


High Energy Physics PersonnelHigh Energy Physics Personnel

• Post-Docs (7)– Chunhui Chen (BaBar)

– Wouter Hulsbergen (BaBar)

– Jeremy Mans (DZero, CMS)

– Michiel Sanders (DZero, CMS)

– Gabriele Simi (BaBar)– Terry Toole (DZero)

– Marco Vercochi (DZero)

• Graduate Students (7)– 3 BaBar Students– 4 DZero Students


High Energy Physics – Personnel (cont)High Energy Physics – Personnel (cont)

• Other Staff– 1½ Electronics Engineers– 1½ Administrative Assistants

• Faculty History– Skuja – 1976 (E398, E253, E665, PLUTO, OPAL, SDC, CMS)– Jawahery – 1987 (CLEO 1.5, OPAL, BABAR)– Hadley – 1988 (DZero, SDC, CMS)– Baden – 1989 (DZero, SDC, CMS)– Eno – 1993 (DZero, CMS)– Roberts – 1997 (BABAR)


BaBar Experiment at SLACBaBar Experiment at SLAC• Maryland group is one of the

founding Institutions of BaBar (1993)

• Faculty: Jawahery and Roberts• Primary goals: Study CP violation

in B decays; Test the Standard Model Mechanism for CP violation(The CKM Matrix) and Search for Physics Beyond the SM

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BaBar Experiment at SLAC (cont)BaBar Experiment at SLAC (cont)

Group leadership on the BaBar Detector: Tracking• Co-system manager of Silicon Vertex Tracker

• Co-leader of Silicon Alignment Calibration effort

• Coordinator of BaBar Detector Control System & Drift Chamber Controls

• Coordinator of the BaBar track reconstruction software System

• Coordinator of the BaBar Vertex reconstruction Software


BaBar Experiment at SLAC (cont)BaBar Experiment at SLAC (cont)

Group leadership on Physics:• Physics Analysis Coordinator of the experiment

2001-2002

• Convener of Hadronic Beauty and Charm decays (2000-2001)

• Leading group in measurements of CKM phase alpha and direct CP violation from 2-body charmless B decays (Test of CKM Unitarity)

• Leading group in measurement of CP violation effects in B decays in double charm final states (Search for deviation from SM)

• Leading group in measurements of Time-Dependent CP violation in Radiative B decays b->s (Search for deviation from SM)

• Elected member of BaBar Executive Board– One of three from US universities


HEP - Dzero Experiment at FermilabHEP - Dzero Experiment at Fermilab

• Maryland group joined in 1985• Baden, Eno, Hadley, Kunori• Tevatron is the world’s current

highest energy machine• Group tradition of leadership

– First physics paper– New phenomena physics

group co-leader twice– Top physics group co-leader

at time of discovery– Overall Physics Convenor– Co-head of Monte Carlo group– Co-head of Computing and

Software (twice)– Co-head of electroweak

physics group– Electronics/trigger hardware


HEP - Dzero Experiment at Fermilab (cont)HEP - Dzero Experiment at Fermilab (cont)

• Group leadership (cont)– SUSY searches

– Triggermeister (twice)

– Institutional Board chair

• Current Projects– W Mass and Width

• Key measurement

– Z Rapidity

– MC co-leader

• Gradual shift to CMS and LHC


HEP - CMS at the LHCHEP - CMS at the LHC

• Maryland Group joined CMS in 1994

• Leadership role in CMS Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) Construction Installation and Commissioning– CMS HCAL Institutional Board Chair (Skuja)– US Project Manager of HCAL Construction and M&O (Skuja)– Engineering Design of HCAL Barrel (Skuja + engineers)– Design, Construction and Commissioning of Trigger/DAQ

Electronics (Baden)– CERN Installation and Commissioning (Kellogg)

• Physics of Jets and Missing Transverse Energy– Head of Jets/Mets PRS group (2000 to 2003) (Eno)– Head of LHC Physics Center at FNAL (Eno)

• CMS Computing– HCAL/CMS Data Base project (Kunori)


HEP - CMS HBHEP - CMS HBProf. Skuja is US HCAL Project Manager

Both HCAL half-barrels are complete and in their alcove positions at the CMS surface hall (SX5).

Electronics is being installed on the detector.

After a burn-in period, integration operations will begin and continue until the CMS magnet test at the end of 2005.

The Calorimeter will be lowered into UX5 in mid 2006.


HEP – CMS/HCAL ElectronicsHEP – CMS/HCAL Electronics

• Everything after digitization and before raw data collection and triggering• Primary functions:

– Receiver cards for serial fiber input and deserialization– Maintain 40MHz data pipeline– Transmit to Level 1 Trigger system for decision– Concentrate accepted events– Monitoring system status, errors, etc.– Deliver luminosity calculation

• To LHC machine for beam tuning• For physics analysis (sensitivity)

Level 1Trigger

CMS Hadron

Calorimeter

Analog Signals Digitize

Fibers Trigger/DAQCPU FarmPCI


High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics• Awards and Recognition (in addition to positions on experiments)

– Baden• APS Fellow 2005• SSC Fellowship 1991• Associate Chair for Facilities and Personnel 1999-present

– Eno• DOE Outstanding Junior Investigator Award (OJI) 1994-1999• Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields APS 2005-present

– Hadley• APS Fellow 1997• Secretary-Treasurer of the Division of Particles and Fields of APS 2001-2003• Served as member Program Advisory Committees BNL, Cornell, Fnal• Chair, Fermilab Users Executive Committee 1994-1995

– Jawahery• APS Fellow 2005• Associate Editor of Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science• Member: Particle Data Group (B Physics)

– Roberts• Associate Chair for Undergraduate Education 2004-present

– Skuja• APS Fellow 1998


High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics

• Funding– DOE Group grant, $1.5M/year

– CMS funding for both construction and M&O (maintenance and operations) $2.2M over last 3 years, one-time construction funding

• Limiting Issues– Lack of University funded support for well-established mainstream

groups

• No matching resources for CMS Tier2 proposal

• Difficult to start new efforts due to lack of suitable infrastructure

– Quality/Quantity of space

• Computing space is limited

• Post-doc, Grad Student & Visitor space is tight

• Department sequestered 1100 sq.ft. of lab space from HEP

– Puts limits on immediate new initiatives


High Energy PhysicsHigh Energy Physics

• Collaborations– Babar

• 600 Physicists• SLAC

– DZero Collaboration • 600 Physicists• Fermilab

– CMS• Multinational effort of about 1B CHF (20% from US)• 1500 Physicists and Engineers (20% from US)• CERN

– Data taking begins in late 2007


Experimental Nuclear PhysicsExperimental Nuclear Physics

• Faculty (continuing)– Elizabeth Beise – Professor (G0)– James Kelly – Professor (nucleon form factors)

– Herbert Breuer – Associate Research Scientist (G0)

• Faculty (retiring July, 2005)– Chia-Cheh (George) Chang – Professor (hypernuclei)– Philip Roos – Professor (G0)

• Post-Docs– Fatiha Benmokhtar (G0)



• Graduate Students– 2 G0– 1 pion form factor

• Other Staff– 1/2 administrative assistant

• Faculty History– Roos – 1967-2005– Chant – 1972-2002 (now assoc. chair grad prog.)– Chang – 1974-2005– Kelly – 1984– Beise – 1993– Current search for fall 2005


ENP recent students & postdocsENP recent students & postdocsPostdocs (since 95)

F. Duncan (staff SNOLAB)

A. Lung (asst. director, JLab)

M. Jones (JLab staff)

L. Ewell (medical physics)

D. Brown

P. King (postdoc, Illinois)

F. Benmokhtar (current)

PhD students 98-05

R. Mohring (scientist, Millenniumcell)

K. Gustafsson (Finnish Patent Bureau)

D. Spayde (Grinnell College)

N. Savvinov (postdoc, Bern)

current: Tanja Horn, Jianglai Liu, Colleen Ellis

(also supported 3 international students)

Undergraduates (98-05)

D. McGreggor C. Innes

A. Yagi J. Stone

L. Clevenger T. Horn

D. Badiei-Boushehri A. Chen

A. Cortes M.-C. Herda

R. Ott L. West

T. Brandt P. Clore

*A. Parker *K. Kiriluk

*K. Rossato *E. Andrade

* current


Nuclear Physics - Research ProgramNuclear Physics - Research Program

• QCD structure of matter– Polarized electron scattering at JLab– Parity violation + hadron structure– Nucleon Form Factors (elastic, transition)– pion charge distribution– hypernuclei

G0 spectrometerin Hall C at JLab

Neutron polarimeter for GEn


Parity Violation and Strange Quarks (past)Parity Violation and Strange Quarks (past)

• Strange quarks unique window into nucleon’s quark-antiquark sea

• directly accessible through weak interaction, use parity nonconservation

SAMPLE: first measurement of s-quark contribution to proton’s magnetic moment (Spayde, Beise, et al Phys Lett B 2004)

First determination of proton’s anapole structure (e-quark axial couplings)

2

e e pp

5% contribution


Parity Violation and Strange Quarks (present)Parity Violation and Strange Quarks (present)

• G0 Experiment at JLab

• Provide spatial map of s-quark contributions to charge/magnetism over wide Q2 range.

• Phase I completed 2004

• Phase II 2006-8

Roos: deputy spokesperson

Beise: computation mgr, controls for liquid hydrogen target, luminosity det.

Breuer: major role in detector construction and commissioning

Postdocs: leading efforts in DAQ/analysis

grads/undergrads involved in various aspects of construction, R&D


Nucleon Elastic Form FactorsNucleon Elastic Form Factors• Renaissance using polarization

methods– proton charge broader than

magnetization

– first precise data for GEn

– UMd role in GEn @ JLab

• Savvinov: thesis on pol. d

• Kelly: led recoil pol. analysis

• Future Directions– larger Q2, higher resolution

– proton: onset of scaling sensitive to L

– neutron: sensitive to deformation

• Kelly: co-spokesperson for neutron recoil polarization


Nucleon Transition Form FactorsNucleon Transition Form Factors

• Recoil polarization – sensitive to phase between

resonant and nonresonant (dashed) contributions

– angular distribution multipole analysis

– minimal model dependence

Kelly: co-spokesperson, physics analyses



• Funding– current NSF grant: 1.5 M$ for 2002-2005 – pending NSF proposal: 1.7 M$ for 2005-2008

• Future plans– hire assistant professor in new research area, e.g. neutrino

physics, fundamental symmetries, QCD• strong applicant pool!

– complete G0 program

– extend GEn to higher Q2

– transition from JLab to new area (s)


Experimental Nuclear PhysicsExperimental Nuclear Physics• Awards, Recognition, and Science Community Service

– Beise• APS Fellow 2001• Nuclear Science Adv. Comm (NSAC) 1999-2001• DNP committees (Exec., Program, Summer School,…)• NSF Young Investigator Award 1995-99• Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award 1998• APS Centennial Speaker 1998-99• Assoc. Editor Nucl. Phys. A 1999-• Phys. Rev. C Editorial Board 2005-• NSF Program Director for Nuclear Physics, 2004-

– Kelly• J. Robert Oppenheimer Fellowship (1983-4)• LANL PACs

– Roos• APS Fellow 1985• NSAC membership• NSF program director for Nuclear Physics 1993-95• DNP committees• LANL, IUCF PACs



• Limiting Issues– Aging faculty

• Has limited our ability to move to new areas• two retirements imminent; 1 search in progress

– space• protracted recovery from fire/move, impacted our ability to

take on new hardware projects• New laboratory now complete (lost meeting space)

– Shop charges• Hard to compete for big hardware projects


Particle AstrophysicsParticle Astrophysics

• Faculty– Jordan Goodman – Professor (Ice3, Milagro)– Kara Hoffman – Assistant Professor (Ice3)– Greg Sullivan – Associate Professor (Ice3, Milagro)– Andrew Smith – Assistant Research Scientist (Milagro)– Tyce DeYoung – Assistant Research Scientist (Ice3)– Erik Blaufuss - Assistant Research Scientist (Ice3)– Robert Ellsworth – Visiting Professor (GMU) (Ice3, Milagro)– David Berley – Visiting Professor (Ice3, Milagro)

• Post-Docs– Curtis Lansdell (Milagro)– Alex Olivas (Ice3)– Dusan Turcan (Ice3)– TBH (Ice3)



• Graduate Students– 3 IceCube Students (adding a 4th)

– 2 Milagro Students

• Other Staff– 3 software/computer support (2.5 Ice3, .5 Milagro)

– 1 administrative assistant

• Faculty History– Goodman – 1980– Sullivan – 1995– Hoffman – 2004


Particle Astrophysics - Research ProgramParticle Astrophysics - Research Program

• IceCube– Neutrino Astrophysics– Status– Maryland’s role (16 people)

• Milagro– GRBs– Diffuse Sources– Maryland’s role (8 people)

• Super-Kamiokande– Neutrino Oscillations– Phased out in ’03-’04 as Ice3 ramped up



• IceCube– Neutrino Telescope of 1km3 instrumented volume

• Detect neutrinos of 100 GeV – 1021 eV• Astrophysical neutrino sources

– AGN, GRB, Diffuse (Cosmic Ray origins)– WIMP searches, neutrino oscillation studies

– MRE approved and 1st construction season complete• Set up and operated the Hot Water Drill

– Drilled to design (2450m depth)• Deployed first String

– All DOMs functioning and being read out– Planning and production for full construction.


• IceCube (cont’d)– 1st String

– Maryland’s Role• Major role in the scientific and project leadership

– 16 scientific staff (2nd largest), L2 and L3 managers – Responsibilities in Online filtering, Offline software

systems, simulation, reconstruction, deployment …




• Milagro– Gamma Ray Observatory

• All sky ~1 TeV gamma-ray observatory in New Mexico• AGN, GRB flaring TeV sources, extended TeV sources,

Galactic TeV sources

TeV ray

Milagro Pond

• High energy (~1 TeV) gamma-rays interact in the top of the atmosphere

• A shower of secondary particles is developed in the atmosphere

• A shower-front of the particles hit the ground & is detected in Milagro

• The relative arrival times of the shower-front determines the direction of the original 1 TeV gamma-ray.



• Milagro (cont’d)– Results

– Maryland’s Role

• Goodman is Spokesperson

• Lead Institution

Milagrito

GRB 970417a

MRK 501

MRK 421 Flare

Inner galaxyCRAB



• Funding– Milagro Funding

• $1.7M detector operations funding from NSF (’04-’07)• $1.4M NSF grant funding for UM (’03-’06)

– IceCube Funding• $240M MRE Project funding from the NSF administered

through the U of Wisconsin• Maryland is 2nd largest University group

– $1.2M - $1.5M per year project funding for personnel. Equipment varies by construction year.

– $1.2M NSF grant renewal pending ’05-’08



• Collaborations– Milagro Collaboration

• 35 Physicists• Los Alamos National Lab• UC Irvine, UC Santa Cruz, GMU, NYU, MSU, UNH

– IceCube• 100+ Physicists• Wisconsin, UM, UCB, PSU, LBNL …• NSF/Raytheon Polar Programs• Germany, Sweden, Belgium, UK, Japan, NZ …



• Awards and Recognition

– Goodman• APS Fellow• Richtmyer Memorial Lecture Award – AAPT• Kirwan Award – UM• Distinguished Scholar Teacher – UM

– Sullivan• Ferrell Fellowship – UM• SSC Fellowship



• Limiting Issues– Quality/Quantity of space issues

• Computing space• Post-doc, Grad student & programmer space• Meeting space


Cosmic Ray PhysicsCosmic Ray Physics

• Faculty– Eun-Suk Seo (UMD 1991), Assoc. Professor (BESS, ATIC, CREAM, AMS)– Opher Ganel (UMD 1997), Assis. Research Scientist (ATIC, CREAM)– Vladimir Ptuskin, Visiting Research Scientist, IZMIRAN Moscow, (Theory)

• Post-Docs (5)– Moo Hyun Lee (BESS, CREAM)– Alexander Malinin (AMS)– Ramin Sina (Theory)– Hoseok Ahn (ATIC, CREAM)– Sonny Zinn (BESS, CREAM)

• Graduate Students (9)– 7 CREAM Students– 1 BESS Student– 1 ATIC Student

• Undergraduate Student– 1 computer system manager

• Other Staff– 1 faculty research assistant for software, 1 electrical engineer

http://cosmicray.umd.edu/homepage

http://cosmicray.umd.edu/homepage


Cosmic Ray Physics - Research ProgramCosmic Ray Physics - Research Program• This group’s research employs

satellite and balloon-borne instruments to make direct measurements of cosmic ray particles from space over more than seven orders of magnitude of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum.

• Research projects address three basic themes:

– Searches for exotic matter such as antimatter and dark matter;

– Precise measurements of galactic cosmic rays in the energy range where they are most abundant (~108 to ~1012 eV) to understand their origin, acceleration, and propagation; and

– Precise measurements with large aperture instruments at higher energies (~1012 to ~1015 eV) where the fluxes are extremely low, in order to explore the limit of supernova shock wave acceleration.

AMS

BESS

ATIC

CREAM

ground based

Space Physics P-Astro GroupSeo Group


Cosmic Ray Physics - Research ProgramCosmic Ray Physics - Research Program• CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass) Balloon Experiment

– Explore supernova acceleration limit, Understanding of cosmic ray propagation history, extends ATIC measurements to higher energies

– First flight set a new duration record of 42 days; CREAM-II under construction– Maryland’s role: overall management of the mission as PI, design and construction of

the calorimeter module and common electronics including master trigger, command, power, flight software etc.

• ATIC (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter) Balloon Experiment– High energy composition; fill the data gap in the TeV energy region– 16-day flight in 2000, 20-day flight in 2002, planned for Dec. 2005 flight– Maryland’s role: Detector design, Monte Carlo simulations, Data processing,

distribution and analysis (UMD produces official data sets) • BESS (Balloon borne Experiment with Superconducting solenoid Spectrometer)

– Antimatter/Dark matter Search– Annual 1-day flights 1993-2003, 8.5-day flight in 2004; best antiproton spectra – Maryland’s role: Time-of-Flight counter assembly/test, data analysis particularly

spectral analysis of proton & He including isotopes• AMS (Alpha Magnet Spectrometer) on the International Space Station

– Antimatter/Dark matter Search• Scheduled for Jan 2008 launch; the largest magnet spectrometer in space• Maryland’s role: Simulations, Ring Imaging Cherenkov counter Development,

– AMS-01 (Shuttle flight 1998) - Data interpretation


Cosmic Ray Physics - Research ProgramCosmic Ray Physics - Research Program

• This group’s precision measurements fill the gap between the space and ground based research activities of other groups on campus.

• The ATIC, BESS, and CREAM balloon-borne instruments are based on particle detectors like those used at accelerators, but the payloads are like large space experiments.

• The instruments are for the most part built in-house by students and young scientists, many of them currently working in the on-campus laboratory.

• The CREAM Science Operation Center at UMD remotely controls the instruments in flight by sending commands and receiving data via satellite.

• This group has a unique strength of having all the data from ATIC, BESS and CREAM, which cover 7 decades in energy 108 – 1015 eV.


Cosmic Ray Physics - FundingCosmic Ray Physics - Funding

Currently ~ $1.5 M/yr from NASA & NSF

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Cosmic Ray Physics - CollaborationsCosmic Ray Physics - Collaborations• CREAM

– ~40 Physicists– U of Chicago, PSU, OSU, UMN; INFN-Pisa, Siena, Italy; LPSC-

Grenoble France; EWU-Seoul, KPNU-Taegu, KAIST-Taejon, Korea• ATIC

– ~25 Physicists– LSU, NASA MSFC; MSU-Moscow, Russia; MPI-Lindau, Germany

• BESS– ~50 Physicists– NASA GSFC; KEK-Tsukuba, Tokyo U, Kobe U, ISAS, Japan

• AMS– ~350 Physicists– MIT, Yale,....; INFN-Bologna, Italy; LPSC-Grenoble, France; CIEMAT-

Madrid, Spain; LIP-Lisbon, Portugal etc.

* Also work with CERN for beam tests; NASA GSFC Wallops Flight Facility, National Scientific Balloon Facility, NSF Office of Polar Programs, and Raytheon Polar Services Company for Antarctic balloon flights; and contractors including Swales Aerospace.


Cosmic Ray Physics - Cosmic Ray Physics - Awards and RecognitionAwards and Recognition

• Seo received a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 1997

• The record breaking flight of CREAM in 2004 got international media coverage following NASA press release :

– NASA press release #05-031(1/28/05), “NASA research balloon makes record-breaking flight”

– SpaceRef.com – SpaceFlight Now – Live Science – New Scientist – Space Daily – PhysOrg.com – Unexplainable.net – Technocrat.net – WESR Radio– Chosun Daily– The Antarctic Sun


Cosmic Ray Physics - Limiting IssuesCosmic Ray Physics - Limiting Issues

• Quality/Quantity of space issues– Internet speed

• Bottle neck of 10 Mbps between offices severely limits Science Operation Center’s efficiency.

– Lab• Environment control (temperature, humidity...)• Maintenance (leaky ceiling, cleaning frequency...) • No high bay lab for payload integration

– Location of the group• Distance from physics building limits interactions


Gravity ExperimentGravity Experiment

• Experiments– Submillimeter test of the inverse-square law (ISL)– Gravitational wave experiment (GW)– Applications of superconducting gravity gradiometer (SGG)

• Faculty– Ho Jung Paik – Professor (ISL, GW, SGG)– M. Vol Moody – Associate Research Scientist (ISL, SGG)

• Graduate Students– 1 ISL Student– 1 GW Student

• Other Staff– 1 electronics/computer support– 1 mechanical engineer

• Faculty History– Paik – 1978


Gravity Experiment - Research ProgramGravity Experiment - Research Program

• ISL test– Gauss’s law test at 1 m (1980-1993):

• 1/r2 law 2 = 4G.• Detector: 3-axis SGG (2 = 0?) 2 10-4 (best limit at 1 m)

– New null test at 100 m (2002- ):• Source: plane slab, detector: 1-axis SGG.• 1/r2 law = const outside of the slab.• Will probe extra dimensions to < 10 m.

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ISLES

String Theory

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Long et al. (2003)

Gauss’s Law Detector

Moody & Paik, PRL (1993)



• GW experiment– S/C transducer for Allegro (1995- )

• Maryland 2-mode transducer is currently operating on Allegro.

• Advanced 3-mode transducer is under construction: f = 100 Hz.

– LISA accelerometer noise analysis (2004- )• Collaboration with JPL and Stanford.



• SGG applications– Airborne and vehicle-borne gravity survey

• Geophysics and resources prospecting.• Detection of hidden masses and voids.

– Moon/Mars exploration• Orbital gravity survey to locate cavities.• Advanced seismometry for planetary

science and search for strange quark matter.

500 km x 500 km

Gravity signal from a 200-m diameter lava tubes at h = 50 km



• Future Directions– ISLES (Inverse-Square Law Experiment in Space)

• Probe extra dimensions down to a few m.• Search for the axion (dark matter candidate).

– Participation in LIGO, LISA and BBO (Big Bang Observer)• Cooling and vibration isolation of the advanced LIGO.• LISA accelerometer noise analysis and measurement

– Search for strange quark matter on the Moon• In collaboration with lunar scientists, develop and deploy

super-sensitive seismometers on the Moon.• Measure the seismic background to evaluate the potential of

the Moon as a massive gravitational wave detector.– SGG applications for Moon/Mars exploration

• Develop gravity mapping missions to the Moon and Mars.• Probe extra dimensions to a few m.



• Funding– ISL test

$125K/yr from NSF, $100K/yr from NASA

– GW experiment

$120K/yr from NSF, $65K/yr from JPL

– SGG applications

$100K/yr from JPL, $350K/yr from DoD (past 2 years)

$600K/yr from industry (under negotiation)



• Collaborations– ISL ground and space experiments

• 5 Physicists• JPL

– GW transducer development• 10 Physicists• LSU, JPL

– LISA accelerometer analysis• 10 Physicists• JPL, University of Trento



• Awards and Recognition– Paik

• APS Fellow• Distinguished Visiting Scientist at JPL• President of the Association of Korean Physicists in America

• Limiting Issues– Group has been left under critical mass too long!

• Last faculty hire in 1978• Two senior faculty members (Weber, Richard) retired in 1989

and 1995• New faculty hire planned for 2006, in the area of LIGO and

LISA.


Quantum Electronics: Quantum Electronics: Relativity and Quantum MechanicsRelativity and Quantum Mechanics

• Fundamental Experiments with Lasers and Atomic Clocks– Laser Ranging to Retro-Reflectors on the Moon and on Artificial

Earth Satellites– Proper Time Effects Caused by Gravitational Potential and by

Motion– One-Way Speed of Light Comparison between the East-West and

West-East Directions on the Rotating Earth– Quantum Optics: Delayed Choice; Entangled Photon States

•

• Theoretical Investigations of Curved Spacetime Gravitation

– Exact Comparisons of the Metric Solutions of Einstein and of Yilmaz– Numerical Integration of the Two-Body Problem in the Yilmaz Theory

(Research just beginning)


Quantum Electronics: Quantum Electronics: Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

• Faculty– Carroll Alley -- Professor

– Hüseyin Yilmaz – Visiting Professor (Hamamatsu Photonics and Tufts U.)

– Yan Hua Shih – Visiting Professor (UM Baltimore County)

• Post-Docs– None

• Graduate Students–1 (Quantum Optics)

•Other Staff

–Part-time Electronics Engineer

•Faculty History

–Alley – 1963

–Yilmaz – 1988

–Shih – 1993


Quantum Electronics - Research ThemesQuantum Electronics - Research Themes

• New Experiments Bearing on the Foundations of Gravitational and Quantum Physics using the evolving techniques of Quantum Electronics

• Theoretical Studies of the Foundations of Gravity as Curved Spacetime using exact evaluations of the quantities associated with various Metrics

• The Motivation is to Help Resolve the Central Problems of Contemporary Physics– Incompatibility between General Relativity & Quantum Theory– Lack of Comprehension of Quantum Mechanics


Quantum Electronics - Some AccomplishmentsQuantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments

• Principal Investigator Group for the Apollo 11 Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector Experiment during the proposal, design and early operational phases.

• The Most Significant Physics Results of 35 years of continuous Lunar Laser Ranging are the following:

– The massive bodies Earth and Moon fall to the Sun with the same acceleration. That is, gravitational binding energy gravitates like the

mass equivalent of other energy (the Strong Principle of Equivalence)

– The Brans-Dicke Scalar-Tensor Theory fails since it predicts different accelerations for the Earth and the Moon toward the Sun

– General Relativity can not account for the measurements since it lacks both N-Body interactive solutions and the localization of gravitational field energy needed to calculate binding energy

– The gravitational theory of Yilmaz is required to describe the measurements



• Effects of gravitational potential and motion on proper time measured with Atomic Clocks

– Local measurements from five 15 hour aircraft flights over the Chesapeake Bay. Short pulses of laser used to implement Einstein’s prescription for remote time comparison. Accuracy ~1% for gravitational potential effect; ~10% for much smaller motional effect.

– No difference found for clock rates at different latitudes on the oblate rotating Earth (Thule, Greenland, compared to Washington, DC): Change ingravitational potential compensates velocity change.

– No difference found for clock rates between northern and southern hemispheres at the time of the summer solstice (Christchurch, New Zealand, compared to Washington, DC): Difference in solar gravitational potential is compensated by acceleration of Earth toward Sun. Experimental realization of Einstein’s accelerated elevator gedanken experiment.



• First Direct Comparison of the One-Way Speed of Light between the East-West and West-East Directions of the Rotating Earth

– Pulses of laser light were sent from the Goddard Space Flight Center to the U. S. Naval Observatory utilizing a mirror on top of the Washington National Cathedral and sent back by a retro-reflector array. The sending and receiving times were recorded by a hydrogen maser atomic clock.

– A second hydrogen maser atomic clock was carefully transported from the GSFC to the USNO and the time of arrival (and reflection by an adjacent retro-reflector) of the laser pulse recorded by the transported clock.

– Nine repetitions showed the difference between the EW and WE transit times to be no greater than 100 ps, the limitation being systematic errors of unknown origin. Unfortunately this is the amount to be expected if the speed of light is affected by the surface speed of ~350 m/s.

– The isotropy of the speed of light was not established by these experiments. It is hoped to redo them with higher precision and reduced systematic errors in the in the future.



• First Experimental Realization of the Delayed Choice Phenomenon of Quantum Mechanics

Strongly attenuated 100 ps durationpulses from a frequency doubledneodymium YAG laser were used to injectsingle photons into a 12 ns long Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

A Pockels cell polarization switch allows a delayed random choice to be made between a “which path” or a “both paths” configuration.

The absence of interference fringes forthe “which path” measurements and thepresence of fringes for the “both paths”information was exhibited even though thechoice was made well after the splitting ofthe pulse at the first beam splitter and justbefore the final detection event.

In the opinion of Professor John Wheelerthis is the strangest of all the strange propertiesof Quantum Mechanics. In a sense,“a measurement now determines what shall have been in the past.”



• First Experimental Measurement of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Correlations using the Entangled Two-Photon State produced by Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC)

The entangled two-photon polarization EPR state firstproposed by Professor David Bohm in his PrincetonQuantum Mechanics course was realized usingType I SPDC. (1986 Maryland Ph.D. thesis of Yan Hua Shih.) The Bell inequalities were observed.The work was reported at the 1986 Hitachi Conferencein Tokyo on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics and has influenced much subsequent quantum optics research.

Yan Hua Shih became a full professor of physicsat the University of Maryland Baltimore Countyin 1996. Collaborative research at UMBCIncludes Type II SPDC entanglement,“quantum eraser” delayed choice, “ghost images,” N-photon reduction of the diffractionlimit and experiments on the Sagnac Effect.

Our main goal is ultimately to understand quantummechanics, not just to exploit its strange properties.Quantum computing may require such comprehension.


Quantum Electronics - Some AccomplishmentsQuantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments• Some results of the extensive exploration with symbolic computer calculations

(Mathematica) of the differences between general relativity and the curved spacetime theory of Hüseyin Yilmaz

– The Yilmaz theory solves the long-standing problem in GR of the absence of a true tensor for the localization of the gravitational field stress-energy

– It accomplishes this by modifying the right hand side of the Einstein-Hilbert field equations to include explicitly this tensor, added to the usual matter tensor

12G

4GNc4

t

stress-energy tensorof the gravitational field

missing ingeneral relativity

stress-energytensor of matter

Einstein-Hilbertcurvature tensor

This fundamental modification of the field equations of general relativity,“Gravity Gravitates,”

has many consequences of great importance

t 1

2 (expression for the

low velocity limit)



• The Yilmaz theory has exact N-Body interactive solutions which is not the case for GR

ds2 c2d 2 e2c2c2dt 2 e

2c2dx2 dy2 dz2

xr GNmA

xr xrA

CA

Using the Freud/Yilmaz identity, the field equations, and the Bianchi identity, it can be shown that the rate of change of the four-momentum of a massive particle

is given by

dp

d 1

2 g t 1 g

( g t )

The interaction is carried by the gravitational field stress-energy tensor, just as it is carried by the Faraday/Maxwell field stress-energy tensor in electrodynamics

.In its absence, as is the case for general relativity, there is no interaction

Exact two-body solutions in GR have been found which explicitly exhibit no interaction



• Other important properties of the Yilmaz Theory

– Compact objects are allowed. However, they are without “event horizons” and internal singularities. Radiation can escape into a narrow cone about the radial direction and will be strongly red-shifted.

– There are no “Black Holes” in the sense of event horizons.

– Exact multi-mode gravity wave solutions exist which actually carry energy and momentum, in contrast to their absence in GR. The new theory possesses the analog of the Poynting theorem in electrodynamics.

– There is an energy-momentum conservation law as in special relativity. GR is limited to conservation of rest mass.

– The theory is a gauge field theory with a two-index gauge potential obeying similar equations as the four-potential of electrodynamics. This fact seems to allow quantization with Feynman rules as in electrodynamics.

– The theory has a many-body Hamiltonian in the low velocity limit and describes satisfactorily all of the known gravitational tests.


Quantum ElectronicsQuantum Electronics

• Future Plans– Revive the experiment directly comparing the one-way speeds of light EW

vs WE on the rotating Earth• Is the speed of light locally isotropic for an accelerated observer in a

gravitational field?• Collaboration with the Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for

High Energy Astrophysics (Zaven Arzoumanian) and the U. S. Naval Observatory.

– Numerical Integration of the exact two-body equations of motion in the Yilmaz theory to provide the gravitational wave form.from the final in-spiral of compact objects

• Collaboration with William Dorland of our Plasma Physics Theory group and our Center for Scientific Computing and Mathematical Modeling.


Quantum ElectronicsQuantum Electronics

• Funding– none at present

• Awards and Recognition– Alley

• NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal• Optical Society of America Traveling Lecturer• Designated by the Maryland Academy of Sciences during the

1976 Centennial celebration as one of two outstanding 20th Century Maryland scientists


Summary- Theme Group 2Summary- Theme Group 2

• Six research areas (particle physics, particle astrophysics, cosmic rays, nuclei, gravity and quantum electronics)– Recognized leaders in their experiments/fields– Strong past accomplishments and future plans

• Theme: infrastructure is a problem

march 2005 theme group 2 theme group 2 experimental physics: testing and measuring fundamental...

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