managing coastal and inland waters -...
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Managing Coastal and Inland Waters
Managing Coastal and Inland Waters
Pre-existing Aquatic Management Systems in Southeast Asia
Kenneth Ruddle and Arif SatriaEditors
Ashiya City, Hyogo, JapanBogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
EditorsProf. Kenneth Ruddle7-22-511, Asahigaoka-choAshiya City, Hyogo [email protected]
Dr. Arif SatriaJalan Bambu Raya 30Taman Yasmin Sektor 7BogorJawa [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-9554-1 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9555-8DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9555-8Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010935584
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover illustration top: Kenneth Ruddle, 1985Photo text: Small coastal sailing craft for general cargo in Kalbut Village, East Java, Indonesia
Cover illustration bottom left: Kenneth Ruddle, 1995Photo text: Woman fish buyer and fish seller butchering sharks at the main fish market in Danang City, Vietnam
Cover illustration bottom right: Kenneth Ruddle, 1995Photo text: Landing the small pelagics catch in Le Hieu Hao Village, Nhatrang, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
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Contents
1 An Introduction to Pre-existing Local Management Systems in Southeast Asia ................................................. 1Kenneth Ruddle and Arif Satria
2 Pre-existing Fisheries Management Systems in Indonesia, Focusing on Lombok and Maluku ........................................................... 31Arif Satria and Dedi S. Adhuri
3 Open to All?: Reassessing Capture Fisheries Tenure Systems in Southern Laos ........................................................... 57Ian G. Baird
4 Seasonal Ritual and the Regulation of Fishing in Batanes Province, Philippines ................................................ 77Maria F. Mangahas
5 Pre-existing Inland Fisheries Management in Thailand: The Case of the Lower Songkhram River Basin .................................... 99Malasri Khumsri
6 Vietnam: The van chai System of Social Organization and Fisheries Community Management ........................................................ 129Duy Thieu Nguyen and Kenneth Ruddle
7 Conclusion: Errors and Insights .............................................................. 161Kenneth Ruddle and Arif Satria
Author Index.................................................................................................... 175
Subject Index ................................................................................................... 179
vii
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Why pre-existing systems are overlooked ........................................ 3Fig. 1.2 Locations in Southeast Asia ............................................................. 8Fig. 1.3 How pre-existing systems function .................................................. 17Fig. 1.4 The design principles of pre-existing systems .................................. 17
Fig. 2.1 Locations in Lombok Island ............................................................. 34Fig. 2.2 The Kei Islands of Maluku Province ................................................ 35
Fig. 3.1 Locations in Laos ............................................................................. 61
Fig. 4.1 Location of Batanes Province, Philippines ....................................... 78
Fig. 5.1 Location of the study area ................................................................ 101
Fig. 6.1 Locations referred to in Vietnam ...................................................... 131
ix
List of Photographs
Photo 2.1 A violator’s fishing boat confiscated by villagers at Gili Air, Lombok Barat, Indonesia .............................................................. 40
Photo 3.1 Fence-filter trap (tone) in the Don Nok Kasoum Channel during the dry season to catch migratory small cyprinids, Khone Falls, Khong District, Champasak Province, Laos ........... 62
Photo 3.2 Fence-filter trap (tone) in the Xang Pheuak Channel. Khone Falls, Khong District, Champasak Province, Laos ........... 63
Photo 3.3 Wing trap (li) during the rainy season to catch mainly migratory catfish, Khone Falls, Khong District, Champasak Province, Laos .............................................................................. 65
Photo 4.1 A mataw fishing boat coming ashore, Batanes Province, Philippines .................................................................................... 79
Photo 4.2 The coastal environment of a vanua, Batanes Province, Philippines .................................................................................... 85
Photo 4.3 Distributing the catch to a landowner at the end of the season, Batanes Province, Philippines ...................................................... 88
Photo 5.1a Barrage size and configuration is adjusted to the conditions of a specific fishing territory ................................................................. 103
Photo 5.1b Barrage size and configuration is adjusted to the conditions of a specific fishing territory ........................................................... 103
Photo 5.1c Barrage size and configuration is adjusted to the conditions of a specific fishing territory ........................................................... 104
Photo 5.2 Details of barrage construction ..................................................... 104 Photo 5.3 Bamboo fence with a mosquito net installed
to block a creek ............................................................................. 105 Photo 5.4 Seine nets and electric shocks are used to harvest all
fish after water flow has ceased .................................................... 105 Photo 5.5 A barrage after an auctioned season has finished ......................... 106
xx List of Photographs
Photo 6.1 Residential and fishing boats of a ‘floating village’ van chai on the Nhu Y River, a tributary of the Huong River, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam ............................................... 139
Photo 6.2 Main buildings before restoration at Van Thuy Tu, Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam .................................... 142
Photo 6.3 The van chai building and market at Lach Vinh Troung, Nhatrang, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam ...................................... 143
Photo 6.4 Leng Ong Thuy (Altar for the Male Water God), Van Thuy Tu, Phan Thiet City, Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam .... 144
Photo 6.5 A whale shrine renovated for tourism at Van Lach Thang Tam, Ba Ria Vung Tau Province, Vietnam ......................... 157
xi
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Awig–awig system in Lombok Barat (2000–present) ................... 38Table 2.2 Some basic characteristics of Petuanan and Sasi .......................... 41
Table 4.1 Sequence of ritual operations in mataw fishing ............................. 87
Table 5.1 Gear use by season and fishing time .............................................. 108Table 5.2 Common fishing gear used in the LSRB ....................................... 109Table 5.3 Main occupations of fisheries households ..................................... 110Table 5.4 Annual income and debt of fisheries households
between different groups of fishers and in different location of the LSRB ..................................................................... 112
Table 5.5 De facto rights to fishing grounds in the LSRB by gear type and status of user ................................................................... 114
Table 5.6 De facto rights of the different categories of rights holders under the barrage auction system during auctioned and non-auctioned seasons ............................................................ 118
Table 5.7 Knowledge of fishers on fisheries management ............................ 121Table 5.8 Participation of fishers in village development, including
in fishery management, by fisher category and location ............... 123Table 5.9 Perception of fishers toward popular participation
and the responsible person in fisheries management..................... 124
Table 6.1 The five components of fishing village communal halls in the South-Central Region .......................................................... 144
Table 6.2 Profit sharing Rules by gear type at Van Thuy Tu, Binh Thuan Province ......................................................................................... 151
Table 6.3 Rules applied specifically to the sardine net at Van Thuy Tu (Chau Thanh Village Council 1963; Ruddle 1998) ................. 152
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Dedi S. Adhuri received his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the Australian National University. He now works in Policy Economics and Social Sciences, at the WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. He is also affiliated with the Maritime Study Group at the Research Center for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), in Jakarta. With both institutions, he has carried out intensive research on marine resource management and post-disaster coastal and livelihoods rehabilitation. E-mail: [email protected]
Ian G. Baird has a Ph.D. in Geography from The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. He is the co-founder and Executive Director of the Global Association for People and the Environment (GAPE), a Canadian non-government organization active in southern Laos. He has been working and living in Laos and Thailand for most of the last 23 years. He has also worked extensively in northeast-ern Cambodia. In Laos he has conducted extensive research and published widely on fish, fishers and fisheries, as well as various other nature-society-development issues. E-mail: [email protected]
Malasri Khumsri is a Senior Fisheries Biologist in the Department of Fisheries, Thailand. She received a M.Sc. degree in Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources man-agement in 2002 and a Ph.D. in 2008 from Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). She also serves as a national coordinator of Thai Fisheries Management and Governance sub-component, Fisheries Program, Mekong River Commission (MRC). She has working experiences in fisheries resources management as a sustainable livelihoods and fisheries biologist in the Mekong Region. Her research interests are fisheries management, conflict resolution in natural resources management, institutional analysis, community-based management and sustainable livelihoods. E-mail: [email protected]
Maria F. Mangahas is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology, University of the Philippines, Diliman. She received her Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge. Dr. Mangahas has done field research in small-scale fishing communities in Batanes Province (Northern Philippines) and Samal Island, Davao (Southern Philippines), and has published or presented papers on indigenous coastal resource management, collective fishing technology, fishers’ perceptions on
Contributors
xivxiv Contributors
fisheries, impoverishment and sharing, notions of ‘luck’ and leadership, and gear conflicts and social change. At present she is researching the phenomenon of ‘digitized scandal’ and the culture of media piracy in the Philippines. E-mail: [email protected]
Duy Thieu Nguyen hails from Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam. In 1976 he received a B.A. in Ethnology from the University of Hanoi, and in 1994 a Ph.D. in Ethnology from the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. Since 1976 he has been a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. He also gives lectures in ethnology in several universities in Vietnam, and is Vice Director of the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology. At present, Dr. Thieu is researching the life of fisheries communities in Vietnam, and also of the Thai-Kadai speaking ethnic groups in Vietnam and in Lao PDR. He is also studying Overseas Vietnamese and anthropological museology. E-mail: [email protected]
Kenneth Ruddle received a Ph.D. from the University of California, in 1970. At present he is a Professor in the School of Policy Studies of Kwansei Gakuin University, in Japan. He specializes in the human ecology of tropical regions, and has done extensive fieldwork in South America and Africa, in addition to East Asia, his main area of focus. Dr. Ruddle’s main research interest is on pre-existing sys-tems of tropical aquatic resources management and their local knowledge base. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1980–1881, and is a Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science. E-mail: [email protected]
Arif Satria is Dean, Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. He obtained a M.S. in Rural Sociology from the Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, and his doctorate from the Department of Marine Production and Environmental Studies, Kagoshima University, Japan. His research interests include fisheries sociology, political ecology, marine policy, and community-based fisheries management. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]