manure and odor management systems for swine operations 猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统

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1-1 Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations 猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪猪 猪猪 Steve Pohl Steve Pohl Agricultural Engineer 猪猪猪猪猪 猪猪猪猪猪

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Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations 猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统. 作者 : Steve Pohl Agricultural Engineer 农业工程师. Environmental Impact of Swine Manure 猪粪对环境的影响. 1- 2. Environmental Benefits of Manure 猪粪对环境的好处.  N leaching potential  减少氮沥滤作用  soil erosion & runoff  减少土壤侵蚀和径流 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations 猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统

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Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统

作者作者:: Steve PohlSteve Pohl

Agricultural Engineer

农业工程师农业工程师

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Environmental Impact of Swine Manure

猪粪对环境的影响猪粪对环境的影响

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Environmental Benefits of Manure

猪粪对环境的好处猪粪对环境的好处 N leaching potential 减少氮沥滤作用减少氮沥滤作用 soil erosion & runoff 减少土壤侵蚀和径流减少土壤侵蚀和径流 soil carbon …. 土壤的碳增加土壤的碳增加 crop productivity 提高作物生产率提高作物生产率• Replace energy intensive N

fertilizer & limited resource P fertilizer

能够省下因制造无机氮肥导致能够省下因制造无机氮肥导致的巨大能耗,还能节约磷肥资源的巨大能耗,还能节约磷肥资源

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Summary of potential manure contaminants of water quality, the associated environmental risk, and most common pathway to water.

小结:粪便物质对水质的污染 、有关的环境危害以及小结:粪便物质对水质的污染 、有关的环境危害以及对水质最常见的污染途径对水质最常见的污染途径

Potential Pollutant

可能的污染可能的污染

Environmental risk

对环境的危害对环境的危害Most common pathway to

water

对水质最常见的污染途径对水质最常见的污染途径

Nitrate-N 硝酸盐硝酸盐

Ammonia-N 氨氨

Phosphorous-P

磷磷Pathogens 病原体病原体

Organic solids

有机固体物有机固体物

Blue baby syndrome

蓝婴综合征蓝婴综合征Fish kills 杀死鱼类杀死鱼类

Eutrophication

富营养化富营养化Human health risk

危害人类健康危害人类健康Reduced oxygen level in water body-fish kills

杀死鱼类,降低水中氧水杀死鱼类,降低水中氧水平平

Leaching to groundwater

沥滤入地下水沥滤入地下水Surface water runoff

地表水径流地表水径流Erosion and surface water runoff 土壤侵蚀土壤侵蚀 ,, 地表水径流地表水径流Surface water runoff

地表水径流地表水径流Surface water runoff

地表水径流地表水径流

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1. Surface runoff 地表水径流地表水径流

Unsaturated Zone

Water Table地下水位

Sand & Gravel Aquifer

Bedrock

2. Leaching to groundwater 沥滤入地下水沥滤入地下水

3. Well casings 井壁保护层井壁保护层

Septic TankSeptic Tank

PrivateWell

Manure Manure Storage Storage

PrecipitationPrecipitation

1

2 2 23

4

4. Ammonia deposition 氨沉降氨沉降

5

5. Macropore flow 大孔流大孔流1-5

What are the Pathways by which Manure Contaminates Water?

粪便造成水污染的途径粪便造成水污染的途径

化粪池化粪池

不饱和区不饱和区

地下水位地下水位

含水沙土层含水沙土层基岩基岩

储粪罐储粪罐

私人水井私人水井

降雨降雨

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Planning and Evaluation of Manure Storage

对储粪设施的规划和评述对储粪设施的规划和评述

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Why Do We Store Manure?为什么要储存粪便?为什么要储存粪便?

• To reduce the need for frequent hauling and land spreading 避免频频装运和施肥避免频频装运和施肥

• To allow land spreading at a time when soil and climatic conditions are suitable

在土壤和气候条件都适宜时进行施肥在土壤和气候条件都适宜时进行施肥• To allow nutrient application at or near the crop’s growing

season

在接近和正处于作物栽培季节时进行施肥在接近和正处于作物栽培季节时进行施肥

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Manure Storage Types储粪设施的类型储粪设施的类型

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Commonly UsedManure Storage Facilities

通常应用的储粪设施通常应用的储粪设施• Based primarily on type and consistency

of manure 主要根据粪便的类型和质地主要根据粪便的类型和质地

• Solid 固体固体

• Slurry 粪浆粪浆

• Liquid 液体液体

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系统类型

带圈舍的敞开式牧场 舍饲

稀释固体物 径流

处理和储存固体物

多于 15%

粪浆4 ~ 15%固体物

厌氧发酵池0 ~ 4%固体物

土质储粪池0 ~ 2%固体物

农田施肥施肥机 植被过滤 抽吸灌溉

设备真空罐或

重型泵槽车

去除固体物

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Under-floor Deep Pit Manure Storage

地下深坑储粪坑地下深坑储粪坑

地下储粪坑 真空抽吸口

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Totally Slatted Deep Pit (3 meters deep) Finishing Barn

全条板深坑全条板深坑 (3(3 米深米深 ))-- 肥育舍肥育舍

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Shallow Gutter Manure Storage

浅储粪槽浅储粪槽

18 meters 18 米( 两端出口 )

( 一端出口 )

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Slurry Manure Storage 粪浆储粪浆储存存

Outside Tanks 户外储粪罐户外储粪罐• Usually concrete or glass-lined

steel tanks. 通常是水泥结构或是通常是水泥结构或是内衬玻璃的钢板结构内衬玻璃的钢板结构

• Manure may be pumped or flow into tank by gravity. 粪便可用粪便可用泵抽吸入罐或者靠重力流入罐内泵抽吸入罐或者靠重力流入罐内

• Agitation is necessary. 需要需要进行搅动进行搅动

• Tanks may be covered for odor control. 可将罐可将罐盖上,以防臭气四散盖上,以防臭气四散

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Slurry Manure Storage 粪浆储粪浆储存存

Earthen Basins 土质储粪池土质储粪池• Usually less costly than tanks 建建

造成本低于储粪罐造成本低于储粪罐• Can accommodate some lot runoff

可容纳露天牧场的一部分径流可容纳露天牧场的一部分径流水水

• Requires soils investigation and seal construction 需要调查土层需要调查土层情况并建造密封层情况并建造密封层

• Mowing and berm maintenance required 需要对护道进行保养需要对护道进行保养并修剪护道区的植被并修剪护道区的植被

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Slurry Manure Storage 粪浆储粪浆储存存

Earthen Basins 土质储粪池土质储粪池 (continued) ( 续 )• Some basins are fully or

partially lined with concrete. 有有些土质储粪池全部或部分内壁些土质储粪池全部或部分内壁衬以水泥衬以水泥

• Constructed ramps provide access with loading and hauling equipment.

要建造斜道,供装运设备进入要建造斜道,供装运设备进入

• Basins may be emptied with mechanical loading equipment.可配备机械装运设备可配备机械装运设备

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Advantages of Slurry Manure Storage

粪浆储存的优点粪浆储存的优点• Less volume (higher solids content) than lagoons.

所需容量(固体物质含量高)小于发酵池所需容量(固体物质含量高)小于发酵池• Adaptable to tank storage, either underfloor or aboveground.

可储存于储粪罐可储存于储粪罐 ,, 储粪罐可建造在地下储粪罐可建造在地下 ,, 也可在地面以上也可在地面以上• Tanks may becovered for odor control.

若用储粪罐,则可加盖以防臭气四散若用储粪罐,则可加盖以防臭气四散• Less nutrient loss than lagoons.

养分的损失小于发酵池养分的损失小于发酵池• Manure may be handled hydraulically.

可用水压设备抽吸粪便可用水压设备抽吸粪便

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Disadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage

粪浆储存的缺点粪浆储存的缺点• May be higher odor potential than lagoons or solid

manure. 臭气大于发酵池 或固体粪便臭气大于发酵池 或固体粪便

• Gases from poorly ventilated underfloor pits may affect animals. 通风不良的地下储粪坑中产生的有毒通风不良的地下储粪坑中产生的有毒气体有害于动物气体有害于动物

• Toxic or combustible gases can accumulate in enclosed areas. 密闭区域内可积聚起有毒或可燃气密闭区域内可积聚起有毒或可燃气体体

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• Hauling many loads of manure may be time consuming and labor intensive.

多次装运既费时又费工多次装运既费时又费工• Potential for odor and/or runoff if slurry is surface

spread without injection or incorporation.

如果田间施肥时仅施于土表,则易于散发臭气并随径流水如果田间施肥时仅施于土表,则易于散发臭气并随径流水流走流走

Disadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage

粪浆储存的缺点粪浆储存的缺点 (continued) ( 续 )

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Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons

液粪发酵池液粪发酵池• Commonly used when some

treatment needed for handling or reduced odors 常用于需要进常用于需要进行处理以便于装运及减少臭气行处理以便于装运及减少臭气的场合的场合

• Contain a permanent treatment volume for bacteria留有永久性的处理空间供细菌留有永久性的处理空间供细菌活动活动

• Earthen structures larger than slurry facilities 土质结构,大于土质结构,大于粪浆储存设施粪浆储存设施

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Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons

液粪发酵池 液粪发酵池 ( continued) ( 续 )

• Site and soils investigation required. 需要对建造地点的土壤和需要对建造地点的土壤和地质情况进行调查地质情况进行调查

• Properly constructed seal is necessary to control seepage.必必须建造密封层以防渗流须建造密封层以防渗流

• Designed on basis of temperature as well as manure volume. 根据温根据温度和粪便量进行设计度和粪便量进行设计

• Perform better in warmer climates. 天气温暖时性能较好天气温暖时性能较好

20-22

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Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons

液粪发酵池 液粪发酵池 ( continued) ( 续 )

• Source of dilution water facilitates prefilling lagoon at startup开始时要先用稀释水开始时要先用稀释水灌注粪池灌注粪池

• Helps maintain treatment volume during periods of dry weather 有助于在天气干有助于在天气干旱时保持处理空间旱时保持处理空间

• Reduces effects of salt buildup in lagoons 可减轻池可减轻池内积聚盐类内积聚盐类

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Advantages of Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons

液粪发酵池 的优点液粪发酵池 的优点• May be least cost per unit of storage

单位储存容量的成本较低单位储存容量的成本较低• Ability to store large amounts of manure and/or lot runoff

能够储存大量粪便和牧场径流水能够储存大量粪便和牧场径流水• Provides some treatment of manure, reducing odors and

degrading solids

能对粪便进行一定的处理、减少臭气并分解其中的固体物能对粪便进行一定的处理、减少臭气并分解其中的固体物• Enables handling of manure with pumping and spreading

equipment

能用泵和分离设备对粪便进行处理能用泵和分离设备对粪便进行处理

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Nitrogen lost and retained in various types of manure handling and storage systems.

各种粪便处理、储存设施中氮的损失和潴留各种粪便处理、储存设施中氮的损失和潴留System

系统系统Nitrogen Lost, %

氮损失率氮损失率 (%)(%)

Nitrogen Retained, %

氮潴留率氮潴留率 (%)(%)

Daily scrape and haul

每天清运每天清运Manure pack 粪便堆积粪便堆积Under floor pit 地下粪坑地下粪坑Aboveground tank 地上罐地上罐Holding pond 土质储粪池土质储粪池Anaerobic lagoon 厌氧发酵池厌氧发酵池

20-35

20-40

15-30

10-30

20-40

70-85

65-80

60-80

70-85

70-90

60-80

15-30

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Cost and Economics of Manure Storage Facilities

储粪设施的成本和经济储粪设施的成本和经济• Cost should be integrated into an economic analysis of

the complete manure management system.

成本应融入对整个粪便管理系统的经济分析之中成本应融入对整个粪便管理系统的经济分析之中

• A complete economic analysis may not support selection of the lowest cost manure storage facility. 全全面经济分析的结果可能并不支持采用最低成本的储粪设面经济分析的结果可能并不支持采用最低成本的储粪设施施

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Comparison of costs of different types of manure storage facilities.

不同类型储粪设施的成本比较不同类型储粪设施的成本比较

Storage Type

设施类型设施类型

Approximate Cost

$/cubic meter (US)

近似成本近似成本(( 美元美元 //立方米立方米 ))

Relative Cost

相对成本相对成本

Naturally lined earthen basin 自然内衬土质储粪池自然内衬土质储粪池Clay-lined earthen basin using clay onsite

粘土内衬土质储粪池粘土内衬土质储粪池 ((黏土就地取材黏土就地取材 ))

Clay-lined earthen basin using clay from off-farm borrow site 粘土内衬土质储粪池粘土内衬土质储粪池 ((黏土由外地运来黏土由外地运来 ))

Earthen basin with plastic liner 塑料内衬土质储粪池塑料内衬土质储粪池Earthen basin lined with concrete 水泥内衬土质储粪池水泥内衬土质储粪池Aboveground precast concrete tank 预制地上水泥罐预制地上水泥罐Circular aboveground concrete tank poured in place

就地制作圆形地上水泥罐就地制作圆形地上水泥罐Aboveground glass-lined steel tank 地上玻璃内衬钢罐地上玻璃内衬钢罐

9

18

22

20

22

36

41

50

1.0

2.0

2.4

2.2

2.4

4.0

4.6

5.6

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Sizing Manure Storages储粪设施的大小储粪设施的大小

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Manure Storage Size

储粪设施的大小储粪设施的大小• Determined by volume of manure produced, rainfall,

runoff, wash water, and fresh water used for flushing 决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流水量、冲洗水量决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流水量、冲洗水量和用于冲洗的新鲜水量和用于冲洗的新鲜水量

• Storage period needed 储存期限储存期限– Short Term 短期短期– Mid Term 中期中期– Long Term 长期长期

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Table 8. Manure Characteristics (pigs). 猪粪的特点猪粪的特点Livestock Stages

生产阶段生产阶段

Manure prod. kg/yr.

年产粪年产粪 (( 千克千克))

Total N kg/kl

总氮总氮( 千克千克 //千公升千公升 )

NH3-N kg/kl 氨氮氨氮 ( 千克千克 //千公千公升升 )

P2O5 kg/kl

五氧化二磷五氧化二磷( 千克千克 //千公千公升升 )

Grow/Fin. (deep pit)

生长肥育猪生长肥育猪(( 深坑深坑 ))

1,600 6.0 4.0 5.0

Grow/Fin. (wet/dry feeder)

生长肥育猪生长肥育猪(( 干湿饲喂器干湿饲喂器))

1,150 9.0 6.0 6.5

Grow/Fin. (earthen pit)

生长肥育猪生长肥育猪(( 土质粪坑土质粪坑 ))

1,600 3.8 2.9 2.6

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Evaluate Total Rainfall

总降雨量估测总降雨量估测• Total rainfall for Kunming equals 950 mm

昆明总降雨量昆明总降雨量 950950毫米毫米• Other locations 1900 mm

其它地点其它地点 19001900 毫米毫米 昆明降雨

量(毫

米) 温

度(

)℃

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12月份

右图中:柱状代表降雨曲线代表温度

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Water: source of trouble?

水是麻烦的根源? 水是麻烦的根源? • The wetter the waste, the more difficult it is to manage.

粪便越湿,则越难管理粪便越湿,则越难管理– Transport, storage, and treatment become more expensive. 运输、储存和处运输、储存和处理都很昂贵理都很昂贵

Feces are ~ 30% dry matter.

粪便含干物质粪便含干物质 ~ 30%

Lagoon waste is 1%-2% dry matter.

粪便发酵池粪便含干物质粪便发酵池粪便含干物质 11~~ 2%2%

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Typical water usage rates for cleaning swine production areas.

清洗猪生产区的典型用水量清洗猪生产区的典型用水量Production Area生产区域生产区域

Typical Water Usage典型用水量典型用水量

Swine breeding/gestation

配种配种 //妊娠区妊娠区Swine farrowing

产房产房Swine nursery

保育舍保育舍Swine grow/finish

生长肥育舍生长肥育舍

0.4 liters per head per day

每头每天每头每天 0.40.4 公升公升3.8 liters per head per day

每头每天每头每天 3.83.8 公升公升0.2 liters per head per day

每头每天每头每天 0.20.2 公升公升0.4 liters per head per day

每头每天每头每天 0.40.4 公升公升

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• Water waste can be reduced. 可减少废水可减少废水– Design water-independent waste collection system.

设计不用水的粪便收集系统设计不用水的粪便收集系统– Place special water nipples or cups under nipples.

使用特殊的饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯使用特殊的饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯– Use wt-dry or liquid feeders.使用干使用干 --湿饲槽或液体饲槽湿饲槽或液体饲槽– Fix water leaks and use low-water cleaning methods

修理漏水处,使用低水量清洗方法修理漏水处,使用低水量清洗方法– Prevent rain water from entering waste stream.

防止雨水进入粪便管理系统防止雨水进入粪便管理系统

Water: source of trouble?水是麻烦的根源?水是麻烦的根源?

(continued)( 续续 )

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Manure Utilization and Manure Utilization and Treatment TechnologiesTreatment Technologies

粪便利用和处理技术粪便利用和处理技术

Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship

Manure Treatment OptionsManure Treatment Options

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Natural Systems

天然系统天然系统

• Vegetative filter strips

植被过滤带植被过滤带• Overland flow

地表水流地表水流• Constructed wetlands

人工湿地人工湿地

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Constructed Wetlands

人工湿地人工湿地Types include surface flow, subsurface flow, reciprocating, and wetland pond

包括地表水流,表层下水流,交互水流和湿地池包括地表水流,表层下水流,交互水流和湿地池

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Solids Separation固体物分离固体物分离

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Solids Separation固体物分离固体物分离

• Gravity or Mechanical

重力或机械重力或机械• Reduce organic loading to

storage or treatment unit 减减少储粪池或处理设施中的少储粪池或处理设施中的有机物有机物

• Reduce liquid manure volume and N content

减少液体的量和氮含量减少液体的量和氮含量

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Solid Separation 固体物分离固体物分离

• Flexibility in application 应用灵活应用灵活

• Odor reduction 减少臭气减少臭气• Compost or direct application

制作堆肥或直接施用于田间制作堆肥或直接施用于田间

• Value-added products 增值产品增值产品

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Gravity Separation 重力分离重力分离• Land and slope requirement 需要场地和斜坡需要场地和斜坡

– many farms have limited space between barns and lagoon/basins 许多猪场许多猪场在猪舍和粪池之间的空间有限在猪舍和粪池之间的空间有限

• Modify plumbing to collect manure from all houses 要重要重排管道,要能从所有的猪舍收集粪便排管道,要能从所有的猪舍收集粪便

• Requires loader to remove solids

需要装载机以清除固体物需要装载机以清除固体物

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穿孔管道出口孔 =1×4英寸 水泥沉降池

池高

1~ 2英尺

1英寸/英尺

的斜

坡池长池宽

9号, 3/4英寸展延金属丝网,与墙壁斜度 18度。 4英尺可取下

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2-cell concrete settling basin2室水泥沉降池

Inlet

Outlet

Outlet 出口出口

进口

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Is This Manure Handling System Properly Sized?

此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗?

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Gravity Screen Separation重力筛分离重力筛分离

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Gravity Screen with Roller Press重力筛 +辊筒压榨

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Screw Press Separators螺旋压榨分离分离机螺旋压榨分离分离机

入口

固体物

液体出口

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Composting制作堆肥制作堆肥

• Aerobic biological process to treat organic wastes 处理有机废物的需处理有机废物的需氧生物学过程氧生物学过程

• C:N and % Moisture 碳碳 :: 氮比氮比和水分含量和水分含量

• Volume, odor and nutrient reduction 减少体积、臭气和养分减少体积、臭气和养分

• Land application, soil amendment 用于田间,可改良土壤用于田间,可改良土壤

• Marketing and quality control are limiting factors for off-farm use 销售渠道和质销售渠道和质量控制是猪场外应用的限制因素量控制是猪场外应用的限制因素

Windrow w/Mechanical Windrow w/Mechanical AerationAeration 干草加机械曝气干草加机械曝气

Static Pile w/Forced Aeration静态堆积加强制曝气静态堆积加强制曝气

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Safety安全问题安全问题• Signage and Fencing 警示牌和围栏警示牌和围栏

• Toxic Gases 有毒气体有毒气体– When stored manure is agitated 对储存的粪便进行搅动时对储存的粪便进行搅动时

– Hydrogen Sulfide 硫化氢硫化氢

– Provide maximum ventilation 要提供最大通风要提供最大通风

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Safety安全问题安全问题“Do not allow anyone to enter a manure tank without a self-contained breathing apparatus and use the buddy system”.

不可让任何人在未戴上防毒呼吸机不可让任何人在未戴上防毒呼吸机的情况下进入储粪设施,进入时必的情况下进入储粪设施,进入时必须实行各自为对方安全负责的“两须实行各自为对方安全负责的“两人同行制”人同行制”

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Keeping an Eye on Water Quality

关注水质问题关注水质问题• Take time to walk your operation

花费些时间巡视你的猪场花费些时间巡视你的猪场• Monitor water quality 注意水质问题注意水质问题• Observe minimum setbacks

要寻找哪怕是最小的问题要寻找哪怕是最小的问题• Develop a nutrient management plan

制定养分管理计划制定养分管理计划

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All nutrients (not just N), pathogens, andother biologically sensitive materials in manure

must be considered to use it in the most economical, environmentally safe manner.

对粪便中所有的养分对粪便中所有的养分 ((不仅是氮不仅是氮 )) 、病原体和其它生物、病原体和其它生物学敏感物质学敏感物质 ,, 都应该考虑以最经济而安全的方式加以利都应该考虑以最经济而安全的方式加以利

用用

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Airborne Emissions from Animal Facilities: Big Concern

来自饲养设施的气源散发:巨大的担忧

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Air Emission Concerns担忧气源散发

• Who 谁在担忧

– Communities and neighbors 社区和邻居

– Producers 生产者

– Government agencies 政府部门

• 担忧什么– Odor 臭味– Property value

财产价值

– Health 健康– Cost 成本– Other其他

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Health Impacts 对健康的危害• Psychological response 生理上的反应

– Greater anger, depression, fatigue 愤怒,沮丧和疲劳

• Physiological response 生理反应– Allergic reactions to dust/bacteria 对尘埃 /细菌的变态反应

– Reports of nausea, vomiting, headache 恶心,呕吐和头痛

– Health risks are poorly documented. 已经证明了对健康造成威胁

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Airborne Emission Sources 臭气来源

2. Storage 储粪池1. Housing 猪舍

3. Land Application 田间施肥

40-59

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Baseline Emission Levels基础散发水平

Building emissions, along with emissions from the manure storage, form a baseline emission level for a production site.

来自畜舍、粪便储存设施的散发物,以及来自生产场所的基础水平散发物。

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Anaerobic Conditions Create Most Odor Compounds

厌氧条件会产生最多的臭气物质

Complexorganic

Compounds复杂的有机化合物

Volatileodorous

Compounds可挥发的臭气化合物

Odor-producingBacteria

产生臭气的细菌

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Key Points 关 键 点Air quality concerns arise from three sources: buildings,

manure storage, and land application. 空气质量问题来自三个方面:畜舍,储粪池和粪肥的田间施用

Emissions include dust, odors, and gases. 散发物包括灰尘,臭气和各种有毒气体

Of the three, odors are the most difficult to quantify. 以上 3种中,臭气最难加以量化。

Odors are gas mixtures at extremely low concentrations 臭气是最小浓度的多种气体的混合物

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Reducing Odor Generation 减少臭气产生

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Dietary Manipulations to Reduce Odor Generation

通过日粮调控减少臭气产生

Balancing animal performance with reductions in odor generation

在动物生产性能和减少臭气产生之间求得平衡

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Strategies for Swine 解决猪场臭气问题的策略

1. Feed low protein diets 饲喂低蛋白日粮

2. Phase feeding 分阶段饲喂

3. Low sulfur diets 降低日粮中硫水平

4. Addition of fermentable carbohydrates 添加可发酵的碳水化合物

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Additives 添加剂Many additives are available to add to pits, lagoons, or

animal feed. They work in different ways:现有很多添加剂可以添加到粪坑,发酵池或者动物饲料中。它们有多种作用方式:– chemical, 化学制品 -disinfectants, 消毒剂– microbial, 微生物 -deodorants, 除臭剂

– enzymatic, 酶 -Adsorbents 吸附剂

– others. 其他Some work; some do not.

有些添加剂起作用;有些则无用

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Reducing Odor Generation 减少臭气产生Summary 小结

• Nutritionally, we can control the level of nutrient excretion 从营养学角度说,我们能够控制养分的排泄水平

• Must be economical for the producer 对于养殖者来说,必须是经济的

• Additives vary in effectiveness 添加剂的作用效果千差万别

• Operations vary in effectiveness of the same additive 同样一种添加剂在不同猪场的效果亦不相同

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Reducing Odor Emission from Building

Sources 减少从畜舍散发的臭气Manure Storages 粪池

41-68

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Two Approaches to Minimizing Odor Emissions from Buildings

减少畜舍臭气的两种方法• Minimize the odor generated in the building

将从畜舍产生的臭气降低到最少

• Capture and treat odor as it is emitted from the building(s) 将从畜舍产生的臭气加以阻挡和处理

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What is Biofiltration?何谓生物过滤?

Biofiltration of Air 空气

的生物过滤

The use of microorganisms to oxidize volatile organic compounds and oxidizable inorganic gases and vapors. 用微生物氧化挥发的有机化合物以及可被氧化的无机气体和蒸汽

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Biofilter Configuration 生物滤器的结构

Exhaust Fan

Mechanically Ventilated Building

Reduced Odor Air

Air DuctPit Beneath Barn

Odorous Air

Media SupportAir Plenum

BiofilterM ed ia

Dust Impactor

机械通风的猪舍

臭味空气

猪舍地下粪池

排风扇灰尘冲击器

臭气减少了的空气

生物滤材

滤材支撑

压力气体气体管道

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Gestation – Farrowing Biofilters

妊娠 - 分娩舍的生物滤器

Biofilters生物滤器

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ODOR REDUCTION – SWINE

臭气减少 - 猪

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Date

Odo

r U

nits

Inlet into biofilter

Exhaust from biofilter

臭气单位

生物过滤器入口处气体

从生物过滤器排出的气体

日期97

年12

98-4月

98年

8月 98

年12

99年

4 月99

年8月

99年

12月

00-4月

00-8月

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Placing Media on Pallets

在草垫上放置生物滤材

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Farrowing Biofilter

分娩舍的生物滤器

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Synthetic Covers 人造覆盖物

• Rigid (wooden or concrete) or flexible (plastic) covers hold gases and odors inside tank.

坚硬的(木制或者水泥)或柔软的(塑料)覆盖物防止粪池中气体和臭气挥发出来

Most flexible covers float on the liquid surface.

大多数柔软的覆盖物漂浮在液体表面

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Bio or Straw Covers生物或者稻草盖子

• Blowing straw on earthen storage将碎秸杆吹入土质粪池 • Thin biocover on

storage after 1 week一周后在粪池表面加上薄层生物覆盖

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Swine Facility with Two-Stage Lagoon 猪场:两阶段发酵池

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Factors Affecting Odor Release and Dispersion

影响臭气释放和传播的因素

3. Source concentration 气体浓度

2. Area 面积

1. Wind speed 风速

1. Temperature 温度2. Wind speed 风速3. Topography 地形

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Landscaping Improves Appearance and Hides Storage.绿化美化粪池表面并将其掩盖

Perception is Reality! 感觉就是现实!

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Liquid/Solid Separation 液体 / 固体分离

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Settling Basin 沉淀池

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Anaerobic Treatment 厌氧处理Anaerobic treatment takes place in the absence of oxygen; the

most common type is the anaerobic lagoon. 厌氧处理在无氧环境下进行;最常见的类型是建立厌氧发酵池。Anaerobic digesters are similar but provide more intense

treatment. 厌氧消化器与此类似,但有更强的处理能力Digesters are heated and the manure is thicker than lagoons.

消化器可被加热,粪便比发酵池中的更为浓稠

Gas production potential is greater for anaerobic than for aerobic

systems. 厌氧环境下产生的气体多于有氧系统下产生的气体。An overloaded condition can cause intense odors and gases.

超载的结果会产生强烈烈的臭气和气体

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Odor Summary臭气总结

• Odor can be measured 臭气可以测量

• Technologies exist to reduce odor 已有可减少臭气产生的技术

• Being a Good Neighbor is important for Community Relations 在社区内,做一个好邻居很重要

• Odor movement can be modeled 臭气的移动可以被定型

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This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative

State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S.

Department of Agriculture; the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, the National Agriculture Assistance Center; and the

University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension, University of

Nebraska-Lincoln, under Cooperative Agreement Number 97-

EXCA-3-0642.

本材料依据的是美国农业部州际合作研究、教本材料依据的是美国农业部州际合作研究、教育和推广局;美国环保局;全国农业协助中心育和推广局;美国环保局;全国农业协助中心;内布拉斯加大学合作推广站;内布拉斯加;内布拉斯加大学合作推广站;内布拉斯加 --

林肯大学等单位按林肯大学等单位按 97-EXCA-3-0642号合作协议号合作协议资助的工作资助的工作

Funding资 资 助 助

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Thank you 谢谢!谢谢!