The Evolution of Maps

A Very spatial Presentation MAPS

From this: 6th Century BCAncient Babylonian clay tabletsDepict the earth as a flat circular diskEarliest direct evidence of mapping comes from the middle east

The earliest surviving map of the world is one prepared by the Babylonians 600 years before the birth of Jesus. It shows Babylon surrounded by a circular landmass showing several cities such as Assyria, Urartu and others. They in turn are surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean.The Babylonian world map is believed to be symbolic, rather than a literal representation of the world. It deliberately omits peoples such as the Persians and Egyptians, who were well known to the Babylonians. The area shown is depicted as a circular shape surrounded by water, which fits the religious image of the world in which the Babylonians believed.

2To This: Middle AgesEuropean maps were more ecclesiastic than cartographicDominated by the church

Arab Maps advanced earlier greek practicesAl-Idriss Famous world map

Aerial PhotographsSatellite ImagesComputers Electronic distance-measuring instrumentsInertial navaigation systemsRemote sensingApplications of space science created new extensions of cartographys reachInternet increased its accessibility even to the laymanAutomatic digitization of japan, < 17 seconds vs 17 years in 1821 (Inoh tadatakTo This: 20th Century

During the 20th century, maps became more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier. Advances in mechanical devices such as the printing press, quadrant and vernier, allowed for the mass production of maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions from more accurate data. Optical technology, such as the telescope, sextant and other devices that use telescopes, allowed for accurate surveying of land and the ability of mapmakers and navigators to find their latitude by measuring angles to the North Star at night or the sun at noon. Airplanes made it possible to photograph large areas at a time and perform more accurate mapping.During the last few decades more sophisticated technologies came into existence. With the field rugged computers, GPS and laser rangefinders, it is now possible to perform mapping directly in the terrain. Construction of a map is also possible in real time.Remote sensing has also enabled modern cartographers to chart the depths of the ocean or the frontiers of outer space. High-resolution satellite cameras located at altitudes of several hundred kilometres can record details as small as a few metres in on the surface of the Earth. Satellites such as those in the LANDSAT series sweep the globe with continuous scans to provide detailed up-to-date maps of nearly the entire Earth.In the modern age, the ability to navigate with ease with the help of accurate maps is often taken for granted. Thanks to the many thousands brave explorers and hundreds of cartographers and their diligent mapmaking who combined knowledge of East and West to help develop our understanding of geography today.

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Internet increased its accessibility even to the layman

http://onemap.sg/

But... WHAT is a map?A reference tool to get to somewhere?

6Define: Map

Accurate?VERY LIMITED DEFINITION"What is a map?" seems like an easy enough question ...

7A map is defined as a representation, usually on a flat surface, of a whole or part of an area. The job of a map is to describe spatial relationships of specific features that the map aims to represent. There are many different types of maps that attempt to represent specific things. Maps can display political boundaries, population, physical features, natural resources, roads, climates, elevation (topography), and economic activities. Maps are produced by Cartographers.General Reference MapsThematic Maps

Maps: A more definitive definition Maps are valuable, timeless objects that we would be lost without. Literally.

Cartography refers to both the study of maps and the process of map-making. It has evolved from basic drawings of maps to the use of computers and other technologies to assist in making and mass producing maps.

8Most Well Known Map-type?

The Street Map is well known to all maps users, indeed it may be the only map some people use. Street maps contain all the elements of a general reference map in that they are a summary of the landscape and that their primary purpose is to aid in the discovery of a location. In this example of a street map, individual buildings are identified.9Used to emphasize the geographic location of spatial phenomena.E.g. Topographic MapsGENERAL REFERENCE MAPS

These are simple maps showing important physical (natural and man-made) features in an area. They usually have a primary purpose of summarising the landscape to aid discovery of locations. They are usually easy to read and understand. Most of theearly mapping of the Earthfalls into this group.As a general rule, General Reference Maps would only show relief in a stylised manner. Street and tourist maps are good examples of general reference maps.

10A thematic map (or statistical map) is used to display the spatial pattern of a theme or attribute. It emphasizes the spatial pattern of one or more geographic attributes.Uses of a thematic map includes:Provide specific information about particular locationsProvide general information about spatial patternsCompare patterns on two or more mapsThematic MapsChoropleth MapDescription:These maps contain areas that are shaded or patterned in proportion to the statistical variable being displayed on the map. Data are aggregated over predefined areal units (politically-defined area or administrativecensus or zip).Optimal uses:Best used when data are standardized (e.g., rates), discrete, and are evenly distributed within well-defined areal units.Design Considerations:Number of categories should be limited (between 3 and 7).

Achoroplethmap is based on numerical data on some topic, with data available for enumeration districts (usually political units such as counties, states, or countries). The numerical values are used to place each of the districts into a particular category. An area symbol (usually a color or shade of gray) is then used to show which category each of the enumeration districts falls into.

More information on choosing classification schemes(andBrewer/Pickle article[PDF-6M])

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/maps/gisx/resources/maps4.html

12Dot MapDescription:The spatial geometry of each mapped area is distorted to depict an attribute other than land area (e.g., population or income).Optimal Uses:Best accompanied by description of mapping techniques; can be constructed manually or digitally.Design Considerations:Methods are complex and interpretation can be difficult.

Dot mapsemploy dots to convey information about a distribution. A single dot may represent one occurrence of something (an earthquake, perhaps) or more than one (a dot might represent 100,000 people, for example).Source: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/maps/gisx/resources/maps4.html

13Graduated Circle MapDescription:These maps contain symbols varying in size to show their relative quantitative values; used with point/location data.Optimal Uses:Best used when there is a lot of variation and range in the data; the goal is to show relative magnitudes of phenomena at specific locations. This is also good choice for count data.Design Considerations:Should not be used for standardized data such as rates or percentages.

Graduated circle mapsalso use a point symbol, but the symbols have different sizes in proportion to some quality that occurs at that point. The populations of different cities are frequently depicted on graduated circle maps.

West Nile virus maps reflect surveillance reports released by state and local health departments to CDC's ArboNET system for public distribution. Map shows the distribution of human neuroinvasive disease (encephalitis and/or meningitis) incidence occurring during 2006 with number of human cases shaded according to incidences ranging from .01 to 9.99, 10 to 99.99, greater then 100 per million population, and WNV activity (human, mosquito, veterinary, avian and sentinel data).Source: http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/maps/gisx/resources/maps4.html

Next, up, a S&M map

14Graduated Circle MapDescription:These maps contain symbols varying in size to show their relative quantitative values; used with point/location data.Optimal Uses:Best used when there is a lot of variation and range in the data; the goal is to show relative magnitudes of phenomena at specific locations. This is also good choice for count data.Design Considerations:Should not be used for standardized data such as rates or percentages.

S & M

Source: Flaming Toast Productions15Isoline MapDescription:Isoline maps use line symbols to portray a continuous distribution such as temperature or elevation. Isolines are lines that connect equal points of equal numeric value. Optimal Uses:One of the best known types of isoline map is the contour map, which shows elevation above sea level.Design:

Isoline mapsuse line symbols to portray a continuous distribution such as temperature or elevation. Isolines are lines that connect points of equal numeric value. One of the best-known types of isoline map is thecontour map, which shows elevation above sea level.

16Isopleth MapDescription:A contour map that depicts smooth continuous information (such as weather or pollution data); data are depicted using lines that connect points of equal numerical value.Optimal Uses:Serves as an effective method for highlighting spatial patterns in the data, as opposed to depicting discrete rates per enumeration area.Design Considerations:Requires understanding of various interpolation techniques.

Description:A contour map that depicts smooth continuous information (such as weather or pollution data); data are depicted using lines that connect points of equal numerical value.Optimal Uses:Serves as an effective method for highlighting spatial patterns in the data, as opposed to depicting discrete rates per enumeration area.Design Considerations:Requires understanding of various interpolation techniques.

17CartogramsDescription:The spatial geometry of each mapped area is distorted to depict an attribute other than land area (e.g., population or income).Optimal Uses:Best accompanied by description of mapping techniques; can be constructed manually or digitally.Design Considerations:Methods are complex and interpretation can be difficult.

Strictly speaking,cartogramsare not really maps because they are not drawn toscale. Instead, areas on the cartogram are intentionally drawn larger or smaller in proportion to the phenomenon being shown. A cartogram of world population, for example, might show countries as being either larger or smaller in proportion to their populations.

18Twitter Map

http://research.larc.smu.edu.sg/palanteert/General Reference Or Thematic Map?

This is a fine example of a map which is usually called a tourist map. It is a general reference map which has been enhanced for a specific reason that of highlighting places of interest that people might like to visit. Because of this, it can also be described as a thematic map (the theme being tourism).20

Were those the only type of maps?How about a Map About Maps

Using the concept of a mindmap to explain what a map is...

The termmind maps refers to the maps that aren't actually produced and just exist in our minds. These maps are what allow us to remember the routes that we take to get somewhere.

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A MIND MAP?They exist because people think in terms of spatial relationships and vary from person to person because they are based on one's own perception of the world.

For some of you, mind maps would make a whole world of difference to your academic career but this isnt the type of map that we are going to talk to you about today.22

The five overlapping sub-disciplines of physical geography in the context of multi-disciplinary & Problem-oriented theme (Gregory, Gurnell & Petts, 2002)More than Geography

Lets take a closer look at this!23Why do we need to look at this? The use of GIS in public health enables us to describe the environment of the person and its spatial and temporal complexity. Disease mapping has made contributions to public health and epidemiology. GIS make it easier to map large databases of health events. Helps determine the causes behind the emergence and the re-emergence of infectious diseaseAnalyzing Infectious Diseases24

Jon Snow?English PhysicianOne of the fathers of modern epidemiologyEpidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in definite populations. IOW, a spatial science.

Jo^n Snow!H

Its spelt with a HLate 1831- Asiatic cholera was thought to be spread by "miasma in the atmosphereThe year 1853 saw outbreaks in Newcastle and Gateshead as well as in London, where a total of 10,675 people died of the disease. 31st Aug 1854, what Dr John Snow called the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom. During the next three days, 127 people living in or around Board Street died.

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Jo^n Snow!H1831

27Late 1831- Asiatic cholera was thought to be spread by "miasma in the atmosphereThe year 1853 saw outbreaks in Newcastle and Gateshead as well as in London, where a total of 10,675 people died of the disease. 31st Aug 1854, what Dr John Snow called the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in the kingdom. During the next three days, 127 people living in or around Board Street died.

Snow was a sceptic of the then-dominantmiasma theorythat stated that diseases such as cholera andbubonic plaguewere caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". Thegerm theory of diseasehad not yet been developed, so Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of foul air. He first publicized his theory in an essay,On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in 1849, followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855 incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in theSohoepidemic of 1854.

By talking to local residents (with the help ofReverend Henry Whitehead), he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (nowBroadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from theBroad Street pumpdid not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak,

Density Map of mosquito breeding sites in East Coast GRC, 2003 to 2005

The density map of mosquito breeding sites can be correlated to the number of dengue cases.28GIS is a key emerging and evolving industry throughout the world.GIS careers exist in every imaginable discipline, from environmental science to commercial businesses and much more. This wide range of opportunities available lets you combine your passions or interests with GIS for a satisfying and successful career.Careers in GIS can also encompass business development, managerial, and administrative roles.

Mapping and Geographic Information SystemsCareersMapping/geospatial jobs are varied and pervasive across many different fields.Mapping/Geospatial jobs range from part-time to full-time positions, and salary varies widely by location, discipline, and experience.Salary.comreports the range between $38,919 for an entry-level analyst to $103,333 for a GIS supervisor as of January 2006 (go find out the latest)!View the GISJobs.com Salary Surveyfor a more in-depth look at salaries.

30Sherlock Holmes Iron-ManAlternatively you can consider being

IfSherlock Holmeswas alive today, like he is in the modern daySherlockTV Show, he would use geospatial technologies and extensive closed circuit camera systems (CCTV) to solve crime. This isnt purely speculation, because as co-creator of the tv series Steve Moffat points out, Sherlock Holmes was a modern detective during his time. In todays world, law enforcement face cuts and are looking for solutions such as Londons Metropolitan Police Service using special or volunteer constablesto cut costs. It provides hands-on training for volunteers who might later decide to pursue it full time.The London Metropolitan Police Departmentor Scotland Yard invented the crime analysis pin map in the 1820s and continue to utilize the most updated GIS technologies.Internet Eyesis acontroversialeffort to allow the public to to monitor live CCTV feed from our Business Customers, and notify them the instant a crime is observed for a reward. Its not difficult to imagine Sherlock Holmes using modern day geospatial technologies to solve crimes. As Holmes cried in theAdventure of the Copper Beeches, Data! Data! Data! he cried impatiently. I cant make bricks without clay. a true geospatial analyst at heart.31

~End~Join the Challenge!!!32