management training & development
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Management Training & DevelopmentTRANSCRIPT
MANAGEMENT TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT 2013
Q1. THE DYNAMICS OF INDIAN ENVIRONMENT HAVE MADE THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A TRAINING MANAGER MUCH CHALLENGING. CRITICALLY ELUCIDATE.
INTRODUCTION
Training is often looked upon as an organized activity for increasing the knowledge and
skills of people for a definite purpose. It involves systematic procedures for transferring technical
know-how to the employees so as to increase their knowledge and skills for doing specific jobs
with proficiency. In other words, the trainees acquire technical knowledge, skills and problem
solving ability by undergoing the training programme.
According to Flippo, “Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an
employee for doing a particular job”.
Training involves the development of skills that are usually necessary to perform a
specific job. Its purpose is to achieve a change in the behaviour of those trained and to enable
them to do their jobs better. Training makes newly appointed employees fully productive in
lesser time. Training is equally necessary for the old employees whenever new machines and
equipment are introduced and/or there is a change in the techniques of doing the things. Training
is a continuous process and does not stop anywhere. The top management should ensure that any
training programme should attempt to bring about positive changes in the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes of the employees.
OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING
The objectives of training can vary, depending upon a large number of factors. The
objectives depend on the nature of the organization where training has to be provided, the skills
desired and the current skill levels. It is difficult to draw generalizations of the objectives of
training; still they can be stated as under:
1. To increase the knowledge of workers in doing specific jobs.
2. To systematically impart new skills to the human resources so that they learn quickly.
3. To bring about change in the attitudes of the workers towards fellow workers, supervisor
and the organization.
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4. To improve the overall performance of the organization.
5. To make the employees handle materials, machines and equipment efficiently and thus to
check wastage of time and resources.
6. To reduce the number of accidents by providing safety training to employees.
7. To prepare employees for higher jobs by developing advanced skills in them.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRAINING
Fostered by technological advances, training is essential for any human resource
development exercise in organizations in the rapidly changing times of today. It is an essential,
useful and productive activity for all human resources working in an organization, irrespective of
the job positions that they hold. It benefits both employers and the employees.
The basic purpose of training is to develop skills and efficiency. Every organization has
to introduce systematic training programmes for its employees. This is because trained personnel
are like valuable assets of an organization, who are responsible for its progress and stability.
Training is important as it constitutes a vital part of managerial control.
Most progressive organizations view expenditure on training as a profitable investment.
Large organizations hire a large number of persons every year, who might not know how to
perform their jobs. There are also certain types of jobs where no one can afford an untrained
person. For instance, nobody would dream of allowing an untrained individual to work as a pilot
or operate a lathe. Such raw hand persons must be trained properly so that they may contribute to
the growth and well being of the organization.
The responsibility for imparting training to the employees rests with the employer. If
there is no formal training programme in an organization, the workers will try to train themselves
by trial and error or by observing others. But this process will take a lot of time, lead to many
losses by way of errors and will ultimately result in higher costs of training. The workers may
not be able to learn the best operative methods on their own.
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CHANGING FACETS OF TRAINING
The present time of rapid change has its influence on training also. Lynton and Pareek
have identified the following salient changes, that have occurred in training in last thirty years:
1. Training has changed from training individuals to training teams of people, comprising of
members across the hierarchies.
2. Training has acquired an inter-group learning character.
3. Training is finding itself linked with the organizational development process. It is a part
of a higher-end corporate relearning exercise.
4. Socio-technical systems are influencing the training processes in organizations.
5. Target audience of audience is also undergoing a compositional change. There are more
number of females and people from diverse ethnic groups and castes working in the
organizations. This creates diversity in the training activity as well.
6. Technologies, government and markets are undergoing a rapid change. (This issue is not
being addressed to in detail here as it requires a detailed discussion, which is usually included in
the paper on business environment).
7. Training extends beyond employees and includes clients, suppliers, publics as well,
making a learning organization into a learning system.
The changes have to be learnt by the organizations to ensure effectiveness of training
exercise. The roles, responsibilities of the trainers are undergoing changes, and are discussed
hereunder.
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THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE TRAINING MANAGER
Training managers are subject to several challenges which need to be met often within
the parameters of reduced training budgets. The technical challenge is to keep up-to-date with
changes in legislation, company policy, new methods of training delivery and new subject
matter. The strategic challenge is to monitor and respond to expected changes in skill
requirements, and to deliver training which provides demonstrable, measurable bottom line
results, both short and the long term.
The professional challenge is to keep up-to-date with changing practice, to manage
ongoing continuing professional development, and to ensure that the organization’s trainers and
line managers are informed and practised in applying the best in training ideas and methods.
Gordon Lippitt has identified four roles for training managers in modern organizations:
1. learning specialist and instructor.
2. administrator of training and development staff and programmes.
3. information coordinator.
4. internal consultant to the management of the organization.
Traditionally, the activities of training managers have focused primarily on the first two
of these roles. As the need to contract out training projects and to equip managers with staff
development skills has increased, so the focus has shifted significantly towards the last two of
the roles listed:
The training manager as information coordinator:
managing and monitoring contractor relationships.
enabling and evaluating line manager effectiveness in developing their staff.
coordinating an organization-wide skills development effort.
The training manager as internal consultant:
identifying skill development needs for the future.
advising on staff development methods and best practice.
evaluating and improving the bottom line effectiveness of the organization’s training and
development effort
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CHALLENGES FACED BY TRAINING MANAGERS
When it comes to training, managers play a critical role before and after an
employee signs up for a course. In fact, how involved a manager is in picking and
reviewing coursework could be the difference for the company's return on its training
investment.
1. A manager has to be aware of his team's skills. He has to know each individual's
strengths and weaknesses as well as those of the team as a whole. He has to cross-
reference those skills with the needs of the organization and have a clear road map of
what projects are on the horizon for his team. By doing this, he can quickly decide what
courses are valuable and which are unnecessary for his team to pursue.
2. A manager should do some investigation into what training opportunities are well
regarded by the industry. He can tap into human resources or colleagues to make a list of
reputable firms. With this list in hand, he can make educated decisions when an employee
asks for training. He can also steer an employee away from a bad learning experience if
he has heard that a company is not the best in the business for training.
3. He should suggest training to employees. Oftentimes, a manager will wait until
employees approach him before agreeing to training. Instead, a manager should be
proactive and study the business needs and employees skills to decide who needs to train
in what areas. That way, when crunch time comes for a project, he'll have the team in
good shape to tackle the technology.
4. A manager should develop training benchmarks. When an employee wants to take
several courses toward certification or a degree, a manager should have points where he
checks in on the person's progress. He should communicate those points clearly to the
employee as well as the expectations of training. For instance, has the employee shown
how the training benefited the company? Has the employee received good remarks from
the instructor? Or has the employee outlined a career path with the company? These are
all tangible questions to ask during the checkpoints.
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5. After an employee finishes training, the manager should have a debriefing. Was the training
on-track for the project? Will the employee need more training? Was the instructor good? Was
the coursework appropriate for the situation? Should other team members take the course? How
will the employee be using what she's learned to improve the network? Will she be able to teach
other members of the team what she's learned? The manager can get these answers through a
report from the employee or a face-to-face meeting. He then should communicate the results to
his upper management so that the training budget is kept in tact or enhanced in the next fiscal
year. He should also report back to human resources if the employee liked or disliked the
training firm she worked with. This is valuable information for the whole company.
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RESPONDING TO THE CHANGING DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
As organizations change, there is a need for managers to learn new people management
and leadership skills. Employees who work part time or on short term contracts or in job- sharing
face different difficulties and are motivated differently from full-time employees. Managers need
to engender commitment by motivating individuals, working more participatively with them, and
finding new ways to enrich their working experience.
The challenge for training managers is to identify and then develop in managers the new
mix of skills and attributes which this approach requires of them. Our work in identifying
competences for managers has identified an increasing emphasis on the ‘softer’ management
skills (e.g., team working, building relationships, persuading and influencing) as an important
complement to the ‘harder’ skills of business finance, strategy and planning.
In the past, individuals sought advancement through promotion. As new organization
structures take shape, the opportunities for promotion are fewer. Managers need, therefore, to
find other ways to satisfy individuals’ ambition and desire for advancement. This can be done by
building development opportunities into jobs, and enabling people to expand and widen their
skill base and extend their roles and responsibilities.
For organizations who are already accredited to IiP or who are working towards it, it is
essential that managers at all levels are able to identify training and development needs for their
staff. There is an increasing need for managers to take a more active role in the development of
their staff. The challenge for training managers is to:
Equip managers within their organization, with the skills and knowledge required to
identify individuals’ development needs
coach and support skills development on-the-job.
At DBA we have seen the development of this trend in an increasing demand for our help
in:
enabling and equipping training managers to fulfill a new role as internal training.
consultants to managers in their organization.
designing and delivering coaching skills training programmes for managers.
new approaches to teamwork.
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CONCLUSION
Training is important, not only from the point of view of the organization, but also for
the employees. It gives them greater job security and an opportunity for career advancement. A
skill acquired through training is an asset for the organization and the employee. The benefits of
training stay for a very long time. Training can become obsolete only when there is a complete
elimination of the desired for that skill and knowledge, which may happen because of the
technological changes.
The purpose of training is to bring about improvement in the performance of the human
resources. It includes the learning of such techniques as are required for the intelligence
performance of definite tasks. It also comprehends the ability to think clearly about problems
arising out of the job and its responsibilities and to exercise sound judgement in making
decisions affecting the work. Lastly, it includes those mental attitudes and habits, which are
covered under the general term ‘morale’.
No longer do the organizations talk of training in isolation. It is usually addressed along
with development. While referring to the conjugation of the two processes, Dale Yoder has
observed “The use of the terms training and development in today’s employment setting is far
more appropriate than ‘training’ alone since human resources can exert their full potential only
when the learning process goes far beyond simple routine”. Training means learning the basic
skills and knowledge necessary for a particular job or a group of jobs. In other words, training is
the act of increasing the knowledge for doing a particular job. But development refers to the
growth of an individual in all respects. An organization works for the development of its
executives or potential executives in order to enable them to be more effective in performing the
various functions of management. An executive development programme aims at increasing the
capacities of the individuals to achieve the desired objectives.
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