Manufacturing

MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing Processes

Inward Goods

Inspection

Storage

InventoryControl

QualityControl

AcceptanceTesting

PackagingStorage

SalesInvoicingAccounts

DispatchShipment

Data Collection

• Data feed through forms• Data feed through interfaces• Data cleaning• Data formatting• Data Storage• Past Data Storage and integration

Defining Business Requirements

• Reports Definition• Frequency of Reports Definition• Login Control• Information Control• Reporting formats definition• Software and hardware available• Software and hardware required• Gap Analysis

Designing System Architecture

• Creating Draft System Architecture• Customer Presentation• Customer Feedback• Designing Solution Architecture• Solution Variants• Generating Requirement Compliance• Gap Analysis

Agreement Document

• Agreement Document Definition• Non-Disclosure Agreement• Pricing of Services and Payment Schedule• Inclusion of Service Tax and VAT/Sales Tax• Change Management• Change Pricing Mechanism• Commercial terms and conditions• Jurisdiction decision

Detailed Block Design

• Detailed Block Diagram design taking all customer requirements

• Creating Systems Modules• Creating Operating Systems Requirements• Operating System License Definition and pricing• Data Base Server Definition and User Licensing• Database Server Pricing• Hardware Requirements and hardware Pricing• Networking Requirements and Network Pricing

Data Base Design• Architecture of Database• Tables Design• Stored Procedures Design• Triggers Design• Interfaces Design• Design of Data Integration Applications• Design of Reporting Applications• Security of Database• Logins and passwords management• Web interfaces and applications design• Data Downloading from web database

Business Intelligence Applications

• Generating Multi Dimensional Cubes• Generating Multiple Dimensions• Dimensional Analysis• KPI’s• Business Intelligence Analyzing Algorithms• Formula Storage• Reports Generation

Systems Deployment

• Lab tested systems are deployed on customers servers

• Integration Customers existing systems• Total System Integration• System Beta Testing• Gap analysis• Design Modifications and Application Tuning• Re-deloyment of applications

Customer Training

• Training of Customer staff• Training of Customer Information Technology

Staff• Handover of Complete Systems

Warranty and After Sales support

• Warranty of applications• After sales support for 1 year• Annual Maintenance Contract

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Information required at different management levels

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Levels of Management Decision Making

• Strategic management– Executives develop organizational goals, strategies,

policies, and objectives – As part of a strategic planning process

• Tactical management– Managers and business professionals in self-directed

teams – Develop short- and medium-range plans, schedules

and budgets – Specify the policies, procedures and business

objectives for their subunits

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Levels of Management Decision Making

• Operational management– Managers or members of self-directed teams – Develop short-range plans such as weekly

production schedules

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Information Quality

• Information products whose characteristics, attributes, or qualities make the information more value

• Information has 3 dimensions:– Time– Content– Form

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Attributes of Information Quality

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Decision Structure

• Structured – situations where the procedures to follow when a decision is needed can be specified in advance

• Unstructured – decision situations where it is not possible to specify in advance most of the decision procedures to follow

• Semistructured - decision procedures that can be prespecified, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision

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Information Systems to support decisions

Management Information Systems

Decision Support Systems

Decision support provided

Provide information about the performance of the organization

Provide information and techniques to analyze specific problems

Information form and frequency

Periodic, exception, demand, and push reports and responses

Interactive inquiries and responses

Information format

Prespecified, fixed format Ad hoc, flexible, and adaptable format

Information processing methodology

Information produced by extraction and manipulation of business data

Information produced by analytical modeling of business data

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Decision Support Trends

• Personalized proactive decision analytics• Web-Based applications• Decisions at lower levels of management and

by teams and individuals• Business intelligence applications

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Business Intelligence Applications

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Decision Support Systems• DSS• Provide interactive information support to

managers and business professionals during the decision-making process

• Use:– Analytical models– Specialized databases– A decision maker’s own insights and judgments– Interactive computer-based modeling

• To support semistructured business decisions

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DSS components

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DSS Model base

• Model base– A software component that consists of models

used in computational and analytical routines that mathematically express relations among variables

• Examples:– Linear programming models,– Multiple regression forecasting models– Capital budgeting present value models

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Management Information Systems

• MIS• Produces information products that support

many of the day-to-day decision-making needs of managers and business professionals

• Prespecified reports, displays and responses• Support more structured decisions

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MIS Reporting Alternatives

• Periodic Scheduled Reports– Prespecified format on a regular basis

• Exception Reports– Reports about exceptional conditions– May be produced regularly or when exception occurs

• Demand Reports and Responses– Information available when demanded

• Push Reporting– Information pushed to manager

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Online Analytical Processing

• OLAP– Enables mangers and analysts to examine and

manipulate large amounts of detailed and consolidated data from many perspectives

– Done interactively in real time with rapid response

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OLAP Analytical Operations

• Consolidation – Aggregation of data

• Drill-down – Display detail data that comprise consolidated

data

• Slicing and Dicing– Ability to look at the database from different

viewpoints

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OLAP Technology

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Geographic Information Systems

• GIS– DSS that uses geographic databases to construct

and display maps and other graphics displays– That support decisions affecting the geographic

distribution of people and other resources– Often used with Global Position Systems (GPS)

devices

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Data Visualization Systems

• DVS – DSS that represents complex data using

interactive three-dimensional graphical forms such as charts, graphs, and maps

– DVS tools help users to interactively sort, subdivide, combine, and organize data while it is in its graphical form.

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Using DSS

• What-if Analysis – End user makes changes to variables, or

relationships among variables, and observes the resulting changes in the values of other variables

• Sensitivity Analysis – Value of only one variable is changed repeatedly

and the resulting changes in other variables are observed

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Using DSS• Goal-Seeking– Set a target value for a variable and then repeatedly

change other variables until the target value is achieved

– How can analysis• Optimization – Goal is to find the optimum value for one or more

target variables given certain constraints – One or more other variables are changed repeatedly

until the best values for the target variables are discovered

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Data Mining

• Main purpose is to provide decision support to managers and business professionals through knowledge discovery

• Analyzes vast store of historical business data• Tries to discover patterns, trends, and

correlations hidden in the data that can help a company improve its business performance

• Use regression, decision tree, neural network, cluster analysis, or market basket analysis

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Market Basket Analysis

• One of most common data mining for marketing

• The purpose is to determine what products customers purchase together with other products

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Executive Information Systems

• EIS– Combine many features of MIS and DSS– Provide top executives with immediate and easy

access to information– About the factors that are critical to

accomplishing an organization’s strategic objectives (Critical success factors)

– So popular, expanded to managers, analysts and other knowledge workers

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Features of an EIS

• Information presented in forms tailored to the preferences of the executives using the system– Customizable graphical user interfaces– Exception reporting– Trend analysis– Drill down capability

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Enterprise Interface Portals

• EIP– Web-based interface – Integration of MIS, DSS, EIS, and other technologies– Gives all intranet users and selected extranet users

access – To a variety of internal and external business

applications and services

• Typically tailored to the user giving them a personalized digital dashboard

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Enterprise Information Portal Components

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Knowledge Management Systems

• The use of information technology to help gather, organize, and share business knowledge within an organization

• Enterprise Knowledge Portals– EIPs that are the entry to corporate intranets that

serve as knowledge management systems

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Enterprise Knowledge Portals

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Case 2 Artificial IntelligenceThe Dawn of the Digital Brain

• Numenta will translate the way the brain works into an algorithm that can run on a new type of computer

• The human brain does not work like a computer

• Intelligence, according to Hawkins, is pattern recognition

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• A field of science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics, and engineering

• Goal is to develop computers that can simulate the ability to think, as well as see, hear, walk, talk, and feel

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Attributes of Intelligent Behavior• Think and reason• Use reason to solve problems• Learn or understand from experience• Acquire and apply knowledge• Exhibit creativity and imagination• Deal with complex or perplexing situations• Respond quickly and successfully to new

situations• Recognize the relative importance of elements in

a situation• Handle ambiguous, incomplete, or erroneous

information

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Domains of Artificial Intelligence

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Cognitive Science

• Based in biology, neurology, psychology, etc.• Focuses on researching how the human brain

works and how humans think and learn

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Robotics

• Based in AI, engineering and physiology• Robot machines with computer intelligence

and computer controlled, humanlike physical capabilities

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Natural Interfaces

• Based in linguistics, psychology, computer science, etc.

• Includes natural language and speech recognition• Development of multisensory devices that use a

variety of body movements to operate computers• Virtual reality– Using multisensory human-computer interfaces that

enable human users to experience computer-simulated objects, spaces and “worlds” as if they actually exist

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Expert Systems

• ES• A knowledge-based information system (KBIS)

that uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application to act as an expert consultant to end users

• KBIS is a system that adds a knowledge base to the other components on an IS

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Expert System Components• Knowledge Base– Facts about specific subject area– Heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of

an expert (rules of thumb)• Software Resources – Inference engine processes the knowledge and

makes inferences to make recommend course of action

– User interface programs to communicate with end user

– Explanation programs to explain the reasoning process to end user

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Expert System Components

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Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Case-Based – knowledge organized in form of cases– Cases: examples of past performance,

occurrences and experiences

• Frame-Based – knowledge organized in a hierarchy or network of frames– Frames: entities consisting of a complex package

of data values

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Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Object-Based – knowledge organized in network of objects– Objects: data elements and the methods or

processes that act on those data• Rule-Based – knowledge represented in rules

and statements of fact– Rules: statements that typically take the form of a

premise and a conclusion– Such as, If (condition) then (conclusion)

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Expert System Benefits

• Faster and more consistent than an expert• Can have the knowledge of several experts• Does not get tired or distracted by overwork

or stress• Helps preserve and reproduce the knowledge

of experts

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Expert System Limitations

• Limited focus• Inability to learn• Maintenance problems• Developmental costs• Can only solve specific types of problems in a

limited domain of knowledge

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Suitability Criteria for Expert Systems

• Domain: subject area relatively small and limited to well-defined area

• Expertise: solutions require the efforts of an expert• Complexity: solution of the problem is a complex task

that requires logical inference processing (not possible in conventional information processing)

• Structure: solution process must be able to cope with ill-structured, uncertain, missing and conflicting data

• Availability: an expert exists who is articulate and cooperative

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Development Tool

• Expert System Shell– Software package consisting of an expert system

without its knowledge base– Has inference engine and user interface programs

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Knowledge Engineer

• A professional who works with experts to capture the knowledge they possess

• Builds the knowledge base using an iterative, prototyping process

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Neural Networks

• Computing systems modeled after the brain’s mesh-like network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons

• Interconnected processors operate in parallel and interact with each other

• Allows network to learn from data it processes

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Fuzzy Logic

• Method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning

• Allows for approximate values and inferences and incomplete or ambiguous data instead of relying only on crisp data

• Uses terms such as “very high” rather than precise measures

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Genetic Algorithms

• Software that uses – Darwinian (survival of the fittest), randomizing,

and other mathematical functions – To simulate an evolutionary process that can yield

increasingly better solutions to a problem

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Virtual Reality (VR)

• Computer-simulated reality • Relies on multisensory input/output devices

such as– a tracking headset with video goggles and stereo

earphones, – a data glove or jumpsuit with fiber-optic sensors

that track your body movements, and – a walker that monitors the movement of your feet

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Intelligent Agents

• A software surrogate for an end user or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity

• Uses its built-in and learned knowledge base • To make decisions and accomplish tasks in a

way that fulfills the intentions of a user

• Also called software robots or bots

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User Interface Agents• Interface Tutors – observe user computer

operations, correct user mistakes, and provide hints and advice on efficient software use

• Presentation – show information in a variety of forms and media based on user preferences

• Network Navigation – discover paths to information and provide ways to view information based on user preferences

• Role-Playing – play what-if games and other roles to help users understand information and make better decisions

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Information Management Agents• Search Agents – help users find files and

databases, search for desired information, and suggest and find new types of information products, media, and resources

• Information Brokers – provide commercial services to discover and develop information resources that fit the business or personal needs of a user

• Information Filters – receive, find, filter, discard, save, forward, and notify users about products received or desired