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COMPLETION REPORT

ON

THE PROJECT TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTION FOR MUSHROOM CULTIVATION TO GENERATE SELF – EMPLOYMENT OF TRIBAL WOMEN IN UKHRUL

DISTRICT, MANIPUR

Submitted to: The Director,

Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Block – 2 & 7th Floor C.G.O. Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110006

Submitted By: Manipur Science and Technology Council

Central Jail Road, Imphal – 795001

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Sl. No. Content Page No.

1. File No. and Title of the Project

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2. Principal Investigator & Co - Investigator

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3. Registration No. Date and Act under which registered

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4. Date of Sanction and completion of the project

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5. Total Approved Project Cost and Duration

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6. Year Wise Grants released so far

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7. Project Objectives as approved by DBT

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8. Achievements

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9. Deviation if any from the project objectives and reasons thereof

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10. Details of Field Demonstrations laid under the project (Size of plots, crops, beneficiaries and Field photographs)

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11. Number of Beneficiaries of the project

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12. Year Wise number of beneficiaries trained through the project

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13. Steps taken to sustain the activities after the DBT funding is over

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14. Summary of the Progress 7 - 10

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1) File No. and Title of the Project: No:BT/PR2579/11/223/2001 Dated 19.08.2003

Title: Technology Intervention for Mushroom Cultivation to generate Self – employment of Tribal Women in Ukhrul District, Manipur

2) Principal Investigator:

Shri Th. Surendranath Singh Executive Director, Manipur Science and Technology Council Central jail Road, Imphal, Manipur – 795001

Assisted by: Shri Kh. Rakesh Scientific Officer

Manipur Science and Technology Council Central jail Road, Imphal, Manipur – 795001

Co-Investigator:

Smt. S. Mema Devi Mycologist Manipur Tribal Development Corporation, Lamphelpat, Imphal - Manipur

3) Registration No. Date and Act under which registered: Does not rise 4) Date of Sanction and completion of the project:

Date of Sanction -19.08.2003 Date of Receipt of the Demand Draft: 17: 02: 2004 Date of Completion of the project: 16: 02: 2006 Status – Completed (Extension without additional cost sought but not permitted)

5) Total Approved Project Cost and Duration:

Project Cost: 9.84 Lakhs Duration: 2 years

6) Year Wise Grants released so far:

i) First Instalment: Rs.5.92 Lakhs ii) Second Instalment: Rs.1.76 lakhs

Total: Rs.7.68 Lakhs

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7) Project Objectives as approved by DBT:

a. To involve rural masses in Scientific and organised cultivation of edible

mushroom.

b. To make rural population aware of protein malnutrition and motivate them for

taking up protein rich mushroom to meet the protein demand.

c. To train 100 women and men in production of sufficient mushrooms as fast

income generating crop.

d. To establish a mushroom spawn production unit at the project Site and

provide quality spawn to the beneficiaries for ensured quality products.

e. To establish marketing facilities of mushroom by supplying sufficient

quantities for value added products.

8) Achievements:

The project was implemented at two sites i.e. 1) Technology Demonstration Unit

at the premises of Science and Technology Complex at Takyelpat, Imphal and 2) Murei

Village which is located in Ukhrul District ( a tribal district) about 25 km from Imphal at an

altitude of 800 m above msl.

The existing Solar Passive Technology Building of Manipur Science and

Technology Council at Takyelpat, Imphal with a total area of 6000 sq. ft. was utilised for as

the Technology Demonstration Unit of the Project. The Unit had a well-equipped Spawn

Production Laboratory and a Cultivation Unit for experimental cultivation of varieties of

Mushroom. The laboratory is equipped with adequate equipments like Autoclave, Laminar

Flow, Refrigerator, Water Storage Tank, Chemical balance, Kitchen Balance, Gas connection

and adequate glass wares for production of spawn.

Several strains of mushroom were collected some from their natural habitat and

some from Manipur Tribal Development Corporation, Imphal and other Institutes of Imphal.

Those were cultured in PDA media for propagation. The high yielding ones were selected for

further use. A grain type spawn was developed. Mass and regular production of variety of

Spawn of Oyster mushroom such as Pleurotus flabellatus, P. eous, P. Sapidus, P. Ostreatus

(Phillipine), P. Ostreatus (PCA) was done continuously at the Technology Demonstration

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Unit at Takyelpat for free supply to the beneficiaries of the Murie village as well as for

experimental cultivation at the Technology Demonstration Unit. Besides the above, button

mushroom spawn (Agaricus bisporous) and spawn for some local varieties such as Lentinula

edodes, Termitomyces sp., Auricularia sp., Schizophyllum commune, Volvareila sp. were

produced for experimental cultivation. Wet preservation of the above varieties was kept as

museum specimen for demonstration.

Varieties of Oyster mushroom Cultivation were cultivated at the Technology

Demonstration Unit for demonstration purpose. Dry raw paddy straw was cut into pieces and

sterilised in boiling water and then air dried. About 250 gm of spawn was inoculated into 1

kg of air dried paddy straw which is almost equivalent to 3.5 kg wet weight. Polybags of size

18” x 12” were used for holding the substrate. Regular watering was done at least 2-3 times a

day or as per requirements. After 12 – 15 days pinhead fruiting bodies developed on the outer

layer of the substrate. Within 6 – 7 days the fruit bodies matured and were ready for

harvesting. From a bed, 2 – 3 times were harvested in an interval of 10 days. About 500 –

700 g of mushroom was harvested from a bed of 1 kg. substrate. After this experimental

cultivation, a model had been evolved for mass cultivation at the project site at Murei

Village, Ukhrul district, Manipur.

Since paddy straw is abundantly available in the state, paddy straw had been

selected as a material for the substrate. From the yield, it has been found that paddy straw is a

good material for preparation of substrate. Laboratory was constantly producing spawn for

free supply to the beneficiaries. About 600 bags of spawn with each bag weighing 550 g

were producing every month for supply to the beneficiaries.

Although, there were 62 households, 55 beneficiaries had been selected under the

project for mass cultivation of mushroom for consuming by themselves and for income

generation. In order to enable the beneficiaries to start cultivation of Oyster mushroom, a

training programme regarding cultivation of Oyster mushroom and Button Mushroom was

conducted during September 14 – 15, 2004 at the project site for the 55 beneficiaries. Smt

S.Mema Devi, Mycologist and Co-PI of the project imparted indepth training to the

beneficiaries. The topics include history of mushroom cultivation, edible and non edible

mushrooms, nutritional value of edible mushrooms, types of edible mushrooms, diseases and

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pests of mushrooms, selection/maintenance of strain and spawning procedures,

demonstration of laboratory equipments for mushroom production, specification of the

cultivation sheds, demonstration of mushroom cultivation, processing, harvesting,

consumption pattern and marketing of mushroom etc. Training on Composting and

Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom was also given to some selected beneficiaries of the Murei

Village.

Since January 2005, regular cultivation of Oyster mushroom was done by the 55

beneficiaries at their own sheds constructed under the project and was continued upto

January 2006. An average income of Rs. 568/- per month had been generated out of the

cultivation by each beneficiary.

9) Deviation if any from the project objectives and reasons thereof:

The project was implemented according to the objectives of the project. There

was no deviation from the approved objectives of the project.

10) Details of Field Demonstrations laid under the project (Size of plots, crops,

beneficiaries and Field photographs):

The existing Solar Passive Technology Building of Manipur Science and

Technology Council at Takyelpat, Imphal with a total area of 6000 sq. ft. had been utilised

for housing the Technology Demonstration Unit of the Project. The Unit had a well-equipped

Spawn Production Laboratory for preparation of spawn and a Cultivation Unit for

experimental cultivation. Experimental Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom at Technology

Demonstration Unit was done for demonstration purposes.

Training on spawn production and cultivation of Oyster mushroom was imparted

to the 55 beneficiaries. A field demonstration cum training programme on Compost

preparation and cultivation of button mushroom was also conducted for 5 selected

beneficiaries. 55 low cost cultivation sheds of size 10’ x 15’ were constructed using the

locally available raw materials at the plots of the beneficiaries for cultivation of the

mushroom.

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11) Number of Beneficiaries of the project:

Manipur Development Agency (MDA), which is an NGO located in Murei

Village is the Co – implementing Agency of the project. After a detail survey with the

members of the MDA, 55 beneficiaries had been selected. The beneficiaries thus selected

under the project were given training and allowed to cultivate mushroom of their own with

the free supply of spawn and raw materials from the project. The list of beneficiaries with

their addresses showing their approximate earning per month is at Annexure – I.

12) Year Wise number of beneficiaries trained through the project:

55 beneficiaries already selected under the project had been given training on

Spawn Production and Cultivation of Mushroom. 5 selected beneficiaries from the project

site were also given training on compost preparation and cultivation of button mushroom.

Since the project was implemented at Murei Village, training was confined to the inhabitants

of this village. However, in the interest of the people of this state, MASTEC was planning to

extend training to some people in the adjoining areas of the project site; however it could not

be taken up as the project period expired.

13) Steps taken to sustain the activities after the DBT funding is over:

The Technology Demonstration Unit at Takyelpat, Imphal will remain as a unit

for production of spawn. Mushroom will be cultivated at this Unit throughout the year for the

purpose of demonstration. Sustainability of activities will be maintained by producing spawn

continuously. Quality spawn will be made available to those individuals interested in taking

up mushroom farming. In this way, people who wish to cultivate mushroom for their income

generation can cultivate mushroom throughout the year.

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14) Summary of the Progress:

Manipur Development Agency (MDA) which is an NGO located at Murei Village

was the Co-implementing Agency of the project. The management of the project at the

beneficiary’s Village was taken care by MDA and activities at this site were carried out

under the strict supervision of MDA.

The project was implemented at two sites i.e. 1) Technology Demonstration Unit

at the premises of Science and Technology Complex at Takyelpat, Imphal and 2) Murei

Village which is located in Ukhrul District ( a tribal district) about 25 km from Imphal at an

altitude of 800 m above msl.

Spawn production and packaging of the products was carried out at the

Technology Demonstration Unit at Takyelpat. Experimental cultivation activity and a part of

semi processing of mushroom were also taken up at the Technology Demonstration Unit.

Mass cultivation activity was carried out at the project site i.e. Murei Village by the 55

beneficiaries. Some of the products were consumed by them and some were sold to the local

market for their own income generation.

With the engagement of 2 project staff i.e. one Project Assistant and one Skilled

Helper, the project was going on smoothly to achieve the project goals. The existing Solar

Passive Technology Building of Manipur Science and Technology Council at Takyelpat,

Imphal with a total area of 6000 sq. ft. was utilised as the Technology Demonstration Unit of

the Project. The Unit had a well-equipped Spawn Production Laboratory and a Cultivation

Unit for experimental cultivation of varieties of Mushroom. The laboratory was equipped

with necessary equipments like Autoclave, Laminar Flow, Refrigerator, Water Storage Tank,

Chemical balance, Kitchen Balance, Gas connection and adequate glasswares for preparation

of spawn.

Several strains of mushroom were collected some from their natural habitat and

some from Manipur Tribal Development Corporation, Imphal and other Institutes of Imphal.

Those were cultured in PDA media for propagation. The high yielding ones were selected for

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further use. A grain type spawn was developed. Mass and regular production of variety of

Spawn of Oyster mushroom such as Pleurotus flabellatus, P. eous, P. Sapidus, P. Ostreatus

(Phillipine), P. Ostreatus (PCA) was done continuously at the Technology Demonstration

Unit at Takyelpat for free supply to the beneficiaries of the Murie village as well as for

experimental cultivation at the Technology Demonstration Unit. Besides the above, button

mushroom spawn (Agaricus bisporous) and spawn for some local varieties such as Lentinula

edodes, Termitomyces sp., Auricularia sp., Schizophyllum commune, Volvareila sp. were

produced for experimental cultivation. Wet preservation of the above varieties was kept as

museum specimen for demonstration.

Varieties of Oyster mushroom Cultivation were cultivated at the Technology

Demonstration Unit for demonstration purpose. Experimental cultivation of Schizophyllum

commune tried in straw beds at a room temperature of 20°C - 25°C showed growth but the

yield was less. A suitable protocol is yet to be established. Regular production of spawn for

Pleurotus flabellatus, P. eous, P. Sapidus, P. Ostreatus (Phillipine) was made at Technology

Demonstration Unit for free supply to the beneficiaries.

The project was implemented in close association with Manipur Development

Agency which is located at the project site i.e. Murei Village. The village is not far and is

located about 25 km from Imphal. Although, there are 62 households, 55 beneficiaries had

been selected in consultation with the co – implementing Agency i.e. MDA. In order to

enable the beneficiaries to start cultivation of Oyster mushroom, a training programme for

the 55 beneficiaries was conducted during September 14 – 15, 2004 at the project site. Smt S.

Mema Devi, Mycologist and Co-PI of the project imparted in-depth training to the

beneficiaries. The topics include history of mushroom cultivation, edible and non edible

mushrooms, nutritional value of edible mushrooms, types of edible mushrooms, diseases and

pests of mushrooms, selection/maintenance of strain and spawning procedures,

demonstration of laboratory equipments for mushroom production, specification of the

cultivation sheds, demonstration of mushroom cultivation, processing, harvesting,

consumption pattern and marketing of mushroom etc. Training on composting and

cultivation of button mushroom was also given to 5 selected beneficiaries.

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After proper selection of sites at the plots of the beneficiaries, 55 numbers of

cultivation sheds of the size 10 ft x 15 ft had been constructed in each of the beneficiary’s

plot. The sheds were constructed of locally available materials i.e. bamboo and paddy straw.

Racks made of Bamboo are housed inside the shed for cultivation of Oyster mushroom.

Starting from January 2005, regular cultivation in phase wise manner in Polybags of size 18”

x 12” having 1 kg of dry paddy straw substrate were carried out at Murei Village by the

beneficiaries and continued upto January 2006.

At the initial stage of cultivation the yield was less. Inspection report showed that

there was less moisture content inside the cultivation shed which was caused due to easy

evaporation of moisture to the thin straw side walls of the shed. This hampered the spawn

running stage which resulted into low yield.

The side walls were renovated up to the desired level to retain enough moisture inside

the sheds. As there was enough moisture, the spawn were run properly and the yield of which

was good.

Occurrences of Pests were seen in certain stages of the cultivation. Pests

infestation took place mainly during the spawn running period, pin head stage and cropping

stage. Major pests found were rats and flies. Traps were used by the villagers to avoid rat

infestation. Application of insecticides and pesticides were not encouraged since these

chemicals may affect the consumer’s health. Up to certain level, the infestation of pest was

controlled. Infestation of flies was mainly due to unhygienic mode of cultivation by the

beneficiaries. Regular cleaning of the shed and spraying of the floor with accurate doses of

bleaching powder was adopted by the beneficiaries to reduce infestation of flies. Infestation

of flies was checked up to certain extend but the yield was not up to the desirable quantity.

Each beneficiary at Murei Village could produce 148 kg (average) of oyster

mushroom out of the cultivation during the entire project period with the free supply of

spawn. An average monthly income of Rs.568/- per month could be generated out of the

cultivation by each of the beneficiary. With the help of MDA, marketing of the products was

done by the beneficiaries themselves in the local market. However, marketing of fresh

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mushroom in the local market was a problem because the villagers preferred the local

varieties such as Lentinula edodes, Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia sp. etc.

Even though, the Demand Draft for the 1st instalment was received on

February 17, 2004, the actual commencement of the project was made on May 2004. On

expiry of the project period, the project was completed on 31.03.2006.

We wished to extend training programme to other parts of the state to

sensitise/train people about the cultivation technique of varieties of Mushrooms. For this,

extension programme, we had sought extension of the project period for duration of 6 months

without additional cost; however, it was not considered.

Date: Signature of the

Place: Imphal Principal Investigator

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Annexure - I List of beneficiaries with their monthly income (appx.) generated out of cultivation in 13 months.

SL.No Name Crops cultivated

No. of Beds Cultivated

(each bed = 1 kg. dry

substrate)

Total production

in Kg.

Monthly Income in Rs.

(@Rs.50/-per kg.)

1 Mrs Chilangla Muivah 1,3,4,5 130 156 600

2 Mrs Ningreiwon Muivah 1,2,3,4,5 145 141 541

3 Mrs Ningwonla Muivah 1,3,4,5 125 156 601

4 Mrs Prety Muivah 3,4,5 200 200 769

5 Mrs. Leishiwon Muivah 1,3,4,5 135 142 545

6 Mrs. Kumtharla Muivah 1,2,3,4 120 180 692

7 Miss Pempemmi Muivah 2,3,4,5 200 178 685

8 Miss Somichon Muivah 1,4,5 105 141 541

9 Miss Areiwon Muivah 2,,3,4,5 170 213 817

10 Miss Lamchuila Muivah 1,3,5 140 182 700

11 Miss Vallyrose II 1,4,5 150 114 438

12 Miss Joyrimoon Muivah 1,2,4, 180 202 775

13 Mrs. Luishomla Muivah 1,3,4 170 162 621

14 Mrs. Pamthingla II 1,2,4,5 160 155 597

15 Miss Tharngachan Muivah 1,2,3,4 135 154 592

16 Mrs.Kanmila Ningsheng 1,2,4,5 147 151 582

17 ,, Nichangwon Khamrang 3,5 154 172 663

18 ,, Tammila Khamrang 2,3,4 167 134 514

19 ,, Yangmila Muivah 1,3,4 185 179 690

20 ,, Tharawon Jajo 2,4,5 167 144 552

21 ,, Pamthingla Muivah 3,4,5 125 200 769

22 ,, Luirengla ,, 2,3,4,5 105 126 485

23 ,, Tharawon Muivah II 1,2,4,5 168 150 575

24 ,, Leyah Muivah 1,2,3,4 145 97 374

25 ,, Tampakwon Muivah 3,4,5 136 82 314

26 Miss Khathingla Muivah 2,4,5 129 206 794

27 Mrs. Ninghorla Muivah 2,3,4,5 142 148 568

28 Mrs. Tammila Muivah 1,3,4,5 140 143 549

29 Mrs. Rita Muivah 2,3,4,5 154 129 498

30 Mrs. Alice Ningsheng 2,4,5 170 160 615

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Annexure – I (Contd….)

31 Mrs. Rangamla ,, 1,4,5 135 140 540

32 Mrs. TharaWon Muivah III 1,3,4,5 135 88 338

33 Mrs. Babyanah Muivah 1,3,4,5 135 140 540

34 Mrs. Ngasairei Muivah 1,3,4,5 135 68 260

35 Mrs. K S Reimichon 1,3,4,5 165 170 654

36 Mrs. K S Philashing 2,4,5 160 179 689

37 Mrs. Vallyrose Muivah I 2,3,4,5 145 126 485

38 Mrs. Rani Muivah 3,4,5 155 175 674

39 Mrs. Reginah Muivah 1,4,5 124 174 668

40 Mrs Leishimi keishing 1,4,5 125 123 471

41 Mrs. Chansaph y keishing 2,4,5 120 168 646

42 Miss Sinaton keishing 3,4,5 120 86 332

43 Mrs. Jenah Ningsheng 1,2,4,5 120 168 646

44 Mrs. Thotreiwon Ningsheng 1,4,5 136 118 455

45 Mrs. B.K Ramngamla 1,4,5 135 176 675

46 Mrs. Leishimi Muivah 3,4,5 157 162 622

47 Mrs. Maitonphy Zingkhai 2,4,5 128 111 428

48 Mrs. Halinah Keishing 3,4,5 136 126 486

49 Mrs. BK Somila 1,2,3,4 150 170 652

50 Mrs. Racy Zimik 1,3,4 155 138 531

51 Mrs. Nanrei Jajo 2,3,4 150 131 502

52 Mrs. Philayo Jajo 1,2,3,4 150 165 635

53 Mrs. Dinah Jajo 1,3,4 160 93 357

54 Mrs. Somila Muivah 1, 2, 3,4 160 131 505

55 Mrs. Mayowon Muivah 1,3,4,5 125 100 385

Crops: Pleurotus flabellatus – 1 P. eous -2 P.Sapidus – 3

P.Ostreatus (Phillipine) - 4 P.Ostreatus (PCA) -5

No. of beds cultivated during the project period ranges from 105 – 200 beds with an

average of 146 beds per beneficiary. The average production by each beneficiary is 148 kg

reflecting a monthly income of Rs.568/-.

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Technology Demonstration Unit(TDU) at Takyelpat, Imphal

Production of spawn at the Laboratory at TDU

Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom at the Technology Demonstration Unit

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Survey at Murei Village for selection of beneficiaries

Training Programme on Spawn production and cultivation of mushroom

Spawning during the training programme

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Distribution of Seed money for construction of Cultivation sheds

Distribution of spawn to the beneficiaries

Cultivation at Murei Village by the beneficiary

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Cultivation at Murei Village by the beneficiary

Cultivation at Murei Village by the beneficiary

Inspection by officials at one of the cultivation shed.

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A cultivation shed at Murei Village