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cobb strecker dunphy & zimmermann Contributing to Our Partners Success

Managing Construction Risk Fall Protection

Subpart M- Fall Exposures

Contributing to Our Partners Success

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Use of Fall Protection

Understand common fall hazards in your work area and

the dynamics of a fall.

How to determine when fall protection is required.

Standard methods, and Proper Use

Selection – Inspection – Set-up Use – Care – Storage

Learning Objectives


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Physics of a Fall

Elapsed Time

Distanced Traveled

Velocity Ft. per sec

Speed MPH

Force at Impact

0.00 0 0 0 0 0.25 1 ft. 8 5.5 400 lbs. 0.50 4 ft. 16 11 1,600 lbs.

0.61 6 ft. 20 14 2,400 lbs.

0.75 9 ft. 24 16 3,600 lbs.

1.00 16 ft. 32 22 6,400 lbs.

1.25 25 ft. 40 27 10,000 lbs.

1.50 36 ft. 48 33 14,000 lbs.

1.75 49 ft. 56 38 19,600 lbs.


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It’s a Coin Flip!!

Studies indicate that 50% of all fall victims impacting against a hard surface with a velocity of 18 mph (27’/second) will be killed. This is equivalent to a fall of about 11 feet


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Impact Force

The amount of impact force created in arresting a fall is based upon three items:

Individual’s weight

Fall distance

Suddenness of stop

The suddenness of the stop is the key factor


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When Is Fall Protection Needed?

Working 6 feet or more above a lower level

Hazard of falling into or onto dangerous equipment or objects

Specific areas or activities

While walking and working surfaces are being inspected

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cobb strecker dunphy & zimmermann



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Common Cause of Falls

Not tying off

Overreaching

Carrying tools and equipment

Hazards created from other activities

Improper selection, inspection, set-up, use

Not paying attention/complacency

Inadequate lighting

Limited space to conduct tasks


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Where workers on a Construction site are exposed to vertical

drops of 6 feet or more, OSHA requires that employers provide

Conventional Fall Protection in one of three ways:

Guardrail Systems

Safety Net Systems

Personal Fall Arrest Systems

Fall Arrest

Fall Restraint

Remember: there is no silver bullet!

Basic Fall Protection


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Ability to fall 6 or more feet to the surface below

Leading edges Wall openings Floor openings/holes Floor perimeter Roof Edges Concrete Forms

Fall Protection Should Be Provided…


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Fall Protection Options

PFAS Guardrails Safety Nets WLS/CAZ Safety Monitor Other? (Written

Fall Protection Plan)

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Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)


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A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) must include

the following components: Anchorage Body Harness Connector/Lanyard Descent/Rescue

Must also include a lanyard, deceleration device, and/or lifeline.

Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)


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Full Body Harness can be used for: Positioning Restraint Fall Arrest

Full Body Harness Components Hardware Webbing D-Ring Position Adjustments & Fit

D-Ring position

Be sure to use a size that fits properly.

Use with compatible equipment

No Body Belts!

Personal Fall Arrest System

Full Body Harness


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What’s Important?

“D” ring between shoulder blades

Butt strap supports the load


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What’s Important?

Chest strap tightened at mid chest

These keep you in the body harness

Leg straps snug but not binding


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Adjusting Your Harness

Slide your four fingers between the leg straps and leg – Fingers should slide with ease up to the knuckle and hand area.


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Full Body Harness

Which worker is wearing the harness correctly?

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Body Belts

Use is Unauthorized and Strictly Prohibited on all Jobsites


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Certified vs. Non-Certified 2:1 safety factor Reduced strength requirements

1926.502(d)(15): Anchorages used for

PFAS: 5,000 pounds per employee attached, or must be

designed and used as follows:

Equipment used only for PFAS Strength Requirements

Arrest 5000 Positioning 3000 Restraint 1000

Guardrails 200

Anchor Point

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Fall Arrest vs. Fall Restraint

Choosing the Right Equipment and Anchor

Points


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Actually Catches You When You Fall…

Fall Arrest Systems


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MINIMUM COMPONENTS:

1. Rated Anchorage Point Minimum 5000 lbs.

2. Lanyard 6 foot fall potential Shock Absorbing (Deceleration Device)

3. Connecting Hardware Double Locking

Snaphooks, Carabineers or D-Rings

4. Full Body Harness

Fall Arrest Systems


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Calculating Fall Distance - Standard Lanyard


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What’s Important?

The higher the anchor point from the workers feet – the less the free-fall distance


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Fall Arrest System (Retractable Lifeline)

MINIMUM COMPONENTS: 1. Rated Anchorage Point

Minimum 3000 lbs.

2. Retractable Lifeline or Positioning Hook Assembly

3. Connecting Hardware Double Locking Snaphooks, Carabineers or D-Rings



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Calculating Fall Distance - Retractable


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Swing Fall Hazard


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SWING FALL

2:1 + 2 Example: you want to

work in a 6 ft. radius. 6 x 2 +2 =14 Your anchor point

should be 14 feet above you!

More Considerations….


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Self Retracting Lanyard & Lifelines (SRL)

How they work No free fall Deceleration

Reusable* Impact indicators

Limitations Anchor Location!

https://www.millerfallprotection.com/images/stories/connecting-devices/fall-limiters-self-retracting-lifelines/t-bak/large/twin-t-bak-app.jpg

https://www.millerfallprotection.com/images/stories/connecting-devices/fall-limiters-self-retracting-lifelines/t-bak/large/MFLTB-1-7.5FT.jpg

http://en.capitalsafety.us/Products/USProductCatalog/USLanyardstab/USLanyardsAll/tabid/1667/CategoryID/5/List/0/Level/a/ProductID/6288/language/en-US/Default.aspx?txtSearch=CATAdvancedSearch79,264&SortField=DateCreated+DESC,ProductNumber+DESC


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Fall Restraint Systems


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Physically prevents the wearer from access to edges where falls could occur.


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MINIMUM COMPONENTS:

1. Rated Anchorage Point Minimum 1000 lbs.

2. Rope and Rope Grab Assembly 3. Connecting Hardware

Double Locking

Snap hooks, Carabineers or D-Rings



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Connectors and Lanyards Snap hooks

Self closing and Auto-locking!

Compatible Connections

Forced roll-out and gate loading

False Connection

Carabiners Auto-locking offset D

Gate loading

Captive eye or split pin


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Flexible line with connector that connects harness to the anchor Often contains a deceleration

device No knots or wrapping

around sharp objects

Fall Arrest System Lanyard


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Fall Arrest System Deceleration Device

Dissipates energy during fall arrest

Rip-stitch, tearing, or stretching lanyard

Rope grab device Retracting lifelines

or lanyards Lanyard required

where there is no deceleration device


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Lanyards

Shock absorbing lanyards Max length 6 foot

Tie back model?

Bungee

100% tie off

No knots! Or slack…

Type depends on anchor placement

Shock absorber reduces force but increases clearance

http://en.capitalsafety.us/Default.aspx?tabid=1667&txtSearch=CATAdvancedSearch79,269&CategoryID=5&List=0&SortField=DateCreated+DESC,ProductNumber+DESC&catpageindex=2&Level=a&ProductID=6428&language=en-US


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Personal Fall Arrest System Connector/Lanyard




https://www.millerfallprotection.com/images/stories/titan-fall-protection/connecting-devices/shock-absorbing-lanyards/large/T6121TB_6FT.jpg


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Fall Arrest System Anchors

Secure point of attachment for lifeline, lanyard, or deceleration device

Withstand 5,000 pound force per person

Anchor point above you

Ask if unsure about proper anchor points


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Anchor Slings

Angle cannot be greater than 45 degrees

Too steep of an angle can reduce strength by 66%

Knots reduce by 50%

Tie off to only the small D-Ring


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Anchor Types

http://en.capitalsafety.us/Products/USProductCatalog/USAnchorstab/USAnchorsAll/tabid/1576/CategoryID/6/List/0/Level/a/ProductID/2389/language/en-US/Default.aspx?txtSearch=CATAdvancedSearch79,382&SortField=DateCreated+DESC,ProductNumber+DESC





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Anchor Types


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Door Jam Anchor


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Anchor Types

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Concrete Anchor


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Fall Arrest System Lifeline

Lifelines connect personal fall arrest system to anchor Vertical—hang from one anchor

point Horizontal—stretched between

two anchor points Ropes and straps made of synthetic

fibers Protect against being cut or abraded


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Vertical Lifelines-Rope Grabs


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Temporary vs. Permanent

Two employees may be connected

Increased: Forces Clearance Anchorage

Requirements

Horizontal Lifelines


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Is This Work Protected

Distance from elevated work area to concrete floor below is 15 feet

Approximate free-fall distance of the worker’s fall protection set-up is 20 feet


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Creating a Swing Fall Exposure

Worker has moved in a horizontal direction from the vertical anchor point


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By user before each use At least annually by the

competent person Document Look for:

Labels Cuts Tears and holes Broken stitches Damaged hardware UV damage Mold Indicator tags

Equipment Care, Maintenance, and Inspection

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Rescue


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You Are Not Out Of The Woods Yet!

The U.S. Air Force and OSHA studied “prolonged motionless suspension”. It was determined that the average amount of time that test subjects could hang motionless in a full-body harness before experiencing nausea, tingling or numbness was 14.38 minutes.


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What’s affected while suspended?

An effective fall protection program recognizes Suspension Trauma as a hazard to the fallen worker using PFAS and includes a prompt rescue capability in the program


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Trauma Straps


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What’s Your Plan To Get Them Down?


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Rescue

The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to rescue themselves.

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Safety Nets


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Personnel Nets Debris Nets Combination

Personnel and Debris Nets

Safety Nets


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Categorized Net Application

Bridge Nets Interior Nets Perimeter Nets Elevator Shaft

Nets Roofing Nets


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Installed as close as practical to working surface but in no case more than 30 feet.

Have sufficient clearance under them to prevent contact if impact loaded.

Perform drop test after installation, whenever relocated or major repair and at 6 month intervals if left in one place.

Safety Net Installation


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Nets shall extend minimum 8 feet beyond the edge of the working surface. See table

Safety Net Installation

Vertical Distance from working level to horizontal plane of net

Minimum required distance of outer edge of net from the edge of the

working surface

Up to 5 feet 8 feet

More than 5 feet up to 10 feet 10 feet

More than 10 feet 13 feet


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OSHA Standard 1926 Subpart M – www.osha.gov Capital Safety/3M

www.capitalsafety.com National Safety Council

www.nsc.org

Additional Safety Net Installation Information

http://www.osha.gov/

http://www.capitalsafety.com/

http://www.capitalsafety.com/

http://www.nsc.org/

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Guardrails


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Guardrail Systems

Toprail: 42 inches +/- 3 inches Support 200 pounds

Midrail: 21 inches +/-3 inches Support 150 pounds

Screens and Mesh- all the way from the top rail to the floor surface


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Guardrail Systems


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Protection from Falling Objects

1. Toe boards or screens Withstand 50 pound force At least 3.5 inches high No more than ¼ inch clearance

from floor 2. Canopy structure 3. Barricade area HARD HATS!


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Use screens or panels to prevent tools or equipment from falling on workers Store materials 4 feet from edge Roofing work, store material 6-ft from

edge Use canopies strong enough to prevent

collapse and prevent penetration Keep areas barricaded where objects

are likely to fall

Prevent Objects From Falling


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When a Guardrail isn’t Fall Protection

Once you are evaluated above the guardrail system - you no longer have adequate fall protection


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When a Guardrail isn’t Fall Protection

Once guardrails are removed and workers are exposed to fall hazards, other fall protection methods need to be used


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Prevents worker or worker’s body part from penetrating a walking or working surface

Required for all holes equal or greater than 2 inches wide

All covers for holes shall be capable of supporting at least twice the weight of employees, equipment & materials

Secured to prevent accidental displacement Color-coded, or marked with “HOLE” or

“COVER”

Hole Covers


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Floor Hole

Hole means a gap or void 2 inches or more in its least dimension, in a floor, roof, or other walking/working surface.


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Floor Hole

Covers

Secured in place

Color coded or marked “HOLE” or “COVER”

Able to support twice the weight of vehicle, equipment, materials or employees

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Warning Line System


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Warning Line System

Defines area where roofing work can be done without conventional fall protection Consists of ropes, wires or chains and stanchions erected around all sides of the roof Line must attach to each stanchion so slack will not lesson in one section when another is pulled High-visibility flags not more than 6 feet apart Line no more than 39 inches or no less than 34 inches from roof surface

Roofs Used only on low-sloped No worker allowed between edge and line unless provided with proper fall protection

Barrier to warn workers approaching the edge


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No worker is allowed beyond the warning Line unless proper fall protection is provided or for Roofing Operations only, a Safety Monitor System is utilized.

Warning Line Boundary


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No Motorized Equipment

Warning Line Set-Up

Warning Line

Warning Line

Work Area

6’

6’

6’

6’


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With Motorized Equipment

Warning Line Set-Up

Warning Line

Warning Line

Work Area

10’

10’

10’

10’


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Warning Lines


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The Challenge of Roof-Top Work


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Warning Lines

Are these expectable for leading edge fall protection?

Can I use on floors?


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OSHA’s Warning Line Interpretation

We continue to believe that distance alone is ineffective to protect workers from unprotected sides or edges. However, we have determined that, in the area farther back from the distances specified for the warning lines permitted under the standard, there is a point that is sufficiently far from the edge or hole to warrant the application of a de minimis policy regarding non-conforming guardrails. At 15 feet from the edge or hole (in the case of a hole, measured from the nearest edge of the hole), a warning line, combined with effective work rules, can be expected to prevent workers from going past the line and approaching the edge. Also, at that distance, the failure of a barrier to restrain a worker from unintentionally crossing it would not place the worker in immediate risk of falling off the edge.

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Controlled Access Zone (CAZ)


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Can be used where leading edge operations are taking place:

Concrete Form Decking Operations Placing Floor/Roof Sheeting Metal Decking Installation Overhand Bricklaying

Controlled Access Zone (CAZ)


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Erected not less than 6 feet nor more than 25 feet from the unprotected leading edge except when installing pre-cast

When installing pre-cast, control line shall be erected not less than 6 feet nor more than 60 feet, or half the length or the member being erected, whichever is less, from the leading edge.

(CAZ) Line Placement


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Control line shall extend along the entire length of the unprotected edge and attached to guardrail on each side.

Guardrail must be installed along the edges as the leading edge progresses forward.

Control Line flagged at 6 foot intervals and have a height of 39 to 45 inches off deck.

(CAZ) Line Placement


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Control Line erected not less than 10 feet nor more than 15 feet from the working edge.

Control Line must extend the entire area/edge where overhand bricklaying operations are being conducted.

Only employees engaged in the overhand bricklaying operations or related work (tending), are allowed in the controlled access zone.

If required to reach more than 10 inches below the working surface to place brick, a guardrail system, safety net or PFAS must be used.

(CAZ) Line Placement (Overhand Bricklaying)

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Written Fall Protection Plan


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Only available to employees engaged in leading edge, precast concrete erection or residential construction. Prepared by qualified person and

specific to site Plan available on site Document reason why conventional

systems are not feasible



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Describe other methods or measures being taken to reduce or eliminate the fall hazard.

Implement safety monitoring system when no other alternative measures have been taken.

Names of all employees designated to work under the plan on that site.

Reevaluate plan should someone fall or serious injury occurs.


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Fall Protection Training Requirements


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Employer must provide a training program that enables each employee exposed to fall hazards to recognize the hazards.

Understand the use of the fall protection systems being used and limitations. (Guardrail, Safety Nets, PFAS, Warning Lines, Controlled Access Zones, Safety Monitoring Systems, etc.)

Correct Procedures erecting, maintaining, dismantling and inspection of fall protection systems being used.


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Certification of training – Written record of training, name and dates of training.

Retraining When employer has reason to believe any

effected employee does not have the skill or understanding on systems being utilized.

Changes in fall protection systems Many cases (Annual Training)


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Other Areas of Fall Protection to Consider


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Sky Lights


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If you can fall more than 6 feet you must be protected.

Use fall protection on: Walkways & ramps, open sides & edges, holes,

concrete forms, roofs, wall openings, overhand bricklaying, and residential construction.

Protective Measures include: Guardrails, Covers, Safety Nets & Personal Fall

Arrest Systems

Summary

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Questions


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Thank you

managing construction risk fall protection - csdz.com · subpart m- fall exposures . contributing...

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