US. Deportmentof TronsportotionFederal AvlatlonAdministratlon

AC: 150/5320-15DATE: 2/l l/91

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MANAGEMENT OF.AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

f3w AdvisoryU.S. Departmentof Transportatm

‘L Federal Aviation C i r c u l a rAdministration

Subject: MANAGEMENT OF AIRPORTINDUSTRIAL W A S T E

1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC)provides basic information on the characteristics,management, and regulations of industrial wastesgenerated at airports.

2. CANCELLATION. This advisory circularcancels AC 150/5320-10, EnvironmentalEnhancement at Airports - Industrial WasteTreatment, dated 4/16/73.

Date: 2/l l/91 AC No: 150/5320-15Initiated by: AAS-100 Change:

3.1 APPLICATION. The guidelines andrecommendations contained in this advisory circularare recommended by the Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) for the management ofairport generated wastes at civil airports.

4 . RELATED READING MATERIAL. Thepublications listed in Appendix 1 provide furtherguidance and detailed information.

Leonard E. MuddDirector, Office of Airport Safety and Standards

2/l l/91 AC 150/5320-15

TABLE OF CONTENTS

,wF’TER 1. INTRODUCTION

Paragraph Page ..

1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. Airport Industrial Wastes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. Industrial Wastewater Regulations and Water Quality Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. Hazardous Waste Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. De/Anti-icing and Storm Water Occurring Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 2. HAZARDS AND NUI%NCES OF AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTES

6. Ignitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. Corrosivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8. Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 . ‘Toasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10. Interference with Stream Purification or POTW Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. Contamination of Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 3. TYPES OF AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE%>

12. Classtication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. Cyanides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. Chromium Compounds and Toxic Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15. Acids and Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16. Organic Solvents and Phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17. Oil, Grease, and/or Detergents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18. Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19. De/Anti-icing Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 4. SURVEYS FOR AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

20. Objectives of a Waste Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21. Requirements of Waste Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22. Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23. Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24. Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

25. Management Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26. SourceReduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27. Recovery and Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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AC 150/5320-15

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 6. MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

29. Hazardous Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30. Generator Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31. Generator Identification Number- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32. Accumulation Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33. Accumulation Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34. Onsite Treatment and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35. Manifests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36. Personnel Training, Preparedness and Prevention, and

Contingency Plans and Emergency Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11111111121313

1415

CHAPTER 7. AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONVEYANCE AND COLLECTION

38. Conveyance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1739. Sewer Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740. Collection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

CHAPTER 8. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS;

4 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42. Physical Unit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43. Chemical Unit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44. Biological Unit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45. Tertiary and Other Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46. Treatment Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47. Sludge Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19192021212222

CHAPTER .9. MANAGEMENT OF DE/ANTI-ICING CHEMICAL WASTES

48. De/Anti-icing Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49. Treatment and Disposal of De/Anti-icing Chemical Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2323

CHAPTER 10. MANAGEMENT OF MAINTENANCE SHOP WASTES .

50. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 1. Plating Room Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2552. Sources and Characteristics of Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2553. Plating Waste Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2s54. Chromic Acid Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2555. Chromium Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2756. Phenols Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2757. Cyanide Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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UllPl AC 150/5320-15

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

ParaPrauh

CHAPTER 11; MANAGEMENT OF AIRCRAFT WASHES AND SIMILAR WASTES

58. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2959. Waste Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2960. Aircraft Wash Wastes Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2961. Sludge Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

FigureFIGURES

m

Figure 8-l. Neutralization (continuous method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Figure 8-2. Neutralization (batch method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Figure 10-l. Chromic acid recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Figure 10-2. Chemical treatment of chromium wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Figure 10-3. Chemical oxidation of phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Figure 10-4. Cyanide treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . . . . . . 28Figure 11-l. Air flotation treatment system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Appendix 1. Related Reading MaterialAppendix 2. Priority pollutant list

APPENDICES

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v (and vi)

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CHAPTER 1.

1 . BACKGROUND. In 1973, the Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) published advisory circular (AC)150/5320-10 to address the subject of industrial wastemanagement at airports. That AC, entitled “Environ-mental Enhancement at Airports - Industrial WasteTreatment,” focused primarily on the treatment ofindustrial wastewaters that are generated at airports.Although the treatment technologies discussed inAC 150/5320-10 remain applicable today, new, amended,and proposed environmental regulations that areapplicable to industrial wastewaters and other types ofwastes generated at airports have warranted a revisionof that AC. This revised AC, entitled “Management of

Airport Industrial Waste,” provides an updated coverageof waste management at airports and addresses the

* * management of .haxardous wastes as well as industrialwastewaters.

2. AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTES. Althoughairports are not usually considered as industrialcomplexes, daily activities, such as aircraft and groundvehicle washing and cleaning, fueling operations, aircraftmaintenance and repair work (including painting andmetalwork), engine test cell operations; de/anti-icingoperations, and ground vehicle maintenance, are allsources of airport industrial wastes. Wastes generatedby these activities that are addressed by this AC arecategorized as either industrial wastewaters or‘hazardous wastes.

a. Industrial Wastewaters. Industrial wastewatersare generated . during ‘aircraft and ground vehiclewashing, aircraft maintenance and repair work, andde/anti-icing operations. Industrial wastewaters may bedischarged for treatment to onsite airport treatment

+I *systems or to an offsite publicly owned treatment work(POTW) or, for certain types of waste, dischargedwithout treatment to surface waters. Because of theircharacteristics, industrial wastewaters are generally moredifficult to treat than sanitary (domestic) sewage andrepresent a potentially significant threat to surface andground water quality.

b. Hazardous Wastes. Hazardous wastes may begenerated during ground vehicle maintenance, aircraftcleaning, fueling operations, aircraft maintenance andrepair work, and engine test cell operations.Management of hazardous wastes strictly follows thestringent regulations governing treatment, storage, anddisposal.

AC 150/5320-15

INTRODUCTION

3. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER REGULATIONSAND WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. As providedunder Section 303 of the Clean Water Act (CWA);Federal regulations require that all States develop waterquality standards which have been approved by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Thesestandards, which impact airports, are reflective of theeffects of various pollutants upon the ultimate uses ofthe receiving water and are intended to maintain waterquality at a level that adequately protects public health.Numerous sections of the CWA outline provisions forother Federal regulations to ensure that State water.quality standards are achieved. Regulations that canaffect airports include the National Pollutant DischargeElimination System (NPDES) program (Section 402),Effluent Limitations (Section 301), National Standardsof Performance (Section 306), and Toxic andPretreatment Effluent Standards (Section 307).Section 403 of the CWA also outlines provisions forocean discharge criteria. In addition to these Federalregulations, State and local regulations. may imposeadditional, more stringent, standards for the dischargeof airport-generated industrial wastewaters. Airportsare advised of the necessity to coordinate all plannedairport industrial waste activities with these agenciesprior to the implementation of any managementprograms.

4. HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS. Asprovided under the Resource Conservation andRecovery Act (RCRA), Federal regulations require thatall generators of hazardous waste, including airportfacilities and airport lessees, follow specific proceduresfor the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardouswastes. Under certain circumstances; materials thatwould ordinarily be considered hazardous are exemptfrom RCRA regulations when they are present inindustrial wastewater that is discharged to a POTW.

5. DE/ANTI-ICING AND STORM WATEROCCURRING WASTES.

a. Regulations. The EPA has implementedNPDES regulations for storm water discharges fromtransportation facilities, which specifically identifyairport de/anti-icing operations. These regulations willrequire proper management of wastes’generated by suchoperations. Regulators at the State and local levelshave also begun to establish more stringent limits forde/anti-icing chemicals in storm water discharges.

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AC 150/5320-15 2lllPl

b. Planning Team. The regulations for propermanagement of airport-generated industrial waste willno doubt become more restrictive with time. Inaddition, other chemicals currently contained in waterdischarges from the airport may become subject tofuture regulation. Thus, it is recommended that airportoperators confer with the airlines, tenants, and otherinvolved parties to plan a comprehensive program foreffective management of all current and expected futurewaste. Besides addressing the airport’s site specific andoperational needs, this approach produces a unifiedprogram benefitting all parties. It is also recommendedin the planning of .airport expansion or the designingof new airports, that airside drainage systems have thecapability, when required, of channeling certain portionsof or all airside runoff to specific locations for propermanagement.

2

2nim AC 150/5320-15

CHAPTER 2. HAZARDS AND NUISANCES OF AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

6. IGNITABILITY. Highly flammable liquids andvapors contained in some airport industrial wastes arefire and explosion hazards, particularly when dischargedfreely to sewers, natural bodies of water, or the ground.Vapors from volatile solvents, fuels, and oils may travelconsiderable distances in certain soils and formexplosive concentrates in low, enclosed places. Wasteswith a high solids content may cause deposits that formexplosive gas during decomposition.

7. CORROSMTY. Corrosive wastes can dissolvemetals and other materials or bum human skin.Wastes generated during rust removal and acid oralkaline cleaning, as well as spent lead acid, lithium,and nickel-cadmium batteries, are corrosive wastes.

8. REACTIVITY. Wastes which are reactive areunstable or undergo rapid or violent chemical reactionwith water or other materials. Wastes generated fromcyanide plating operations and from processes involvingoxidizers, such as bleaches, are reactive wastes.

9. TOXICITY. Certain airport ,industrial wastes aretoxic to human beings, livestock, and aquatic life, eitherby direct contact or through the contamination of watersupplies. Pollutants contained in metal finishing wastes,such as cyanide and chromium, and certain organiccompounds, such as degreasing solvents, are highly toxicat low concentrations in water. Mixed’ solutions ofmetal wastes can be much more toxic than simplesolutions of corresponding or greater concentration.The formation of sludge deposits in streams by certainairport industrial wastes can create a potential healthhazard to prospective users of the stream and restrictor prohibit its use for recreational or agriculturalpurposes.

10. INTERFERENCE WITH WATERWAYPURIFICATION OR POTW OPERATION. Thedischarge of airport industrial wastes to surface watersor to a POTW may have numerous adverseconsequences. The airport operator should establishmeasures and procedures to address situations wherethere would be adverse consequences due to thedischarge of airport industrial wastes.

a. Waterwav Self-tuuification. Theself-purification of waterways depends largely on asufficient supply of oxygen to support the life andactivity of fish and other aquatic organisms. Oils andgreases form mats and slicks that hinder reoxygenationof streams. Wastes with heavy organic loads utilizeavailable oxygen and may form sludge deposits thatinterfere with stream self-purification’ processes.

b. POTW Oneration. Increases in theorganic loading to a POTW may cause the total loadingto exceed its treatment capacity; thereby, decreasing theplant’s effectiveness. Suspended solids increase thedemand on POTW sludge handling equipment and mayhinder POTW sludge digestion. Emulsified oil andgrease may clog flow distribution devices and airnozzles. Toxic metals and toxic organic compoundsmay interfere with biological activity and maycomplicate sludge disposal. Acids and alkalies maycorrode pipes, pumps, and treatment units and mayinterfere with settling and biological activity. ,Flammable materials may cause fires and may lead toexplosions. Noxious gases present a direct danger toworkers, while detergents may cause foaming inaeration basins. These consequences also need to beaddressed for onsite airport treatment plants.

11. CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER.Disposal of airport industrial wastes by land applicationis limited because of the potential for ground watercontamination. These practices are generallyunacceptable in areas where ground water is used as asource of drinking water.

3 (and 4)

2nim AC 150/5520-15

CHAPTER 3. TYPES OF AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

12. CLASSIFICATION. Proper classification of 14. CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS ‘AND TOXICairport-generated industrial waste will assist the airport METALS. Chromium compounds may be present inoperator to implement an effective airport waste wastes generated during chromium plating, brightmanagement program. Once categorized, design dipping, copper stripping, and anodizing operations.alternatives for treatment, storage, and disposal can be Other toxic metals, such as copper, lead, and zinc, mayplanned in compliance with Federal, State, and local be generated during metal plating operations.regulations. Airport industrial wastes are classified Chapters 8 and 10 contain alternatives for managementaccording to the pollutants they contain or the of wastes containing chromium compounds and othercharacteristics they exhibit. toxic metals.

a. Industrial Wastewaters. Industrial wastewatersare generally characterized in terms of conventionalpollutants and priority pollutants. Conventionalpollutants include oil and grease, total suspended solids(TSS), pH, and biological oxygen demand (ROD). Thepriority pollutant list currently .comprises the 129compounds listed in appendix 2.

b. Hazardous Wastes. A waste is considered tobe hazardous if it appears on any one of the four listsof hazardous wastes contained in the RCRA regulations(40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 0 261), or ifit has one or more of four characteristics: ignitability,corrosivity, reactiv@ and toxicity. Toxicity is currentlydetermined by the Extraction Procedure test, which is,to be replaced by the Toxicity Characteristic LeachingProcedure (TCLP). Specific testing protocols containedin RCRA regulations (40 CFR 0 261, Subpart C) areused to determine if an airport’s waste has any of theseprocedurally 9 defined characteristics. The primaryresponsibility for determining if a waste exhibits ahazardous characteristic lies with the waste generator.

13. CYANIDES. Cyanides may be present in wastesgenerated during metal plating, steel hardening, rustprevention, and stain removal operations. The totalcyanide concentration specified in ambient water qualitycriteria established by EPA to protect human health is0.2 ppm. Chapters 7, 8, and 10 contain alternatives formanagement of wastes containing cyanides.

b I a. Imnlications f o r POTWS. wastescontaining these compounds above certainconcentrations may be toxic to micro-organisms utilizedin biological treatment. Hexavalent chromiumcompounds generated by plating and anodizingoperations are toxic to aerobic micro-organisms utilizedin the biological degradation of sewage. Chromium inthe trivalent form has been found to be detrimental tosludge digestion during waste treatment.

b. Toxic&.The toxicity of chromium salts,both trivalent and hexavalent, varies widely with the pH(acidity and alkalinity), temperature, and hardness ofthe receiving stream. The total chromiumconcentration specified in the ambient water qualitycriteria established by EPA to protect human health is0.05 ppm. The National Primary Drinking WaterStandards for metals established by the EPA limit totalchromium to 0.050 ppm, cadmium to 0.010 ppm, andlead to 0.050 ppm. National Secondary Drinking WaterStandards limit copper to 1 ppm and zinc to 5 ppm.

15. ACIDS AND ALKALIES. Acidic and alkalinewastes, generated during pickling and cleaningoperations, can corrode metal and concrete sewer pipes.Acidic wastes interfere with sludge digestion andbiological activity and are toxic to fish. The pH of theairport industrial wastes that are carried throughsanitary sewers should be between 6.0 and 9.0. Whereboth acidic and alkaline wastes are involved,neutralization by mixing of the two may be sufficient toachieve a pH in this range. Preliminary investigationof the cotnpatibility of wastes should be conductedprior to mixing. Chapters 7 and 8 contain alternativesfor waste management.

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AC 150/5320-15 2lllPl

16. ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND PHENOLS. Thesewastes, generated during paint application and removaland the cleaning of aircraft and ground vehicles, cancreate explosion and toxicity hazards, interfere withsewage treatment, and pollute potable water. Solventsalso interfere with bacterial activity in sludge digestion.Solvents and phenols, in particular, produceobjectionable tastes and odors in water supplies. Theconcentration of phenol specified in the ambient waterquality criteria for toxicity protection of human healthis 3.5 ppm. The concentrations of several commonindustrial solvents, specified in ambient water qualitycriteria for carcinogenicity protection of human health,are 0.00019 ppm for methyl&e chloride, 0.00094 ppmfor 1,2dichloroethane, and 0.0027 ppm fortrichloroethylene. Chapter 10 contains design andtreatment options for organic compounds. Chapters 8and 10 contain alternatives for waste management.

17. OIL, GREASE, AND/OR DETERGENTS.Precautionary measures should be taken in the designof waste treatment facilities or disposal strategies whenwastes contain oil, grease, and/or detergents. Thesewastes are generated during cleaning of aircraft andground vehicles and in vehicle maintenance shopoperations. Segregation of wastes containing oil andgrease helps to avoid coating carrier systems andincreasing the BOD. Oil and grease coatings will also

interfere with the efficiency of the precipitants used forcoagulation and flocculation of industrial wastes. Themixing of dirt with cleaning wastes increases emulsionsand clogs small openings in treatment units unlessscreened out. The pH of detergent wastes, usuallyranging from 9.0 to 10.8, should be lowered bytreatment. Detergents may cause partial sludgeflotation through release of carbon dioxide. Chapters 7and 8 contain alternatives for waste management.

18. BATTERIES. Spent lead acid, lithium, and nickel-cadmium batteries are generated from routine groundvehicle maintenance. The acidity *and high levels inbatteries may have adverse impacts on ground water ifthe batteries are disposed of improperly. unlessrecycled, spent batteries are hazardous wastes if theyexhibit any of the characteristics noted in chapter 6.Chapter 6 contains guidelines on hazardous wastemanagement.

19. DE/ANTI-ICING CHEMICAL WASTES. Formost airports, aircraft de/anti-icing operations generatemore waste than, pavement de/anti-icing activities. Amajor problem facing airport operators is the reductionin the increased BOD loading from de/anti-icing wastesto receiving waters and wastewater treatment plants.Chapter 9 contains alternatives for waste management.

2fllPl AC 150,'5320-15

CHAPTER 4. SURVEYS ,FOR AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

20. OBJECTIVES OF A WASTE SURVEY. Thegeneral objective of a waste survey is to determine thesources, characteristics, and volumes of wastes that aregenerated. The specific aim is to assist the airportoperator in establishing a sound basis for themanagement of these wastes, including recycling andwaste minimizati,on or elimination by processmodification.

21. REQUIREMENTS OF WASTE SURVEY.Requirements of any waste survey planning includefamiliarity with the airport industrial processes used,operating schedules, sources of individual wastes, and,if one exists, the airport’s industrial sewer system andtreatment plant. In order for the survey results to beof maximum value to the airport operator, it isnecessary to obtain data for a period of time which issufficient in length to ensure that all waste-producingoperations are surveyed.

22. FLOW MEASUREMENT. For continuously 24. ANALYSIS.flowing wastewater streams, the flow rates of bothindividual and combined streams should be measuredat representative points and expressed in standard unitssuch as gallons per minute (gpm), gallons per hour(gph), or gallons per day (gpd). The method used bythe airport operator to determine the flow rate willdepend upon the magnitude of flow. Commonmetering devices include weirs, nozzles, flumes, and flowmeters. For wastes that are generated on anintermittent basis, such as spent process baths andcertain hazardous wastes, generation rates can bedetermined from the disposal volumes and dates.

23. SAMPLING. Accurate sampling, a necessity forcorrect analysis of airport industrial wastes, can bedifficult because wastes are seldom homogeneous, e.g.,their composition may vary widely over a period ofminutes. Additionally, wastes frequently containmaterial in suspension as well as in solution.

a. Industrial Wastewaters. For industrialwastewaters, grab or composite samples should be takenand properly preserved before analysis. The samplingoperation should be as frequent as available personnelpermit or may be measured by automated watersamplers with timers. Only by frequent sampling canan accurate determination of average wasteconcentration be made. ‘A sampling interval of 10 to15 minutes is recommended, with a maximum ofone hour for streams that are not expected to varysignificantly with time.

b. Hazardous Waste. For hazardous wastes,sampling to determine waste characteristics shouldinitially be frequent (e.g., collection of several samplesof wastes each time the waste is generated) and shouldsubsequently be performed periodically (e.g., monthly,annually, or biannually) to ,confirm that wastecharacteristics have not changed.

a. Industrial Wastewater. Wastewaterconstituents which are required to be sampled andanalyzed are dictated by discharge permit limits that areapplicable to the waste streams. Parameters which aretypically monitored include BOD, dissolved oxygen(DO), pH, total solids (suspended and dissolved),effluent temperature, color, turbidity, oil and grease,and toxic pollutants, such as those listed in appendix 2.The recommended reference for analytical proceduresfor wastewaters is the latest edition of StandardMethods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,published jointly by the American Public HealthAssociation, the American Water Works Association,and the Water Pollution Control Federation. Thisreference is updated approximately every five years.

b. Hazardous Waste. Methods for analysisof hazardous waste characteristics are specified in 40CFR 5 261 Subpart C of the RCRA regulations.

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CHAPTER 5. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTE

25. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. Historically,waste management at most industrial facilities has beento use end-of-pipe systems for the treatment ofwastewaters and other wastes. Because of the increasedcosts of waste disposal, stringent regulations forhazardous waste management, and regulations thatprohibit land disposal of certain wastes, recent attentionhas been focused on management strategies that reducethe total volume, toxicity, and/or mobility of toxicwastes. Currently, source reduction, recovery, and reusecan significantly decrease or eliminate airport waste, aswell as an airport’s operational costs for treatmentand/or disposal. To determine the potential savings ofthese operational costs, a study should be made ofindustrial and hazardous waste management at theairport. This study should discuss various managementalternatives and present recommendations forimprovement. Such a study should also cover themanagement practices of all other types of solid waste(i.e., nonhazardous) to determine the effect, if any, thateach practice has on others.

.-’

26. SOURCE REDUCTION. A waste survey (seechapter 4) is the first step an airport operator has inidentifying source reduction opportunities. Afterdetermining the volume and composition of wastestreams, information should be compiled on processefftciencies, disposal costs, and unaccountable materiallosses. Raw material substitution can reduce oreliminate the use of certain materials that are difficult

or costly to treat or dispose of. Installation of moreefficient equipment and improved process control, e.g.,automated de/anti-icing blending equipment or involvingemployees, can reduce waste generation. Reduction ofcertain types of wastes can be achieved by installingequipment that performs the same function, e.g., theuse of an apron pavement heating system in lieu ofde/antkng chemicals.

27. RECOVERY A&D REUSE. Recycling ofmaterials that might otherwise be discharged as wastescan reduce an airport’s waste treatment and disposalcosts as well as the expense for raw materials.Examples of waste recovery and reuse that areparticularly applicable to activities at airports are therecovery of paint solvents by distillation, the recoveryof electroplating chemicals using dragout recovery tanks,and de/anti-icing chemicals for other nonairside uses orfor airside use after retesting and reapproval.

28. TREATMENT. Once opportunities for sourcereduction and recovety and reuse are exhausted, wastetreatment may be necessary to reduce the volume,toxicity, or mobility of waste prior. to discharge ordisposal. Some industrial wastewater treatmenttechnologies available to the airport operator arediscussed in detail in chapters 8 and 9. Chapter 6offers airport operators management guidelines forhazardous waste.

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CHAPTER 6. MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

. 29. HAZARDOUS WASTES. The requirements ofthe hazardous waste regulations established by EPA arepresented in 40 CFR 0 261 through 270. Wastes thatare hazardous and regulated under RCRA are classifiedas either listed, or characteristic wastes:

a. Listed Wastes. Listed wastes,are considered tobe hazardous regardless of the concentrations ofhazardous chemicals contained in the waste. Listedhazardous wastes consist of wastes from nonspecificsoukes (F codes, 40 CFR 8 261.31), from specificsources (K codes, 40 CFR 9 261.32), and fromcommercial p r o d u c t s ( U a n d P c o d e s ,40 CFR 6 261.33). The P code wastes are consideredacutely hazardous and are subject to further restrictions

’ concerning empty container storage and usage andallowable weight limits for generation and storage.

b. Characteristic Wastes. If a waste is not listed,the generator, in this case an airport facility operatedby the airport itself or a lessee, should determine if awaste exhibits any of the characteristics of a hazardouswaste: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity.

-.30. GENERATOR STATUS. According to the

‘Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of1984, generators are organized into three tiers basedon the total quantity of nonacutely hazardous wastegenerated in any calendar month.

a. Conditionallv Exempt Small QuantityGenerators KESQG). CESQGs generate less than100 kg of hazardous waste and no more than 1 kg ofacutely hazardous waste in any calendar month. Mostairport facilities fall into this category the majority ofthe time.

b. Small Ouantitv Generators (SQG). SQGsgenerate between 100 and 1000 kg of hazardous wasteand no more than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste inany calendar month. Some airport facilities fall intothis category.

c. Large Quantitv Generators (LQG). LQGsgenerate 1000 kg or more of hazardous waste and nomore than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste in anycalendar month. Airport facilities that operate aircraftmaintenance and repair shops and engine test celloperations may meet this criteria.

d. Monthlv Variation in Status. The statusof an airport facility can change on a monthly basis if

the total quantity of waste generated changes. If thegenerator status changes, the airport facility is subjectto all of the applicable hazardous waste regulationspertaining to the new generator status. Airportfacilities that anticipate process changes or thatexperience fluctuations in waste generation, storage, oraccumulation need to be aware of their newresponsibilities if their generator status changes.

31. GENERATOR IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.Only SQG and LQG airport facilities are required toobtain an EPA Identification Number for thetransportation of hazardous waste. However, manyhazardous waste transporters will not handle waste froman airport facility that does not have an IdentificationNumber, regardless of their generator status. Also,because the status of a generator can change basedupon monthly hazardous waste generation, it isadvisable for CESQG airport facilities to obtain anEPA Identification Number.

32. ACCUMULATION TIME: Time and quantitylimits are set for the accumulation and storage ofhazardous wastes to minimize the amount of wasteroutinely accumulated onsite. The time and quantitylimits have been set, however, so that facilities such asairports may accumulate enough hazardous waste toeconomically ship it offsite for treatment or disposal.

a. Accumulat ion bv CFSQG AirnortFacilities. There is no time limit applicable to theaccumulation of hazardous waste by a CESQG. If aCESQG airport facility accumulates 1000 kg or moreof hazardous waste onsite; however, the generator losesthe CESQG exclusion and all of the accumulated wasteis subject to full regulation under 40 CFR 9 262.34(d)and must be sent to a designated facility within180 days (270 days for transport over 200 miles).

b: Accumulation bv SQG Airnort Facilities.An SQG airport facility may accumulate hazardouswaste onsite without a permit or interim status for upto 180 days (or 270 days if the waste must betransported over 200 miles), provided that the followingconditions are met: 1) the generator does notaccumulate 6000 kg or more of hazardous waste; 2) thewaste is only accumulated in either containers or tanks,and 3) the generator complies with the requirementsfor personnel training, emergency procedures,preparedness and prevention, and the technicalstandards for accumulation units according to40 CFR 0 26234(d).

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AC 150/5320-15 2lllPl

C. Accumulation bv LQG Airuort Facilities.An LQG airport facility may accumulate any quantityof waste onsite for up to 90 days without a permit orinterim status provided the following conditions ,from40 CFR 9 262.34 are met: 1) storage occurs only intanks or containers (no impoundments); 2) tanks orcontainers comply with 40 CFR 0 265, ‘Subpart I,Standards for Containers, and Subpart J, Standards forTanks; 3) the generator does not accept shipments ofhazardous ~ waste generated from offsite sources; 4)waste is sent to a designated facility within 90 daysunless the waste is treated and rendered nonhazardouswithin 90 days; and 5) the generator complies with therequirements for Preparedness and Prevention andContingency Plan and Emergency Procedures of40 CFR 0 265.

wastes are accumulated must be in compliance with theprovisions of Subpart J of 40 CFR 6 265, except9 265.197(c) and 0 265.200, including: 1) a one-timeassessment of the tank system, including integrity testresults; 2) installation standards for new tank systems;3) design standards, including an assessment ofcorrosion potential; 4) secondary containment phaseinprovisions; 5) periodic leak testing if the tank systemdoes not have secondary containment; 6) closure; and7) response requirements regarding leaks, includingreporting to the EPA Regional Administrator theextent of any release and requirements for repairing orreplacing leaking tanks.

d. Tank Accumulation Requirements for LQGand SQG Airnort Facilities.

. d. ExceedinP Time or Quantitv Limits. IfSQG or LQG airport facilities exceed the time orquantity limits noted above, then they are consideredto be storage facilities and must obtain a storage permit(as discussed below) and meet all of the RCRA storagerequirements according to 40 CFR 8 264, 8 265, and0 270.

33. ACCUMULATION UNITS. Airport facilities arerequired to designate areas within its facilities wherehazardous wastes are stored prior to disposal.Containers in this area should be clearly marked. Therequirements for containers in which hazardous wastesare accumulated are as follows:

a. Accumulation Requirements for CESQGAirport Facilities. CESQG airport facilities are notsubject to storage or accumulation requirements unlessthey change generator status due to the amount ofwasteaccumulated onsite. Nevertheless, following the rulesfor LQGs and SQGs should minimize potential risks toboth human health and the environment.

(1) Tank &stems. LQG and SQG airportfacilities accumulating hazardous waste in a tank mustcomply with the following requirements pertaining totank systems: 1) treatment must not generate anyextreme heat, explosions, fire, fumes, mists, dusts, orgases, damage the structural integrity of the tank, orthreaten human health or the environment in any way;2) hazardous wastes or reagents that may causecorrosion, erosion, or structural failure must not beplaced in a tank; 3) at least 2 feet of freeboard mustbe maintained in an uncovered tank unless sufficientoverfill containment capacity is supplied; 4) thecontainment system must have the capacity to contain10 percent of the volume of containers (if they are,grouped together) or of the largest (or sole) container,whichever is greatest; 5) continuously fed tanks musthave a waste-feed cutoff or bypass system; and 6)ignitable, reactive, or incompatible wastes must not beplaced into a tank unless these wastes are first renderednonignitable, nonreactive, or nonflammable.

b. Accumulation Requirements for SQGAirport Facilities. SQG airport facilities accumulatinghazardous waste in containers must comply withSubpart I of 40 CFR 0 265, except for 0 265.176, whichrequires ignitable (0 261.21) and reactive (6 261.23)wastes to be placed at least 50 feet inside the facility’sproperty line.

Accumulation Reouirements for LOGAirport Facilities. LQG airport facilities accumulatinghazardous wastes in containers must comply withSubpart I of 40 CFR 6 265. The date whenaccumulation begins, as well as the words“HAZARDOUS Wm must be clearly labeled oneach accumulation unit. Tanks in which hazardous

(2) Insuection Timetables. The waste-feedcutoff and bypass systems, monitoring equipment data,and waste level must be inspected at least once eachoperating day. The construction materials and thesurrounding area of the tank system must be inspectedfor visible signs of erosion or leakage at least weekly.At closure of the generating facility, all hazardouswastes must be removed from the tanks, containmentsystems, and discharge control systems. Owners oroperators of 9O-day accumulation tanks are not requiredto prepare closure or postclosure plans, contingentclosure or postclosure plans, maintain financialresponsibility, or conduct waste analysis and trial tests.

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2JllPl A C 15015320-15

e. Satellite Accumulation. A generator may Although a facility may accept responsibility for aaccumulate a total of 55 gallons (1 barrel) of hazardous shipment, the airport facility operator retains liabilitywaste or 1 quart of acutely hazardous waste at or near under 40 CFR 8 107 of Superfund.any initial generation point. As soon as the 55-gallonor l-quart limit is attained, the generator has up tothree days to move that container to the regular storagearea. As soon as the container is at the regular storagearea, the applicable time limit starts. Satelliteaccumulation containers must be marked with the words“HAZARDOUS WASTE” or with other words thatidentify the contents of the containers(40 CFR 9 262.34(c)).

(2) Follow Un. Each person involved in themovement, storage, or receipt of hazardous wasterequiring a manifest must retain a copy of that manifestfor at least three years. If an airport facility operatordoes not receive a copy of the signed manifest from thedesignated TSD facility within 35 days after the initialtransporter accepted the waste, the airport facilityoperator must cOntact the designated facility todetermine the status of the waste. If the airport facilityoperator has not received a signed manifest within45 days, an exception report, which consists of a copyof the original manifest and a letter explaining theefforts taken to locate the waste and the results ofthose efforts, must be filed with EPA

34. ONSlTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL.Treatment in a tank or container without a permit orinterim status is permissible provided that the airportfacility maintains compliance with 40 CFR 8 262.34.Treatment occurs within the storage time limit for eachtype of generator status. An airport facility may notdispose of hazardous waste onsite unless a disposalpermit has been obtained. Any airport facility desiringto store, treat, or dispose of hazardous waste in anymanner not consistent with allowable methodspreviously described needs a permit as described in40 CFR 5 270. Obtaining a permit to store, treat, ordispose of hazardous wastes on site can be both costlyand time consuming. The operator of such an airportfacility can obtain a permit by: 1) notifying EPA orthe appropriate State agency of hazardous wasteactivity; 2) completing Part A of the permit application;3) complying with the interim status standards describedin 40 CFR 0 265; 4) completing Part B of the permitapplication; and 5) complying with the standardsdescribed in 40 CFR 0 264 and 8 266.

35. MANIFESTS.

a. LQG Airuort Facilitv Reuuirements. AnLQG airport facility transporting hazardous wasteoffsite or offering it for transportation must use theUniform Hazardous Waste Manifest.

(1) General ProcedAre. The manifestmust accompany the waste wherever it travels. Eachindividual involved in a shipment must sign and keepone copy. When the waste reaches its final destination,the owner or operator of the designated and permittedtreatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facility signs themanifest and returns a copy to the airport facilityoperator to confirm receipt. A designated TSD facilitymust have interim status or a permit. The designated?SD facility signing the manifest accepts responsibilityfor that shipment and cannot ship the waste back tothe airport facility or any other facility unless thatfacility is also classified as a designated facility.

b. SOG Airnort Facilitv Reuuirements. An SQGairport facility must use the Uniform Hazardous WasteManifest and retain copies of manifests for at leastthree years. There is an exclusion to the requirement,the “Safety Kleen Amendment,” in which an SQGairport facility does not have to use a manifest providedthe waste is reclaimed under a contractual agreementand: 1) the type of waste and the frequency ofshipments are specified in the agreement; 2) the vehicleused to transport the hazardous waste to the recyclingfacility and to deliver regenerated material back to thegenerator is owned or operated by the. reclaimer of thewaste; and 3) the generator maintains a copy of thereclamation agreement in the facility’s files for a periodof at least three years after termination of theagreement.

c. CESQG Airport Facilitv Reuuirements. AnCESQG airport facility is no.t legally required to utilizea manifest for hazardous waste; however, manytransporters will not handle waste from such facilities.Since airport facilities can change status based uponmonthly changes in hazardous waste generation, it isadvisable to recommend CESQG airport facilities toutilize manifests and retain copies.

d. Designating Storage. Treatment. or DismFacilities. Any type of storage, treatment, or disposalfacility that an airport facility designates to receivehazardous waste must be either: 1) permitted or haveinterim status under 0 270 of RCRA; 2) authorized tomanage hazardous waste by a State with an authorizedprogram under 0 271 of RCR& 3) permitted, licensed,or registered by a State to manage municipal orindustrial hazardous waste; 4) a permitted facility thatbeneficially uses, reuses, or legitimately recycles or

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AC 150/5320-15

reclaims the hazardous waste; or 5) a permitted facilitythat treats the waste prior to beneficial use or reuse orconducts legitimate recycling or reclamation.

36. PERSONNEL TRAINING. PREPAREDNESSAND PREVENTION. AND CONTINGENCY PLANSAND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. As specified in40 CFR B 26234, a generator of hazardous waste isrequired to comply with the requirements of 40 CFR6 265.16 (personnel training) and of Subparts C(preparedness and prevention) and D (contingency planand emergency procedures) of 40 CFR 6 265.

a. Personnel Training for LOG AirportFacilities. LQG airport facilities must establish atraining program for appropriate facility personneldesigned to reduce the potential for errors that mightthreaten human health or the environment. Thisprogram must also include training to ensure facilitycompliance with all applicable regulations. Both initialtraining and annual updates are required. Eitheron-the-job or formal classroom instruction is allowable;however, the content, schedule, and techniques used foron-the-job training must be detailed in the trainingrecords maintained at the facility.

b. Personnel Training for SQG AirportFacilities. SQG airport facilities must ensure that allinvolved employees are thoroughly familiar with properwaste handling and emergency procedures relevant totheir responsibilities during normal facility operationsand emergencies via generator-sponsored instruction.The training requirement is minimal compared to themore comprehensive instruction required for LQGairport facilities.

C. Personnel Training for CESQG AirportFacilities. CESQG airport facilities are not legallyrequired to provide personnel training; however, it maybe advisable to provide, at a minimum, the type oftraining required for SQGs, particularly given thatgenerator status could change.

d. Preparedness and Prevention. Accordingto Subpart C of 40 CFR 0 265, a facility must beoperated and maintained in order to minimize thepossibility of any fire, explosion, or unplanned suddenor nonsudden release. Required equipment includes analarm system, a communication device to contactemergency personnel (e.g., telephone), portable fireextinguishers, fire control equipment, and an adequate

2/H/91

firefighting water supply system in the form of hoses oran auto-sprinkler system. All equipment must beroutinely tested and maintained in proper workingorder. Facilities must make prior arrangements withlocal emergency organizations and personnel for anemergency response. Arrangements should includenotification of the types of waste handled, a detailedlayout of the facility, a listing of facility contacts, andspecific agreements with the necessary State and localemergency response organizations.

e. Contingencv Plan and EmereencY Procedures.Both LQG and SQG airport facilities must have acontinge,ncy plan, as outlined in Subpart D of40 CFR 0 265, that is designed to minimize hazards inthe case of a sudden or nonsudden release, fire,explosion, or similar emergency.

(1) Plan Requirements. Such a plan mustcontain a description of actions that will be undertakenby facility personnel, a detailed list and location ofemergency equipment, and evacuation procedures.Airport facility operators who have previously prepareda Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plan(SPCC) in accordance w+h either 40 CFR g 112 or0 300, or some other emergency or contingency plan,need only to amend that plan to incorporate hazardouswaste management provisions.

(2) Personnel Reuuirements. There must beat least one employee either on the premises or on call(i.e., available to respond to an emergency at. thefacility within a short time) at all times with theresponsibility of coordinating all emergency responsemeasures (the emergency coordinator). The emergencycoordinator, in responding to any emergencies that mayarise, should institute the following emergencyprocedures, if appropriate: 1) contact the firedepartment and/or attempt to extinguish any fire; 2)contain any flow and commence cleanup whereverpossible; and 3) notify the National Response Center ofany fire, explosion, or release that meets a Superfundreportable quantity (40 CFR 6 302) or a release thatthreatens human health or the environment. Theairport facility must post the name and telephonenumber of the designated emergency coordinator, thetelephone numbers of the fire department andappropriate emergency response organizations, and thelocations of fire extinguishers, spill control equipment,and fire alarms next to facility telephones.

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.

37. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITYRIGHT-TO-KNOW. In the fall of 1986, congresspassed the Emergency Planning and CommunityRight-To-Know Act (EPCRA). This law, which isTitle III of the Superfund Amendments andReauthorization Act (SARA), directs States,communities, and industry (e.g., airport facilities) towork together in order to plan for chemical accidents,develop inventories of hazardous substances, tracktoxicchemical releases, and provide public access toinformation relating to hazardous substances. Airportfacilities that handle or use any of a list of extremelyhazardous chemicals over certain quantities must notifypublic agencies that they are covered by the emergencyplanning provisions of Title III and must appointrepresentatives to provide detailed information to Statecommissions and local committees that will be used toprepare emergency preparedness plans. Both airport

facilities and aircraft are treated as facilities underSection 40 CFR 9 304 (42 U.S.C. llOOl), only for thepurpose of emergency notification, owners or operatorsof facilities must also notify the State’s emergencyresponse commission immediately after an accidentalrelease of an extremely hazardous substance that is overthe reportable quantity established for that substance,as well as follow-up written reports for the release.Title III also requires facilities that make, store, or usecertain chemicals to file reports with the Statecommission and local committees if the chemicals arepresent above certain thresholds. Facilities that arerequired to maintain material safety data sheets(MSDSs) under OSHA’s Hazard Communication (HC)Standard must submit the MSDSs or a list of MSDSsto State and local authorities. Annual chemicalinventory forms must also be supplied.

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CHAPTER 7. AIRPORT INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONVEYANCE AND COLLECTION

38. CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS. Airport industrialwastes containing appreciable amounts of certainmaterials, such as heavy metals, solvents, sludges, oils,greases, acids, or alkalies, are typically segregated andtreated prior to discharge to sanitary sewers orreceiving waters. Several types of collection systems areavailable to airport operators.

a. Open. Open ditches and canals may be usedto carry wastes if concrete linings are provided tominimize the percolation of waste liquids into the soil.These conveyances are not suitable, however, for thecollection of wastes that pose potential fire or explosionhazards or release nuisance odors. In general, opencollection systems are not desirable because of unsightlyappearance and hazard to the public.

b. Closed. Closed systems are commonly usedfor wastes and sanitary sewage. Separate conveyancesystems are required for sanitary wastes and airportindustrial wastes that require pretreatment.

c. Snecial. Special provisions, such as the use ofholding tanks or ponds, need to be made for someincompatible wastes which cannot be discharged tosewers without danger of fire, explosion, or damage tothe materials used to construct the sewer.

d. Securitv. Installation of proximity fencing helpsto preclude the inadvertent entry of persons or animalsonto an airport’s waste treatment plant and its facilities.

39. SEWER MATERIALS. In most cases, thematerials used to construct sewers to convey airportindustrial wastes are the same as those used for sanitarysewers. These materials include metal, plastic, andconcrete. Acid wastes are particularly corrosive tothese materials. Cooling of wastes with temperaturesabove 180” F (82” C), prior to discharge to the sewer,helps to prevent possible damage to sewer joints. Inthe selection of piping and pumps, consideration duringdesign should be given to the corrosive and otherdamaging effects of many wastes on concrete and metal.In many applications, plastic pipe is less vulnerable toattack and is thus often used in place of metal pipe.

40. COLLECTION SYSTEMS. Concentrated wastematerials can be segregated in holding tanks or pondsprior to pretreatment. This is often the c&e when thequantities involved are large enough to causeoperational difficulties’ if combined with the generalwaste flow. Materials for which collection systems areoften used include: concentrated acids, concentratedalkaline solutions, cleaners, solvents, plating solutions,stripping solutions, cyanide wastes, phenolic compounds,and de/anti-icing chemicals. Wastes are released fromthe collection systems for treatment at times and ratesmost favorable to the ‘airport’s or community’streatment system operation. Earlier release by usingan aeration system is one means of reducing thegeneration of obnoxious odors. Avoiding, if possible,construction of new sewage ponds reduces thelikelihood of creating new wildlife problems.

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CHAPTER 8. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS

.

.

41. GENERAL. The most desirable and economicalmethod of treating industrial wastewaters is bycombination with sanitary sewage for treatment in asingle treatment plant. Pretreatment, however, isgenerally necessary to prevent the deleterious effects ofacids, alkalies, oils, and greases on treatment units andon micro-organisms utilized in biological treatment.The techniques used for treatment of industrialwastewaters may involve various physical, chemical, andbiological unit operations, tertiary treatment, and othertreatment technologies. The operator of any treatmentfacility should furnish operator manuals and basicemployee training in the proper operation of thetreatment facility.

42. PHYSICAL UNIT OPERATIONS. Techniquesused for the physical treatment of industrial wastewatersinclude equalization, screening, grit removal,sedimentation, and flotation.

a. Equalization. Equalization is typically one ofthe first operations in a treatment system and is usedto reduce the temporal variation in wastewater flow or

concentration. An equalization basin consists of anagitated tank, which has a total volume generally in the

‘-__ range of 10 to 25 percent of the airport’s total dailywastewater flow. Agitation is accomplished bymechanical mixing devices or by diffused air aeration.

b. Screening. Bar racks (also called bar screens)with relatively wide spacing of 1 to 1.5 inches are oftenused at treatment plants for protecting pumps andtreatment units from damage and clogging by largesolids, rags, and other debris carried by sewage orwastewater. Revolving drum or disk screens withl/&inch to l/4-inch openings may be suited forpreliminary treatment of wastes containing coarse solids.

c. Comminution. Comminutors are devices thatare used to cut up solids contained in wastewater. Thecut up of solids into a smaller, more uniform sizeimproves downstream operations and processes andeliminates other operational problems.

d. Grit Removal. Wastes from maintenance andrepair operations are likely to contain considerableamounts of grit as well as dirt and grease. Washingand steam cleaning are major sources of these wastecomponents. Grit is objectionable because it can clogsewers and cause rapid wear on pumps and sludgeremoval equipment. It is also harmful when treatmentsystems include sludge digestion because it can

accumulate in the digester and clog drawoff piping.Wastes containing an excessive amount of grit shouldbe segregated and subjected to grit removal andtreatment by means of a grit chamber prior to dischargeto sewer systems, pumping stations, or waste treatmentsystems. A grit chamber is an enlarged ChaMel or longtank placed at the influent end of the treatment plant.A properly designed cross section will retard the flowvelocity just enough to promote the gravitationalsettling of heavier solids prior to their removal.

e. Sedimentation. Sedimentation, with orwithout chemical pretreatment, is used in connectionwith the treatment of most industrial wastes because itproduces a substantial reduction in the suspended solidscontent. Sedimentation basins similar to those used forsanitary sewage treatment are used for the treatment ofindustrial wastes. Normally, mechanical sludge andscum removal equipment is utilized during the process.

f. Flotation. Suspended material, such asoil, grease, and other substances with a specific gravityless than that of water, tends to separate from water byfloating. Fine particles and some flocculent materialwith a specific gravity greater than that of water tendto settle, but at a very slow rate. Flotation may beemployed to remove these materials and may beaccomplished in simple gravity separators or indissolved air flotation units.

(1) Gravitv Separators. Gravity oil-waterseparators are good processors for the treatment ofwastewatets generated by activities producing largeamounts of oily wastes. The American PetroleumInstitute (API) Separator is an example of a gravityseparator of proven usefulness for oil removal. Itconsists of a long, narrow, relatively shallow, baffledbasin equipped with a continuous skimming andscraping mechanism. Generally, free-floating dispersedoil, which will coalesce rapidly, is readily separated fromindustrial wastewater in this type of basin. Emulsifiedoil that coalesces slowly, however, is not reducedappreciably and needs to be chemically treated to breakthe emulsion.

(2) Dissolved-air Flotation. This methodis used to remove oil and grease from airport industrialwastes and involves the production of many small airbubbles within the waste. These bubbles attachthemselves to the suspended particles, causing them tofloat to the surface and be skimmed by mechanicalmeans. The clarified water is removed from the

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flotation tank through submerged outlets. Theefficiency of the process may be improved by theaddition of flocculating chemicals, such as alum,activated silica, and polymers.

43. CHEMICAL UNIT OPERATIONS. Chemicalsare added to industrial wastewaters to achieve pHneutralization, break up oil and grease emulsions,coagulate suspended or colloidal solids, oxidize cyanides,reduce chromium, and precipitate heavy metals.

a. Neutralization. Concentrated acidic or alkalinewastes normally require pH neutralization prior todischarge. When both types of wastes are available,mixing the two is advantageous, since only the excessacid or alkali requires further neutralization. Reactivityof the ‘combined wastes should be evaluated prior tomixing waste streams.

(1) ,Picklina Acids. Acid wastes from metalpickling and finishing operations usually present thegreatest problems. The various acids used in thepickling process are sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, andphosphoric, with sulfuric acid being the most commonlyused. Quick lime and hydrated lime are the alkalineneutralizing agents most commonly used.

(2) Treatment Modes. Neutralization may beaccomplished by either continuous or batch treatmentmethods (see figures 8-l and 8-2). Neutralization iscarried out by feeding lime slurry to the spent pickleliquor in a tank equipped with an agitator. Limerequirements are obtained from the “acid value” of the

pickle liquor and the “alkaline value” of the lime asdetermined by chemical analysis. The sludge formed inthe process is disposed of in a sanitary landfill or as ahazardous waste if its heavy metal content is too high.Hazardous waste management is discussed in chapter 6.

b. Breakup of Oil and Grease Emulsions.Emulsions can be broken by acidification, the additionof alum or iron salts, or the use of emulsion-breakingpolymers. The disadvantage of adding alum or iron isthe large quantities of volume generated. The breakingof emulsions is a complex art and often requirestreatability testing prior to developing a final processdesign.

C. CoaPulation and Flocculation.Coagulation and flocculation are. employed to removesuspended or colloidal materials from wastewater.Chemicals commonly used for coagulation include alum,ferric salts, and polymers. Equipment used forcoagulation and flocculation often consists of a rapid-mix tank, in which chemicals and wastewater are mixed,and a flocculation basin, in which rotating paddlespromote particle aggregation. The flocculated mixtureis settled in conventional settling tanks.

d. Oxidation, Reduction, and Precipitation.At most airport facilities, oxidation of cyanides,reduction of chromium, and precipitation of heavymetals are treatment processes normally associated withelectroplating operations. These technologies areaddressed in chapter 10.

ALKALINE AGENT

- LIOUO TO

SETTLING SEWER

-. A I

tSLUDGE DRAwOff

20

Figure 8-1. Neutralization (continuous method)

2IllPl AC 150/5320-15

IScUDtE D@AwDrr

Figure 8-2. Neutralization (batch method)

44. BIOLOGICAL UNlT OPERATIONS. Thedestruction of the organic component of manyindustrial wastes may be accomplished by biologicaldegradation. Wastes which exhibit a biochemicaloxygen demand are potentially amenable to biologicaltreatment. Biological processes are usually employedafter a substantial proportion of suspended matter hasbeen removed.

a. Trickling Filters. Trickling filters, similar tothose employed for domestic sewage, generally provideeffective treatment of organic industrial wastes. Bothstandard and high-rate trickling filters with recirculationcan be used. Trickling filters are reliable treatmentdevices which are relatively easy and inexpensive tooperate and, in general, provide the best type ofbiological treatment for industrial wastes or forcombined sanitary and industrial wastes.

b. Activated Sludee. The activated sludge processis useful for treating airport industrial wastes where theorganic loading is relatively uniform or homogeneous.This method is sensitive to heterogeneous or shockloads and toxic substances and requires carefuloperating controls.

45. TERTIARY AND OTHER TREATMENTTECHNOLOGIES. Technologies used for tertiarytreatment of industrial wastewater include: ionexchange, .’ electrolytic recovery, air stripping, andadsorption.

a. Ion Exchanee. In the ion exchangepr-, charged ions in the influent industrialwastewater are electrostatically attracted to ion-exchangeresins to produce an effluent in which certain elementshave been exchanged for others. The resins themselvesare not altered chemically and can readily beregenerated, depending on the resin, by the use of asalt, base, or acid. This method is used to removecyanides and chromates from rinse water, removeimpurities from chromic acid plating .and anodizingsolutions, and produce demineralized water from rawwater.

b. Electrolvtic Recovetv. In electrolyticrecovery, industrial wastewater is subjected to a directelectrical current to achieve specific oxidation andreduction reactions in a manner similar to thatemployed in electroplating. By this method, heavymetals. are removed from industrial wastewater byplating them onto electrodes. Cyanide oxidation can

21

AC 150/5320-15

also be accomplished by this technique. A majoradvantage to airport operators in using the electrolyticrecovery technology’ for metal removal as compared toconventional treatment technologies, such asprecipitation, is that little or no sludge generated bythis method requires disposal as a hazardous waste.

c. Air Strinnina and Adsorntion. Air strippingand activated carbon adsorption are technologiescommonly used for the removal of solvents and othertoxic organic compounds from industrial wastewater.In air stripping, water is contacted with air in acountercurrent flow stripping tower which effects thepartitioning of the organic compound from the waterinto the air. In activated carbon adsorption, wastewateris passed through a column packed with granularactivated carbon. Organic compounds in the industrialwastewater are removed by adsorption onto theactivated carbon. In some cases, bacterial growthwithin the pores of the activated carbon allows forbiological degradation of organic compounds whichextends the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon.Once its adsorption capacity is exhausted, the carbon isdisposed of or regenerated in a furnace. The use ofthese technologies will probably increase in the futurewhen more stringent discharge standards for toxicorganics are developed and enforced.

2nmi

46. TREATABILITY STUDIES. There is no standardmethod for treating industrial wastes, as each airport’sindustrial plant effluent presents a special treatmentproblem. Laboratory and pilot-plant studies may berequired to determine the type of treatment requiredfor a particular waste. Depending on wastecharacteristics, combinations of these basic proceduresmay be implemented to provide the required degree oftreatment.

47. SLUDGE HANDLING. With the exception ofsludges that are either listed or characteristic hazardouswastes (e.g., sludges from electroplating that containcertain heavy metals or cyanides), organic sludgeresulting from industrial waste treatment is dried anddisposed of in the same manner as sanitary sewagesludge. Organic sludge may be handled by thedigestion methods used in sanitary sewage plants.Sludge drying may be accomplished on open beds ‘orvacuum filters. Industrial wastes containing largequantities of chemical coagulants generally produce alarge volume of sludge that ordinarily does not dry asrapidly as sanitary sewage sludge.

22

2mPl AC 150/5320-15

CHAPTER 9. MANAGEMENT OF DE/ANTI-ICING CHEMICAL WASTES

48. DE/ANTI-ICING CHEMICALS. In general, thede/anti-icing chemicals used by airlines in both NorthAmerica and Europe primarily contain glycols andwater. Glycols are the dominant chemical agentsbecause of their good performance as a freezing pointdepressant (FPD). A mixture prevents refreezing ofmelted snow or ice by reducing the temperature atwhich water freezes. Theoretically, when mixed withwater, the freezing point of the mixture is lowered indirect relation to the amount of glycol present until aminimum freezing point, the eutectic point, is reached.For example, the eutectic point for ethylene glycol isreached at a 58/42 mixture of glycol/water which givesa minimum freezing point of -56.7” F (-49.3” C).

49. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF DE/ANTI-ICING CHEMICAL WASTES. Location of de/anti-icing operations could directly prescribe the appropriatemethod for managing de/anti-icing chemical waste. Themost common location currently used at airports isalong the apron areas where specially designed, mobiledeicing vehicles operate from gate to gate. Otherairports operate away from the gate areas by employinga “centralized system” that utilizes a stationarydispensing system or employing holding apronssupported by mobile vehicles. Future airport planningshould consider the possibility of nongate deicingoperations. There are several alternatives formanagement of waste generated by either system, theselection of which is dependent upon site-specificfactors such as the magnitude and frequency of wasteflow. Whichever of the following options is utilized atthe airport, it should ensure proper and effectiveremove of de/anti-icing chemicals:

a. Disposal to Sanitatv Sewage Facilitv. Becauseglycols are readily biodegradable, their runoff couldfeasibly be treated with sanitary sewage, if the treatmentplant has the capacity to handle the hydraulic load andthe additional BOD associated with glycols.Measurements have shown the average oxygen demandfor glycols is between 400,000 and 600,000 mg O&L,even if diluted per fluid manufacturer’s specifications.To lessen the load affects of glycols on treatmentplants, onsite interception basins may be used not onlyto better control the rate of flow during peak flighthours, but also to stabilize the waste. Also, the use ofairport wastewater treatment facilities to lower theBOD load could result in an effluent acceptable tomost local treatment plants. The treatment of glycol

waste in an onsite sewage treatment facility is a widelyaccepted practice which has been demonstrated atAmerican and European airports.

b. Biological Treatment. A n onsitebiological treatment plant using extended aeration,contact stabilization, or trickling filters alone would notbe practical for only glycol-based FPD fluids given theseasonal nature of their usage. In addition, glycols donot provide nutrients, such as nitrogen andphosphorous, for microbial growth other than anorganic carbon source. Nutrient addition can beachieved by channelling flow to the facility’s sanitarysewage treatment plant from airplane lavatory cleaningand/or airport restroom facilities.

C. Laeoons and Retention Ponds.Conversion of suitable unused airport land into lagoonsor retention ponds permits collection of large volumesof glycol-based fluid waste from pavement surfacerunoff.

(1) Canacitv. The minimum designcapacity handles at least the surface runoffs for wintermonths because microbial activity needed forbiodegradation decreases during the winter season, plusincorporate additional capacity for the thawing periods.Required oxygen could be provided by mechanicalaeration or photosynthesis, although there. would alsobe a decrease in algal growth during ,cold weather.Capacity requirements can be reduced by continuousaeration that allows for faster biodegradation and, thus,earlier release of glycol-based fluid w&e. Additionally,lagoons of this type could also stabilize and pre-treatglycol-based fluid waste prior to discharge to awastewater treatment plant.

(2) Confieuration. An acceptableconfiguration for any retention basin is one that iseasily defensible from a wildlife standpoint. Square orcircular retention basins are not recommended as theyare attractive to birds, and waterfowl will seek thesafety of a pond’s center to escape harassment activities.Hence, linear retention basins are recommended sincethey facilitate wildlife harassment and, if necessary,permit easier covering of the basin. As concentratedglycol is toxic to wildlife, covering may be necessary toprohibit any wildlife. use. Fencing is recommendedwhenever potentially hazardous compounds are storedin open areas.

23

AC 150/5320-15 2IllPl

d. Land Disposal. Where glycol-based FPDs useis small, runoff glycol wastes can be collected withabsorbent material and, where permissible, disposed ofin a landfill. However, since glycols are readilybiodegradable, this method of disposal would be highlyinefficient because of absorbent material andtransportation costs. An alternative to this would beland treatment, if permitted, in which the waste isapplied to the soil to allow native micro-organisms theopportunity to degrade the glycols. At some locations,some runway and apron de/anti-icing runoff isdischarged directly to the soil. This type of disposalcan become a concern if groundwater supplies areaffected. In addition, frozen ground may not readilyabsorb viscous de/anti-icing wastes (depending on theirtemperature when they reach the soil),

e. Surface Water Disposal. In some cases,de/anti-icing wastes can be discharged with little or nopretreatment to surface waters. Factors which impactthe feasibility of this management alternative includethe proximity of the airport to a suitable body ofsurface water, the size (i.e., volume or flow rate) of thesurface water, the magnitude and frequency of wasteflow, and State and local regulations pertaining tosurface water discharge. Section 403 of the CWA

I outlines provisions for ocean discharge criteria.

f. ‘Recvcling. Rather than seeking to treat theglycol-based fluid waste, methods of physical separationmight be applied in order to recover a reusableproduct. In this case, the primary sewer dischargewould be water with very little glycol-based fluid waste.Recycling provides the airport operator and users achemical cost savings since the recaptured glycol couldbe sold or reused for other nonairside applications.Recaptured glycol-based fluids may also be reused onthe airside if they meet the appropriate glycol-basedfluid specification. s Prior to their reuse, airport andairline operation. managers and private aircraftoperators should be notified.

g. Reduction in Chemical Usaee Throueh NewTechnologies. The advent of new technologies toreduce the quantities of de/anti-icing chemical usage isbecoming available to airport operators. Some possiblebenefits to airport operators derived from the followingsystems are: controlling or eliminating glycol runoff byconfining deicing operations at defined areas oreliminate spraying pavements; reducing the quantitiesof glycol usage; recapturing and/or recycling glycols forother uses; and decreasing the melting of snowbankscontaining glycols into the ground during thawingperiods.

(1) Aircraft Surfaces. Computerized sprayingsystems for aircraft de/anti-icing operations are in usetoday. The basic system consists of a dedicated pad forthe de/anti-icing operations, fluid bleeding equipmentwith or without computerized spray nozzles, a recoverysystem for spilled waste, and other support itemsunique to the system. Because it is more efficient, thede/anti-icing operation reduces the quantities of glycol-based fluids applied to aircraft surfaces; therebyminimizing the waste management task These systemsare also capable of recycling spent fluids for othernonairside uses (see precautions in Subparagraph 49(f),Recycling). Improvements to airport capacity and safetymay be possible by the placement of such“centralized/remote facilities” away from the gate areas.The location of such systems must satisfy the designstandards of AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design.

(2) Pavement Surfaces. In-pavementcirculating tubing carrying a heated fluid/gas medium toheat apron and taxiway pavement surfaces is in usetoday (electrical systems are available at higheroperating costs). This technology can reduce thequantities of de/anti-icing chemicals applied topavement surfaces. Two aspects of a pavement surfaceheating system that require reasonable accuracy in theirdetermination are:

(i) Pavement Surface Heat. Theminimum amount of pavement surface heat is one thatmaintains a snow and ice-free pavement surface under ,the specified weather conditions. This can. bedetermined as a function of the ambient conditions andthe behavioral properties of the thermal distributionsystem installed. The thermal distribution systemconsists of the thermal resistance between the pavementsurface to a variety of typical ambient environments, theresistance of the in-pavement system, and the transientbehavior of the actively heated pavement.

(ii) Annual Enerw Requirements.The amount of energy needed to be expended annuallyby the pavement heating system to perform its intendedfunction needs to be determined. Energy consumptiondepends on the severity of the airport’s winter climate,on the number of anticipated times and duration theheating system is to’ be activated, and the energysource(s). Climate design parameters include air andpavement temperatures, humidity, wind speed, and theamount of snowfall. Also, during the winter months,energy consumption varies from month to month.

24

2411191 AC 15015320-15

mwrm 10. MANAGEMENT OF MAINTENANCE sr-rop WASTES

. 50. GENERAL. The. operations conducted at aircraftmaintenance shops include cleaning, reconditioning, andoverhauling. The principal wastes produced, in additionto those discussed under Chapter 11, Aircraft WashWastes and Similar Wastes, are metal cleaning, treating,and plating solutions. This chapter describes treatmentfacilities for these major airport industrial wastes,including specific systems for the treatment ofchromates and other heavy metals, phenols, andcyanides.

51. PLATING ROOM WASTES. Plating roomwastes, which are mainly inorganic, consist of acids,cyanides, and heavy metals such as zinc, copper, lead,and chromium. The chief plating room operationscontributing to the generation of these wastes are:

a. Strinning. The use of acidic or alkaline bathsto remove undesirable films or coating on the metal tobe plated.

b. Cleaning. The removal of oil, grease, dirt, andcorrosion through the use of acidic and alkalinecleaners.

c. Plating., The process of using a direct electricalcurrent to deposit metal on the material being plated,produces metal and cyanide wastes.

52. SOURCES AND ‘CHARACTERISTICS OFWASTES. The chief sources of wastes in plating roomoperations are: dragout losses (solutions carried out ofthe bath and into overflow rinses on the part beingplated); spray losses (chiefly in chrome plating wherethe gas produced causes a fine spray); and the dumpingof spent solutions. The characteristics of plating wastesvary considerably. They may be either acidic oralkaline, depending on the baths used. Chromate bathsproduce highly acidic wastes while alkaline cleaningbaths and cyanides produce alkaline wastes. In general,plating wastes are highly toxic and corrosive.

53. PLATING WASTE REDUCTION. Dragout lossesmay be reduced by providing adequate drainage of themetal being plated and the use of a dragout recoverytank. Spray losses may be reduced by the installationof an exhaust system to recover finely divided spray forreturn to the solution’ tank The use of series ratherthan parallel rinse tanks reduces water consumption.Finally, good housekeeping and supervision decreasewastes, prevent improper dumping, and improve thesegregation and collection of waste.

54. CHROMIC ACID RECOVERY. Streamscontaining chromates may be treated separately toremove contaminating metals from chrome plating andanodizing solutions. The contaminants are iron,trivalent chromium, copper in plating solutions, andaluminum in anodizing solutions. A flow diagram ofa chromic acid recovery system is shown in figure 10-l.

a. Waste Storaee Tank. Spent chromeplating solutions from process tanks are collected in astorage or holding tank for dilution to a suitablechromic acid content. Anodizing solutions may besufficiently low in chromic acid concentration andrequire no dilution. Dilution of plating solutions isnecessary to avoid damage to the equipment used inthe next step, ion exchange.

b. Ion Exchanee Eauinment. A sulfoniccation exchange resin bed in the hydrogen form is usedto exchange the contaminating metals in the solutionwith hydrogen ions in the resin bed. The purifiedsolutions are then passed to an evaporator. When theaccumulated impurities from the plating solutionsinhibit the ability of the resin in the exchanger tocontinue purification, the exchanger is removed fromservice and the resin is regenerated with sulfuric acid.In the regeneration process, the sulfuric acid removesthe contaminating metal ions and restores theexchanger resin to the hydrogen form. The sulfuricacid regenerant waste is treated by neutralization andprecipitation.

C. Evaporator. The chrome plating solutions,which are diluted before passing through the cationexchanger to avoid excessive decomposition of theexchanger resin, are brought back to originalconcentrations by evaporation before return to theplating process tanks.

d. Chromic Acid Storaee Tank The purifiedand concentrated chromic acid is stored and returnedto the plating process tanks as required.

25

AC 150/5320-15 2/11Pl' ,

REGENERANT WASTETO WASTE ACIDSTORAGE TANK

H2S04 I

fRoMCHROMIC ACID

CR -r”;“~~cR~cft++cft &,fl~ AclDPROCESS TANK

CHROME PLATINGS O L U T I O N W A S T E E&yANGE

E V A P O R A T O R CONCENTRATED PRoCESS TANKCHROMIC ACID

U N I T STORAGE TANKSTORAGE TANK

Figure 10-l. Chromic acid recovery

CUROMIUM (cr L’) WAS=.5

ALKALINE AGENT FEED

REDUCING- - - -emAGENT FEE

?n CONTROL POIN

SUPERNATANT

26

SLUDGE bAAWOff(SLUDGE CONTAINS CM?OMlUM

AS CHOH)r)

Figure 10-2. Chemical treatment of chromium wastes

2IllPl AC 150/5320-15

55. CHROMIUM REDUCTION. Another method oftreating chromate wastes is by the reduction of thechromate ion through the addition of ferrous sulfate,followed by neutralization with lime to precipitate heavymetals (see figure 10-2). Normally, batch treatment isused. The waste is discharged to acid-resistant tanksequipped with mixing devices, skimmers, baffleddecanting outlets, and sludge withdrawal ports.Chemical doses for waste treatment are approximatelytwice the theoretical amount of either ferrous sulfurdioxide or barium. Following thorough mixing and astanding period of approximately one hour, oil andgrease are skimmed from the top. Milk of lime is thenadded until the pH of the mixture is approximately 8.0.This mixture is then agitated and allowed to settle fora period of approximately 12 hours. The supematant

b. Biological Treatment. Phenols at lowconcentrations (not greater than 20 ppm) can betreated by biological treatment processes such astrickling filters, the activated sludge process, or acombination of both. In these processes, the wastes,after neutralization with an alkali such as lime, flow toa primary sedimentation tank. The tank effluent flowsthrough a two-stage trickling filter which removes alarge part of the BOD and phenol content. Theeffluent from the trickling filter is passed throughaeration tanks in which further reduction of phenolcontent takes place. The effluent flow continuesthrough secondary sedimentation units to removebiological floes and other suspended materials. Ifnecessary, the effluent flows to a holding pond forfurther retention before discharge to a stream.

liquor is then decanted and the sludge removed.

’ 56. PHENOLIC WASTES. Concentrated phenol andcresol wastes result from the cleaning of aircraft partsand require separate treatment. Biological treatmentin sewage plants of wastes containing phenols andcresols has been used in some cases where the quantityof sewage is sufficient to dilute the phenols to aconcentration of not more than 20 ppm. Pretreatmentof phenol wastes for oils and suspended solids removalcan be accomplished by the air flotation methodpreviously described in paragraph 50...-

a. Chemical Oxidation. Figure 10-3 shows a flow

57. CYANIDE WASTES. Cyanide wastes are normallytreated by the alkaline chlorination method. Whileeither batch or continuous treatment may be used,batch treatment facilities are best for small andmedium-sire plants.

diagram of the system used for chemical treatment ofphenolic wastes. Concentrated phenol and cresolwastes are collected in a receiving tank with a capacitysufficient to hold at least the daily flow of these wastes.The tank contents are then transferred to the phenoloxidation tank where ’ the pH of the phenol bearingwastes is raised by the addition of lime. Chemicals,such as alum or ferrous sulfate, are added to assist incoagulating the solids in the waste. The entire contentsof the tank are then mixed and -allowed to stand for atime to permit sludge and scum to separate out of theliquid. After separation, the scum and sludge areremoved by oil skimming and sludge scrapingmechanisms in the tank. Chlorine is added and thetank contents thoroughly mixed to ensure completeoxidation of the phenols.

a. Batch Treatment. In terms of wastemanagement, batch treatment offers the advantage ofpositive control of effluent quality, since no wastes needbe discharged until analysis reveals complete cyanidedestruction. Cyanide wastes are alternately collected inone of two holding tanks, each having one day’scapacity of waste flow. While one tank is filling, thecontents of the other are being treated (see figure10-4). Lime or caustic soda is added to raise the pHof the wastes above 8.5 and the pH is then continuallymaintained at this point by the addition of lime. Aminimum pH of 8.5 is required to prevent formation ofthe toxic gas cyanogen chloride. After a thorough,vigorous mixing, chlorine is added for cyanidedestruction. For small-scale operations, the chlorine isoften applied in hypochlorite form. The approximateratio, by weight, of the caustic and chlorine required totreat the cyanide is 10~1, with a minimum exposureperiod of one hour. Completion of reactions is assuredby the application of a slight excess of chlorine.

b. Waste Release. After destruction of thecyanide, the alkaline waste water may be mixed withother waste streams and used in neutralizing acidwastes.

27

AC 150/5320-15 2/11Pl

_ PUMP

. STATION

PUMPS

PHENOL RECEIVING

CYANIDE 8ATCt-ITREATMENT

TANK

FERROUS SuLPnATE

LIME CHLORINE DID XIDE

PHENOL OXIDATION TANK

SLUDGE 6 SCUM BATCHED

T 9 HAULED

Figure 10-3. Chemical oxidation of phenols

bti RECORDER INOICATOR

L

h- SLUDGE DRAW-Of:

1REACTION

TANU

8

DISCMARtE~tO WASTE

SLUDGE DRAW.0Ff-cSYSTEU O R STREAU

28

Figure 10-4. Cyanide treatment

2/11/x AC 150/5320-15

CHAPTER 11. h4ANAGEMEN-I’ OF AIRCRAFT WASHES AND SIh4ILAR WASTES

58. GENERAL. Discussion in this chapter involves a. Primarv Treatment. Raw industrial wastesthe collection and treatment of wastes from aircraft are piped to a combination holding tank and gritwash racks, motor vehicle service areas, engine tests chamber. The tank is provided with devices for thecells, engine repair shops, and other activities removal of grit, free oil, and free solvent. Usuallycontributing large quantities of oil, grease, and suitable stirring and mixing devices are installed to keepemulsified wastes. wastes from stratifying.

59. WASTE CONTRIBUTORS.

a. Aircraft Washing. In general, aircraft washinginvolves the following: 1) pressure spraying the entireaircraft surface with cleaning agents to loosenaccumulatexl oil film, dirt, and oxides; 2) brushing thesurfaces with an alkaline water-base cleaner to helploosen foreign matter; and 3) hosing down the surfaceswith hot or cold water for thorough removal ofemulsified oil, grease, and dirt from the aircraft.

b. Secondatv Treatment. The secondatytreatment system consists of a continuous operation offlocculation and flotation by air under compression.The components of the system are: inflow pumps, achemical mixing tank, and mechanical sludge collectionequipment for removing floated sludge from the liquidsurface in the flotation tank to the sludge trough orhopper. Automatic controls are required for startingand stopping the operation of the inflow pumps atpreset liquid levels in the surge tank.

b. Vehicle Service Areas. Vehicle maintenancewastes result from washing operations and the disposalof used grease and oil.

c. Engine Reoair. Engine repair shop wastesresult from cleaning engines and parts with alkalinecleaners.

d. Engine Test. Engine test cell wastes resultfrom engine and floor cleaning operations and generallycontain oil, grease, and emulsified materials.

60. AIRCRAFf WASH WASTES TREATMENT.When large quantities of oil, grease, and emulsifiedwastes are being discharged, it may be necessary to usespecifically designed treatment plants. A typicaltreatment plant consisting of a holding tank and aircompression, chemical induction, and flotation units, isshown in figure 11-l and described as follows:

61. SLUDGE DISPOSAL. Usually the sludge volumeis approximately 10 percent of, the total flow whenmotor vehicle maintenance, engine test cell, and otherwastes are included. Wet sludge is transferred to astorage basin .where a three-phase separation occurs;

, the heavier sludge settles to the bottom, the lighterfloating material forms a scum layer on the surface,and relatively clear water exists between the two layers.Sluice valves placed at various levels in the basin outletstructures may be selectively opened to draw off theclearest water for recirculation through the system.The accumulated sludge is periodically trucked awayfor proper treatment.

G CHEMICAL FEED

AtMOSPt4E~lC AUTOMATIC PMSSm I-AIR WIECTION RELEASE @ CONTROL VALVE

CLAlUflEdwATERRECOVERED

SOLIDS

Figure 11-l. Air flotation treatment system

29 (and 30)

2/l l/91 AC 150/5320-15

APPENDIX 1. RELATED READING MATERIAL

. 1. Environmental Enhancement at Airtrorts - Industrial Waste Treatment, Advisory Circular 150/5320-10, April16, 1973, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C:

2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage. and Industrial Wastes, American Public HealthAssociation (latest edition), Washington, D.C.

3. Hazardous Materials Emergency Planning Guide, DOT P 5800.4, September 1, 1987, U.S. Department ofTransportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation.

4. Campbell, M.E. and W.M. Glenn, Profit from Pollution Prevention, Pollution Probe Foundation (1982),Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

5. Patterson, J.W., Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, 2nd Edition, Buttetworths (1985), Boston,Massachusetts.

’ 6. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment/Disuosal/Reuse, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill (1979),New York, New York.

7. Eckenfelder, W.W., Jr., Industrial Water Pollution Control, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill (1989), New York, NewYork.

&. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 - Protection of Environment.

1 (and 2)

2/11Pl

APPENDIX 2. PRIORITY POLLUTANT LIST

AC 150/5320-15

. 1. acenaphthene2. acrolein3. acrylonitrile4. benzene5. benzidine6. carbon tetrachloride (tetrachlorom,ethane)

chlorinated benzenes (other thandichlorobenzenes):

7. chlorobenzene8 . 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene9. hexachlorobenzene

chloiinated ethanes (including 1,2-dichloroethane,l,l,l-trichloroethane and hexachloroethane):

10. 1,Zdichloroethane11. l,l,l-trichloroethane12. hexachloroethane13. l,l-dichloroethane14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane16. chloroethane

chloroalkyl ethers (chloromethyl, chloroethyland mixed others):- ‘17. his (chloromethyl) ether

18. his (Zchloroethyl) ether19. 2chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)

chlorinated naphthalene:20. 2chloronaphthalene

chlorinated phenols (other than those listedelsewhere; includes trichlorophenols andchlorinated cresols):

21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol22. parachlorometa cresol23. chloroform (trichloromethane)24. 2-chlorophenol

dichlorobenzenes:25. 1,2dichlorobenzene26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene27. 1,Cdichlorobenzene28. 3,3-dichlorobenzidine

dichloroethylenes (l,l-dichloroethylene and1,2-dichloroethylene):

29. 1,1-dichloroethylene30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene31. 2,4-dichlorophenol

dkhloropropane and dichloropropene:32. 1,2dichloropropane33. 1,2dichloropropylene (1,3dichloropropene)34. 2,4-dimethylphenol

dinitrotoluene:35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine38. ethylbenzene39. fluoranthene

haloethers (other than those listed elsewhere):40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether42. bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether43. his (Zchloroethoxy) methane

halomethanes (other than those listed elsewhere):44. methylene chloride (dichloromethane)45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)46. methyl bromide (bromomethane)47. bromoform (tribromomethane)48. dichlorobromomethane49. trichlorofluoromethane50. dichlorodifluoromethane51. chlorodibromomethane52. hexachlorobutadiene

”53. hexachlorocyclopentadiene54. isophorone55. naphthalene56. nitrobenzene

nitrophenols (including 2,3dinitrophenol anddinitrocresol):

57. 2-nitrophenol58. 4nitrophenol59. 2,4dinitrophenol60. 4,6dinitro+cresol

* Reference 40 CFR 0 403(b).

1

AC 150/5320-15 2nim

61.62.63.64.65.

66.6768.69.70.71.

nitrosamines:n-nitrosodimethylaminen-nitrosodiphenylaminen-nitrosodi-n-propylaminepentachlorophenolphenol

phthalate esters:bis (2-ethylhezyl) phthalatebutyl benzyl phthalatedi-n-butyl phthalatedi-n-octyl phthalatediethyl phthalatedimethyl phthalate

endrin and metabolitesl98. endrin99. endrin aldehyde

72.73.74.75.76.77.78.79.so.81.82.83.84.85.86.87.88.

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons:benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)3,4-benzofluoranthenebenzo(k)fluoranthene (11,12-benzoflouranthene)chryseneacenaphthyleneanthracenebenzo(ghi)perylene (1,2-benzoperylene)phenanthrenefluorenedibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)pyrenetetrachloroethylenetoluenetrichloroethylenevinyl chloride (chloroethylene)

heptachror and metabolitesz100. heptachlor101. heptachlor epozide

hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers):102. a-BHC-Alpha103. b-BHC-Beta104. r-BHC (Lindane)-Gamma105. g-BHC-Delta

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs):106. PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)107. PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)108. PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)109. PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)110. PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)111. PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)112. PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)

89.90.91.

92.93.94.

95.%.97.

pesticides and metabolites:aldrindieldrinchlordane (technical mixture andmembolites)

113:tozaphene114. antimony (total)115. arsenic (total)116. asbestos (fibrous)117. beryllium (total)118. cadmium (total)119. chromium (total)120. copper (total)121. cyanide (total)122. lead (total)123. mercury (total)124. nickel (total)125. selenium (total)126. silver (total)127. thallium (total)128. zinc (total)129.2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-diozin (TCDD)

DDT and metabolites:4,4’-DDT4,4-DDE (p.p’-DDX)4,4’-DDD (p.p’-TDE)

endosulfan and metabolites:a-endosulfan-Alphab-endosulfan-Betaendosulfan sulfate

* Reference 40 CFR 8 403(b).

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