managing drought: a roadmap for change in the united states dr. donald a. wilhite, director national...
TRANSCRIPT
Managing Drought: A Roadmap for Change in the
United States
Dr. Donald A. Wilhite, Director
National Drought Mitigation Center
School of Natural Resources
University of Nebraska-Lincoln U.S.A.
Managing Drought and Water Scarcity in Vulnerable Environments:
A Roadmap for Change in the U.S.
Report online at
http://www.geosociety.org/
The Cycle of Disaster Management
proactive
reactive
Crisis management treats the symptoms, not the causes.
Risk management increases coping capacity, builds resilience.
Components of Drought Risk Management
(social factors)(natural event)
Are there trends in
exposure?
What factors are affecting vulnerability?
What is ‘drought?’
A deficiency of precipitation from expected or normal that extends over a season or longer period of time and results in water supply that is insufficient to meet the needs of human activities and the environment.
Simply stated, it’s when ‘demand exceeds supply’ but . . . . .
% A
rea
Aff
ecte
d
1930s 1950s 1987-present
Key observations:
• Drought—normal part of climate
• Average annual spatial extent = 15%
• Peak spatial extent = 65%
• Year-to-year variability
• Recent pattern over two decades
Previous ‘Calls for Action’
General Accounting Office
Western Governors’ Association
National Academy of Sciences
Great Lakes Commission
American Meteorological Society
Interstate Council on Water Policy
National Drought Policy Commission
National Drought Policy Commission
Report to Congress in 2000 in response to the National Drought Policy Act of 1998.
Recommended creating a National Drought Policy.
National Drought Preparedness Act: 2001, 2003, 2005.
Why the sense of urgency?
Multiple severe droughts since 1996 have had severe impacts and have raised concern about increasing vulnerability.
U.S. population is growing rapidly, especially in the water-short western states and the southeast.
Water demand is increasing dramatically, conflicts between water users are increasing.
66%
40%
28%
26%
31%
30%21%
20%
23%20%
2000 2001 2002
2003 2004 2006
Improving drought management is a national issue!
Why the sense of urgency?
Water supplies are fully or over-appropriated in many river basins.
All levels of government are poorly prepared for drought—reactive, crisis management approach.
Existing water laws and institutions are based on outmoded values and goals.
Drought plans exist at the
• state, river basin, local and tribal levels of government.
• Response oriented
• Lack of coordination
No national drought plan or policy currently exists.
Bottom Line:
Why the sense of urgency?
Climate change is likely to increase the frequency, severity, and duration of drought.
Increasing temperatures, increased evaporation, increased heat stress/heat waves
Changes in precipitation amount, intensity, distribution, and form, increased variability
Reduced snowpack, stream flow, ground water recharge, lower reservoir levels
3.6°F
2.7°F
1.8°F
0.9°F
cooler warmer
Temperature trends (°F per century) since 1920
PNW warmed +1.5o F during the 20th century
Mote P.W.,Hamlet A.F., Clark M.P., Lettenmaier D.P., 2005, Declining mountain snowpack in western North America, BAMS, 86 (1): 39-49
Trends in April 1 SWE 1950-1997
Portland, Oregon
Portland’s water needs by 2040 will increase by 60 mgd, 40 mgd from regional growth; 20 mgd from climate change impacts.
Climate change impacts on water
demand18%
Climate change impacts on water
supply16%
Impact of population growth on demand
(no climate change)66%
Science and Policy Recommendations
Implement a national drought policy as called for by NDPC and drought mitigation planning at all levels of government.
Include the potential impacts of projected changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change in drought risk mitigation planning.
Science and Policy Recommendations
Create a new ‘national water culture’ that promotes sustainable water management practices to meet long-term societal needs.
Broad educational initiative to foster partnerships between levels of government, universities, and public.
Increased public education on the need for long-term drought mitigation and water resources management.
Science and Policy Recommendations
Engage stakeholders within common hydrologic basins in water and drought management planning.Foster place-based science with community stakeholder involvement as part of public education and outreach for natural resources decision makers, integrating local climate and water information and climate projections.
Science and Policy Recommendations
Maintain and enhance existing data networks and data sets, enhance timely delivery of data and information to decision makers and the public.
Fully fund and implement the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS).
Foster development of sector-based decision support tools for natural resource managers, agricultural producers, and policy makers.
NIDIS passed by Congress in late 2006.
Implementation Plan issued by NOAA in June 2007.
Multi-agency and organizational effort.
Drought Portal under development.
Science and Policy Recommendations
Encourage use of risk-based approaches for assessing multiple potential future climate and water management scenarios.
Support research that improves fundamental scientific understanding of drought, i.e., causes, predictability, impacts, mitigation actions, planning methodologies, and policy alternatives.
Science and Policy Recommendations
Value water at its full worth in the development of water resource management and drought mitigation plans.
Harmonize roles and responsibilities of cooperating institutions and reduce conflicts to achieve more effective decision making.
Fragmentation of responsibilities within and between levels of government constrains effective drought management.
