MAMMALS AND THEIR BEHAVIORS

Ch. 30-34

Chapter 30 Mammals

Section 1: Mammalian Characteristics

Section 2: Diversity of Mammals

Mammals

Hair and Mammary Glands: Two characteristics that distinguish members of class Mammalia from other vertebrate animals are hair and mammary glands.

Other Characteristics

Endothermy

Mammals

Source of body heat is internal.

Heat is produced by a high metabolic rate.

Body temperature is regulated by internal feedback mechanisms.

30.1 Mammalian CharacteristicsChapter 30

Digestive System

Feeding and Digestion

Daily intake of food is used to generate heat to maintain a constant body temperature.

MammalsChapter 30

Ingestion Mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

Involves chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces

The action of enzymes in breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules

The Digestive System

Digestive organs and their jobs!!Liver: filters out harmful substances or wastes,

turning some of the waste into more bile. The liver even helps figure out how many nutrients will go to the rest of the body

Gall bladder: serves as a warehouse for bile, storingit until the body needs it.

More organsStomach: a stretchy sack shaped like the letter J. 3

important jobs: to store the food you've eaten to break down the food into a liquid mixture to slowly empty that liquid mixture into the small

intestine

More organsSmall intestine: breaks down the food mixture even

more so your body can absorb all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats…22 feet long

Large intestine: it's almost the last stop on the digestive tract…5 feet

Spleen: creates lymphocytes for the destruction and recycling of old red-blood cells. Pancreas: makes juices that help the body digest fats and protein.

Respiratory System The respiratory system sustains cellular respiration by

supplying oxygen to body cells and removing carbon dioxide waste from cells.

Breathing is the mechanical movement of air into and out of your lungs.

External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.

Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.

Respiratory organs and their jobs!!Lungs: breathing…Inhale: oxygen enters the blood

in capillaries, traveling on red blood cells to the heart…which delivers O to tissues.

Exhale: your cells have used the oxygen they need, and your blood is carrying carbon dioxide outside.

Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems

Mammals require a consistent supply of nutrients and oxygen to maintain homeostasis.

Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate makes the delivery of nutrients and oxygen more efficient.

Circulatory System

34.1 Circulatory System

Functions of the Circulatory System

Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems

Transports oxygen and nutrients

Carries disease-fighting materials produced by the immune system

Contains cell fragments and proteins for blood clotting

Distributes heat throughout the body to help regulate body temperature

Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory SystemsChapter 34

Mammals have highly developed brains. 1. Cerebrum (Cerebral cortex) is responsible for coordinating

conscious activities, memory, and the ability to learn. 2. Cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordinating

movement. 3-4. Brain stem and spinal cord are the relay stations for

stimuli and impulses

Nervous System

Describe the following parts of the peripheral nervous system while stubbing your toe. (sensory or motor axon, sensory or motor dendrite, and cell body)

Think about sensory meaning sensing things, and motor moving things

Peripheral System…Draw and explain Motor

Sensory

Axon

Dendrite

Cell Body

The small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a synapse.

An action potential is carried across these gaps by neurotransmitters.

How does the impulse work? The Synapse33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

Homeostasis Homeostasis is the bodies ability to maintain an

internal balance and equilibrium.

Homeostatic Examples Body Temperature Breathing Pulse Rate

What are the three groups of mammals, give a unique characteristic and an example of each.

Mammals

Monotremes

Reproduce by laying eggs

Duck-billed platypus

EchidnaEchidna

30.2 Diversity of MammalsChapter 30

Marsupials

Very short period of development in the uterus

Mammals

Crawl into a pouch made of skin and hair and continue development while being nourished by milk from the mother’s mammary glands

Kangaroo

30.2 Diversity of MammalsChapter 30

Placental Mammals

Give birth to young that do not need further development within a pouch

Mammals

Represented by 18 orders

Shrew

Humpback whale

30.2 Diversity of MammalsChapter 30

Mammals

30.2 Diversity of MammalsChapter 30

Chapter 31 Animal Behavior

Section 1: Basic Behaviors

Section 2: Ecological Behaviors

Behavior

Behavior can occur in response to an internal or external stimulus.

31.1 Basic Behaviors

Animal BehaviorChapter 31

What influences behavior?

Behavior results from the interaction of genetically based behaviors and behaviors based on experience.

Innate vs Learned Behavior

What triggers a response to a stimulus?The answer usually is found by studying the internal

biology of an animal. What advantage does the behavior provide?The answers are tied to the evolution of behavior

through natural selection.

Innate Behavior

Behaviors are referred to as innate when the same behavior commonly is observed among a large number of individuals within a population, even if the environments are different.

Mealworm Behavior

Animal Behavior

31.1 Basic Behaviors

Mealworm Behavior

Chapter 31

Fixed Action Patterns

A stimulus triggers an innate response that the animal does not control and is not directly influenced by environmental conditions or past experiences.

Learned BehaviorLearned behaviors

result from an interaction between innate behaviors and past experiences within a particular environment.

Animal Behavior

31.1 Basic BehaviorsChapter 31

Classical conditioning occurs when an association is made between two different kinds of stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

In operant conditioning, an animal learns to associate its response to a stimulus with a reward or a punishment.

Animal Behavior

For example, when a bird eats a butterfly that tastes bad, it associates the color of the butterfly with the taste and avoids all butterflies of that color.

31.1 Basic Behaviors

Visualizing Types of Behavior

Chapter 31

Imprinting Some animals form a social attachment to the first object

they see after birth. Other animals imprint on the chemical composition of the

water in which they are hatched.

Cognitive Behavior

Thinking, reasoning, and processing information to understand complex concepts and solve problems are cognitive behaviors.

Animal Behavior

Humans exhibit cognitive behaviors when they solve problems, make decisions, and plan for the future.

31.1 Basic BehaviorsChapter 31

Competitive Behaviors

Competition for food, space, mates, and other resources occurs between individuals within a population.

Animal Behavior

Competitive behaviors allow individuals to establish dominance or control of an area or resource.

31.2 Ecological BehaviorsChapter 31

Migratory Behaviors

Animals that engage in migratory behaviors increase their chances of survival by searching out new food sources.

Animal Behavior

31.2 Ecological BehaviorsChapter 31

Biological Rhythms

Many animals have an internal clock that maintains the daily rhythm of the sleep/wake cycle.

A circadian rhythm is a cycle, such as sleepingand waking, that occur daily.