management of fire blight - inicio | unifrutp. s., 2004...antibiotic sensitive strains of erwinia...
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Management of fire blight
Virginia Stockwell
Department Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon USA
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OUTLINE
Cultural practices and host resistance
Reducing bacterial inoculum
Preventatives
Chemicals
Biological
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Cultural practices affecting development of fire blight
Fertility
High levels of nitrogen stimulate growth of young succulent shoots susceptible to shoot blight.
Tree density
Plant resistance
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Apple cultivars Most Resistant
Delicious
Liberty
Quinte
Winesap
Susceptible
Golden Delicious
Fuji
Gala
Jonagold
Rome Beauty
Rootstock:
M9
M26
Mark
Rootstock:
Geneva series
M7
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Resistant cultivars will provide long term protection from fire
blight
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Reduce bacterial inoculum
Exclusion
Clean nursery stock
Eradication
Dormant copper sprays
SANITATION!!!! REMOVE DISEASED BRANCHES!
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Preventatives
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Disease cycle: Fire blight
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Focus on managing blossom blight phase
Blossom blight causes most severe damage
Infected blossom clusters provides inoculum for summer disease cycles (secondary bloom blight, shoot blight, fruit blight)
AND—pathogen is growing on surface of plant before infection and exposed to preventatives
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Preventatives
Copper
Dormant treatment to kill over wintering cells in
and near cankers
Bloom sprays
May russet fruit surface and mark leaves
Efficacy is low
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Preventatives
Streptomycin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and oxolinic acid (Antibiotics)
Effective! Suppress growth of pathogen on the surfaces of plants
Generally are not phytotoxic
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Activity of antibiotics for control of fire blight over time
Data from: Vanneste 1996. Biocontrol News Inform. 17:67N-78N &
Shtienberg et al. 2001 Phytoparasitica 29:143-154
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Days from treatment to inoculation
Pe
rce
nt
dis
ea
se
co
ntr
ol
Oxolinic acid 300g/ml
Streptomycin 100g/ml
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Preventatives
Streptomycin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and oxolinic acid (Antibiotics)
Effective! Suppress growth of pathogen on the surfaces of plants
Generally are not phytotoxic
Limitations
Resistance may develop
Registration issues over use of human medicines on plants
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Antibiotic resistance management
Minimize number of antibiotic applications
Antibiotics are effective only before symptoms are visible: When the pathogen is on the surface of flowers or on fresh wounds on shoots or leaves.
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Antibiotic resistance management
Combine or alternate antibiotic sprays
Growth of streptomycin-resistant Erwinia amylovora is inhibited by oxytetracycline.
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Effect of antibiotics on growth Erwinia amylovora on blossoms
McManus & Jones, 1994. Phytopathology 84:627-633
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Antibiotic resistance management
Combine or alternate antibiotic sprays with biological control agents
Biological control agents are equally effective against antibiotic resistant and antibiotic sensitive strains of Erwinia amylovora.
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Biological control of fire blight
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The fire blight pathogen grows on floral stigmas to populations of 106 to 107
cells per flower
stigma
The stigma is not selective, meaning that other,
nonpathogenic bacteria also can grow on its surface
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Biological control
Current products in US
Serenade—AgraQuest
Bacillus spp. sprayed during and after bloom.
Provided significant control of fire blight in some field trials
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Biological control
Current products in US
BlightBan A506—NuFarm Americas
Beneficial bacterium called Pseudomonas fluorescens A506
In registration pipeline:
BlightBan C9-1—NuFarm Americas
Bloomtime—Northwest Agricultural Products
Beneficial bacteria called Pantoea agglomerans
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BlightBan A506
Bacterium found on a pear tree in California
Dr. Steven Lindow (UC Berkeley) found that the bacterium grows very well on apple and pear flowers
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Populations of A506 on pear blossom
tissues
3
4
5
6
7
0 50 100 150
Time after inoculation (h)
3
4
5
6
7
0 50 100 150
Time after inoculation (h)
Data from: Wilson and Lindow, 1993, Phytopathology
Log (
CF
U/t
issu
e)
Pistil Nectary
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BlightBan A506
BlightBan A506 blocks the fire blight pathogen from growing to high populations on stigmas, which reduces disease
BlightBan A506 can be combined with streptomycin
BlightBan A506 may also reduce some types of fruit russett and light frost damage
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Timing of biological sprays
Spray biological control agents BEFORE the pathogen is growing on flowers (mid-bloom, full-bloom, and at petal fall)
And when orchard temperatures are warm to support growth of biologicals
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Warm weather (>12°C) is important for growth of
biological control bacteria on open flowers
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Mean populations of A506 on pear and apple blossoms
7
10
13
16
19
Me
an
da
ily t
em
p. (C
)
0
5
10
15
Rain
fall (
mm
)
3
4
5
6
7
Lo
g C
FU
pe
r b
los
so
m
1999 1998
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Incidence of fire blight on Golden Delicious Apple in Corvallis, Oregon in 1995
0
10
20
30
40
50
Dis
ease I
ncid
en
ce
Water
A
Streptomycin
C
A506
B
Oxytetra-
cycline
B
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Improving biological control
Three methods
Combining biological control with antibiotics
Adding an iron-chelate to BlightBan A506
Combining BlightBan A506 with another bacterium BlightBan C9-1
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Disease control with BlightBan A506 combined with streptomycin in 1998
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Avera
ge s
trik
es p
er
tree
A
B
D C
C
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Combining BlightBan A506 with an iron chelate
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A506 makes an antibiotic when iron is abundant
E. amylovora
A506 on iron-rich medium
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Testing FeEDDHA (Sequestrene 138) on plants
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FeEDDHA (Sequestrene 138) is non-toxic to plants
WATER FeEDDHA Metalosate-Fe
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Fire blight control with BlightBanA506 & FeEDDHA on pear and apple
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Rela
tive d
isease
inc
ide
nc
e
Water FeEDDHA oxyTet A506 A506 & FeEDDHA
Strep
A
C
B
D D
AB
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Combination of biological control agents
Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 (Blightban A506) and the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans C9-1 grow well together on flowers
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A combination of biological control agents has provided
excellent control of fire blight in repeated field trials
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Inoculated OSU Fire Blight Trials: Relative Incidence of Blossom Blight
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
A506
C9-1
A506 & C9-1 &
FeEDDHA-
A506 +
FeEDDHA
0 20 40 60 80 100
n = 8
n = 19
n = 16
n = 23
Oxytet
n = 12
Water
n = 29 Strep
n = 29
n = 7
A506 & C9-1
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Summary
Resistant cultivars will be best long-term solution to fire blight
Sanitation is an essential tool for disease control
Antibiotics are good preventatives, but resistance must be managed
Biological controls have promising activity
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