manual one

7/26/2019 Manual one

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Introduction

OverviewStatPac is a complete data manager and analysis package. It will handle all phases of

survey design and analysis.

The steps in running StatPac are the same as in all research:

1. Design the study

2. ollect the data

!. "un the analyses

#umerous other tasks may $e performed% such as managing e&mail lists andmanually entering'editing data.

The study design contains a description of the varia$les% their la$els% and the data fileformat. The study design is stored in a file called thecodebook. (ll code$ook filenames end with a .cod e)tension.

(nother part of the study design is called a form. The form is used for data entry andediting. *ou do not need a form unless you will $e doing manual data entry orediting. (ll form names end with a .frm e)tension. +hen you are processing,uestionnaires% the form closely resem$les the ,uestionnaire itself. StatPac-s datamanager uses the form to allow entry and editing of data.

(n essential element of StatPac is the a$ility to create and maintain a data$ase ofinformation to $e analyed. This may $e ,uestionnaire data% test scores or any othertype of /raw/ information. The information is stored in a data fileon disk. (ll datafile names end with a .dat e)tension.

+hen performing a +e$ survey% the responses will $e stored on the server in an(SII te)t file using a .asc e)tension. 0#ote: The default e)tension for internetresponse files may $e changed $y modifying the Internet)tension setting in the

StatPac.ini file. +hen you-re ready to perform analyses% you-ll download theresponse fileto your local computer and import it into a StatPac data file.

The final step is to perform the analyses. StatPac is designed for either interactive or$atch processing. This means you can run a single analysis 0interactive or manydifferent analyses at one time 0$atch. To run an analysis you will type a set ofcommands that say /first do this/% /ne)t do this/% and so on. These commands arestored in a procedure file. Procedure file names end with a .pro e)tension.

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System Requirements and InstallationInstalling StatPac on a hard disk is very easy and will take a$out five minutes.

If you have any pro$lems installing this product% please do not hesitate to write% call%or e&mail.

StatPac Inc.

Technical Support

1233 4irst Street

Pepin% +I 56758

0715 662&2291 08&5 entral Time

0715 662&2292 04a)

supportstatpac.com

Please note that StatPac can legally $e installed on two computers provided that therewill not $e simultaneous use of $oth installations. It may $e installed on a networkdrive. ;owever% access to the software will $e restricted to the workstation used forthe installation. (ny other installations are a violation of copyright laws. If you wishto install StatPac on an additional computer% please remove it from the currentcomputer $efore installing it on the new computer% or purchase a second copy at areduced cost.

+hen conducting we$ surveys% the ;T


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Ot$er Use"ul So"tware

(ll StatPac reports are created in rich te)t format. These files can $e viewed% printed%and manipulated in StatPac% or you can use any word processor to view the reports0e.g.


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e)ception. StatPac Inc. specifically grants you the right to install the software on oneadditional computer% provided that $oth computers will not run the softwaresimultaneously.

)amples of typical installations would $e: 1 one home and one office computer% 2one office computer and a laptop computer% ! one main computer and one $ackupcomputer% 6 your computer and your technical support person-s computer. *ou are

specifically prohi$ited from installing two copies of the software where there will $etwo simultaneous users of the software.

+hen you register the software% it is converted from a demo version to a full version.(fter registering StatPac% you can unregister it from one machine and then register iton another machine. +hen you unregister the software% it is converted from a fullversion $ack to a demo.

Bnregistering the software will ena$le you to install and register the package on adifferent computer. Select ;elp% nter B#=GH ode. Type KCtrl SL. ( minus signwill $e added to the $eginning of the serial num$er. Type your B#=GH code. lickGH to unregister the software. The copy on that computer will $e changed to a demoversion and you will then $e a$le to register it on another computer. It is notnecessary to actually remove the package after unregistering it. *ou may keep the

demo version on that computer so it will $e easy to reregister it on that computer inthe future.

(fter unregistering the package% you may remove it from that computer $y selectingontrol Panel% (dd'"emove Programs% and click on StatPac (ll the files from thedirectory where you installed the software will $e removed. (ll files that you created0code$ooks% data files% etc. will not $e deleted.

etwor( O)eration+hen you purchase a #etwork =icense (greement% your serial num$er and passwordwill automatically activate the network option. The network option will not workunless you have a special serial num$er and password.

The software must $e installed from each station that will have access to thenetwork. (t the first station% install the software to a network drive. Su$se,uentinstallations at different stations should install to the same network drive and folder.Some re,uired files will $e written to the local computerAs +indowsSystem folder.Bse your serial num$er and B#=GH code to activate each station after you installit.

(fter installing the software on all stations% perform the following two steps to usethe networking capa$ilities of StatPac for +indows.

1. reate or decide upon a folder where user profiles will $e stored. The folder canhave any name. (ll users must have permission to write to this folder. ( profile is thesame as the StatPac.ini file and contains all the default values for the software. achuser will have their own profile 0their own default values.

4or e)ample% you might create a folder called:

: StatPacBsers4older

2. reate an (SII te)t file 0using notepad or any word processor and save it in theStatPac programs folder using the name /Bsers.ini/. The first line of the te)t is thepath to the folder where user profiles are stored. This may $e the fully ,ualified

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path% or can $e a path relative to the folder where StatPac was installed. Su$se,uentlines in the te)t file are user names and passwords separated $y commas. Do notinclude any spaces unless they are actually part of the password. Bpper and lowercase characters are different.

4or e)ample% three user names and passwords are specified in this /Bsers.ini/ file:

:StatPacBsers4older

(dministrator%Foss

David%programmer

;ilda%Pastor

StatPac networking will now $e ena$led. Bser profiles will automatically $e createdand stored in the user profile folder when the user first logs into StatPac. The loginscreen will appear each time a user runs the package.

If you need to add a new user% first temporarily rename the Bsers.ini file tosomething else. Then install the software from the new station and activate it withthe serial num$er and password. 4inally% rename the file $ack to Bsers.ini and editthe file to include the new username and password.

U)datin% to a More Recent +ersion+e fre,uently update the software with enhancements and $ug fi)es. Please checkour we$ site to see if you have the most recent update. Bpdates are availa$le to allusers who have a current technical support agreement.

How to update your StatPac:

1. "un StatPac

2. Select ;elp% Software Bpdates

!. lick the heck for Bpdates $utton

6. Download the updates

5. lose StatPac and restart it.

(lternatively% set your $rowser to:

https:''statpac.com'updates'login.htm

StatPac For Windows User's Manual Introduction ,
https://statpac.com/updates/login.htmhttps://statpac.com/updates/login.htmhttps://statpac.com/updates/login.htm


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-ac(in%.U) a StudySystem crashes are not commonN however% when they do happen% it can $edevastating.


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! Fegin each procedure file with a simple procedure that writes a duplicatecode$ook and data file. Then perform su$se,uent procedures on the duplicate filesrather than the originals. Fy doing this% youAll $e leaving the original code$ook anddata files intact. #o matter what happens% youAll always $e a$le to revert $ack to youroriginal files.

In this e)ample% the original code$ook and data file are called


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0ec$nical Su))ort


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StatPac Inc. shall have no lia$ility or responsi$ility to customer or any other personor entity with respect to any lia$ility% loss or damage caused or alleged to $e causeddirectly or indirectly $y StatPac for +indows. This includes% $ut is not limited to%any interruption of service% loss of data% loss of $usiness or anticipatory profits% orconse,uential damages from the use of StatPac for +indows.

Information in this document is su$Mect to change without notice and does not

represent a commitment on the part of StatPac Inc. The software descri$ed in thisdocument is furnished under a license agreement. The software may $e used orcopied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Pa)er ! Pencil and C50I Survey ProcessPaper and pencil surveys and (TI 0computer assisted telephone interviewingsurveys follow the same process:

1. reate a code$ook 0i.e.% the study design. The code$ook contains the ,uestionsand response choices for all the items on the survey. It also contains validitychecking information and $ranching information that allows the survey to skip toother ,uestions depending on a respondent-s answer.

2. reate a data entry'editing form. The data entry form is a template that can $e usedfor entering and editing data. StatPac can automatically generate a nicely formattedform. Gnce created% forms can $e easily modified 0such as adding specialinstructions to interviewers or data entry operators.

!. nter the raw data. The data manager is used to enter the respondents- answersinto a data$ase. Internally% StatPac stores the data in a fi)ed record&length se,uential(SII file with a carriage return and line feed at the end of each data record.

6. reate a procedure file and run the reports. ( procedure file is simply a set ofinstructions that tells StatPac what kind of reports you want.

Internet Survey ProcessFuilding an Internet survey can $e $roken down into several distinct steps. The $asicprocess for creating Internet surveys with an e&mail invitation and follow&upreminder to non&respondents is as follows:

1. reate a code$ook. The code$ook for Internet surveys is nearly identical to thecode$ook for paper and pencil surveys.

2. reate a default script $y selecting Design% Internet Survey. The script controlshow the ;T


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>. Download the file containing visitor responses and capture them into a data file.

8. reate an e&mail list of nonresponders. Send a reminder e&mail to thenonresponders.

13. Download the file containing visitor responses and capture them into a data file.

11. reate a procedure file and run the reports in StatPac or e)port the data to

(ccess% or a ta$ or comma delimited file.

-asic File 0y)esStatPac creates and uses several types of files. The file e)tensions are controlled $ythe software and usually may not $e changed.

Code3oo(s 78cod9

The survey design is stored in a file called thecodebook. ach item on a survey is avaria$le. The survey design contains a description of the varia$les% their la$els% andtheir formats. (dditional information% such as skip patterns 0$ranching and validity

checking are also stored in the code$ook. (ll code$ook file names end with a .code)tension.

ata Mana%er Forms 78"rm9

(nother part of the study design is called a form. The form is used as a screentemplate for manually entering and editing. It is not uncommon for a small num$erof respondents to want to complete a hardcopy of the survey rather than the Internetversion. In those situations% you will have to manually add their information to therest of the data. (ll forms end with a .frm e)tension.

ata Files 78dat9

Data files can $e created with the data manager% imported from a file created $yanother program% or captured from an e&mail or Internet response file.

+hen conducting a we$ survey% respondents- answers are stored in a response file onyour server. These response files must $e downloaded and captured $efore they can$e used or e)ported. +hen you capture a response file from the server% it is convertedto a fi)ed&format se,uential (SII file. "esponses from multiple page surveys arecom$ined into a single data record per respondent. Data file names end with a .date)tension.

Internet Res)onse Files 78asc or 8t:t9

+hen a respondent completes a survey on your we$ site% their answers are stored onyour server in an (SII te)t file. This file is not directly usea$le $y other softwareN itmust first $e captured $y StatPac and converted into a fi)ed&format (SII te)t file.StatPac supports multiple page surveys $y storing the responses to each page as it iscompleted. If a respondent a$andons the survey $efore completing all pages% youwill still have captured the information from the pages that they finished. Internetresponse file names normally end with an .asc e)tension% although you canalternatively use a .t)t e)tension. The Internet)tension setting in the StatPac.inidefaults file can $e used to set the Internet response file e)tension.

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StatPac provides two methods for uploading and downloading files from your server0Server% (uto Transfer and Server% 4TP. If you use your own 4TP client to uploadand download files% then you must tell your 4TP program that files with a .asce)tension are to $e treated as (SII 0not $inary files. If you are una$le to make thatsetting in your 4TP program% then you should change StatPac-s default e)tension forinternet response files from .asc to .t)t. The Internet)tension setting in theStatPac.ini file sets the e)tension.


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Password Files 78te:t9

+hen creating a +e$ survey where each respondent has their own password% a ta$delimited te)t file of valid passwords must $e provided. +hile your password filecan have any e)tension% StatPac will create a duplicate file with a .te)t e)tension.This file will $e uploaded to the server to provide password access to the survey.


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opinion&$ody.t)t 0an (SII te)t of that contains the e&mail $ody for the firstmailing or opinion&$ody.htmif you were sending an ;T


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-asic Researc$ Conce)ts

Pro3lem Reco%nition and e"inition+e understand the world $y asking ,uestions and searching for answers. Gur

construction of reality depends on the nature of our in,uiry.

(ll research $egins with a ,uestion. Intellectual curiosity is often the foundation forscholarly in,uiry. Some ,uestions are not testa$le. The classic philosophicale)ample is to ask% /;ow many angels can dance on the head of a pin/ +hile the,uestion might elicit profound and thoughtful revelations% it clearly cannot $e testedwith an empirical e)periment. Prior to Descartes% this is precisely the kind of,uestion that would engage the minds of learned men. Their answers came fromwithin. The scientific method precludes asking ,uestions that cannot $e empiricallytested. If the angels cannot $e o$served or detected% the ,uestion is consideredinappropriate for scholarly research.

Defining the goals and o$Mectives of a research proMect is one of the most importantsteps in the research process. Do not underestimate the importance of this step.

learly stated goals keep a research proMect focused. The process of goal definitionusually $egins $y writing down the $road and general goals of the study. (s theprocess continues% the goals $ecome more clearly defined and the research issues arenarrowed.

)ploratory research 0e.g.% literature reviews% talking to people% and focus groupsgoes hand&in&hand with the goal clarification process. The literature review isespecially important $ecause it o$viates the need to reinvent the wheel for every newresearch ,uestion.


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Creatin% t$e Researc$ esi%nDefining a research pro$lem provides a format for further investigation. ( well&defined pro$lem points to a method of investigation. There is no one $est method ofresearch for all situations. "ather% there are a wide variety of techni,ues for theresearcher to choose from. Gften% the selection of a techni,ue involves a series of

trade&offs. 4or e)ample% there is often a trade&off $etween cost and the ,uality ofinformation o$tained. Time constraints sometimes force a trade&off with the overallresearch design. Fudget and time constraints must always $e considered as part ofthe design process.

Met$ods o" Researc$There are three $asic methods of research: 1 survey% 2 o$servation% and !e)periment. ach method has its advantages and disadvantages.

Thesurveyis the most common method of gathering information in the socialsciences. It can $e a face&to&face interview% telephone% mail% e&mail% or we$ survey.

( personal interview is one of the $est methods o$taining personal% detailed% or in&depth information. It usually involves a lengthy ,uestionnaire that the interviewerfills out while asking ,uestions. It allows for e)tensive pro$ing $y the interviewerand gives respondents the a$ility to ela$orate their answers. Telephone interviewsare similar to face&to&face interviews. They are more efficient in terms of time andcost% however% they are limited in the amount of in&depth pro$ing that can $eaccomplished% and the amount of time that can $e allocated to the interview. ( mailsurvey is more cost effective than interview methods. The researcher can o$tainopinions% $ut trying to meaningfully pro$e opinions is very difficult. mail and we$surveys are the most cost effective and fastest methods.

Observationresearch monitors respondentsA actions without directly interacting withthem. It has $een used for many years $y (.. #ielsen to monitor television viewingha$its. Psychologists often use one&way mirrors to study $ehavior. (nthropologists

and social scientists often study societal and group $ehaviors $y simply o$servingthem. The fastest growing form of o$servation research has $een made possi$le $ythe $ar code scanners at cash registers% where purchasing ha$its of consumers cannow $e automatically monitored and summaried.

In an experiment% the investigator changes one or more varia$les over the course ofthe research. +hen all other varia$les are held constant 0e)cept the one $eingmanipulated% changes in the dependent varia$le can $e e)plained $y the change inthe independent varia$le. It is usually very difficult to control all the varia$les in theenvironment. Therefore% e)periments are generally restricted to la$oratory modelswhere the investigator has more control over all the varia$les.

Sam)lin%It is incum$ent on the researcher to clearly define the target population. There are nostrict rules to follow% and the researcher must rely on logic and Mudgment. Thepopulation is defined in keeping with the o$Mectives of the study.

Sometimes% the entire population will $e sufficiently small% and the researcher caninclude the entire population in the study. This type of research is called a censusstudy $ecause data is gathered on every mem$er of the population.

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Bsually% the population is too large for the researcher to attempt to survey all of itsmem$ers. ( small% $ut carefully chosensamplecan $e used to represent thepopulation. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it isdrawn.

Sampling methods are classified as eitherprobabilityor nonprobability . Inpro$a$ility samples% each mem$er of the population has a known non-zero

pro$a$ility of $eing selected. Pro$a$ility methods include random sampling%systematic sampling% and stratified sampling. In nonpro$a$ility sampling% mem$ersare selected from the population in some nonrandom manner. These includeconvenience sampling% Mudgment sampling% ,uota sampling% and snow$all sampling.The advantage of pro$a$ility sampling is thatsampling errorcan $e calculated.Sampling error is the degree to which a sample might differ from the population.+hen inferring to the population% results are reported plus or minus the samplingerror. In nonpro$a$ility sampling% the degree to which the sample differs from thepopulation remains unknown.

Random samplingis the purest form of pro$a$ility sampling. ach mem$er of thepopulation has an e,ual and known chance of $eing selected. +hen there are verylarge populations% it is often difficult or impossi$le to identify every mem$er of thepopulation% so the pool of availa$le su$Mects $ecomes $iased.

Systematic samplingis often used instead of random sampling. It is also called anNt name selectiontechni,ue. (fter the re,uired sample sie has $een calculated%every #th record is selected from a list of population mem$ers. (s long as the listdoes not contain any hidden order% this sampling method is as good as the randomsampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling techni,ue issimplicity. Systematic sampling is fre,uently used to select a specified num$er ofrecords from a computer file.

Strati!ied samplingis commonly used pro$a$ility method that is superior to randomsampling $ecause it reduces sampling error. (stratumis a su$set of the populationthat shares at least one common characteristic. The researcher first identifies therelevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. "andomsampling is then used to select su$Mects from each stratum until the num$er of

su$Mects in that stratum is proportional to its fre,uency in the population. Stratifiedsampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have alow incidence relative to the other stratums.

Convenience samplingis used in e)ploratory research where the researcher isinterested in getting an ine)pensive appro)imation of the truth. (s the name implies%the sample is selected $ecause they are convenient. This nonpro$a$ility method isoften used during preliminary research efforts to get a gross estimate of the results%without incurring the cost or time re,uired to select a random sample.

"udgment samplingis a common nonpro$a$ility method. The researcher selects thesample $ased on Mudgment. This is usually and e)tension of convenience sampling.4or e)ample% a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one/representative/ city% even though the population includes all cities. +hen using this

method% the researcher must $e confident that the chosen sample is trulyrepresentative of the entire population.

#uota samplingis the nonpro$a$ility e,uivalent of stratified sampling. =ikestratified sampling% the researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportionsas they are represented in the population. Then convenience or Mudgment sampling isused to select the re,uired num$er of su$Mects from each stratum. This differs fromstratified sampling% where the stratums are filled $y random sampling.

Snowball samplingis a special nonpro$a$ility method used when the desired samplecharacteristic is rare. It may $e e)tremely difficult or cost prohi$itive to locate

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respondents in these situations. Snow$all sampling relies on referrals from initialsu$Mects to generate additional su$Mects. +hile this techni,ue can dramatically lowersearch costs% it comes at the e)pense of introducing $ias $ecause the techni,ue itselfreduces the likelihood that the sample will represent a good cross section from thepopulation.

ata CollectionThere are very few hard and fast rules to define the task of data collection. achresearch proMect uses a data collection techni,ue appropriate to the particularresearch methodology. The two primary goals for $oth ,uantitative and ,ualitativestudies are to ma)imie response and ma)imie accuracy.

+hen using an outside data collection service% researchers often validatethe datacollection process $y contacting a percentage of the respondents to verify that theywere actually interviewed. Data editingand cleaninginvolves the process ofchecking for inadvertent errors in the data. This usually entails using a computer tocheck for out&of&$ounds data.

#uantitativestudies employ deductive logic% where the researcher starts with ahypothesis% and then collects data to confirm or refute the hypothesis. #ualitativestudies use inductive logic% where the researcher first designs a study and thendevelops a hypothesis or theory to e)plain the results of the analysis.

Quantitative analysis is generally fast and ine)pensive. ( wide assortment ofstatistical techni,ues is availa$le to the researcher. omputer software is readilyavaila$le to provide $oth $asic and advanced multivariate analysis. The researchersimply follows the preplanned analysis process% without making su$Mective decisionsa$out the data. 4or this reason% ,uantitative studies are usually easier to e)ecute than,ualitative studies.

Qualitative studies nearly always involve in&person interviews% and are thereforevery la$or intensive and costly. They rely heavily on a researcherAs a$ility to e)cludepersonal $iases. The interpretation of ,ualitative data is often highly su$Mective% and

different researchers can reach different conclusions from the same data. ;owever%the goal of ,ualitative research is to develop a hypothesis&&not to test one.Qualitative studies have merit in that they provide $road% general theories that can $ee)amined in future research.

Re)ortin% t$e ResultsThe most important consideration in preparing any research report is the nature ofthe audience. The purpose is to communicate information% and therefore% the reportshould $e prepared specifically for the readers of the report. Sometimes the formatfor the report will $e defined for the researcher 0e.g.% a thesis or dissertation% whileother times% the researcher will have complete latitude regarding the structure of the

report. (t a minimum% the report should contain an a$stract% pro$lem statement%methods section% results section% discussion of the results% and a list of references.

+alidity$alidityrefers to the accuracy or truthfulness of a measurement. (re we measuringwhat we think we are This is a simple concept% $ut in reality% it is e)tremelydifficult to determine if a measure is valid.

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4ace validity is $ased solely on the Mudgment of the researcher. ach ,uestion isscrutinied and modified until the researcher is satisfied that it is an accurate measureof the desired construct. The determination of face validity is $ased on thesu$Mective opinion of the researcher.

Content validityis similar to face validity in that it relies on the Mudgment of theresearcher. ;owever% where face validity only evaluates the individual items on an

instrument% content validity goes further in that it attempts to determine if aninstrument provides ade,uate coverage of a topic. )pert opinions% literaturesearches% and open&ended pretest ,uestions help to esta$lish content validity.

Criterion-related validitycan $e either predictive or concurrent. +hen adependent'independent relationship has $een esta$lished $etween two or morevaria$les% criterion&related validity can $e assessed. ( mathematical model isdeveloped to $e a$le to predict the dependent varia$le from the independentvaria$le0s. %redictive validityrefers to the a$ility of an independent varia$le 0orgroup of varia$les to predict a future value of the dependent varia$le. Concurrentvalidityis concerned with the relationship $etween two or more varia$les at the samepoint in time.

Construct validityrefers to the theoretical foundations underlying a particular scale

or measurement. It e)plores the underlying theories or constructs that e)plain aphenomenon. This is also ,uite su$Mective and depends heavily on theunderstanding% opinions% and $iases of the researcher.

Relia3ilityReliabilityis synonymous with repeata$ility. ( measurement that yields consistentresults over time is said to $e relia$le. +hen a measurement is prone to randomerror% it lacks relia$ility. The relia$ility of an instrument places an upper limit on itsvalidity. ( measurement that lacks relia$ility will necessarily $e invalid. There arethree $asic methods to test relia$ility: test&retest% e,uivalent form% and internalconsistency.

( test-retestmeasure of relia$ility can $e o$tained $y administering the sameinstrument to the same group of people at two different points in time. The degree towhich $oth administrations are in agreement is a measure of the relia$ility of theinstrument. This techni,ue for assessing relia$ility suffers two possi$le draw$acks.4irst% a person may have changed $etween the first and second measurement.Second% the initial administration of an instrument might in itself induce a person toanswer differently on the second administration.

The second method of determining relia$ility is called the e&uivalent-!ormtechni,ue.The researcher creates two different instruments designed to measure identicalconstructs. The degree of correlation $etween the instruments is a measure ofe,uivalent&form relia$ility. The difficulty in using this method is that it may $e verydifficult 0and'or prohi$itively e)pensive to create a totally e,uivalent instrument.

The most popular methods of estimating relia$ility use measures of internalconsistency. +hen an instrument includes a series of ,uestions designed to e)aminethe same construct% the ,uestions can $e ar$itrarily split into two groups. Thecorrelation $etween the two su$sets of ,uestions is called thesplit-al!relia$ility.The pro$lem is that this measure of relia$ility changes depending on how the,uestions are split. ( $etter statistic% known as ron$achAs alpha% is $ased on themean 0a$solute value interitem correlation for all possi$le varia$le pairs. It providesa conservative estimate of relia$ility% and generally represents the lower $ound to therelia$ility of a scale of items. 4or dichotomous nominal data% the H"&23 0Huder&"ichardson is used instead of ron$achAs alpha.

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Systematic and Random


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,ere is no signi!icant relationsip between te age o! managers and teir attitudes

towards te reorganization.

,ere is no signi!icant di!!erence between wite and minority residents wit respectto wat tey !eel are te most important problems !acing te community.

(ll statistical testing is done on the null hypothesis...never the hypothesis. The resultof a statistical test will ena$le you to either 1 reMect the null hypothesis% or 2 fail toreMect the null hypothesis. #ever use the words /accept the null hypothesis/.

0y)e I and 0y)e II


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OOO ducation

OOO ;uman Services

Do you have health insurance

OOO *es OOO #o OOO DonAt know

+hat school did you attend

OOO Park lementary

OOO +est Side

OOO Gther

+hat should $e done with the program

OOO lose it down

OOO Seek government funding

OOO ;old a private fund raiser

OOO Gther

+hat state do you live in OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO#ote: This ,uestion is called an open-ended,uestion $ecause it calls for a ver$atimresponse. ven though the categories 0i.e.% the states are not listed% the ,uestion isstill considered nominal $ecause the data can $e categoried after it is collected.

+hich of the following meats have you eaten in the last week 0heck all thatapply

OOO ;am$urger OOO Pot roast OOO =iver

OOO ;otdogs OOO Facon OOO Steak

OOO Pork chops OOO Sausage OOO Gther

#ote: This ,uestion is called a multiple responseitem $ecause respondents can checkmore than one category.


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OOO (dvanced degree

;ow many $eers have you drunk in the last week

OOO #one OOO Gne to five OOO Si) to ten OOO Gver ten

;ow would you rate your progress

OOO )cellent

OOO Eood

OOO 4air

OOO Poor

+hat has the trend $een in your $usiness over the past year

OOO Decreasing OOO Sta$le OOO Increasing

Please rate the ,uality of this lecture

OOO =ow OOO


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+hat was your EP( as an undergraduate student OOOOO

;ow many times have you $een arrested OOOOO

Si%ni"icance

+hat does significance really mean

and the mean score for females is 133. +e use an independent groups t&test andfind that the difference is significant at the .331 level. The $ig ,uestion is% /Sowhat The difference $etween 8> and 133 on an IQ test is a very smalldifference...so small% in fact% that it-s not even important.

Then why did the t&statistic come out significant Fecause there was a large samplesie. +hen you have a large sample sie% very small differences will $e detected assignificant. This means that you are very sure that the difference is real 0i.e.% it didnAthappen $y fluke. It doesnAt mean that the difference is large or important. If we hadonly given the IQ test to 25 people instead of 1%333% the two&point difference$etween males and females would not have $een significant.

Significance is a statistical term that tells how sure you are that a difference orrelationship e)ists. To say that a significant difference or relationship e)ists onlytells half the story. +e might $e very sure that a relationship e)ists% $ut is it a strong%moderate% or weak relationship (fter finding a significant relationship% it isimportant to evaluate its strength. Significant relationships can $e strong or weak.Significant differences can $e large or small. It Must depends on your sample sie.


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direction of the e)pected difference. ( two&tailed test would $e used to test thesenull hypotheses: There will $e no significant difference in IQ scores $etween malesand females. There will $e no significant difference $etween $lue collar and whitecollar workers. There is no significant difference in strength $etween Superman andthe average person. ( one&tailed pro$a$ility is e)actly half the value of a two&tailedpro$a$ility.

There is a raging controversy 0for a$out the last hundred years on whether or not itis ever appropriate to use a one&tailed test. The rationale is that if you already knowthe direction of the difference% why $other doing any statistical tests. The safest $etis to always state your hypotheses so that two&tailed tests are appropriate.

Procedure "or Si%ni"icance 0estin%+henever we perform a significance test% it involves comparing a test value that wehave calculated to some critical value for the statistic. It doesnAt matter what type ofstatistic we are calculating 0e.g.% a t&statistic% a chi&s,uare statistic% an 4&statistic%etc.% the procedure to test for significance is the same.

1. Decide on the critical alpa level0 you will use 0i.e.% the error rate you are

willing to accept.

2. onduct the research.

!. alculate the statistic.

6. ompare the statistic to a critical valueo$tained from a ta$le or compares thepro$a$ility of the statistic to the critical alpa level.

If your statistic is higher than the critical valuefrom the ta$le or the pro$a$ility ofthe statistic is less than the critical alpha level:

*our finding is significant.

*ou reMect the null hypothesis.The pro$a$ility is small that the difference or relationship happened

$y chance% and p is less than the critical alpha level 0p .

If your statistic is lower than the critical valuefrom the ta$le or the pro$a$ility of thestatistic is higher than the critical alpha level:

*our finding is not significant.

*ou fail to reMect the null hypothesis.

The pro$a$ility is high that the difference or relationship happened

$y chance% and p is greater than the critical alpha level 0p .


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-on"erroni's 0$eoremFonferroniAs theorem states that as one performs an increasing num$er of statisticaltests% the likelihood of getting an erroneous significant finding 0Type I error alsoincreases. Thus% as we perform more and more statistical tests% it $ecomesincreasingly likely that we will falsely reMect a null hypothesis 0very $ad.

4or e)ample% suppose our critical alpha level is .35. If we performed one statisticaltest% our chance of making a false statement is .35. If we were to perform 133statistical tests% and we made a statement a$out the result of each test% we woulde)pect five of them to $e wrong 0Must $y fluke. This is a rather undesira$le situationfor social scientist.

FonferroniAs theorem states that we need to adMust the critical alpha level in order tocompensate for the fact that weAre doing more than one test. To make the adMustment%take the desired critical alpha level 0e.g.% .35 and divide $y the num$er of tests $eingperformed% and use the result as the critical alpha level. 4or e)ample% suppose wehad a test with eight scales% and we plan to compare males and females on each ofthe scales using an independent groups t&test. +e would use .33925 0.35'> as thecritical alpha level for all eight tests.

FonferroniAs theorem should $e applied whenever you are conducting two or moretests that are of the same /type/ and the same /family/. The same /type/ means thesame kind of statistical test. 4or e)ample% if you were going to do one t&test% one(#G@(% and one regression% you would not make the adMustment $ecause the testsare all different. The same /family/ is a more elusive concept% and there are no hardand fast rules. /4amily/ refers to a series of statistical tests all designed to test thesame 0or very closely related theoretical constructs. The $ottom line is that itAs up tothe individual researcher to decide what constitutes a /family/.

Some things are more o$vious than others% for e)ample% if you were doing t&testscomparing males and females on a series of ,uestionnaire items that are all part ofthe same scale% you would pro$a$ly apply the adMustment% $y dividing your criticalalpha level $y the num$er of items in the scale 0i.e.% the num$er of t&tests you

performed on that scale. The pro$a$ilities of the tests would $e called the!amilyerror rates. ;owever% suppose you have a series of independent ,uestions% eachfocusing on a different construct and you want to compare males and females on howthey answered each ,uestion. ;ere is where the whole idea of FonferroniAsadMustment $ecomes philosophical. If you claim that each t&test that you perform is atest of a uni,ue /mini/&hypothesis% then you would not use the adMustment% $ecauseyou have defined each ,uestion as a different /family/. In this case% the pro$a$ilitywould $e called astatement error rate. (nother researcher might call the entire,uestionnaire a /family/% and she would divide the critical alpha $y the total num$erof items on the ,uestionnaire.

+hy stop there 4rom a statisticianAs perspective% the situation $ecomes even morecomple). Since they are personally in the /statistics $usiness/% what should they calla /family/ +hen a statistician does a t&test for a client% may$e she should $e

dividing the critical alpha $y the total num$er of t&tests that she has done in her life%since that is a way of looking at her /family/. Gf course% this would result in adifferent adMustment for each statistician&&an interesting dilemma.

In the real world% most researchers do not use FonferroniAs adMustment $ecause theywould rarely $e a$le to reMect a null hypothesis. They would $e so concerned a$outthe possi$ility of making a false statement% that they would overlook manydifferences and relationships that actually e)ist. The /prime directive/ for socialscience research is to discover relationships. Gne could argue that it is $etter to riskmaking a few wrong statements% than to overlook relationships or differences that are

#/ -asic Researc$ Conce)ts-asic Researc$ Conce)ts StatPac For Windows User's Manual


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Eenerally% we are more concerned with descri$ing the population rather than thesample. Gur intent is to use the sample to descri$e the population. The unbiasedestimatesshould $e used when sampling from the population and inferring $ack tothe population. They provide the $est estimate of the variance and standarddeviation of the population.

Standard


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Code3oo( esi%n

Com)onents o" a Study esi%n(ll surveys $egin $y creating a codebook. The code$ook contains the format and

la$els of each varia$le. If your survey contains 23 items% the code$ook will alsocontain 23 items.

If the survey will $e administered $y paper and pencil or (TI there will also $e adata entryform. The form refers to the screens that the data entry person will seewhile entering and editing data. The code$ook and form usually have the same filenames. Gnly the file e)tensions are different.

If the survey will $e administered over the Internet or as an e&mail survey% a dataentry form is not necessary.

There are many ways to design the code$ook and form. The $est way depends uponwhether or not you already have typed the survey with a word&processor. +hen yourun the program% the main screen will $e displayed. The left side of the screen is forthe +orkspace window and the right side of the screen is used to show the list ofvaria$les in the code$ook.


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Some ,uestions have coded responses and could use the alpha&type format. (ne)ample of alpha&type ,uestion on a survey would $e:

)ic product do you pre!er(

6 4 %roduct 6

7 4 %roduct 7

C 4 %roduct CN 4 No pre!erence

In this ,uestion% the responses are coded into categories. The categories are notarithmetically related. That is% a response of does not mean twice as much productas response (. #ominal and ordinal&type data can use either an alpha or numericformat.

(nother e)ample of an alpha varia$le would $e an open&ended response. Therespondent could answer anything to the following ,uestion:

)at could we do to improve our product(

=ikert&scale ,uestions and preference scales are often given a numeric format so thatdescriptive statistics can $e calculated. This is a generally accepted procedure in

marketing and social science research% the assumption $eing that the perceivedintervals $etween the selections are e,ual.

Number of Columns

The num$er of columns component of the format statement is the field widthallocated for the varia$le. This is the num$er of characters needed to write thelongest data value. There is not a ma)imum num$er of columns for an alphavaria$le% although the practical limit for data entry is 1%333 & 2%333 characters. 4or anumeric varia$le% the ma)imum num$er of columns is 22 characters.

The field width for numeric varia$les must $e large enough to hold the num$er% aplus or minus sign% and a decimal point 0if necessary. 4or e)ample% a numeric one&to&ten scale would re,uire two charactersN racing times for a hundred meter sprint0with accuracy to the hundredth of a second would re,uire five characters 0two for

the seconds% one for the decimal point% and two for the hundredths of seconds. (nalpha varia$le to hold an entire open&ended sentence might re,uire 153 characters.

It is very important that you leave a sufficient num$er of columns for your data.(fter you $egin entering data% changing the num$er of columns for a varia$le will$ecome more comple) 0since this re,uires restructuring of the data already entered.Bser Tip: +hen in dou$t% allow more columns rather than less.

Decimal Places

The decimal format is the num$er of significant decimal places that the varia$le willcontain. This component of the format statement is optional and may $e omitted. If8decimal9is not specified% the data will $e stored e)actly as entered 0with orwithout a decimal point. In the format statement itself% the num$er of decimal digitsis preceded $y a decimal point.

+aria3le ame

The varia$le name is simply a name that may $e used to reference the varia$le whendesigning analyses. +hile the varia$le name is optional% its use is highlyrecommended. (s a general rule% the varia$le name is a short word or a$$reviation.Its primary purpose is to help you keep track of varia$les while designing analyses.

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There are several rules governing varia$le names. (ll of these are automaticallychecked $y StatPac so it will not $e possi$le to enter an invalid varia$le name.

1. ( varia$le name must $e uni,ue from all other varia$le names and may not $e thesame as any analysis keyword. 0The keywords are listed in another section of themanual.

2. The first character of a varia$le name may not $e a num$er or a space.

!. ( varia$le name may not $e the same as a @ num$er. 4or e)ample% you cannotname a varia$le /@12/.

6. ( varia$le name may not contain a comma or period. The varia$le name mayinclude a spaceN however% for the purpose of clarity% we recommend using anunderscore character instead of a space.

5. ( varia$le name may not $e D% % "G"D% TI


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!4@emale

The value la$els also define what will $e accepted as valid data during data entry.W-ene1er a 1alue label is specified# t-e code 2on t-e left of t-e e3uals si.n4 will

be interpreted as a 1alid code durin. data entry, If no 1alue labels are specified#

all data will be considered 1alid,


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S(i) Codes "or -ranc$in%Skip codesallow you to specify conditions for passing over certain varia$les duringdata entry depending on the values entered for other varia$les. This is commonlyreferred to as brancing.

4or instance% if varia$le 9 contains responses to the ,uestion /;ave you ever read


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you insert or delete a varia$le from the code$ook. Therefore% they are generallyadded after the structure of the code$ook has $een finalied.

If you specify askipto a none)istent varia$le num$er% it will $e interpreted as aninstruction to $ranch to the end of the ,uestionnaire. 4or e)ample% if you have asurvey with fifty ,uestions% askipto varia$le ninety&nine would mean toimmediately end the current ,uestionnaire% and $egin a new interview with the ne)t

respondent.

Fe careful when definingskip codes% as it is ,uite possi$le to create an endless dataentry loop.

ata


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Code3oo( 0oolsThere are two main tools for entering and changing the information in the code$ook:the Erid and the @aria$le Detail. ither tool may $e used at any time. Eenerally% theErid is used when you are $eginning a new code$ook% and the @aria$le Detail is usedto make changes to individual varia$les. There is also an (nalysis utility program

CQuick ode$ook reation to create a code$ook from an e)tended formatstatement.

0$e @rid

Gne method of designing a code$ook is to use the Erid. lick on the Erid $utton andthe Erid will $e displayed.

( row in the Erid represents a varia$le. If your study has 53 varia$les% there will $e53 rows in the Erid. +hen you start the Erid% only one row will $e showing.


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There is also a shortcut method for specifying a list of varia$le names or varia$lela$els. Paste them from another application. To use this feature% copy a column ofvaria$le names or la$els to the clip$oard from )cel or another application 0notvalue la$els. In the Erid% select the varia$le names or la$els cell where you want to$egin pasting. Then select dit'Paste 0not control @ to paste the te)t.

Code3oo( Li3raries

There are many features to make the code$ook design easier. Gne of these is thea$ility to load varia$les from other code$ooks. In other words% you can esta$lish a/li$rary/ of commonly used ,uestions. The li$rary can $e a code$ook that youdesigned especially for this purpose% or it can $e a code$ook that you used for aprevious study.

To load a varia$le or varia$les from a li$rary% select 4ile% Gpen =i$rary.



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(fter loading the li$rary% you can choose one or more varia$les to copy to the newcode$ook. To select multiple varia$les% hold down the control key while you click onthe individual varia$les in the li$rary. (fter selecting the varia$les% click on the opyTo Erid Futton in the top left corner of the li$rary window.

u)licatin% +aria3les


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new varia$les into the Erid. They are assigned so the data record will store varia$lesin consecutive 0contiguous columns. Thus% the starting columns are $eingautomatically handled $y the program and not displayed as part of the Erid. Ifnecessary% they will $e adMusted whenever the code$ook is saved. They can $edisplayed $y selecting Gptions% Show Start olumns.

Print a Code3oo(To print a code$ook% select 4ile% Print% ode$ook. The Print Dialog window will giveyou the opportunity to choose various printing options. Printing a code$ook isespecially important if you give your data file to someone else% since the code$ookwill tell them e)actly how the data is formatted.

The @aria$le Selection lets you select which varia$les from the code$ook will $eprinted. The list of varia$les to print can use spaces or commas to separate varia$les%and dashes to indicate a range of varia$les.

( code$ook printout will always include the varia$le num$ers% names% and formatsfor the varia$les. The /+hat To Print/ items let you select what additionalinformation from the code$ook will $e printed.

@aria$le =a$els & +hen this parameter is set% varia$le la$els will $e printed.

@alue =a$els & +hen this parameter is set% value la$els will $e printed.

@alid odes & +hen this parameter is set% valid codes will $e printed. Thisspecifically refers to valid codes that are not part of a 8Code948:abel9.

Skip odes& +hen this parameter is set% skip patterns will $e printed as part of thevalue la$els.

S)ell C$ec( a Code3oo(

To check the spelling in a code$ook% select Design% Spell heck. The spellingchecker dialog $o) will $e shown.



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The default dictionary for the spelling check is (merican nglish. The software also

includes spelling dictionaries for Fritish nglish% 4rench% Spanish% and Eerman. Tochange the dictionary that StatPac uses% you must edit the StatPac.ini file. 4ind theline that saysGictionaryName 4 Hnglis. hange the word /Hnglis/ to /7ritis/%/@renc/% /Spanis/% or /Ierman/.

+aria3le etail Window

To show the @aria$le Detail window% select @iew% @aria$le Detail. If the @aria$le =istwindow is showing% you can also dou$le click on a varia$le to evoke the @aria$leDetail window. The varia$le window gives you the a$ility to add or modify nearly allthe information in the code$ook. +hile the layout is different% it gives you the samefunctionality as the Erid.

The @aria$le Detail window can $e moved around the screen $y pressing the mouse$utton on any gray area of the window and dragging the window to a new location.

+hen you change any of the fields in the @aria$le Detail window% the change isinstantly reflected in the code$ook. See lements of a @aria$le for a completedescription of each field.

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Code3oo( Creation ProcessThe $asic steps involved in designing a code$ook depend upon whether or not youhave a survey typed with a word processor.

et-od 5: If you do not have a word&processed survey% you are essentially /startingfrom scratch/ and it will $e necessary to manually enter the la$eling for thecode$ook. Gnce completed% StatPac can automatically create a form for data entryand that can $e loaded into your word&processor% an Internet survey% or an e&mailsurvey.

et-od 6: If you already have a word&processed survey% considera$le time can $esaved $y loading it into the +orkspace window and then copying te)t from it to the

code$ook la$els in the @aria$le Detail window.

Met$od 1 . Create a Code3oo( "rom Scratc$

There are three ways to set up a new code$ook:

1. Bse the code$ook design features that are $uilt into the program. The Erid and@aria$le Detail tools let you create and edit varia$les% as well as $eing a$le to e)tractvaria$les from other studies or libraries o! &uestions. ( li$rary of ,uestions is simplya code$ook with commonly asked ,uestions. "ather than retyping a ,uestion witheach new survey% you can e)tract it from a li$rary.

2. Bse Quick ode$ook reation 0an (nalysis utility program to enter a formatstatement that descri$es the varia$les and their format. This is the fastest way to

create a new code$ook. ;owever% the code$ook it creates will not have any varia$lenames% la$els or value la$els 0although these can easily $e added later.

!. If you import data from another format% a code$ook will $e created. Depending onthe import format% the code$ook may or may not have varia$le names.

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Met$od # A Create a Code3oo( "rom a Word.Processed ocument

Save the survey with your word processor in .rtf 0"ich Te)t 4ormat. In StatPac%select 4ile% Gpen% "ich Te)t 4ile% and load the word&processed document into theworkspace.

(ctivate the @aria$le Detail window $y selecting @iew% @aria$le Detail% or $y dou$leclicking on C#ew in the @aria$le =ist window. Then create the code$ook onevaria$le at a time $y specifying a format for the varia$le% and copying selected te)tfrom the form to the @aria$le Detail window.

+hen creating a new varia$le% first type its format into the @aria$le 4ormat field.Then copy te)t from the workspace to the @aria$le Detail window to fill in the rest ofthe varia$le information.

To copy te)t% first highlight the te)t on the form. It will automatically $e copied tothe clip$oard when you highlight it. That is% it is not necessary to select dit% opy%or press trl . #e)t% click on one of the fields in the @aria$le Detail window. Thete)t will $e copied to the @aria$le Detail window. *ou can copy te)t from the form tothe @aria$le #ame% @aria$le =a$el% or @alue =a$els fields. Depending on the te)t%

you may need to edit it in the @aria$le Detail window. This feature may $e turned off$y selecting 4ormat% and then unchecking Semi&(utomatic opy'Paste.

Multi)le Res)onse +aria3lesIf an item on a ,uestionnaire allows for more than one response% it is called amultiple response item. 4or instance% in the following ,uestion we would need toallow for five possi$le responses:

)ic o! te !ollowing brands o! tootpaste ave you used in te last year( Ceckall brands youJve used

KKKKK Ileem

KKKKK Colgate KKKKK %epsodent

KKKKK Crest

KKKKK Oter

ach of the five choices is viewed as a uni,ue varia$le. That is% five varia$les would$e re,uired to accommodate all possi$le responses.

+hen designing a study in the Erid% using the Duplicate $utton will properly createall multiple response varia$les.

Eenerally% the following conventions are o$served when creating multiple responsevaria$les.

1. The format for all multiple response varia$les must $e the same.

2. The same 0identical varia$le la$el should $e given to each of the multipleresponse varia$les.

!. If you will $e creating a +e$ survey from the code$ook% the num$er of varia$lesmust $e the same as the num$er of value la$els. Since there are five choices 0valuela$els% there must $e five identical varia$les.

The five varia$les for our e)ample would contain the following information:

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@1 4ormat: #1

@1 #ame: Toothpaste

@1 =a$el: +hich of the following $rands of toothpastehave you used in the last year

@1 @alue =a$els: 1XEleem

2Xolgate

!XPepsodent

6Xrest

5XGther

N9

The second% third% fourth and fifth varia$les would $e identical to the first varia$le%e)cept the varia$le names would $e: ToothpasteO2% ToothpasteO!% ToothpasteO6% andToothpasteO5.

#ote the a$ove e)ample uses value la$els and a skip code. The skip code says to skipto varia$le si) if nothing is entered for a varia$le.

The


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@2 4ormat: #1

@2 #ame: SecondO


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e)cluded from all numerical calculations% whereas eros are treated Must like anyother numeric value.

C$an%in% In"ormation in a Code3oo(

+hen initially designing a code$ook and form% you can change any information forany varia$le. *ou can also insert new varia$les and delete e)isting varia$les. Thiswill continue to $e true up to the time that data is entered into a data file. (fter that%StatPac will issue a warning when you load a code$ook that has an associated datafile. StatPac gives this warning $ecause these operations 0i.e.% adding new varia$lesand deleting e)isting varia$les would make the e)isting data file no longer matchthe code$ook. *ou can% however% change any other study design information at anytime.

If you receive the warning message% StatPac will let you activate a safety feature thatprevents inadvertent additions or deletions of varia$les $y disa$ling the Insert andDelete Futtons.

If you choose not to utilie the safety feature% $e careful not to inadvertently add%delete% or change the order of any varia$les since this would make the e)isting datafile incompati$le with the modified code$ook. ;owever% you may still make changesto any other code$ook information including a varia$leAs format.

If you change the format of a varia$le% the associated data file adMusted accordingly.4or e)ample% if you change a varia$le format from (53 to (133% all the e)isting datarecords would $e 53 characters too short. ;owever% when you save the revisedcode$ook% each data record will $e padded with spaces so it matches the newcode$ook information. #ote that this feature normally only changes one data file 0theone with the same name as the code$ook. (dvanced users may wish to changemultiple data files that all use the same code$ook. To ena$le changing multiple datafiles% edit StatPac.ini and set6llow?ultipleGata@iles 4 1.

(dvanced users may wish to turn on or turn off the safety feature so the prompt isnot displayed. The CodebookSa!etyparameter can $e edited in the StatPac.ini file tocontrol this feature. Set CodebookSa!ety 4 1to always ena$le the safety feature%CodebookSa!ety 4 0to always disa$le the safety feature% and CodebookSa!ety 4 50the default to ask you each time that a code$ook is loaded.

#ote that the a$ove information applies only when you load a code$ook for whichthere is an associated data file.

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This is important $ecause entering a few records of dummy data is often the $est wayto discover errors in the study design. *ou would $egin a typical proMect $ydesigning the varia$les and creating a form. Then you could enter a few records intothe data file as a test.

ntering a few dummy records is one of the $est ways to test your code$ook. *oumight discover a varia$le on the ,uestionnaire that was inadvertently omitted from

the study% an alpha field thatAs not wide enough to hold a response% or some othermaMor change to the study design. If you donAt need the data file 0i.e.% itAs Must dummytest data% you can simply delete the data file. To delete a data file% select 4ile% Gpen%Data 4ile. "ight click on the data file you wish to delete and select Delete.

If you have already entered a su$stantial num$er of real data records% and thendiscover you need to add a new varia$le% you cannot simply add the varia$le to thecode$ook. Doing so would make the format of the code$ook different than the datafile. Instead% new varia$les should $e created in an analysis% where $oth thecode$ook and the data file will $e updated to include the new varia$le. See the =Tcommand.

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ata Mana%er Form

OverviewThe form is a simply a template that can $e used to enter and edit data. It can $e

created automatically $y StatPac% or you can create it manually 0with StatPac or yourword processor. To create an automatic data manager form% first load the code$ookand then select Design% Data


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and you would pro$a$ly enter the data into a data file called "S(";. *ou willuse this simple naming scheme for nearly all studies.

;owever% there are situations where you may want to use different names for thecode$ook% form% and data file. The form is simply a template for displaying the data.( form can $e used to display all the varia$les% or Must some of them. *ou can haveseveral different forms for a given code$ook. ach form would have its own name%

and each could show 0or not show any of the varia$les. Thus% different forms could$e used to give different /views/ of the same data

Form Creation ProcessThere are two $asic ways to create a form. Gne is to use the code$ook toautomatically create the form% and the other is to use te)t from a word&processed fileas the foundation for the form. In nearly all cases% you will use the code$ook tocreate the form and then you can modify it as necessary.

Usin% t$e Code3oo( to Create a Form

The form is created after the code$ook has $een completed.

(utomatic form creation involves copying varia$les from the code$ook to the form%and formatting them according to your specifications. To create an automatic form%first load the code$ook. Then copy all the varia$les from the code$ook to the form$y selecting Design% opy @aria$le0s To 4orm. The @aria$le Te)t 4ormattingcontrols how the varia$les will $e formatted on the form.

If you want to delete some or all of the varia$les from the form% highlight the te)tyou want to delete and click the ut Futton 0or choose dit% Delete to delete thevaria$les from the form. To delete all the varia$les on a form 0for e)ample% to Muststart over% choose dit% Select (ll% and then click the ut Futton or choose dit%Delete. T-e codebook is not affected by any c-an.es made to t-e form,

If you inadvertently delete an input field or entire varia$le it can $e easily re&inserted. To insert only a data input field on the form% first select the desired varia$lefrom the @aria$le =ist or @aria$le Detail window. Then hold the (lt key and click

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where you want the field to $e located on the form. The current varia$le will $eincremented each time you insert a data input field. To insert a data input field andthe te)t for the varia$le% hold the trl key and click where you want to insert it on theform.

The font name and font sie that will $e used to create the formatted varia$le can $eset $y selecting 4ormat% Set Default 4onts. The Default Te)t 4ont will $e used to

create the te)t on the form. The Data Input 4ont will $e used during data entry toenter the data into the fields.

Usin% a Word.Processed ocument to Create aForm

If you already have typed your survey with a word&processor% you can use it as thefoundation of the form. *ou pro$a$ly already used it to e)pedite the creation of the

code$ook.4irst% using your word&processor% save the survey in "ich Te)t 4ormat 0.rtf.

#e)t you need to create a $lank form. =oad the code$ook and the select Design% Data


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+aria3le 0e:t Formattin%6utomatic variable creationis an important part of $oth manual and automatic formcreation. The purpose of automatic varia$le creation is to reduce typing. StatPac willallow you to selectively transfer information from the code$ook to the form% and itgives you the a$ility to automatically format this information in a variety of ways.

The @aria$le Te)t 4ormatting Dialog window lets you adMust the parameters thatcontrol the format for this information on the form. Select Gptions% @aria$le Te)t4ormatting to modify the formatting specifications.

ach component of the @aria$le Te)t 4ormatting Dialog window can $e modified.

Field Placement

4ield placement refers to the location for the data input field 0i.e.% where you wantthe cursor located when youAre ready to enter data for the varia$le. Data input fieldswill $e displayed in a different color on the form. There are si) possi$le fieldplacements: left% far left% right% far right% $elow% and far $elow.

Field placement set to Left

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Field placement set to Far Left

K1L 1. 'ow would you rate your expectation !or tis seminar(

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Field placement set to Rigt

1. 'ow would you rate your expectation !or tis seminar(K1L

Field placement set to Far Rigt

1. 'ow would you rate your expectation !or tis seminar( K1L

Field placement set to !elo"#

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K1L

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Field placement set to Far !elo"#

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K1L

+alue La3els

The @alue =a$els parameter lets you format the value la$els in single or multiplecolumns.

Value labels set to $ingle Column

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Value labels set to %ultiple Columns

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+aria3le Se)aration

The @aria$le Separation parameter controls the spacing $etween varia$les. It isespecially useful when copying multiple varia$les from the code$ook to the form.The parameter can $e set to $lank line0s% a page feed% or a horiontal line.

If you want to create a form with one varia$le per page% you would use a page feedas the varia$le separator% and set the @iew mode to Page @iew $efore saving theform. During data entry% each varia$le will $e displayed on its own page.

+aria3le La3el Indent

The varia$le la$el indent refers to the num$er of inches that the varia$le la$el will $eindented from the left margin. This is especially useful when the field placement isset to 4ar =eft

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&'ample# Variable label indent set to ( inc


&'ample# Variable label indent set to ) inc


+alue La3els Indent

The value la$els indent refers to the num$er of inches that the first column of valuela$els will $e indented% with reference to the position of the varia$le la$el. Thefollowing e)amples will illustrate the value la$els indent:

&'ample# Value label indent set to * inces

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&'ample# Value label indent set to ( inc


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S)ace 3etween Columns

The space $etween columns refers to the num$er of inches that will $e used toseparate the columns of value la$els. This parameter only applies when the @alue=a$els parameter is set to multiple columns. The actual space re,uired for a columnis determined $y the lengths of the value la$els themselves.

&'ample# $pace bet"een columns set to + inc



&'ample# $pace bet"een columns set to ( inc



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+alid Codes

+hen the @alid odes parameter is set% the valid codes will $e included with thevalue la$els. This specifically refers to those valid codes that are not part of aodeX=a$el line.

&'ample# Valid codes is set


1-A 54GonJt know

S(i) Codes

+hen the Skip odes parameter is set% all skip codes will appear as part of the valuela$els. Eenerally% skip codes would not $e shown as part of the data entry form sincethe $ranching will occur automatically.

+aria3le um3ers

+hen the @aria$le #um$er parameter is set% the varia$le num$er will $e included aspart of the varia$le la$el. +hen included% it will precede the varia$le la$el and havea period terminator. It is important to note that the varia$le num$er might not $e thesame as the item num$er on the survey. Surveys often contain multiple responseitems or groups of Csu$&,uestions/ under the same /item num$er/ on the survey.

+aria3le List and etail WindowsThe @aria$le =ist window allows the user to view the varia$le names and varia$lenum$ers while entering data. licking on a varia$le in the @aria$le =ist window willmake that varia$le the current varia$le. Dou$le clicking on a varia$le in the @aria$le

=ist window will activate the @aria$le Detail window.

The @aria$le Detail window gives complete information on the current varia$le. Itcan $e turned on or off $y selecting @iew% @aria$le Detail. Dou$le clicking on a fieldwill also activate the @aria$le Detail window.

The @aria$le Detail window can $e dragged around the screen $y clicking andholding the left mouse $utton on any gray area in the @aria$le Detail window.

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ata In)ut Settin%s*ou can set the default data input settings. These can $e changed during data entry.Select Gptions% Data Input Settings to change the settings.

The (utomatic "ecord (dvance option controls whether the current record will $eautomatically incremented when data entry person reaches the last field in thecurrent record.

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If the (utomatic "ecord (dvance option is set% the program will automaticallyadvance to the ne)t record when the last field of the current record has $een entered.This way% the data entry person will $e a$le to enter a large num$er of recordswithout clicking on the #ew "ecord Futton for each record.

The Disa$le Skips During diting option controls whether skip codes should $eactive when editing an e)isting record. +hen this option is set% skip codes will work

when entering a new record and will not work when editing an e)isting record.

The final Data Input Settings let you change the colors for the fields. During theStudy Design% all data input fields will $e shown with the /urrent 4ield/ colors.During data entry% only the current data input field will use the /urrent 4ield/colors% and the other fields will $e displayed with the /Gther 4ield/ colors.

Select a S)eci"ic +aria3leThere are three ways to select a specific varia$le:

+hen the @aria$le =ist +indow is displayed% you can select a varia$le $y clicking onit. Dou$le clicking on a varia$le will also display the @aria$le Detail window.

+hen the @aria$le Detail window is displayed% you can select a varia$le $y selectingit from the varia$le name field.

If the form already contains an input field for a varia$le% you can select the varia$le$y clicking on the input field. Dou$le clicking on an input field will also display the@aria$le Detail window.

The three highlighted areas show the three places you can click to select a varia$le.

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Findin% 0e:t in t$e FormBse the 4ind Dialog window to search for specific te)t in the form. Select dit% 4ind0or use the trl 4 shortcut to display the 4ind Dialog window.

To $egin a search% type the search te)t and click on the 4ind #e)t Futton. (fter asearch has $een started and a match has $een found% you can continue the search $yclicking on the 4ind #e)t Futton. Bpper and lower case differences will $e ignoredin the search.

Re)lacin% 0e:t in t$e FormBse the "eplace Dialog window to replace specified te)t in the form. Select dit%"eplace 0or use the trl ; shortcut to display the "eplace Dialog window.(lternatively% you can click the "eplace Futton from the 4ind Dialog window.

Bpper and lower case differences will $e ignored when finding te)t. ;owever%replaced te)t will use the e)act te)t typed into the "eplace +ith window.

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Savin% t$e Code3oo( or Wor(s)aceSelect 4ile% Save ode$ook or Save +orkspace to save the code$ook or +orkspacewindow. It is recommended t-at you sa1e your work at re.ular inter1als, *oumay e)it from a partially completed code$ook or form and finish them at anothertime. lick the Save icon 0a picture of a diskette to save $oth the code$ook and the

+orkspace window.

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ata Mana%er

OverviewThe Data


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There are two ways to run the Data


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During normal data entry% the current field will change automatically following skippatterns if necessary. The user% however% is free to manually change to any field atany time. There are many ways to change fields.

licking the mouse on any field will make it the current field. licking the mouse onthe Previous 4ield Futton or the #e)t 4ield Futton will change to the previous orne)t field. *ou can also type a field num$er into the urrent 4ield window and press

enter.

If the @aria$le =ist window is displayed% clicking on a varia$le will make thatvaria$le the current field. If the @aria$le Detail window is displayed% selecting a newvaria$le will make it the current field. The @aria$le =ist and @aria$le Detail windowscan $e displayed $y selecting @iew.

4inally% the following keys can also $e used to manually change fields.

nter (dvance to the ne)t field using skip pattern if present

Ta$ (dvance to the ne)t field using skip pattern if present

Shift Ta$


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record num$er window will $e updated to show the record num$er for the newrecord. If you do not enter any data for the new record% it will not $e saved. If anydata is entered% the new record will $e added to the end of the data file. It is notpossi$le to insert a new record into the middle of and e)isting data file.

+iew ata "or a S)eci"ied Record um3erThere are two ways to view the data for a record with a known record num$er. Thefirst is to type the desired record num$er into the current record num$er window andpress enter 0or click anywhere on the form. The second is to select dit% Eo To"ecord 0or use the ontrol E shortcut.

+hen finished% the selected record will $e displayed% and the focus will remain onthe currently selected field. The current record num$er window will $e updated toshow the record num$er for the selected record.

Find Records 0$at Contain S)eci"ied ataStatPac makes it easy to find data records that contain specified data. To $egin asearch% click the 4ind Futton% or select dit% Search Data 4ile 0or use the ontrol 4shortcut. The 4ind dialog window will $e displayed.

(fter a search has $een started and a match has $een found% you can continue thesearch $y selecting dit% ontinue Search 0or use the K4!L shortcut key. The 4inddialog window does not have to $e displayed to continue a previous search% althoughif it is displayed% you can also click on 4ind #e)t to $egin the search. #ote that thesearch often happens so ,uickly that it seems instantaneous. The user can watch thecurrent record num$er to confirm the record num$er that they are viewing followinga search.

There are four components in the 4ind dialog window.

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Field 0o Searc$

Select the varia$le 0i.e.% field you want to search. The default will $e the currentvaria$le.

Searc$ For

This is the te)t or value you want to search for. If you want to search for missingdata% leave this field $lank.

Searc$ irection

Select (ll% 4orward% or Fackwards.

+hen the Search Direction is set to (ll% the search will $egin with the recordfollowing the current record 0e.g.% if record 5 is displayed on the screen% the searchwill start with record 9. If no match is found $y the end of the file% the search willcontinue with record 1 and continue until all records have $een e)amined. If nomatch is found% StatPac will report it% and the current record will continue to $edisplayed. +hen the Search Direction is set to 4orward or Fackward% the search willgo only to the end or $eginning of the file 0respectively.

Searc$ Met$od

Select )act


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elete a RecordDeleting a record is a fairly common procedure $ecause duplicate records are oftendiscovered in a data file. There are two ways to delete a record. The first is to clickon the D= Futton and the second is to select dit% Delete urrent "ecord.

StatPac will not actually delete the record at this time. Instead% the contents of allvaria$les in the record are set to $lanks 0missing. In this way% the record is markedfor deletion rather than actually $eing deleted. The rationale $eing that deleting arecord would cause all su$se,uent records to move down in the data file% in effectchanging their record num$ers. Since editing is often done $y record num$er% it isimportant that the record num$ers do not change during an editing session.

"ecords marked for deletion cannot automatically $e undeleted. +hen you mark arecord for deletion% it is actually stored as $lanks in the data file% so there is no wayto recover the information. *ou can% however% re&enter the data for that record. Ifyou enter any data in a record marked for deletion% it will not $e deleted since it nowcontains data.

+hen you e)it the Data


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The (utomatic "ecord (dvance option controls whether the current record will $eautomatically incremented when data entry person reaches the last field in thecurrent record.

If the (utomatic "ecord (dvance option is set% the program will automaticallyadvance to the ne)t record when the last field of the current record has $een entered.This way% it is possi$le to enter a large num$er of records without clicking on the#ew "ecord Furton for each record.

The Disa$le Skips During diting option controls whether skip codes should $eactive when you are editing an e)isting record. +hen this option is set% skip codeswill work when you are entering a new record and will not work when editing an

e)isting record. If you are entering a new data record% and temporarily return to aprevious record% and then $ack to the new record you were working on% then you willno longer $e entering a Cnew data record. In other words% a record $ecomespermanent as soon as you change records 0even if only some of the information wasentered for that record. Skip codes will $e disa$led when you return to the Cnewrecord that you were entering unless the Disa$le Skips During diting is unchecked.

The final Data Input Settings let you change the colors for the fields.

Com)act ata File+hen you delete a record with the Data


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ou3le


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+hen using data created $y another program% you can determine if it is an (SII file$y loading into a te)t editor. If the data does not appear as gar$age% itAs pro$a$ly(SII. If all records appear to contain the same num$er of characters% itAs pro$a$lyfi)ed format. Data in any other format must $e imported into StatPac.

( /record/ or /case/ in StatPac is defined as a string of characters terminated with acarriage return and line feed. 4i)ed format means that all records are e)actly the

same length 0i.e.% they contain the same num$er of characters as all other records.

Two different fi)ed format data files are shown as follows:

Single varia$le file 391

"ecord ! 39 39F831213!

and so on ....

#otice that a data file is Must a series of num$ers 0or letters. (ll the records arealways the same length. In this e)ample% the single varia$le file uses two columnsper record and the multiple varia$le file uses ten columns per record 0with an

unknown num$er of varia$les. The end of each data record contains an invisi$lecarriage return and line feed% so each record actually contains two more charactersper record 0one for the carriage return and one for the line feed.

If you already have a data file stored in se,uential (SII format% you can use it withStatPac $y giving it a .dat e)tension. *ou only need to set up a code$ook to matchthe format of the data file. #o other changes are necessary.


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4or these reasons% we discourage you from sending ;T


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9. Gverall% how would you rate our product

)cellent Poor

1 2 ! 6 5 9 7

Type the num$er of your rating here. K L

7. ;ow old are you K L

0Type your age $etween the $rackets

>. +hat do you feel would $e a fair price for this product

K L Type the dollar amount $etween the $rackets..

8. +hat is your favorite $rand

0Type the name of your favorite $rand $etween the $rackets.

K L

13. +hat could we do to make our product $etter 0Type your answer $etween the $rackets.

K

L

=IH T; S#D FBTTG# TG 4I#IS; T;IS SB"@*.

T;(#H *GB 4G" *GB" P("TIIP(TIG#.

-rac(ets#otice that the $rackets are used to show respondents where to type their answers.The te)t of the mail is completely free&form% e)cept that $rackets may only $e usedto specify where respondents are supposed to type their answer. *ou may not use$rackets anywhere else in the mail.

Item um3erin%

The num$ering of the survey items is optional. The purpose of these num$ers is toguide the respondent from one ,uestion to the ne)t. They are not necessarily thesame as the varia$le num$ers in the code$ook. That is% some survey items might $emultiple response and occupy multiple varia$les in the code$ook. 4or e)ample%

survey item 5 is multiple response and takes three code$ook varia$les. 4rom thatpoint on% the item num$ering on the survey is no longer is the same as the code$ookvaria$les.

#um$ering the items on an mail survey also serves an additional purpose. +hen arespondent replies to your mail% StatPac will e)tract their answers from the mail$y looking at whatAs $etween the $rackets. If a respondent inadvertently deleted oneof the $rackets% StatPac might get confused on which varia$le it was evaluating.+hen item num$ering is not used% StatPac will report the error and not add any ofthat respondentAs answers to the data file. +hen item num$ering is used% StatPac will

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$e a$le to identify the start of a new varia$le or series of multiple response varia$les%and it will leave only the defective item $lank. StatPac will report the error% $ut therest of the data for that respondent will $e added to the data file. Thus% itemnum$ering allows StatPac to /re&synch/ with the varia$les in the code$ook% evenwhen a $racket has $een deleted.

If you do use item num$ering on your mail survey% the num$er may $egin with the

letter Q 0a common a$$reviation for ,uestion. It must also end in a period followed$y a space% and it may not contain non&numeric characters. ach of the followingwould $e correct usage of item num$ering.

5. +here did you hear a$out the product

Q5. +here did you hear a$out the product

Q5. 0a +here did you hear a$out the product

The following would $e incorrect usage of item num$ering. The first e)ample doesnot have a period following the num$er. The second e)ample has a space after the Q.The third e)ample has the letter /a/ $efore the period and space.

5 +here did you hear a$out the product

Q 5. +here did you hear a$out the product

Q5a. +here did you hear a$out the product

Code3oo( esi%n "or a Plain 0e:t


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!XFrand Y

6XBndecided

@6. Gverall% how would you rate our product 0#1

1X)cellent

2X

!X 6X

5X

9X

7XPoor

@5. +here did you hear a$out the product 0#1

1X"adio

2XT@

!X#ewspaper


1X"adio

2XT@ !X#ewspaper


1X"adio

2XT@

!X#ewspaper

The last five items on the sample survey are fill&in&the&$lank items. The varia$leformats in the code$ook specify the ma)imum response length for each of the items.The actual distance $etween the opening and closing $racket on the mail survey can$e any length. If the respondent /stretches/ the space $etween the $rackets $y typinga longer response% the data will $e recorded properly in the data file provided the

answer does not e)ceed the field length specified in the code$ook. If the respondentAsanswer does e)ceed the field length% StatPac will allow you to adMust the code$ook sothat all fields are sufficient to hold the responses. (lso note that the opening

manual one

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