mar.1estuaries, salt-marshes and mangrovesarp12:349-357 3open oceans: adaptationsspl13:372-393,...
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Mar. 1 Estuaries, salt-marshes and mangroves ARP 12:349-3573 Open Oceans: Adaptations SPL 13:372-393, 15:426-4328 Open Oceans: Feeding, mating SPL 15:438-44010 Arctic vs Antarctic Community Ian Stirling (CWS)15 Marine Mammals SPL 15:440-45517 Deep sea 1: Adaptations (SP) 13:390, 16:479-48022 Deep sea 2: Hydrothermal vent SPL 16:482-48924 Sponge reefs SPL 4:111-11629 Coral reefs 1: SPL 3:100-102, 16:473-47931 Coral reefs 2: Ecological interactionsSPL 16:473-479
Apr. 5 Marine life history strategies SPL 13:375-376, 16:478-4807 Marine Resources, Fisheries SPL 17:492-51512 Environmental concerns 1: SPL 18:519-54514 Environmental concerns 2: SPL 18:519-54528 Final Examination (0900) 60% of mark (ALL students in gymnasium)
May 4 Deferred final exam* (0900, BioSciences Z211)
Lecture schedule…continued
Biology 361: Marine Science Lecture Schedule, Winter 2005
Lectures: Tu -Th 1100, Dentistry/Pharmacy 2022
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/biol361/B361.html
S.Leys ESB 1-58 ph. 2-6629; email: [email protected]
Classification of Living ThingsKingdomPhylum (Division)ClassOrderFamilyGenus Species
e.g. AnimaliaChordata
VertebrataMammaliaCetaceaDelphinidaeOrcinus orca
Fig 13.9
Neritic Oceanic
Classification of Marine Organisms
Fig 13.9
Neritic Oceanic
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Biozone
Fig 13.9
Neritic Oceanic
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
Sunlight zone
Fig 13-11
Temperature ranges
Stenothermal
Eurythermal
Temperature tolerances
• Eurythermal– Shallow coastal water– Open ocean, surface
• Stenothermal– Open ocean, deeper
• Cooler water organisms tend to have smaller, fewer appendages, fewer species, and live longer
Figure 13.20
Oxygen variation with depth
Euphotic zone
Light penetration Fig 14-5
Box 13-1Fig 13 A
Deep scattering layer
Sonar of the Deep Scattering Layer
Morning
Day
Evening
Night7 am9 am
5 pm7 pm
Plankton – drifts with ocean currentsNekton – swim actively Zooplankton
& Nekton
PhytoplanktonBacterioplankton
Chaetognaths
Cnidaria
Gastropod mollusc
UrochordataPyrosoma
ArthropodaCrustacea
Zooplankton
Ctenophora
Image from text, T&TInside back cover
Cestus - ctenophore
Ctenes – rows of macro cilia
Floatation - shape
Fig 15-8
Floatation - shape e.g. Copepods (crustacean arthropods)
Fig 15-5
Cl. Hydrozoa: SiphonophoreMuggiaea
Individual= zooid
Nectophore= bell withfloat
Feeding zooid
Floatation – oil droplets
Vellela vellela (by the wind sailor)Cl. Hydrozoa: Chondrophora
Floatation – gas chambers
Physalia(portugese man of war)
Cl. Hydrozoa, Siphonophore
Floatation – gas chambers
Fig 15-7
Janthina – gastropod mollusc
Float of air bubbles
Floatation – gas chambers
Nautilus
Floatation – gas chambers
Fig 15-1
Buoyancy compensation in Nautilus
Siphuncle shell
animal
Transparency
• Provides camouflage
• Involves the whole organism
• Has evolved multiple times
The outcome of a predator/prey interaction depends on:
Sighting distance = the maximum distance at which a prey animal is detected by an animal relying on visual cues
Transparency allows:a) Prey with short sighting distance reduce their
encounters with visually orienting predators
c) Raptors to get within striking distance before being detected
b) Ambush predators with short sighting distance to increase chances of entangling prey before being detected and avoided
UV (~320nm)
Predator solutions to catching transparent prey…
1. UV visionfound in mantis shrimp,
cladocerans, copepods, decapods, horseshoe crabs, and even a polychaete worm!
2. Polarization visionlight is polarized when it enters water
Unpolarized light Polarized light
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/logs/aug12/aug12.html
The Great Barrier Reef taken through a polarizing filter held in front of the camera horizontally, vertically, and at 45º.
The fourth image is coded with color to show that much of the water is horizontally polarized (coded here as red). By Justin Marshall and Tom Cronin
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/background/polarization/polarization.html
Polarized vision – view of a copepod through…
unpolarized light polarized light
Polarization vision helps detect transparent preyShashar, Hanlon, Petz, Nature 1998,