managing water resources for human development on 6 june 2011 at gajjar hall nirman bhavan opp law...

8/6/2019 Managing Water Resources for Human Development on 6 June 2011 at Gajjar Hall Nirman Bhavan Opp Law Garden Ahmedabad

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Managing Water forHuman Development

B. N. Navalawala,

Advisor to Honble Chief Minister ofGujarat

e m in a r jo in tly o rg a n ize d b y T h ee m in a r jo in tly o rg a n ize d b y T h eu ja ra t In stitu te o f C ivil E n g in e e rsu ja ra t In stitu te o f C iv il E n g in e e rs& ( . .rchitects with LAA L D College( . .rchitects with LAA L D College)f E n g in ee rin g A lu m n i A sso ciatio n )f E n g in ee rin g A lu m n i A sso ciatio n, ,h m e d a b a d Ju n e 6 2 0 1 1,h m e d a b a d Ju n e 6 2 0 1 1


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ater is LifeThe universe ismade of Panch

Tatva the five

essential elementsof natureAir

WaterFireEarthSky
http://www.knowwiththeflow.org/waterart/water_is_life.jpg


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- %ur Body is Made up of 60 70 ofWater

Percentage of water in humanbody

%6

%35

%2

%5 %3


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() () . .

~`aiNamaa oNa laaoko|ismana\% -`aNa vaonaavaQaaya t o- ] %adI sava pyaaoiga vaaja\aIvanama\ tRiPt karkma\


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Today


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Police preventing a self-immolation bid by two

activist of Sankalp SevaSamiti at the east zoneoffice compound ofAhmedabad municipalcorporation in Rakhiyal areaon Thursday over watersupply problemNewsline Photo


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tatistics of Water on Earth

Freshwater 2.5 %

and atmospheric water 0.4%(A thick sub surface layer of soil that remains below freezing


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.he Water on the Earth is Availableor Our Use


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lobal Population Distribution Vs Fresh WaterReserveslGlobal per capita renewable availability - about 7000 m3.lGlobal per capita fresh water withdrawal - about 570 m3

(total 3400 km3), has gone up more than 35 folds over

the past 300 years.

% of Global Population% of Global Available Fresh Resources


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Quarter of all the Clean Water.hat Enters Our Home


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Yesterday

Global per Capita Water Availability (2000)

000 liters/person/year

T


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Projected Water Scarcity in 2025Projected Water Scarcity in 2025

Source: The Global Water Scarcity Study, IWMI, 1998

Tomorrow


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VIRTUAL WATER .008 Stockholm Water Prize recipient Profohn Anthony Allan from King s College Londonnd the School of Oriental and Africantudies was the creator of the virtual water, [oncept which measures how water is embeddedn the production and trade of food and.onsumer products( ,irtual water also known as embedded water, ) ,mbodied water or hidden water refers in,he context of trade to the water used in.he production of a good or serviceoekstra and Chapagain have defined the- (irtual water content of a product a, ) "ommodity good or service as the volume of

,reshwater used to produce the producteasured at the place where the product was".ctually producedt refers to the sum of the water use in the.arious steps of the production chain Theater is said to be virtual because once the,heat is grown the real water used to grow


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he concept of virtual water helps us realizeow much water is needed to produce different. -oods and services In semi arid and arid, ,reas and thus knowing the virtual wateralue of a good or service can be usefulowards determining how best to use the.carce water available ,nce all the virtual water is added up what is,aten and used in products of consumptionlong with the daily use of water out of the, .ap gives a better idea of a water footprintater footprints are used to give nations a-etter consumption based indicator of water

. , ,se However this water use indicator is by,efinition a loose indicator or actual water.oss of a country Since this water issually kept in the region from which it was" ,"sed the water use impact is generally.erceived to be negligible

VIRTUAL WATER

Vi t l W t i A i lt l P d t


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1KgWheat=1,300Litres

Virtual Water in Agricultural Products

1KgB

rokenRice

=

3,400Litres

1KgSugar=1500Litres 1KgToma

toes

=180Litres

1KgEggs=3,300Litres1Kg

Beef=

15,500L

itres

Vi t l W t i H h ld P d t


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Virtual Water in Household Products

Jeans(1kgwt)=10,850Litres

CottonShir

t(500g)

=4,100Litre

s

BedSheet(

900g)=

9,750Litres

DisposableDiaper(75g)=810Litres

1kgLeather=16,600Litres


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Virtual Water in Industrial Products

ConstructionofHouse=6MillionLitres

Car(1100Kg)=400,000Litres

Why not to put also the virtual water tag?


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GLOBAL SCENARIO OF Virtual water

The concept of virtual water is used to show a link

between consumption of a product in one place and.impacts on water systems elsewherev Among the biggest net exporter countries of virtual

water are :. . ; , , , , ,U S A Canada Thailand Argentina India Vietnam

.France and Brazilv Some of the largest net import countries are :, , , , , ,Sri Lanka Japan China Spain Egypt Germany South

Korea.the Netherlands and Italy

v - Water scarce countries like Israel discourage the

( )export of oranges relatively heavy water guzzlersprecisely to prevent large quantities of water being

.exported to different parts of the world


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Arrows show trade flows >10 Gm3/yr

egional Virtual Water Balances( )nly Agricultural Trade

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]


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Paris Declaration Millennium

Development Goals

Vision 1 : Water forPeople

National Water Policy-1987 and Revised in

00

WATER as a Human Right BetterLate than Never

RECENT INITIATIVES

The United NationsWorld Water Development Report

WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTWATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


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The Paris Declaration (International Conference onThe Paris Declaration (International Conference on

Water and Sustainable Development, 19-21 March,Water and Sustainable Development, 19-21 March,1998)1998)expressedexpressedseriousseriousconcernconcernaboutabout

A situation in which a quarter of worldspopulation does not have access to safe drinking

water; more than half of mankind lacks adequatesanitation; poor water quality and lack of hygieneare among the primary causes of death anddisease; and scarcity of water, flood and drought,poverty, pollution, inadequate treatment of wasteand lack of infrastructure pose serious threats tosocial and economic development, human health,global food security and the environment.

WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTWATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


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Millennium Development Goals

A Rubik cube puzzle?

xtreme poverty and hunger to be halvedniversal primary educationender equality- -nder five mortality to be reduced by twothirds -aternal mortality to be reduced by threequarters / ,he spread of HIV AIDS malaria anduberculosis to be reversednvironmental sustainability to bensured andevelop a Global Partnership forDevelopment


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ision 21VISION 21 recognizes that if the

goal of water, sanitation andhygiene for all is to beachieved, peoples roles mustchange.

The Framework aims to assistpeople at community, country,regional and global levels toidentify areas for action,

enlisting the commitment ofnational governments andtheir partners to take up thechallenge along withmobilizing the global

community to support the


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(ational Water Policy 2002) rrigation being the largest,onsumer of fresh water the aimhould be to get optimal.roductivity per unit of water,cientific water management farmractices and sprinkler and dripystem of irrigation should be

.dopted wherever feasible


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India

China

United States


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/ - ,ed to decrease in the tropics sub tropics but incr/ - ,ed to decrease in the tropics sub tropics but incr

Source: IPCC, 2007

2020

2050

2020

2050050s

2020s


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educe production growth in many of the poorest coeduce production growth in many of the poorest co

ercentage change in agricultural,roduction due to climate change 2080his will have further price increasingffects :ource Cline

A< - 25

- -5 to 15- -5 to 5- to 0to 5to 155 to 25> 25


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(%)ield Change-40 - 30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

. ( )arry et al 2005

te Change Impacts on Grain Yi

2080s

2050s

2020s


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orld Leaders in Agricultural GDP

,0 years ago both China and India were known for!ood insufficiency and hungerdoption of innovative production technologiesas done wonders and changed the world s mostwo populous countries into first and second in.gricultural output too

:ata 2009


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-ATER SCENARIO INDIA

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

3450

1250

760

cubicmeterpercapitaperyear

YEAR

PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF UTILISABLE WA

According to the United Nations criteria, any situation of per capita wateravailability of less than 1000 m3 is considered as a scarcity condition

(Source : Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, 1999)

1951 1999 2050


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-er Scarce River Basins IndiFollowing six river basins in thecountry fall in the water scarcity

category (where per capitawater availability is less then1000 m3 )

the Cauverythe Pennar

the Sabarmatithe east-flowing rivers

between Mahanadi andGodavari

the east-flowing riversbetween Pennar and

Kanyakumarithe rivers of Kutch &

Saurashtra

Maha Nadi

Godavari

Cauvery & Pennar

Kutch & Saurashtra

Sabarmati


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gricultural Growth in India

:ource Ministry of .ote the phenomenal growth in spread and depth


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: - &NDIA LAND USE THEN NOW ( - )ILLION HECTARE

ndia is among select countries in the world where theropped area has increased .% ndia has nearly 10 of world s agricultural area and the.argest irrigated area in the world, ost importantly India has 12 months sunshine and 119. . !illion farm holdings &ndian agriculture s strength stems from size!iversity:ource Ministry of Agriculture


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rediction for IndiaAn annual mean surface temperature rise by the end of century,

ranging from 3 to 5C with warming more pronounced in thenorthern parts of India.

A 20% rise in all India summer monsoon rainfall and furtherrise in rainfall is projected over all states except Punjab,Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu, which show a slight decrease.

Extremes in maximum and minimum temperatures are also

expected to increase and similarly extreme precipitation alsoshows substantial increases, particularly over the west coastof India and west central India.

( ( ) ,ased on Regional Climate Modeling RCM systemnown as PRECIS developed by Hadley Center and)pplied for India


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n increase of 2o in temperature couldecrease the rice yield by about 0.75/on ha in high yield areas and a 0.5o ncrease in winter temperature wouldeduce wheat yield by 0.45 / . (on ha Sinha

& waminathan 1991).heat yields would decrease between 28 o%8 without considering the CO2ertilization effects and would rangeetween +4 o 34% fter considering.O2 fertilization effects

very 1o temperature rise would result in%ecline of rice yield by about 6aseendran et al 2000

rediction for India


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ajor impacts of climate change will be( &n rainfed crops other than rice),heat which account for nearly 60%.f cropland area In India poorest.armers practice rain fed agriculture

-he loss in farm level net revenue willange between 9 o 25% or aemperature rise of 2 o 3.5o .

rediction for India


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4Source Aggrawal et al (2002)

Change Impacts on Wheat Prod

INDIA NEEDS BY 2030


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INDIA NEEDS BY 2030

Food groupFood group % Increase% IncreaseTotal cerealTotal cereal 38-4538-45

PulsesPulses 64-7664-76

Edible oilEdible oil 40-4840-48

VegetablesVegetables 135-202135-202FruitsFruits 121-178121-178MilkMilk 108-152108-152MeatMeat 142-224142-224EggEgg 146-229146-229FishFish 121-195121-195

Madras School of Economics:-

If CO2 concentration levels

double in the latter half of the21st century then India's GDPwould decline by 1.4 to 3%under various climate changescenarios.


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rrigation Management FocusMax Crop Yield

ifferent viewoints ofFarmer roject AuthorityNation


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ARGER CANVAS TO BEGIN WITH

: ey question How well are weanaging our irrigated agriculture- ,fficiency equity and,ustainability both financial andnvironmental ? ,o answer this question we need tonow ocal crops of irrigated;griculture ,heir input and output policiesnd their implications


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NTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR ACTION here is need for a paradigm shift inmphasis towards improving theerformance of existing irrigated.griculture Marginal changes inrrigation practices will not be

.nough to increase productivity f a 4 percent growth in irrigated,griculture is to be achievedfficiency of the existing systems

;s to be enhanced water so savedhould be utilised to increaserrigation intensity and farmingractices improved with modern.nputs and technologies(NCIWRD, GoI, September 1999)

HAT ARE THE POLICY OPTIONS AND THE PATH AHEAD?


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l /o Explicit Recognition as Human Fundamentalight as well as Universal Right towards watersecurityl State subject in the federal structurel roundwater linked with The Indian Easements, /ct 1882 land ownership

Entry 17 (State List)Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigationand canals, drainage and embankments, waterstorage and water power subject to theprovisions of Entry 56 of List I.

Entry 56 (Union List)Regulation and development of inter-Staterivers and river valleys to the extent to whichsuch regulation and development under thecontrol of the union is declared by Parliamentby law to be expedient in the public interest.

,ragmented and Compartmentalized Approach


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lood Management /rought Scarcity Management , &rinking Irrigation Industrial uses roundwater Management isaster Management nvironmental Management

ncompassing in Reality


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Lack of integrated& holistic

approachDisjointed planning

for waterresourcesdevelopment

Some patchworkinitiatives like -

NWP, NCIWRDP,

State Water Policies


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We must begin valuing waterappropriately and using it morewisely so as to avoid learning

.Franklin s lesson the hard way

W a t e r C r i s i s i sL o o m i n g

: Benjamin Franklin once said When ,the well s dry we know the worth of

.water


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( ) illingness to Pay WTP or Contingent Valuation( ),ethod CVM which are designed to measure theillingness to pay as a measure of demand largely&epends upon the degree of reliability quality.f water supply

ven the poorest water users are willing to pay&ore to have access to safe reliable supply of.ater This is demonstrated by the fact that a, -armer in North Gujarat which is a water shortage,rea and where groundwater levels are very deep isillingly to pay about ` -000 000 per hectare,or irrigation water from tube wells which arewned by a group of farmers in the form of -rrigation Companies as against Government canal.ater rates of Rs 920 to 1380 per hectare which is.enerally less reliable

ALUING WATER

d the world stem from the widespread failure to valu


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ts Time We Think of Wateronservationoing more with less ishe first and easiesttep along the path.owards water security y using water more,fficiently we in

ffect create a new.ource of supplyach liter conservedan help meet new wateremands without dammingnother stretch ofiver or depleting more.roundwater


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ith Technologies and Methods AvailableTodayarmers could cut their water needs by- %0 50 - %ndustries by 40 90%ities by 30

ith no sacrifice of economic output or.uality of lifea v e W a t e r S a v eL i f e


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ow can We Conserveater? udicious Use of Surface WaterAvailable

/euse Recycle Water ainwater Harvesting mproving Aquifer Recharge oil Conservation udicious Use of Water Stop Leakages


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o Indian cityistributes wateround the clockith sufficient.ressure ,n most citieseakage isstimated atround 20 to 30.er cent In case,f Delhi it isstimated to be.bout 40 per cent

ssues related tohe quality ofervice providedo the consumersf water supplyetworks need toe properly

&tudied .ttended udicious Use of Water


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se Less Wherever Possible

udicious Use of Water


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udicious Use of Water in Agriculture


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, mazing as it may seem most of the world s farmerstill irrigate the way their ancestors did 5000 yearsgo by flooding or channeling water by gravity.cross their cropland Much water is lost as it is,onveyed from reservoirs to farmlands distributed.mong farmers and applied to fields

ince agriculture claims two thirds of all the water, , ,rom rivers lakes streams and aquifers optimisinghe irrigation efficiency is a top priority in moving. -owards more sustainable water use The savingsotential in agriculture constitutes a large and.ostly unexploited new source of supply


ATER CONSERVATION BY ORGANIC FARMING


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y adopting organic farming in case of a village with&opulation of 500 people 1000 hectares land under 3/ ,rops year with 6 irrigations each of 10 mm delta water%.equirement can be reduced upto 50 = ( )o saving in water for irrigation x 3 x 6 irri x( )0 mm delta x 1000 hectares = , ,00 000 m3 / yearnnual drinking water demand @100 lpcd for 500 people forhe village

= 00 lpcd x 500 people x 365 days = 8250 m3/year,hus water saved due to organic farming in one year isufficient for 49.32 ( , , / )ears 9 00 000 18250

=opulation500 =and 1000hectares crops peryear witch to organicfarming

years to 500 people. Thus reducing irrigation needs by a tenth, for instanc


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/euse Recycle Water- -e cycled water needs to be used for most non potablepurposes

Agriculture /ublic Parks Landscape

ooling Water For Powerlants And OilRefineries

rocessing Wateror Industries

/EUSE RECYCLE WATER
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://livegreenstlouis.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/toto.jpg&imgrefurl=http://livegreenstlouis.wordpress.com/2007/08/29/the-toilet-situation-isnt-looking-so-good/&h=370&w=398&sz=21&tbnid=sM1Oq2YjH0GGBM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=images+for+flushing+toilets&zoom=1&q=images+for+flushing+toilets&hl=en&usg=__F1Oy2gO0ZakgU7zlIkcBfTp8LHw=&sa=X&ei=m9JtTd6vB8a4rAfK1MH7Bg&ved=0CC8Q9QEwBghttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://livegreenstlouis.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/toto.jpg&imgrefurl=http://livegreenstlouis.wordpress.com/2007/08/29/the-toilet-situation-isnt-looking-so-good/&h=370&w=398&sz=21&tbnid=sM1Oq2YjH0GGBM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=images+for+flushing+toilets&zoom=1&q=images+for+flushing+toilets&hl=en&usg=__F1Oy2gO0ZakgU7zlIkcBfTp8LHw=&sa=X&ei=m9JtTd6vB8a4rAfK1MH7Bg&ved=0CC8Q9QEwBg


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rtificialLakesoilet Flushing

ust Control

onstructionActivities


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Methods

Storing rainwater for ready

use in containers above orbelow ground.

Charged into the soil for

withdrawal later.

One mm of rain falling on one

hectare area leads toharvesting of 10,000 litres ofwateri.e water supply for 100persons for one day

AINWATER HARVESTING

MPROVING AQUIFER RECHARGE


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preading channel( )anch Pipalva Sodam Bandhara in Saurashtra

preading stream water through a network of ditchesnd furrows MPROVING AQUIFER RECHARGE


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heck Dams

ala Bunds

Bandharas

MPROVING AQUIFER RECHARGE RECHARGE SHAFT


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njection Wells

erticalShafts

ateral Shafts MPROVING AQUIFER RECHARGE


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ully Plugging

&hrough Improved Land Watershed Management

ench Terracingontour Trenching

ontour Bunding

/EFORMS INITIATIVES IN WATER MANAGEMENT


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v ,ross under pricing of water whether forgriculture or for domestic or industrial,se perpetuates the illusion that it is,lentiful and that nothing is lost by.asteful practices

v ixing a price of water that is close to theeal cost of supplying it has to become a,ey component of irrigation urban and.ndustrial conservation This will foster a.reater efficiency of water usev romotion of People s Participation in wateranagement by ensuring autonomy in&unctioning financial sustainability asell as policy reforms



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v - , ,3 tier Water Parliament at Village&istrict State Level should be an ideal&nstitution for efficient people.riented water management Achievingetter water management will requireecentralizing control over water and-oving from top down decision making to reater people s participation a, -aradigm shift pre requisite for better& .evelopment management of water

v ustainability of irrigated agriculturev romoting Micro Irrigation through adequate&inancial support to farmers necessary.ater policy interventions



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v &oday desalination is technically feasiblend use of the process has been growing. , ,teadily However despite its rapid growthesalination still produces about one tenth .f 1 percent of the world s total water usehat is now required is to make it

.ommercially viable on large scalev . . .he former U S President Late John F Kennedyaid in 1961 that If humanity could find annexpensive way to get fresh water from the

,ceans that achievement would really dwarf.ny other scientific accomplishments

eyond the Reforms


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v aking heed of water s limits andearning to live within them amountso a major transformation in our.elationship to fresh water,istorically we have approachedature s water systems with a frontier

,hilosophy manipulating the waterycle to whatever degree engineering- .now how would permitv ,ow instead of continuously reaching

,ut for more we must begin to look ,ithin within our regions our,ommunities our homes and ourselvesor ways to meet our needs while -especting water s life sustaining.unctions

EYOND THE REFORMS


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v , -o longer we have any soft options. ,nly hard choices Thus while facing arisis of water availability in the

21st ,entury we should treat this as aolden opportunity that would enablehe water profession to develop andmplement efficient water managementractices for all sectors for the

.uture welfare of mankind

s me we ay ac to ot er


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Earth


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ave Every Drop of Water We Can

cause ac rop an ave a


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Life

therwise Tomorrow Our Situation can


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e Like This

L t St t t d


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Let us Start today

For better tomorrow

an

an


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managing water resources for human development on 6 june 2011 at gajjar hall nirman bhavan opp law...

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