MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL OF NURSING

• For the nurse to be effective in the dynamic complex health care

system and to help client to achieve the outcome , nurses need to be

knowledgeable , resourceful and able to work well with other health

care practioners.

• This goal is achieved through nursing education.

• The quality of the educational programme depends to a large extend

on the organizational framework with in which it operates.

• A nursing educational institution, can operate effectively only if it is

properly organized and has the support of proper administration and

of an interested controlling authority.

PLANNING OF SCHOOL OF NURSING• Planning is the first function of administration and

management, undertaken to fulfill the purpose for which an organization is established .• It is a pivotal process in administration and

management involving conceptual skills, skills of analytical and critical thinking and problem solving.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING(I) PRIMACY

The prime function of administration is planning which provides the very basis for the organizational function as a whole.(II) FUTURISTIC ORIENTATION

Planning projects into the future, address itself to the futuristic needs and demands looking ahead to make provisions for future development, for handling future events and situations.(III) PERVASIVENESS

Managers at all levels are involved with the planning function i.e. it pervades all the levels – from the top to first levels of management .

(IV) FLEXIBILITY AND DYNAMISMPlanning is involved with ongoing assessment and reassessment

of the organizational goals and objectives the direction the organization is giving and thereby changing its levels as required.(V) UNITY OF PURPOSE AND DIRECTION

Planning always takes into consideration the organizational goals in their totality providing a common focus in planning of administrative and managerial actions , and there by rendering unity of purpose and direction in the process.

IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING• Its master function is to provide framework for giving direction to the

different functions written the organization.• It gives direction to work• It is the integral part of other administrative function (POSDCORB)• Ensures order and control.• Determines appropriateness and feasibility of actions in terms of cost

effectiveness and quality control• Eliminates chances of uncertainty.

STEPS IN PLANNING/ ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL OF NURSING1. Formulation of board of management2. Formulation of philosophy of College Of Nursing3. Obtaining permission from state government4. Obtaining permission from INC5. Obtaining permission from University6. Preparing infrastructure and other facilities7. Selection , recruitment , appointment of faculty

STEPS IN PLANNING/ ORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL OF NURSING8. Selection, recruitment , appointment of students 9. Budget planning10. Curriculum development and administration11. Periodic credentialing and accreditation of the College12. Extra curricular/ co curricular activities13. Student organization14. Maintenance of record and reports

8. Selection, recruitment , appointment of studentsAdmission policies:

• In relation to the Academic Qualifications

• In relation to personal and social fitness

• Others

Recruitment

After policies for admission have been agreed upon , the next step is to recruit

the students.

Recruitment is a continuous activity which is carried out both for the

profession in general and for the individual schools of nursing.

• General recruitment for nursing

• Recruitment for individual institutions

• At this stage he/she will be influenced by her parents, teachers or

friends or by past experience of nursing care and by the image of

nursing she has build up.

• Some of the ways of general recruitment include

• Talks and plays in radio/TV/media

• Films on nursing

• By making available in public , school and club libraries biographies

and fiction on nursing subjects

• By publishing articles in the journals

Recruitment for individual institutions

After the student chooses the nursing profession , the next

decision to be made is where to go for necessary preparation, and this

is where the individual school will reap the benefit of having an active

recruitment programme.

Some of the methods which locally used are: • Holding open days in the hospital and educational institution• friends • Arranging talk by the staff of the educational institution in local

schools, youth clubs and other community organizations• Displaying suitable posters in the institution, in the hospital and other

appropriate place• Publishing articles , notices, reports and pictures of the institutional

activities in the local press• Publication of the institutional brochure

Selection

• The methods used for the selection of the students should be as

objective as possible and should have proved themselves to be value

and successful in identifying the kind of students wanted.

Some suggestions relating to selection procedures are:

• The institution should have clearly defined selection policies

• Application form

• Selection committee

Application form:

The information contained in the application form and the

reports received in connection with them should be systematically

tabulated and filed.

Selection committeeThe members of the selection committee should include:

• The head of the nursing institution• The senior tutor• A representative of the local controlling authority(hospital)• Any or all of the following• A representative from the nursing division of the state( if applicable)• A physician• A school teacher and possibly• An educational psychologist

9. Budget

It is a concrete precise picture of the total operation of an

enterprise in monitory terms.

How to make a budget for the nursing institution

• Find out the actual budget for the previous year

• Estimate the financial budget for the next year

Income• Invested fund, • Tuition fees based on number of student admission, • Textbook • Uniform, etc…

Expenditure Indirect • Provision for general administration • Duty expense• Laundry expense• Telephone expense etc

Direct • Instructional• Non -instructional• Resident for the staff • Recreational• Clerical expense• Salaries• Maintenance and repair

• Purchase of uniform• Health programmes supplies• Library ( book acquisition, periodical subscription, textbook purchase,

other library equipments)• Recreational equipments• School equipments (class room and lab repairs)• Supplies and equipments for library , lab, classroom,• Scholarship for the students, professional development of the faculty• Contingency fund for educational tours, professional activities

• Normally controlling body takes the full responsibility for administering some of the item mentioned above , such as salary , stipend , equipment , linen, household supplies and transport. • But there are others for which it is essential that the staff should be

directly responsible if the objectives is to be achieved. • The library for the purchase of books , journals and daily

newspapers , for binding of journals, for stationary , such as index card , label etc

• Incidental teaching equipment for teaching aids such as charts, films or slides, posters, paints etc• Office supplies for stationary , including stencils, registers,

typewriter ribbons , files etc• External lecturers for the payment of fees in accordance with the

policy of the controlling body

10. Curriculum development and administrationCurriculum

Is defined as the systematic arrangement of the sum total of

selected experiences planned by the school for a defined group of

students to attain the aims of a particular educational programme.

Steps in the development of the curriculum a) The establishment of the educational purpose /objectives of the

institutionb) The selection of the learning experiences which will achieve the

purposec) The effective organization of the selected learning experiencesd) Planned and continuing evaluation

a) The establishment of the educational purpose / objectives of the institution

Educational objectives are the desired change in behavior as a

result of specific teaching learning activity or specific teacher learner

activity.

It should be based on the following factors

• The statement of the schools philosophy

• The social and health needs of the people

• The kind of students that is expected to be recruited and her specific needs

• The level of the professional competence to be attained

• The role of the nurse to play in the society

• The statutory minimum requirements

• The teaching, physical and clinical resources available

Formulation of the purpose/objectives:• The purposes are the overall goals of the total educational programme

and should be formulated as a broad statement of one to two sentences.

• The objectives which are derived from the purposes should be more

specific and should be stated in such a way that they will be a guide , in

the construction of curriculum and selection of the learning experiences.

b) Selection of the learning experiences which will achieve the purpose

The selection of the learning experience , broadly speaking ,

deciding on what will be the content of the curriculum.

A learning experience is something in which the student actively

participates and which result in a change in the behavior.

The kind of learning experience which the student require will

depend on the objectives of the curriculum.

c) The effective organization of the selected learning experiencesThe steps include i. Grouping Learning experiences under subject heading ii. Preparation of master plan for the curriculum iii. Placement of learning experiences in the total curriculum iv. Preparation of the correlation chart v. Organization of clinical experiences vi. Types of teaching system have to be followed

i. Grouping Learning experiences under subject heading

After selecting the learning experience one has to organize them

with an intention to provide optimum experience to the students.

ii. Preparation of master plan for the curriculumPreparation of the master plan helps the teachers in the placement of the

subject matter and the clinical experience.It should include:• Total duration of the programme • Explanation of the different courses• Total allotted times in terms of theory and practice• Teaching – learning method• Scheme of evaluation• Details of the student activities

iii. Placement of learning experiences in the total curriculum• all elements of the curriculum should be related to one another• the learning experience should follow principle of sequence ,

integration, and correlation iv. Preparation of the correlation chart• it will help to identify the extend of correlation achieved in the total

curriculum in relation to different courses of study and the various subjects and clinical experience offered in the programme

v. Organization of clinical experiences• Proper organization of the clinical experience will help to develop the

expertise in the field of nursing vi. Types of teaching system have to be followed• complete block or teaching block system• partial block system and• study day system

11) Periodic credentialing and accreditation of the College

The quality of nurse education is controlled from within the profession through state boards of nursing and national accrediting bodies. These bodies ensure quality in practice by preparing nursing students in:• The contemporary and anticipated needs of health care.• An outcome based competency approach to fitness of practice.• Sound assessment of practice and its integration with theory.• The nature of and standards for the teaching of nursing.• Positioning in relation to possible inter-professional approaches where necessary.

Credentialing This is generally defined as the formal recognition of professional

or technical competence and attainment of minimum standards by a person to:a. Produce a quality productb. Confer a unique identityc. Protect provider and publicd. Control the profession

Accreditation • This is one of the major quality assurance tool employed in nursing. • It is a system of evaluating nurse academic programmes in line with

the minimum laid down standards. • To ensure quality, the International Council of Nurses established

standards that are use by national bodies to inspect nursing education programmes while the National Universities Commission have their own standards for university-based education.

Objectives of the accreditation• The accreditation process objectives are primarily to evaluate the

school or department’s physical structure, organizational structure, funding, library as well as employer rating• Ensure that at least minimum academic standards documents are

attained, enhanced and maintained.• That employer as well as other community members is sure of the

level of competency attained by nursing graduates.• Prove to the international community that nursing programmes

whether basic or university level measure up with international standards of caregivers to service recipients.

Three levels of status Accreditation • Full accreditation usually granted to nursing programmes that satisfies

the minimum period of three (3) years.• Provisional accreditation is given to schools that have met the

minimum standards required but are left with a few more things to do.• Denied accreditation is for those schools that do not meet the

minimum requirements to run a school of nursing.

Periodic Inspection by Indian Nursing CouncilIndian Nursing Council conducts periodical (after 3 years)

inspection of the institution once the institution is found suitable by Indian Nursing Council to monitor the standard of nursing education and the adherence of the norms prescribed by INC. Institution are required to pay annual affiliation fees every year. However, if the institution does not comply to the norms prescribed by Indian Nursing Council for teaching, clinical & physical facilities, the institution will be declared unsuitable.

12. Extra curricular/ co curricular activities/ Student welfare activities• Student welfare is an important part of the total educational

programme. • It broadly covers their physical , mental, and social well being. • Such needs of the students will be met partly by the facilities provided

in the hostel and partly through an active and adequate student health , guidance and counseling services , and opportunities for recreation and for cultural and religious activities.

Extra curricular/ co curricular activities/ Student welfare activities• Student health services • Counseling • Recreational and cultural activities

Student health services

• These are designed to permit the students to achieve the maximum

benefit from their school experience.

• To promote good health habits which will be lasting and which they

can apply in the practice of nursing , and to give them the required

care when they are sick.

The health services include:• Medical examination on admission and routine• Health records• Student health clinic• Health room in the hostel• Sickroom for the students

Counseling

To give the students the guidance and counsel in her daily living

personal problems , adjustment to group living , educational

programme and her professional responsibilities should be taken into

account

Recreational and cultural activities

• There are so many recreational programmes which can be pursued in the nursing educational institutions such as music , dance and drama, reading and creative writing , needle work photography, nature study, gardening and social entertainments such as giving parties , going for picnics and both indoor and outdoor games

• There should be adequate facilities for recreation like sitting room, reading room, and recreation room and lawn, badminton and tennis courts and space for other out door games

13. Student organization• The involvement of the students as an organized group is an

important factor in the management of the school and in meeting the objectives of the programme. • The two principal ways by which this can be achieved are through

student government and by the formation of a unit of the Student Nurses Association.

Student governmentGovernment by the student usually requires the setting up of a

student association of the institution, to function as the officially recognized organization of the students.

The council, which would be the executive organ of the student association , should be composed of two or more elected representatives from each class.

It should have a president , vice president and secretary and should maintain record for its all meetings

The objectives of such student association may include:• The promotion of student welfare• The development of cooperation and unity• To establish and maintain good interpersonal relationship with the staff• To the development of a sense of responsibility for the success of the

hostel life• The development of the ability of organizational technique and

committee procedures• The promotion of the reputation of the institution

• The establishment of the line of communication and association with the student group in the community and in the country as a whole• The advancement of professional thinking and action• These objectives can be met by the student council through the following

functions:-• Initiating and supporting the student s’ social , cultural and professional

activities• Assisting with the orientation of the new students• Reviewing and requested , the school and hospital procedures and

policies and making recommendations in this respect

• The interpretation and enforcement , where appropriate , of school policies• Taking disciplinary action when necessary in accordance with measures

agreed by the members • The objectives of such student association may include:• Receiving , investigating and , in some instances, disposing of complaints

relating to the hostel • Establishing official channels of communication with the institutional staff

in relation to student council matters, and• The appointment of representatives to serve on institutional committees,

eg: the curriculum and library committees

SNAThe Student Nurses Association is an associate organization of

the Trained Nurses Association of India, and has its objectives:• To help students to uphold the dignity and ideals of the profession for

which they are qualifying • To promote a cooperate spirit among students for a common good

• To furnish nurses in training with advise in their courses of study leading up to professional qualification• To encourage leadership ability and help students to gain a wide

knowledge of the nursing profession in all its different branches and aspects• To increase the students social contact and general knowledge in

order to help them take their place in the world when they are finishing their training

• To encourage both professional and recreational meetings, games and sports• To encourage both professional and recreational meetings, games and

sports• To provide a special section in the nursing journal of india for the

benefit of student• To encourage students to compete for prices in the Student Nurses

Exhibitions and to attend national and regional conferences

14. Maintenance of record and reportsTypes of records to be kept in the nursing institutions:

• Those concerning the students

• Those concerning the staff

• General school records

Records concerning the students • Application forms and other reports called for at the time off

recruitment, selection and appointment• A record of each student’s clinical experience• progress report showing grades and any other forms of pertinent

information• A final record giving summary of instruction, clinical experience ,

grades and other relevant material• A health record

Records concerning school staff • Application form• Copy of letter of appointment and any subsequent letter showing the change in

the status• Job description• Record of staff members’ educational qualification, previous experiences, any

short term educational courses attended, membership in professional societies, and professional activities such as contribution of articles to the journal, holding office in associations or organizations, participation in seminars, conferences etc• Periodic evaluation or progress report• Leave record( vacation, casual, special , or sick leave)• Health record

General school record: These should consist of;• The philosophy, purpose and curriculum of the school• Written policies of the school• Statement of budget proposals and allotments• Letter of agreement with affiliating agencies• Minutes of staff meetings• Copy of institutional brochure• Inventories of stock

Reports • The number and nature of reports will depend on what is required by the

controlling body and the nursing councils. The type of information required in an annual report is as follows:• Factual data concerning the students, staff , clinical facilities, physical facilities

, administration and the curriculum• Developments in the school programme since last report• Proposals and plans for future development• Problems encountered• Recommendations