manure management policies: a supportive tool for saving the earth and improving livelihoods of...
TRANSCRIPT
Manure management policies: A supportive tool for saving the earth and improving livelihoods of smallholder farmers
Asaah Ndambi
ILRI Nairobi
Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Outline
1. Why manure management?
2. Our study on manure policies and enabling environment
3. Summary
3
• 75 – 95% of the nutrient intake of production animals is excreted via dung and urine
• If not managed properly manure will affect the quality
of the environment and our health.
• Conflicts arise from the nuisance of odors from livestock operations especially closer to urban areas
• Proper management retains most of the nutrients
which can be used for crops
• Improved manure management increases cost competiveness of smallholders
Why manure management?
emissions
Soil
Cycle principle
Animals
Crops
Manure
outputs
inputs
inputs
Integrated Manure Management
TreatmentCollection Storage Application
StorageCollection Application
Collection Application
TreatmentCollection Application
always site specific
Outline
1. Why manure management?
2. Our study on manure policies and enabling environment
3. Summary and the way forward
7
Three steps were applied in this analysis:
• Secondary data collection
Our approach
• Questionnaires to corresponding partners from 14 countries + meeting and exchange between these experts
• In depth field analyses in Ethiopia and Malawi
Objectives:
Review the state of manure management in Sub-Saharan Africa:
Describe and categorize manure management practices and policies in various countries and to identify potential entry points for improved manure management
8
Manure management policies and stakeholders involved
Eth
iop
ia
Ke
nya
Mal
awi
Rw
and
a
Cam
ero
on
Gh
ana
Nig
eri
a
Sen
ega
l
Togo
Mal
i
Bu
rkin
a fa
so
Nig
er
Policy component Codes used
Is manure policy part of
other policy?I = Independent
O = Other pol icy P P P I P P P P P P P P
At what level is MP defined
I = International
N = National/
regional I N I N N I N I N I N I N N I N I N N
Ministry involved in MP
definition
A = Agriculture,
V = Environment,
E = Energy,
H = Health A V E A V E H A A V H A V E H A E A V H A A A V H A V A V H
Stocking rate regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
Manure storage regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Manure treatment
regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1Anaerobic digestion
regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1Manure application
regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Air pollution regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Water pollution regulation 1 = Yes
2 = No 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Spatial planning of farms 1 = Yes
2 = No 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Zoonotic diseases 1 = Yes
2 = No 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
Country
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Availability of services enabling a suitable environment for manure management
Eth
iop
ia
Ke
nya
Mal
awi
Rw
and
a
Zam
bia
Cam
ero
on
Gh
ana
Nig
eri
a
Sen
ega
l
Togo
Mal
i
Bu
rkin
a fa
so
Subsidy by GovernmentS 3 3 3 S M M L 3 3 3 3 S M L 3
Subsidy by non-Government3 S 3 S S S 3 3 3 3 S M L 3
Credit by Government3 3 3 3 L 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Credit by non-GovernmentS S M L 3 3 S S 3 3 3 3 3 3
Guarantee for credit by
Government S 3 3 M L S 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Guarantee for credit by non-
Government 3 3 3 S L S M 3 3 3 3 3 3
Vocational training3 S M L 3 S M S M S M S M L S M L 3 3 S M L S M L
Extension/advice by
Government S S M L 3 S M S M L S S M L S M L 3 S M L S M L S M
Extension/advice by non-
Government S S M L 3 S M L S M L S 3 S M L 3 S M L S M L S
S = Smallholder farmers
M = Medium scale farmersL = Large scale farmers
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Manure management: in-depth survey in Fiche, Ethiopia
25%
LARGEST
25%
SMALLEST
50%
MIDDLE
Fraction of farms using anaerobic digestion 5% 0% 25%
Fraction of the digestate used for on-farm crop fertilization 30% 10% 15%
Fraction of the digestate used for off-farm crop fertilization 25% 10% 15%
Fraction of farms storing urine 5% 2% 1%
Fraction of the urine storages with a waterproof floor and walls 2% 1% 1%
Fraction of the urine storages with a roof/cover 0% 0% 0%
Fraction of the stored urine used for on-farm crop fertilization 50% 25% 50%
Fraction of farms storing solid manure 95% 100% 98%
Fraction of the solid manure storages with a waterproof floor 0% 0% 0%
Fraction of the solid manure storages with a roof/cover 2% 1% 1%
Fraction of the stored solid manure used for on-farm crop fertilization 60% 50% 75%
Fraction of the stored solid manure used for off-farm crop fertilization 15% 0% 0%
Fraction of the stored solid manure used for non-agricultural purposes 25% 50% 25%
Fraction of farms using mechanized equipment for manure application 0% 0% 0%
Fraction of farms that have improved its manure management in the past 5 yrs 10% 5% 5%
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Most sub-Saharan African countries:
a) do not have a stand-alone manure management policy,
b) have shared responsibility for manure management with more than one government ministry in charge
c) sometimes have non-coherent policies
d) take very limited action to promote good manure management practices or to correct defaulters of related restrictions
Results summary
All farmers, regardless of size, are generally able to access training and extension services from both government and non-government agencies however, manure management was not a strong component.
The major challenge is lack of information by farmers on IMM
12
Summary of in-depth analysis (Ethiopia and Malawi)
Challenges identified Way forward (Phase 2)
1 Non-coherent policies e.g. Ethiopia Ministry of energy vs agric. extension
Meetings with all ministries involved separately and together
2 Lack of knowledge by farmers Trainings for extension workers and lead farmers, demonstrations
3 Insufficient (own) land for farmers with many animals
Encouraging a business model
4 Non-functional biogas units Training of biogas technicians
5 Unavailable labor to meet increased labor requirements
Need better knowledge on benefits as an incentive, simple machines
6 Dependence on government Development of private sector, involving NGOs, business model
