manual de trabajo ingles basico i 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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VERNICA CLAVIJO B.
FERNANDO CORNEJO S.
MATERIAL PREPARADO PARA EL PRIMER AO DE MEDICINA HUMANA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD
SAN MARTN DE PORRES
LIMA-PER
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Booking a Doctor's Appointment
Receptionist: Doctor's office. Jane speaking. How can I help you?
Caller: I need to make an appointment with Dr. Harris.
Receptionist: Do you know your chart number?
Caller: No, sorry. It's at home and I'm at work right now.
Receptionist: No problem. What's your name, please?
Caller: George Mason.
Receptionist: Okay Mr. Mason. Hold one moment while I grab your chart, please.
Caller: Sure.
Receptionist: Thanks for waiting. Now, what do you need to see the doctor about?
Caller: Well, I am fighting a cold these days, and I think I have a chest infection or something. My
cough is getting worse each day.
Receptionist: Hmm. Doctor Harris is off tomorrow. Do you think it can wait until Wednesday?
Caller: Oh, it is urgent. I feel bad
Receptionist: No problem, I will help you.
Check your understanding
1. Why does the caller phone the doctor's office?
a) He's running late for his appointment.
b) He's booking an appointment with Dr.
Harris.
c) He can't remember his chart number.
d) His medication ran out.
2. Which is true about George Mason?
a) He has a bad cold.
b) He's running a fever.
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c) His cough is better. d) He's off on a sick day.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
TO HAVE
Affirmative statements
SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT
IYouWeThey
havehavehavehave
fevera cold stiff necka sunburn
HeSheIt
hashashas
fevera colda stiff neck
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1. Have a headache
2. Have an earache
3. Have a toothache
4. Have a stomachache
5. Have a backache
6. Have a sore throat
7. Have fever
8. Have a cold9. Have a cough
10.Have a virus
11.Have an infection
12.Have a rash
13.Have an insect bite
14.Have a sunburn
15.Have a stiff neck
16.Have a runny nose
17.Have a bloody nose
18.Have a cavity
19.Have a wart
20.Have (the) hiccups
21.Have (the) chills22.Have cramps
23.Have diarrhea
24.Have chest pain
25.Have shortness of breath
26.Have laryngitis
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
I
YouWeThey
do not / dont have
havehavehave
fever
a colda stiff necka sunburn
HeSheIt
does not /doesnt
havehavehave
fevera colda stiff neck
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TO BE
27.Be faint/weak
28.Be dizzy
29.Feel nauseous
30.Be bloated
31.Be congested
32.Be exhausted
TYPE OF SENTENCE SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB NEGATIVE FORM COMPLEMENT
+ I am a patient.
+ You are a physician.
- She is not insane.
- We are not swollen.
? Is he weak?
? Are they vitamins?
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OTHER VERBS
33.Cough
34.Sneeze
35.Wheeze
36.Burp37.Vomit/throw up
38.Bleed
39.Twist
40.Sprain
41.Dislocate
42.Scratch
43.Scrape
44.Bruise
45.Burn46.Break
47.Hurt
48.Cut
49.Swell
50. Itch
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ACTIVITIES
A. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.
Affirmative sentences
Negative sentences
Interrogative sentences
1) She has a cold or allergies (?)
_______________________________________________________________________
2) They sneeze every minute (-)
__________________________________________________________________
3) My sister doesnt cough (+)
________________________________________________________________________
4) My husband is dizzy (?)
________________________________________________________________________
5) Does he feel nauseous? (+)
__________________________________________________________________
6) His brother is exhausted (-)
_________________________________________________________________
7) You arent a good dentist (?)
_______________________________________________________________________
8) I dont wait for anybody (+)
_________________________________________________________________
-
?
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9) It itches badly (-)
_____________________________________________________________________
10) They arent here (+)
________________________________________________________________
B. PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1. in / friends / I / have / dont / class/ this / many.
________________________________________________________________
2. hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. arent / These / your / patients.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. need / I / a / dont / psychologist
_____________________________________________________________________
5. burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often
_______________________________________________________________
C. FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITE THEM.
1. He dont eat fish__________________________________________________
2. The children is tired _____________________________________________
3. My patients isnt there ____________________________________________
4. We has a sunburn and you feel nauseus________________________________
5. Do she work in those medical facility? ____________________________________
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Medical Specialists
Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. They treat specific parts of the body,
such as the stomach or the heart, or they specialize in certain diseases, such as AIDS. Family
doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help patients choose the right specialist for each
medical issue. In many cases, specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will see
a patient.
Here is a list of the most common types of specialists. Study the list and then check your
understanding by taking the quiz.
Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergies
Anesthesiologist: specializes in pain prevention during surgery
Cardiologist: heart specialist
Chiropractor: back specialist
Dentist: tooth specialist
Dermatologist: skin specialist
Fertility specialist: helps people who have difficulty getting pregnant
Gynecologist: specializes in women's needs
Massage therapist: specializes in muscle relaxation
Midwife: helps women deliver babies in a natural way
Naturopath: specializes in natural cures and remedies
Neurologist: brain specialist
Obstetrician: specialist for pregnant women
Occupational therapist: specializes in workplace health
Oncologist: tumor specialist, including cancer
Ophthalmologist: specializes in eye diseases
Pediatrician: specialist for babies and children
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Physical therapist: specializes in the body's movement
Podiatrist: foot specialist
Psychiatrist: specialist in mental health
Radiologist: specializes in imaging tests
ACTIVITIES
A. Read the patient complaints and say which specialist each patient needs.
1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but it also might be
grass.
a) chiropractor
b) ophthalmologist
c) allergist
d) psychiatrist
2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We want to know
when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.
a) podiatrist
b) pediatrician
c) obstetrician
d) pharmacist
3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being stuck in a
wheelchair.
a) anesthesiologist
b) physical therapist
c) radiologist
d) dentist
4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.
a) oncologist
b) neurologist
c) midwife
d) allergist
5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry for two weeks
now.
a) podiatrist
b) massage therapist
c) ophthalmologist
d) radiologist
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6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but I do need
some sort of pain relief.
a) naturopath
b) dentist
c) cardiologist
d) dermatologist
7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing.
a) gynecologist
b) cardiologist
c) oncologist
d) dermatologist
8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't know what to do
now.
a) massage therapist
b) podiatrist
c) occupational therapist
d) dermatologist
9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two months and she keeps
getting ear infections.
a) anesthesiologist
b) pediatrician
c) midwife
d) massage therapist
10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have tried everything
that the books suggest.
a) fertility specialist
b) oncologist
c) psychiatrist
d) dentist
B. Which are they specialties? Choose the right word for each number.
X-ray technician; gynecologist; psychiatrist; emergency medical technician; surgeon; pediatrician;
cardiologist; optometrist, obstetrician; dentist; doctor; nurse; lab technician.
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Head
Read the text below and answer the questions
Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of a person's scalpis covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead.Underneath the forehead are the eyes for seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth
for eating. On the outside of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth arethe teeth for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the throat. At thesides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears for hearing. Atthe bottom of a person's face is the chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeksand chin. The neck is what attaches the head to the upper body.
1. Where is the brain?
___________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the forehead?
___________________________________________________________________
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3. Where are the lips?
__________________________________________________________________
4. What can you do with your teeth?
__________________________________________________________________
5. Where are the ears?
__________________________________________________________________
6. Where is the chin located?
__________________________________________________________________
7. Where is the jaw located?
_________________________________________________________________
Present Progressive
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
an action happening now
an action in the future
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT
+ I am examining a patient.
+ You are prescribing the medicine
- She is not sleeping in the hospital.
- We are not coughing
? Is he vaccinating the children?
? Are they taking vitamins?
ACTIVITIES
A. Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.
1. The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.
2. The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.
3. The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.
4. Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.
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5. I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.
6. Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.
7. Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?
8. Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.
9. My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.
10. _______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?
B. Decide which of the choices below would best complete the article if inserted in the
blanks. Circle the appropriate letters.
Too Much Fast Food?
According to a recent survey, these days Hong Kong consumers (1)_______ more money on
convenience foods since the economic downturn. Because companies are trying to make more
with fewer staff, employees (2) ________ harder than ever before. More women (3)__________
the workforce as well. They (4) _________less time to prepare nutritious home-cooked meals for
their families. Instead, families (5)_________ out or (6) ________ convenience foods, such as
frozen pizzas and instant noodles. These foods (7) __________more fat, salt and sugar than home-
cooked meals. Experts say that eating too much of them (8)___________ the risk of serious health
problems, including diabetes and heart disease.
However, the current trend towards convenience foods (9)_____________ benefitting some
business sectors. Supermarkets (10)_______________ to the higher demand for quick, easy-to-
serve meals by increasing their selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods. These products
often (11) ______________for higher prices than fresh food. Restaurants also (12) _____________
from the trend: most Hong Kong people now (13) ______________out at least once a day.
Is convenience food just a fad or is home-cooked food (14) ____________a thing of the past?
How (15) _____________this trend affecting our health?
1. A arespendingB spendsC spend
2. A workB worksC areworking
3. AjoinsB are joiningCjoin
4. A hasB haveC had
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5. A areeatingB eatsC eat
6. A boughtB buysC buy
7. A are containing
B containsC contain
8. A increaseB isincreasingC increases
9. A isB areC be
10. A respondB respondedC areresponding
11. A sellsB aresoldC sell
12. A profitB areprofitingC profits
13. A eatB ateC were eating
14. A become
B becameC becoming
15. A doesB isC have
C. Supplies and tools.Here is a list of some of the most common supplies found in doctor's offices, operatingrooms, and medical kits. Study the vocabulary and try the matching exercise.
1. Antiseptic a) thin, netted material used for dressing wounds
2. Bandage b) an instrument used to check a person's body temperature
3. Forceps c) liquid used to sterilize (clean) the surface of the skin
4. Gauze d) a cylinder-shaped piece that attaches to a needle and can be filled with liquid
5. Microscope e) a cloth covering that is placed over a wound to prevent bleeding, swelling and
infection
6. Oxigen mask f) glass cylinder that is filled with blood or other liquids and can be capped and
placed in a storage area
7. Scales g) equipment that fits over the nose and mouth and supplies oxygen
8. Syringe h) instrument used during operations and medical procedures (assists thedoctor in pulling, holding, and retrieving)
9. Test tube i) a device that measures a person's weight10. Thermometer j) equipment that makes small things appear larger than they are
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
http://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdf
Explain: take blood pressure, give a shot, listen to lungs, check ears, check eyes, start an IV, look at an MRI scan,take tem erature, take ulse, re for sur er , o erate, banda e, write in the chart, a the bill, take the atient to...
http://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdfhttp://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdfhttp://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdf -
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Main Structures of the Digestive System
The digestive tract is a long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus. It
includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue
and teeth located in the mouth are accessory structures. The salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and
pancreas are the other accessory organs of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes
into the digestive tract that are involved in the process of digestion.
Mouth: The mouth contains tongue and teeth. With the help of these the food is chewed (broken
into tiny pieces) and mixes with saliva (secreted by salivary glands)
Pharynx: Is a funnel shaped opening through which the food from mouth passes to esophagus.
Esophagus: Is a long tubular structure that with the help of peristalsis movement passes food to
the stomach.
Stomach: A large sac-like structure that holds the food for a while where it gets mixed with the
hydrochloric acid and gastric juice.
Small intestine: It is a long muscular tube that is divisible into the duodenum, the jejunum, and
ileum. Secretions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are passed into the small intestine, where the
major part of the digestion occurs.
Large intestine: Minor part of the digestion occurs in large intestine and is divisible into cecum,
colon, and rectum. Reabsorption of water and absorption of food material takes place in large
intestine.
Anus: The indigested food is excreted out through anus.
Liver: Liver is the largest organ of the human body and it is involved in synthesis and secretion of
bile that plays a role in emulsification of fats. Liver secreted from live is stored in gallbladder, from
which it flows into small intestine.
Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.
UNIT
3
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PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS
CASE DESCRIPTION OF THERULE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
General rule The plural form of
most nouns is createdsimply by adding the
letter s to the end of
the word.
NOUN + -S minute - minutes
When nouns end in
-ch, -x, -s, -sh, -z ors-like sounds
The plural is formed
by adding es
NOUN + -ES church - churchesbox -boxesindex -= indexes ( also indices)gas - gasesbush - bushesass -assesquiz quizzes
Nouns ending in o When they are
preceded by a
consonant.
Except: newly created
words or words with
Spanish or Italian
origin.
NOUN + -ES
NOUN + -S
potato - potatoestomato tomatoesvolcano - volcanoes
photo - photospiano - pianosportico - porticos
Noun ending in y When they are
preceded by a
consonant, they drop
the y and add ies
When they are
preceded by a
VOWEL, add a s
NOUN Y+ IES
NOUN + -S
party - partieslady - ladies
Boy - boysToy - toysRay rays
Noun ending in f or fe Drop the f or fe
and add ves
NOUN F + VES
NOUNFE + VES
calf calveshalf - halveswolf - wolves
wife wives
Nouns ending in is Drop the -is and add
-es
NOUN IS + ES crisis - criseshypothesis - hypotheses
oasis - oasesIrregular plural Some nouns changetheir structure to form
their plural form.
ODD PLURAL FORM child - children
ox - oxen
man men
woman - women
person - people
foot - feet
tooth - teeth
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mouse - mice
louse - lice
Identical singular and
plural form
Some nouns have
identical plural and
singular forms,
although they are stillconsidered to have a
plural form.
NO CHANGE aircraft - aircraft
fish - fish
sheep - sheep
deer - deerspecies - species
headquarters - headquarters
Collective words or nouns
associated with two
parts.
These nouns
exist only in the plural
form and take a plural
verb.
ONLY PLURAL FORM cattle
scissors
trousers
tweezers
congratulations
pajamas
Compound nouns In compound nouns
the plural ending is
usually added to themain noun.
MAIN NOUN + -S court martial - courts martialson-in-law - sons-in-law
passer-by - passers-by
Uncountable noun Uncountable nouns
on the other hand
have no plural form
and take a singular
verb (is / was ...).
NO PLURAL FORM advice
information
luggage
headquarters - headquarters
news - news
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CASE DESCRIPTION OF THERULE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
Latin or Greek origin These nouns maintain
their Latin or Greek
form in the plural.
NOUN US + I
NOUN ON + A
NOUN - UM + A
NOUN + E
nucleus = nucleisyllabus = syllabifocus = focifungus = fungicactus = cacti (cactuses isacceptable)
phenomenon = phenomenacriterion = criteria
datum = datamedium= media
alumna = alumnaetrachea=tracheae
NOTE:
Third person of singular in simple present tense conjugation uses the same rules that plural forms.
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ACTIVITIES
1. PRONUNCIATIONA. Say the plural nouns. Then write them in the correct columns.
/S/ /Z/ /IZ/
actress
box
boy
carrot
class
dictionary
girl
house
lemon
notebook
roommate
son
state
student
watch
carrots
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
boys
______________
______________
_____________
______________
actresses
_____________
______________
______________
______________
B. Simple present tense conjugation. Say the third person conjugations. Then write them inthe correct columns.
/S/ /Z/ /IZ/kiss
watch
study
knock
clean
work
touch
cough
sneeze
like
stay
clear
put
It knocks
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
She studies
______________
______________
_____________
______________
He kisses
_____________
______________
______________
______________
2. GRAMMARA. Write the s plural form of the following words.
1. thesis ____________
2. stimulus ____________
3. alumnus ____________
4. loaf ____________
5. medium ____________
6. crisis ____________
7. veto ____________
8. fireman ____________9. diagnosis ____________
10. ox ____________
11. watch ______________
12. mountain ______________
13. louse ______________
14. family ______________
15. shelf ______________
16. cloud ______________
17. area ______________
18. photo ______________19. home ______________
20. logo _______________
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B. Write the plural form for each word in the list. If the word cannot be pluralized because
it's a non-count noun, write the letter X.
1. man ______________
2. furniture ______________
3. experience ______________
4. Kennedy ______________
5. ski ______________
6. gas ______________
7. box ______________
8. peace ______________
9. cactus ______________
10. criterion ______________
11. baby ______________
12. memo ______________
13. work ______________
14. self ______________
15. applause ______________
16. dancing ______________
17. 1990 ______________
18. aluminum ______________
19. fax ______________
20. roof ______________
21. fish ______________
22. child ______________
23. difficulty ______________
24. knowledge ______________
25. goose ______________
26. video ______________
27. curriculum ______________
28. biology ______________
29. URL ______________
30. dish ______________
C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.
1. mouth ______________
2. pharynx ______________
3. anus ______________
4. trachea ______________
5. pancreas ______________
6. enzyme ______________
7. duodenum ______________
8. cecum ______________
9. rectum ______________
10.bronchus ______________
D. What are MASS (NON-COUNT or UNCOUNTABLE) NOUNS?
Here is a list of MASS NOUNS for you to consider.
Can you count any of these things?
Do we use the plural form of any of these words in common speech and writing? What do the things in the first column have in common? The second column?
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wood
cloth
ice
plastic
wool
steel
aluminum
metal
glass
leather
porcelain
hair
dust
air
oxygen
water
milk
wine
beer
cake
sugar
rice
meat
cheese
flour
reading
boating
smoking
dancing
soccer
hockey
weather
heat
sunshine
electricity
biology
history
mathematics
economics
poetry
Chinese
Spanish
English
luggage
equipment
furniture
experience
applause
photography
traffic
harm
publicity
homework
advice
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READING COMPREHENSION
Read the following text and answer the questions below.
Human Digestive System
How does food get digested?
Digestion involves mechanical as well as chemical changes in the food taken. Mechanical
alteration is brought about by teeth, grinding organs and muscular contraction of stomach and
intestinal walls. Breaking food into small pieces increases the surface area exposed to the enzymes
of digestive juices.
INTRODUCTION OF FOOD DIGESTION PROCESS
Chemical changes, whether in protozoans or in animals from sponges to man, involve cleaving ofcomplex, insoluble macro molecules into simpler, soluble sub units, and are brought about by the
action of enzyme.
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Food Digestion Process
Food Intake: Different organisms obtain food in different ways but carry out similar reactions. To
take food, protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella or cilia; sponges and muscles use a current ofwater; hydra uses tentacles beset with stinging cells; planarians and earthworms use a muscular
pharynx; flukes and leeches use oral sucker.
Digestive System and process: Parts of the body concerned with the uptake and digestion of food
and elimination of indigestible remains from the digestive system, also called elementary system.
The digestive system consists of two sets of organs:
Alimentary canal: It is a tube comprising many specialized organs. It provides and helps in the
process of digestion. It consists of:
(i) an inlet, the mouth, to ingest food;
(ii) a cavity, the lumen, where food is digested;
(iii) a surface for the absorption of digested food;
(iv) a space where indigestible remains are changed in to faeces;
(v) an outlet the anus for elimination of faeces.
Digestive glands and their function in the process: These are the structures associated with the
different regions of the alimentary canal. They sent into the digestive track their secretions, which
contains enzyme and other materials to help in the digestion of food. Most of the alimentary
canal and certain digestive glands are supported and held in place by mesenteries, the double
sheets of peritoneum with a layer of connective tissues in between.
Summary for Food Digestion Process
The digestive system serves three major functions are:
1. Nutrition: The digestive track primarily serves to provide food to the tissues to the body.
2. Breathing: The interior part of the alimentary canal also plays a role in respiration in the
chordates.
3. Excretion: The digestive system brings about sum excretion too. Excretion is the elimination of
unwanted materials from the body.
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QUESTIONS
1. Does digestion only involve mechanical changes?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________2. Why are enzymes important during the digestion process?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Which is the final step of the digestion process?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How is the alimentary canal supported?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Matching
Match the numbers with the letters
1. Cleave a) excrement
2. Intake b) the cavity of a tubular organ or part
3. Lumen c) tube
4. Faeces d) the amount taken in
5. Canal e) divide
ON-LINE EXERCISES
The following links could provide you further information and resources on plural form.
Find mistakes
http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:Fi
nd-Mistakes-Basic-Level-Test-001&catid=117:find-mistakes&Itemid=365
Plural forms
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html
http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm
http://www.caihometype.com/course.html
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregula
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.htmlhttp://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.htmlhttp://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htmhttp://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://www.caihometype.com/course.htmlhttp://www.caihometype.com/course.htmlhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregulahttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregulahttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregulahttp://www.caihometype.com/course.htmlhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htmhttp://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htmhttp://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html -
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What is the respiratory system?Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in
your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that
respiration is synonym of breathing. The goal of
breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to
take away carbon dioxide.
Parts of the respiratory system
LungsThe lungs are the main organs of the respiratory
system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body
and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood
cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the
lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells
that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen
to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide
which is a waste gas product produced by our cells.The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back
to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale.
TracheaThe trachea is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and
branches into the bronchi.
BronchiThe bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the
lungs.
DiaphragmBreathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the
UNIT
4
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diaphragm. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens
out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This
larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands
reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main
muscle used in breathing.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Why Do I Yawn?When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air. This
causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and
sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN.
Why Do I Sneeze?
Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way of removing
an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate the
mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the
many things that may cause you to sneeze.
What Causes Hiccups?
Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary. You have no
control over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragmmay get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the blood
could even have brought on the hiccups.
Simple Present / Negative and Interrogative Sentences
Type of sentence Subject Auxiliary (-) Base form of the verb Complement
SheHe
does not /doesnt
operate a patient
TheyYou
do not/dont
take care of me
http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html#Diaphragmhttp://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html#Diaphragmhttp://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/repiratorysys.html#Diaphragm -
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Doctor: Okay. Lets hope its just indigestion, but well need to run some diagnostic tests to be
sure. Well run a blood test and well also need a urine sample.
Paul Ryefield: Can you give me something for the time being?
Doctor: Yes, Ill give you a prescription for indigestion tablets.
B. Write a dialogue using the interrogative and negative sentences. Use thevocabulary above
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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C. VOCABULARY. Read the text then work with a partner and match the term incolumn A with its contextual meaning in column B.
Influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that produces severe discomfort and
debilitation. Flu should not be confused with a cold. Influenza produces symptoms that require
bed rest for several days. There are several types of influenza virus and all have certaincharacteristics: rapid transmission from person to person, an incubation period of few days, and
symptoms that become severe in a short time.Symptoms are generally respiratory in nature but gastrointestinal involvement is common withcertain types of influenza. Headache and painful respiration are usually the first symptoms. Within
the first hours the body temperature increases and remains elevated for several days. Severemuscle aches, headache, weakness, and chest discomfort accompany the fever. Throattenderness and episodes of coughing are present in most cases.Symptoms are severe for 3 to 5 days, and then subside slowly. Weakness and coughing maypersist for 10 days to 2 weeks.
A B
1. debilitation
2. confuse
3. cold
4. require
5. severe
6. involvement
7. increases
8. remain
9. elevated
10. accompany
11. throat
12. tenderness
13. episodes
14. subside
a. abate / diminish
b. acute / grave / critical
c. complement / to go together with something
d. event / occurrence
e. higher than normal
f. need or demand
g. pharynx
h. rhinovirus or coronavirus infection
i. sensitive / painful
j. to be mistaken for something else
k. to be part of / to be included in
l. to go up
m. to incapacitate
n. to stay / to continue being
D. READING COMPREHENSION.Instructions: Work with a partner. Discuss each question in English and decide if thestatements are T (true) or F (false.)
a. Influenza is caused by virus. T F
b. The flu is the same thing as a cold. T F
c. Fever is not a typical sign of the flu. T F
d. Some patients may develop gastrointestinal troubles during influenza. T Fe. Influenza is a very infectious disease. T F
f. The incubation period for the flu is usually about one month. T F
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of
the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the
heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The
aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is
important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels
throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.
On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs,
the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen
that we have inhaled through the lungs.
UNIT
5
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Arteries
Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away
from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb.
The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteriescarry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.
Veins
Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join
larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much
oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is
returned to the heart, it is under less pressure
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Heart
Did you know that your heart is the strongest muscle? Your heart is divided into two sides. The
right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soakedblood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood
is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand
quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as your fist.
Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adult body there is 10.6 pints of
blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of living blood cells floating in a liquid
called plasma. If you took a small sample of this blood and poured it into a test tube and then put
it in a machine called a centrifuge, you would be able to see the layers of this blood. This machine
spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells, from the white blood cells,
from the platelets. The red blood cells sink to the bottom because they are the heavier, more solid
parts, but the plasma remains at the top because it is lighter. The plasma is 95% water and the
other 5% is made up of dissolved substances including salts.
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PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of another word.
Examples:
The X-ray machine is automatic, so it does not need to be programmed.
Hellen was diagnosed as hypertensive, so the doctor gave her some beta-blockers.
If you did not pass one or more laboratories, you must take them this semester.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNSI Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It ItWe Us
You You
They Them
When pronouns are used as subjects of clauses they are called SUBJECT PRONOUNS (SP). Their
position is before verbs.
They have discovered the cure.
SP
We are wasting time.
SP
OBJECT PRONOUNS (OP) are located after verbs or prepositions.
They fight cancer They fight it.
I gave one scalpel and three tweezers to the surgeon I gave them to him
NOTE:
A pronoun acts as a subject or an object in a clause, so it is an error to repeat the noun it refers to
in the same clause.
Example
The administrators they are willing to discuss your queries.
Bottle-feeding them young children is as nutritious for them as breast feeding.
OP
OP
OP
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Demonstrative adjectives vs. demonstrative pronouns
DISTANCE SINGULAR PLURAL
NEAR This These
FAR That Those
This, that, these, those are words used to refer to nouns that are near or further away in time or
space.
They work as adjectives when they modify a noun (the noun is written or pronounced in the same
clause). If they replace a noun these words work as pronouns.
Example:
This chocolate tastes delicious. (ADJECTIVE)
This tastes delicious. (PRONOUN)
I don't like this prognosis. (ADJECTIVE)
I don't like this. (PRONOUN)
That athlete will run for an hour. (ADJECTIVE)
That will run for an hour (PRONOUN)
Jim wrote that prescription. (ADJECTIVE)
Jim wrote that. (PRONOUN)
These patients look good. (ADJECTIVE)
These look good. (PRONOUN)
Possessive adjective vs. possessive pronouns
Possessive adjectives modify a noun (that is written or pronounced in the clause) and show that
there is a possession relation.
Possessive pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a
possession relation.
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POSSESSIVEADJECTIVE
POSSESSIVEPRONOUN
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Your Yours
Their Theirs
For example:
This is my book. (ADJECTIVE)
This is mine. (PRONOUN)
Their patients are in the intensive care unit (ADJECTIVE).
Theirs are in the intensive care unit. (PRONOUN)
This is your disk and that's mine. (ADJECTIVE PRONOUN)
The smallest stethoscope is hers. (PRONOUN)
NOTE
Read the following sentence
When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?
The possessive adjective "your" depends on the noun "car."
The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."
ACTIVITIES
A. Underline the object in each sentence and replace it using an object pronoun.
a) Please, help doctor Takashi.
_______________________________________________________________
b) Peter loves chemistry
_______________________________________________________________
c) Read page 104.
_______________________________________________________________
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d) Ask doctor Huapaya and doctor Carhuancho.
_______________________________________________________________
e) Buy five syringes for Miss La Rosa.
_______________________________________________________________
B. Unscramble the words groups to write sentences. Use the correct punctuation andcapitalization.
a) lend / him / money / some / always / I
________________________________________________________________
b) the / showing / the / something / women / is / man / to.
________________________________________________________________
c) them / she / help / some / gives /often.
________________________________________________________________
d) you / tell / the / him / do / ? / answers
________________________________________________________________
e) this / us / does / explain / kind / exercises / of / she / not / to.
C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, then use possessive pronouns
to replace the group of words expressing possession relation.
0. Whats the boys name? _____________ name is Ben Scott.
__________________________________________________________________
Example:
Whats the boys name? Its name is Ben Scott.
Its is Ben Scott
1. Debbie has a dog. ____________ dog is very lively.
__________________________________________________________________
2. The dog is very lively. _____________ name is Ben.
__________________________________________________________________
3. We are at school. _______________ school is very nice.
__________________________________________________________________
4. I have a new laptop. _____________ laptop is white.
__________________________________________________________________
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5. I'm from Chester. Most of ______________ friends are from Chester, too.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The Browns have a restaurant. _____________ restaurant is great.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The rabbit is white. ______________ cage is in the garden.
__________________________________________________________________
8. You are not English. ______________ name is not an English name.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Sandra and Jenny are friends. ________________school is in Chester.
__________________________________________________________________
10.The Scotts have a new car. _________________ car is blue.
__________________________________________________________________
11.Emma Peel has a brother. ________________ name is Paul.
__________________________________________________________________
12.Nick Baker has a sister._______________ name is Debbie.
__________________________________________________________________
13.Yes, we have a dog. _____________ dog is very old.
__________________________________________________________________
14.The Snows have a tortoise. ____________ name is Trundle.
__________________________________________________________________
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ABBREVIATIONS
This is partial list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions.
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
MEANING
Aa Ana of each
Ad Ad up to
a.c. ante cibum before meals
a.d. auris dextra right ear
ad lib. ad libitum use as much as one desires; freely
admov. Admove apply
Agit Agita stir/shake
alt. h. alternis horis every other hour
a.m. ante meridiem morning, before noon
Amp Ampule
Amt AmountAq Aqua Water
a.l., a.s. auris laeva, auris
sinistra
left ear
A.T.C. around the clock
a.u. auris utraque both ears
Bis Bis twice
b.d./b.i.d. bis in die twice daily
B.M. bowel movement
bol. Bolus as large as single dose(usually intravenously)
B.S. blood sugar
B.S.A body surface areasBUCC Bucca inside cheek
cap., caps. Capsula capsule
c, c. Cum with (usually written with a bar on top of the"c")
cib. Cibus food
Cc cum cibo with food, (but also cubic centimeter)
Cf with food
comp. compound
cr., crm cream
CST continue same treatment
D5W dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written as D5W)
D5NS dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%)D.A.W. dispense as written (i.e., no generic substitution)
dc, D/C, disc discontinue
dieb. alt. diebus alternis every other day
dil. dilute
disp. dispersible or dispense
div. divide
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ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
MEANING
d.t.d. dentur tales doses give of such doses
D.W. water distilled
elix. elixir
e.m.p. ex modo prescripto as directed
emuls. Emulsum emulsion
Et Et and
Eod every other day
Ex aq ex aqua in water
fl., fld. fluid
ft. Fiat make; let it be made
G gram
Gr grain
gtt(s) gutta(e) drop(s)
H hypodermic
h, hr hora hourh.s. hora somni bedtime
ID intradermal
IM Intramuscular (with respect to injections)
inj. injectio injection
IP intraperitoneal
IV intravenous
IVP intravenous push
IVPB intravenous piggyback
L.A.S. label as such
LCD coal tar solution
Lin linimentum linimentLiq liquor solution
lot. lotion
Mane mane in the morning
M. misce mix
m, min minimum a minimum
Mcg microgram
m.d.u. more dicto utendus to be used as directed
mEq milliequivalent
Mg milligram
mist. mistura mix
Mitte mitte sendmL milliliter
nebul nebula a spray
N.M.T. not more than
noct. nocte at night
non rep. non repetatur no repeats
NS normal saline(0.9%)
1/2NS half normal saline(0.45%)
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ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
MEANING
N.T.E. not to exceed
o_2 both eyes, sometimes written as o2
o.d. oculus dexter right eye
D.W. water distilled
elix. elixir
e.m.p. ex modo prescripto as directed
emuls. emulsum emulsion
Et Et and
Eod every other day
Ex aq ex aqua in water
fl., fld. fluid
ft. fiat make; let it be made
G gram
Gr grain
gtt(s) gutta(e) drop(s)
H hypodermic
h, hr hora hour
h.s. hora somni bedtime
ID intradermal
IM Intramuscular (with respect to injections)
inj. injectio injection
IP intraperitoneal
IV intravenous
IVP intravenous push
IVPB intravenous piggyback
L.A.S. label as such
LCD coal tar solution
Lin linimentum liniment
Liq liquor solution
lot. lotion
Mane mane in the morning
M. misce mix
m, min minimum a minimum
Mcg microgram
m.d.u. more dicto utendus to be used as directed
mEq milliequivalent
Mg milligram
mist. mistura mix
Mitte mitte send
mL milliliter
nebul nebula a spray
N.M.T. not more than
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ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
MEANING
noct. nocte at night
non rep. non repetatur no repeats
NS normal saline(0.9%)
1/2NS half normal saline(0.45%)
N.T.E. not to exceed
o_2 both eyes, sometimes written as o2
o.d. oculus dexter right eye
o.p.d. once per day
o.s. oculus sinister left eye
o.u. oculus uterque both eyes
Oz ounce
Per per by or through
p.c. post cibum after meals
pig./pigm. pigmentum paint
p.m. post meridiem evening or afternoon
PRN, prn pro re nata as needed
p.o. per os by mouth or orally
p.r. by rectum
pulv. pulvis powder
PV per vaginam via the vagina
Q quaque every
q.a.d. quoque alternis die every other day
q.a.m. quaque die ante
meridiem
every day before noon
q.d.s. quater die sumendus four times a day
q.p.m. quaque die post
meridiem
every time after noon
q.h. quaque hora every hour
q.h.s. quaque hora somni every night at bedtime
q.1h, q.1 quaque1 hora every 1 hour; (can replace 1 with other numbers)
q.d. quaque die every day
q.i.d. quater in die four times a day
q.o.d. every other day
Qqh quater quaque hora every four hours
q.s. quantum sufficiat a sufficient quantity
QWK every week
R rectal
rep., rept. repetatur repeats
RL, R/L Ringer's lactate sine
S without (usually written with a bar on the top of the
s)
s.a. secundum artum use your judgment
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ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK
ORIGIN
MEANING
SC, subc, subcut, subq, SQ subcutaneous
Sig write on label
SL sublingually, under the tongue
Sol solutio solution
s.o.s., si op. sit si opus sit if there is a need
Ss semis one half
Stat statim immediately
Supp suppositorium suppository
Susp suspension
Syr syrupus syrup
Tab tabella tablet
tal., t talus such
Tbsp tablespoon
troche trochiscus lozenge
Tsp teaspoont.i.d. ter in die three times a day
t.d.s. ter die sumendum three times a day
t.i.w. three times a week
top. topical
T.P.N. total parenteral nutrition
tr, tinc., tinct. tincture
u.d., ut. dict.
ut dictum as directed
ung. unguentum ointment
U.S.P. United States Pharmacopoeia
Vag vaginallyW with
Wf with food (with meals)
w/o without
X times
Y.O. years old
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1. GROUP EXERCISE.
Create a logical secrete message using at least ten abbreviations showed in the previous
pages.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Write the equivalents for the following abbreviations
a) s.o.s. = ____________________________________________________________
b) q.i.d. = ____________________________________________________________
c) lot. = ____________________________________________________________
d) N.M.T. = ____________________________________________________________
e) I.V. = ____________________________________________________________
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HOSPITAL FACILITIES
Melissa Memorial Hospital
Melissa Memorial Hospital is designed as a critical access hospital providing for 24hour emergency care. The design is intended to present an image of a facility that
provides quality healthcare in a friendly environment. This facility focuses on healing
the body, mind and spirit by personalizing, humanizing, and demystifying the
healthcare experience for patients and their families.
Family Waiting Lounge The family lounge sits immediately adjacent to the inpatientbed wing, providing a bright and spacious place for families to gather.
UNIT
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Main Entry Lobby - The high ceiling main lobby space was designed with comfort inmind. Its upper windows provide a beacon when lights are on at night and its
contemporary design and soft colors offer patients and their families a warm welcome
and an orientation point of reference.
Nursing Station - The nursing station is centrally located to offer overlapping accessand control of the inpatient bed wing, the labor and delivery suite, the emergency
department, the observation beds, the family lounge as well as the outpatient waiting
area.
Operating Room - The new surgical suite was designed primarily for outside specialiststhat travel to Melissa Memorial for specialty surgeries. The new surgical area will help
to increase specialty surgery volumes.
Floor Plan - The Floor Plan emphasizes departmental adjacencies and clean andseparate corridor flows.
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Pre-operative and Recovery Areas - The hospital provides pre-operative and recoveryareas adjacent to the operating room.
The total refurbishment of Melissa Memorial Hospital will be 2011. The roof will be replaced, the
wards partitioned into individual cubicles to provide privacy for patients, and new nursing stations
were constructed. Ceramic floor tiles give the wards a cool and clean appearance as do the
acoustic ceilings in all the General Wards corridors.
The next major development will be the building of an ultra-modern maternity wing. It will have
eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-private rooms and eight general ward
beds. It will also have its own operating theatre, a baby nursery, isolation rooms, delivery rooms,
family planning area, well-baby and well-woman clinics, pediatric cardiology.
The development of the hospital never really stops, because the pace of change always increases
and the hospital must keep up.
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THERE IS/ THERE ARE
Both expressions are used to state the something exists or to point out something in the distance.
There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject.
1. "There is" - is used with the following subjects:
Singular nouns
Uncountable nouns
3rd person singular (he, she, my physician, his outpatient, etc.).
Examples:
There is my specialist on the corner.
There is a lot of blood on the highway. There must have been an accident.
There is a fracture here.
2. "There are" - is used with the following subjects:
3rd person plural (they, my doctors, the nurses, the practitioners, etc.)
Examples:
There are many nurses in this nursing station.
There are practitioners there.
There are three sites on the internet that are really good to study Medical English.
PREPOSITIONS
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ACTIVITIES
A. THERE IS/THERE ARE. Choosethe appropriate expression from the parentheses.
1. ___________ a fly in that doctor's soup.
(There is, There are)
2. ______________many health centers in Huaycan.
(There isn't, There aren't)
3. ________________ any viruses in this area.
(There isn't, There aren't)
4. _____________________ lots of clinics in big cities.
(There is, There are)
5. ______________ a blood bank here?
(Is there, Are there)
6. _________________ survivors in the mine?
(Is there, Are there)
7. _____________________ a blood donor I can call?
(Is there, Are there)
8. _______________ an important surgery tomorrow.
(There is, There are)
9. _____________________ 8 students in my Medical English class.
(There is, There are)
10._________________________ many inpatients in this hospital.
(There isn't, There aren't)
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B. GROUP PROJECT. Look at the map below. Then write a description for the plan using
there is, there are and prepositions.
C. Draw three plans considering the vocabulary below. Then describe each plan writing
five sentences which include there is, there are and/or prepositions.
1. Ultra-modern maternity wing: eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-
private rooms and eight general ward beds; one operating theatre; a baby nursery;isolation rooms; delivery rooms; family planning area; well-baby and well-woman clinics;
pediatric cardiology.
2. Third floor: two lifts; a four-bed High Dependency Unit; Renal Dialysis Unit; Radiology
department.
3. Outpatient Department: Obstetrics; Gynecology; Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT); Dental
Surgery ; Orthopedics; Dermatology; Virology; Urology; Radiation, Oncology; Obstetrics;
Perinatology Consultation; Cardiology; Pathology; Psychiatry; Pulmonary Services;
Neurosurgery ; Pediatrics; Internal Medicine; Endocrinology; General Surgery; Geriatrics;
Gastroenterology; Electrophysiology; Neonatology; Nephrology; Rheumatology;
Ophthalmology; Plastic Surgery; Otolaryngology; Pathology.
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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are
removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excreted wastes travel at some
time in the blood.
Organs of the Excretory System
Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide
Liver - produces urea and uric acid as a by-product of the breakdown of proteins
Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid
Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and uric
acid
THE SKIN
Layers of the skin
Epidermis - outer protective layer without blood vessels
Dermis - inner layer containing blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hairs,
and fat cells
Functions of the skin
Excretion - Wastes such as excess water, salt, urea and uric acid are removed from the body in
sweat.
Waterproofing - The skin with its oil glands prevents the entry of water into, and loss of water out
of the body.
UNIT
7
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Protection from disease - The intact skin prevents invasion of micro-organisms and dust into the
body.
Protection from ultraviolet rays - Pigments reduce the intake of UV rays.
Regulation of body temperature - The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulates the body.
Contraction of small muscles attached to hairs forms 'goosebumps' and creates an insulating
blanket of warm air. Also, sweat produced by sweat glands uses excess body heat to evaporate,
providing a cooling effect.
Sensory Detection - The nerve endings or receptors in the dermis detect heat, cold, touch,
pressure and pain.
SOME / ANY
STATEMENT SOME ANY
Affirmativestatement I have some health nuisances.They will need some calories _
Negativestatements
_ I do not need any blood transfusion.
Interrogativestatements
_ Do you need any help?Does she have any classmates?
Exception:Offer: Would you like some help?Request: Can you lend me some money?
QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Some adjectives and adjectival phrases describe quantity. Some can only go with countable nouns
(nurses, inpatients, outpatients), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, fat, blood,
advice). However, there are quantifiers that can be used with both countable and uncountable
nouns.
ONLY WITHUNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
WITH UNCOUNTABLEAND COUNTABLE NOUNS
ONLY WITHCOUNTABLE NOUNS
How much? How much? or How many? How many?
a little no/none a few
a bit (of) not any a number (of)
- some (any) several
a great deal of a lot of a large number of
a large amount of plenty of a great number of
- lots of -
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Notes:
1. Much and manyare used in negative and question forms.
Example:
How much sugar do you consume?
How many cigarettes do you smoke?
There's not much blood in the blood bank.
There weren't many physicians at the meeting.
2. They are also used with too, (not)so, and (not) as :
Examples
There were too many physicians at the meeting.
It's a problem when there are somany patients.
There's not so much work to do this week.
3. In positive statements, we use a lot of:
Examples:
I have alot ofwork this week.
There were a lot ofphysicians at the meeting.
4. A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in apositive way:
Examples:
I have a few patients (= maybe not many, but enough)
I have a little money (= I have enough to live on)
5. Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:
Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)
He had little money (= almost no money)
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ACTIVITIES
A. QUANTIFIERS. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following
quantifiers:
1. It seems to me that we haven't had ____________ assignments in English this term.
2. How _______________ material can we be expected to read in one week?
3. I've unfortunately had _________________ headaches already because of stress.
4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too _____________ weeds.
5. I didn't use _____________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.
6. Also, I've paid very_________________ attention to how rain we've had.
7. I'm afraid it's rained ________________ times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning
brown and dying. Farmers are very upset.
8. How _______________ good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves?
9. ________________ advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless.
10. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference.
11.________________________ people know as much about computers as Tomas does.
12. It does us _________________________ good when the banking system collapses.
much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few
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B. GROUP PROJECT. You are a doctor who needs to know your patient routine. Write a 30-line dialogue using quantifiers in each sentence. Use affirmative, negative andinterrogative statements.
________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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THE URINARY SYSTEM
Urine
The first nitrogenous waste to be formed from the breakdown of protein is ammonia, a highly
toxic chemical that is quickly converted by the liver to urea and uric acid. These are less toxic than
ammonia and are transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in urine. Urine consists of
excess water, excess salt, urea and uric acid.
Parts of the Urinary System
UNIT
8
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Renal Arteries
Two renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys.
Renal Veins
Two renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream.
Ureters
Two ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body.
Urethra
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The
outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.
Kidneys
The human kidneys are the major organs of bodily excretion (see Figure 1.) They are bean-shaped
organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood
always enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called
ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.
Figure 1. Details of the human excretory system. Position and allied structures of the kidneys (top). A cross section of
the kidney showing the two major portions (left). Details of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney (right).
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The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds,
and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid
decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen
products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine.
Nephron
The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron produces urine and is
the primary unit of homeostasis in the body. It is essentially a long tubule with a series of
associated blood vessels. The upper end of the tubule is an enlarged cuplike structure called the
Bowman's capsule. Below the Bowman's capsule, the tubule coils to form the proximal tubule, and
then it follows a hairpin turn called the loop of Henle. After the loop of Henle, the tubule coils
once more as the distal tubule. It then enters a collecting duct, which also receives urine from
other distal tubules.
Within the Bowman's capsule is a coiled ball of capillaries known as a glomerulus. Blood from the
renal artery enters the glomerulus. The force of the blood pressure induces plasma to pass
through the walls of the glomerulus, pass through the walls of the Bowman's capsule, and flow
into the proximal tubule. Red blood cells and large proteins remain in the blood.
After plasma enters the proximal tubule, it passes through the coils, where usable materials and
water are reclaimed. Salts, glucose, amino acids, and other useful compounds flow back through
tubular cells into the blood by active transport. Osmosis and the activity of hormones assist the
movement. The blood fluid then flows through the loop of Henle into the distal tubule. Once
more, salts, water, and other useful materials flow back into the bloodstream. Homeostasis is
achieved by this process: A selected amount of hydrogen, ammonium, sodium, chloride, and other
ions maintain the delicate salt balance in the body.
The fluid moving from the distal tubules into the collecting duct contains materials not needed by
the body. This fluid is referred to as urine. Urea, uric acid, salts, and other metabolic waste
products are the main components of urine. The urine flows through the ureters toward the
urinary bladder. When the bladder is full, the urine flows through the urethra to the exterior.
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FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Adverbs of frequency are used to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are often
used with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities.
For example:
They often go out for dinner
The most common frequency adverbs in English are:
Always 100%
Frequently 90%
Usually 80%
Often 70%
Sometimes 50%
Occasionally 40%
Seldom 20%
Rarely 10%
Never 0%
Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.
Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used
before the main verbs and after the verb to be.
That surgeon always comes to work on time.
Those doctors are seldom home when we call.
He's usually taking her pills at this time.
She's never been to Cayetano Heredia Hospital.
A: Do you come here often?
B: Yes. I'm here occasionally.
A: What do you usually do here?
B: Sometimes I just sit and wait for a blood transfusion.
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Notes:
1. The adverbs seldom,rarely,neverand hardly everare considered negative.
A: Do you always carry your medicines?
B: (Yes,) I usually do.
No, I usually don't.
No, I rarely do.
No, I hardly ever do.
2. The following expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before
main verbs.
Every day/week /month
Every other day /week
Once a week /month/year
Twice a year / day, etc.
(Every) once in a while
Every so often
Examples:
Every once in a while I visit my outpatients.
I visit my outpatients every once in a while.
I every once in a while visit my outpatients. (Incorrect)
3. The adverbs regularly (according to schedule), normally (commonly nowadays),
traditionally (commonly in the past) can come at various points in the sentence:
Examples:
I regularly floss my teeth.
I floss my teeth regularly.
Traditionally, that was considered child's play.
I normally get up around 6 o'clock.
Normally, I get up around 6 o'clock.
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ACTIVITIES
A. Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its correct position.
Example:I play tennis on Sundays. (Often)
Answer: I often play tennis on Sundays.
1. He pays attention to the doctor's suggestions. (Often)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. They read a book on Anatomy. (Sometimes)
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Pete gets angry. (Never)
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Doctor Espinoza is very friendly. (Usually)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. I take sugar in my coffee. (Sometimes)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (Often)
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. My dermatologist goes for a walk in the evening. (Always)
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Nurses help surgeons in the operating rooms. (Usually)
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Patients watch TV after 9 pm. (Never)
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Christine smokes. (Never)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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usually, normally (2), regularly, always (2), never, sometimes
11. Nurse Hellen is upset. (Frequently)
________________________________________________________________________________
12. My workmates are in a hurry. (Usually)
_______________________________________________________________________________
B. FREQUENCY ADVERBS. Read the text below and insert the frequency adverbs from the
box.
Control of kidney function.
The activity of the nephron in the kidney is ____________ controlled by a person's choicesand environment as well as hormones. For example, if a person __________ consumes
large amounts of protein, much urea will be in the blood from the digestion of the protein.
Also, on a hot day, a body will retain water for sweating and cooling, so the amount of
urine is reduced.
Humans ______________ produce a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also
known as vasopressin, which is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It
___________ regulates the amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in
the nephron tubules.
_____________ some individuals suffer from a condition in which they secrete very low
levels of ADH. The result is excessive urination and a disease called diabetes insipidus.Another unrelated form of diabetes, diabetes mellitus, is more widespread. Persons with
this disease ___________ produce sufficient levels of insulin. Insulin _________ transports
glucose molecules into the cells. But when insulin is not available, the glucose remains in
the bloodstream. The glucose is _____________removed from the bloodstream in the
nephron; to dilute the glucose, the nephron removes large amounts of water from the
blood. Thus, the urine tends to be plentiful.
Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal glands also control the content of urine. These
hormones promote reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the tubules. Thus, they
affect the water balance in the body, because water flows in the direction of high sodium
and chloride content.C. TRANSLATION. Translate the text above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
D. Read more: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Human-Excretory-
System.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8714.html#ixzz0zWFI53ca
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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Introduction
Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species,
and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. The male and female
reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization. Then, the female
organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth, and nursing. The male and
female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones
necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and functioning of the organs of
reproduction and other organs and tissues.
1.MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Its external structure includes the penis, scrotum, and testicles. Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root,
which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is
the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the
penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes
removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra, the tube that
t