management of acute hepatic failurebsmedicine.org/congress/2014/dr._zakir_hossain.pdf · ·...
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PROF. DR.MD ZAKIR HOSSAIN
PROFESSOR & HEAD DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE
RANGPUR MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE HEPATIC FAILURE
-NEW CONCEPT
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Rangpur Medical College & Hospital
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Begum Rokeya Shakhawat Hussain
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Introduction
Acute liver failure (ALF)
A rare condition of
Rapid deterioration of liver function
with altered mentation and coagulopathy
In the absence of underlying liver cirrhosis
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Epidemiology-ALF
U.S. estimates approximately 2,000/year.
Often affects young persons and
Carries a high morbidity and mortality.
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Mortality
Prior to transplantation,
◦ most series suggested less than15% survival.
Currently,
◦ overall short-term survival with
transplantation is greater than 65%.
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Definition of ALF
The most widely accepted definition-
1. Evidence of coagulation abnormality,
(an INR ≥1.5),
2. And any degree of mental alteration
(encephalopathy)
3. Without preexisting cirrhosis
4. With an illness of < 26 weeks duration.
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Sub-classification
Hyperacute (1-7 days)
Acute(8-28 days)
Subacute (29 days to 6 months)
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Etiology of AHF A. Infection
Hepatitis A, B, D,E
Herpes simplex
EBV
CMV
B. Toxin
Acetaminophen(60% cause of ALF in USA)
Amanita phalloid
C. Autoimmune (6%)
D. Metabolic
Wilson disease
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Etiology of AHF
E. Pregnancy related
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
HELLP syndrome
F. Vascular
Ischemic hepatitis (4%)
Budd-Chiari syndrome (9%)
G.Indeterminate (~25%)
H. Ca liver
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Pathogenesis
Severe decompensation of hepatocyte
Assault is of variable aetiology
Liver fails to meet metabolic demand of
body
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Pathogenesis Hepatic Encephalopathy
Cerebral edema is unique feature
Ammonia is main toxic compound
level < 75 u seldom cause HE
> 200 u cause cerebral herniation
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Diagnosis
All patients with clinical or laboratory
evidence of moderate to severe acute
hepatitis should have immediate
measurement of
Prothrombin time and
Evaluation for alterations in mentation
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Diagnosis
The diagnosis of ALF is established
If the prothrombin time is prolonged by 4-
6 seconds or more (INR ≥1.5)
And there is any evidence of altered
consciousness.
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Evaluation
History taking
◦ should include careful review of possible
exposures to viral infection and drugs or other
toxins.
Physical examination
◦ must include careful assessment and
documentation of mental status and
◦ a search for stigmata of chronic liver disease.
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Evaluation
Jaundice is often but not always seen at presentation
Right upper quadrant tenderness is variably present
The liver is impalpable due to massive hepatocyte loss
An enlarged liver may be seen in-
◦ early in viral hepatitis
◦ with malignant infiltration,
◦ congestive heart failure,
◦ acute Budd-Chiari syndrome.
History or signs of cirrhosis should be absent
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Grades of Encephalopathy
Grade I: Changes in behavior with minimal
change in level of consciousness
Grade II: Gross disorientation, drowsiness,
asterixis, inappropriate behavior.
Grade III: Marked confusion, incoherent speech,
sleeping most of the time but
arousable to vocal stimuli
Grade IV: Comatose, unresponsive to pain,
decorticate or decerebrate posturing.
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Initial Laboratory Analysis
Prothrombin time/INR
Biochemistries
◦ sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium,
magnesium, phosphate glucose AST, ALT, alkaline
phosphatase, GGT, total bilirubin, albumin creatinine,
blood urea nitrogen
Arterial blood gas Arterial lactate
Complete blood count, Blood grouping
Acetaminophen level (Toxicology screen)
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Initial Laboratory Analysis
Viral markers -serologies
◦ anti-HAV IgM, HBSAg, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HEV§,
anti-HCV*
Ceruloplasmin Level
Pregnancy test (females)
Ammonia (arterial if possible)
Autoimmune markers
◦ ANA, ASMA, Immunoglobulin levels
HIV status
Amylase and lipase
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Investigate to asses
A. Degree of liver injury
B. Complication
C. Aetiology
D. Prognosis
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Investigation for Aetiology
Viral marker
i) anti HEV
ii) anti HAV IgM
iii) HBsAg
iv) IgM anti HBc
(important as there may be rapid clearance of
HBsAg) indicates good immune response to virus
vi) anti HDV in those positive for HBV
vii) HCV RNA
viii) EBV, CMV
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Investigation for Aetiology
Autoimmune screening
i)ANA
ii) AMA
iii)ASMA
iv) LKM
Serum copper, ceruloplasmin, urine
copper
Toxicology screening in serum & urine
USG & doppler study of hepatic vein
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Complication assessment
Blood sugar
Electrolytes
Platelet
Renal function test
Arterial blood gas analysis
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Prognosis assessment
I. Paracetamol induced AHF
a) Prothombin time
b) pH
c) S creatinine
II) Non paracetamol AHF
a) Prothombin time
b) serum bilirubin
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General Management
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Grades I-II encephalopathy
May be safely managed on a medicine ward
With skilled nursing in a quiet environment to
minimize agitation
Management in an ICU is preferable.
Frequent mental status checks should be
performed
Transfer to an ICU if level of consciousness
declines.
With progression to grade II encephalopathy,
an ICU setting is indicated.
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Grades III-IV encephalopathy
It is advisable to intubate the trachea for airway protection.
Patients in advanced stages of encephalopathy require close follow-up.
Monitoring and management of hemodynamic and renal parameters as well as glucose, electrolytes and acid/base status.
and frequent neurological evaluation for signs of elevated intracranial pressure should be conducted.
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AASLD Recommendations
Sedation should be avoided if possible
◦ In early stages of encephalopathy,
Lactulose may be used,
◦ but concern has been raised about increasing bowel distention during the subsequent transplant procedure (II-2, III).
Head should be elevated to 30 degrees
◦ In patients progressing to grade III or IV
◦ and endotracheal intubation should be performed
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AASLD Recommendations for seizure
Seizure activity should be treated
with phenytoin and
low-dose benzodiazepines.
Intracranial pressure monitoring
mainly considered for patients who are listed
for transplantation.
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AASLD Recommendations
for intracranial hypertension
Frequent evaluation for signs of intracranial hypertension are needed to identify early evidence of uncal herniation,
In the event of intracranial hypertension, mannitol should be given and hyperventilation may be considered in order to temporarily reduce the ICP,
Short-acting barbiturates may be considered for refractory intracranial hypertension,
Corticosteroids should not be used to control elevated ICP
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AASLD Recommendations for infections
Periodic surveillance cultures should be performed to detect bacterial and fungal infections as early as possible and prompt treatment should be initiated accordingly.
Prophylactic antibiotics and anti-fungals may be considered
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AASLD Recommendations for
bleeding
Replacement therapy for thrombocytopenia
and/or prolonged prothrombin time is
recommended only in the setting of
hemorrhage or prior to invasive
procedures.
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AASLD Recommendations GI
bleeding
Patients with ALF in the ICU should receive
◦ Prophylaxis with H2 blocking agents or
◦ PPIs for acid-related gastrointestinal bleeding
associated with stress.
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AASLD Recommendations or
hypotension
Careful attention must be paid
To fluid resuscitation and
Maintenance of adequate intravascular
volume
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AASLD Recommendations for
hypotension
Pulmonary artery catheterization should be considered in a hemodynamically unstable patient:
To ensure that appropriate volume replacement has occurred.
Systemic vasopressor support with agents such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine: If fluid replacement fails to maintain MAP of 50-60
mm Hg.
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AASLD Recommendation metabolic
and nutritional disorders
Metabolic homeostasis must be carefully
maintained.
Overall nutritional status as well as
glucose, phosphate, potassium and
magnesium levels should be monitored
frequently.
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Specific Therapies-AASLD
Recommendations
Etiology of ALF provides one of the best
indicators of prognosis,
Also dictates specific management
options.
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Management-AASLD
Recommendations
The precise etiology of ALF should be sought to guide further management decisions.
Patients with ALF should be admitted and monitored frequently, preferably in an ICU.
Contact with a transplant center and plans to transfer appropriate patients with ALF should be initiated early in the evaluation process.
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AASLD Recommendations for viral
hepatitis
Viral hepatitis A- and B- (and E-) related acute liver failure must be treated with supportive care as no virus-specific treatment has been proven effective .
Nucleoside analogs should be given prior to and continued for 6 months after completion of
chemotherapy in patients with Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity
to prevent reactivation/acute flare of disease.
Patients with known or suspected herpes virus or varicella zoster as the cause of acute liver failure should be treated with acyclovir.
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AASLD Recommendation For patients with
known or suspected acetaminophen
toxicity
Give activated charcoal
just prior to starting NAC. within 4 hours of presentation,
Begin NAC promptly in all patients
where the quantity of acetaminophen ingested,
serum drug level or rising aminotransferases indicate impending or evolving liver injury.
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AASLD Recommendation For
patients with Mushroom Poisoning
Consider administration of penicillin G
and NAC
Patients should be listed transplantation ,
as this procedure is often the only
lifesaving option
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AASLD Recommendations for drug
induced hepatitis
Obtain details of drugs ingested including onset of ingestion,
amount and timing of last dose
all prescription and non-prescription drugs,
herbs and dietary supplements taken over the past year
Determine ingredients of non-prescription medications whenever possible.
Discontinue all but essential medications.
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AASLD Recommendations for Wilson
disease
Patients in whom Wilson disease is the
likely cause of acute liver failure must be
immediately placed on the liver transplant
list.
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AASLD Recommendations for autoimmune
hepatitis
Liver biopsy should be considered to establish the diagnosis.
Autoimmune hepatitis should be treated with corticosteroids (prednisone, 40-60 mg/day).
Patients should be placed on the list for transplantation.
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AASLD Recommendation For acute fatty
liver of pregnancy
Consultation with obstetrical services and
expeditious delivery are recommended
for acute fatty liver of pregnancy
or the HELLP syndrome.
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AASLD Recommendation for Budd-Chiari
Syndrome
Liver transplantation is an indication:
For hepatic vein thrombosis with hepatic
failure
provided underlying malignancy is excluded.
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AASLD Recommendations for Acute
Ischemic Injury
Cardiovascular support is the treatment of
choice
In ALF patients with evidence of ischemic
injury.
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AASLD Recommendation for Indeterminate
Etiology
Liver biopsy may be appropriate to attempt
to identify a specific etiology that might
influence treatment strategy:
If the etiological diagnosis remains elusive after
extensive initial evaluation.
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AASLD Recommendation for
Transplantation
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only
definitive therapy for patients
who are unable to achieve regeneration of
sufficient hepatocyte mass to sustain life.
The advent of transplantation has coincided with
improvement in overall survival rates from as
low as 15% in the pre-transplant era to 60%
presently.
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AASLD Recommendation for
Transplantation
Spontaneous survival rates are now
around 40%, compared to 15% in the pre-
transplant era.
Post-transplant survival rates for ALF
have been reported to be as high as 80%
to 90%.
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AASLD Recommendation for
Transplantation
Urgent hepatic transplantation is indicated
in acute liver failure where prognostic
indicators suggest a high likelihood of
death.
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Emerging treatments
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Non-biological hepatic assist devices:
These devices are based on
◦ plasma exchange,
◦ haemodialysis,
◦ haemofiltration,
◦ charcoal haemoperfusion,
◦ and resin haemoperfusion systems.
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Bioartificial hepatic assist devices
Bioartificial or cell-based hepatic assist devices
incorporate hepatocytes or other cell types to provide metabolic as well as detoxification function .
Preliminary studies of bioartificial hepatic assist devices have demonstrated safety; however, their utility or efficacy in the setting of ALF has yet to be determined
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Liver tissue engineering and hepatocyte
transplantation
Several small studies have demonstrated the
ability to transplant human hepatocytes in the
setting of ALF;
However, further research will be required to
achieve optimal viability, function, and
preservation of the transplanted hepatocytes.
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Prognosis
Potentially Helpful Indicators* of Poor (Transplantfree) Prognosis in Patients With ALF
Etiology Idiosyncratic drug injury Acute hepatitis B (and other non-hepatitis A viral infections) Autoimmune hepatitis Mushroom poisoning Wilson disease Budd-Chiari syndrome Indeterminate cause
Coma grade on admission III/IV
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Prognosis
Mortality due to
Ischemic brain damage
Herniation
Survivors may suffer from long-term
neurological deficits.
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Conclusion
ALF is a rapidly fatal disorder.
Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and
thorough evaluation.
Despite improvements in care, mortality is high
Early intervention is critical and
Involvement of an experienced multidisciplinary
team and
transfer to a specialty center will maximize
survival.
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Conclusion
Liver transplantation remains the treatment of
choice in those who are not recovering,
and its use has markedly improved overall
survival.
and many patients will ultimately die without
transplantation.
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Thank You
All
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