THE ENERGY ARCHIPELAGOconverting the Maldives to a global alternative energy hub

The ProblemThe SolutionDesign//macroDesign//micro

INDEX

THE PROBLEMunderstanding the input, framing the research

The Maldives is a country at risk. As sea levels continue to rise while governments abroad continue to deny the immediacy of issues concerning our environment, the Maldives is a nation whose demise will be decided by the actions of others. Despite a �ckle commitment to progressive energy and without a global interest, the country remains helpless, holding on to little relevance through �shing exports and a thriving tourism indus-try. Under a veil of romantic beaches and pretty �sh, there remains a looming thought of future demise and the inherent displacement of the Maldivian people. Similarly, a splintered government lends little help to a situation in need of compliance. It is these conditions and the realities of political-economic interests abroad that should force the Maldives to do more than take a vow of carbon neutrality; the country must take action.

CLIMATE CHANGE

MELTINGICE

SEALEVELS

ECONOMICPROSPERITY

LANDAREA

PRODEMOCRACY

AUTHOR-ITARIAN

MIGRATION REGUGEES

+ +

-

-

+

+

+ ++

CLIMATE CHANGE

MELTING ICE

SEA LEVELS

ECONOMIC PROSPERITY

LAND AREA

PRO DEMOCRACY

AUTHORITARIAN

MIGRATION

REGUGEES

+

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

+

The results of global climate change are due to the depletion of the Earth’s ozone. Climate change manifests itself in carbon dioxide concentration, global surface temperature, sea levels, ocean acidity, arctic ice, rain patterns, and snow patterns. The changing of climate has an immense a�ect on the environment and, in turn, both plants and animals.

Due to the pollution of fossil fuels, less heat escapes from the atmosphere, causing the surface temperature of the Earth to rise. This causes land and sea ice (which is responsible for keeping temperatures down around the globe) to melt which has a direct a�ect on water levels as well as surface temperature.

Sea levels continue to rise due to the melting of the polar ice caps. Rising water levels threaten many geographies globally and begin to a�ect the ecosystems of �ora and fauna. Ocean water also continues to get warmer. Certain organisms, such as algae and coral, have speci�c needs concerning water temperature while storm surges often become more frequent and stronger with higher water temperatures.

The Maldives is highly dependent on tourism and �shing. Tourism, being an extrememly volative industry, is susceptible to market change as it is, for most people, a luxury. Fishing, while historically secure, is threatened by warming waters and changing ecosystems due to climate change. Neither market is necesarily progressive and their economic viability remains threatened.

The Maldives is composed of nearly 1,200 islands with the country’s highest point resting only three meters above sea level. With rising tides, many of these islands will be completely submerged, leaving very little buildable land.

Currently operating under a tarnished Democractic government, the Maldivian people continue to rally protests encouraging full democractic reform. The mounting frustration with the authoritarian governing and lack of organization within the government (which has left the Maldives with very few options to deal with the rising sea levels) has created a seemingly splintered mis-represented consistuency.

Under the pressure of the Maldivian people as well as the looming issues regarding the environment and a fragile economy, the government feels the need to increase authoritarian rule - suggesting the apparentness of the issues leaves no opportunity for a truly democratic response.

With the loss of land area, naturally, the people of the Maldives will need to move. As a backup plan, assuming an inability to house the thousands of displaced residents, the government has begun plans to acquire land in both Australia and India.

While the government has made plans to move, without proper preparation and an acceptance of the governmental plan by its people, there becomes issues of refugees emigrating out of the country. Besides their moving to a new area, these people will have very little to rebuild their lives with.

BaarahDhiddhoo FilladhooHoarafushiIhavandhooKelaaMaarandhooMulhadhooMuraidhooThakandhooThuraakunuUligamuUtheemuVashafaruFineyHanimaadhooHirimaradhooKulhudhu�ushi KumundhooKunburudhooMakunudhooNaivaadhooNellaidhooNeykurendhooNolhivaramNolhivaranfaru

MeedhooRasgetheemuRasmaadhooUngoofaaru VaadhooDharavandhooDhonfanuEydhafushi FehendhooFulhadhooGoidhooHithaadhooKamadhooKendhooKihaadhooKudarikiluMaalhosThulhaadhooHinnavaruKurendhooNaifaru OlhuvelifushiDhi�ushiGaafaruGulhiGuraidhoo

VeyvahBileddhooDharanboodhooFeealiFilitheyoMagoodhooNilandhoo BandidhooGemendhooHulhudheliKudahuvadhoo MaaenboodhooMeedhooRinbudhooBuruneeVilufushiMadifushiDhiyamingiliGuraidhooGaadhi�ushiThimarafushiVeymandoo OmadhooHirilandhooKandoodhooVandhoo

FainuHulhudhu�aaruInguraidhooInnamaadhooBoli MulahDhiggaruKolhufushiMadifushiKinolhasMaakurathuMaduvvareeMuli NaalaafushiBile�ahiFonadhooGaadhooHuraaThinadhooHuraaKinbidhooDhanbidhooRakeedhooHimmafushiVaikaradhooAngolhitheemuDhuvaafaru

FeydhooFoakaidhooFunadhoo GoidhooKanditheemuKomandooLhaimaguMaaungoodhooMaroshiMilandhooNarudhooNoomaraaFoddhooHenbandhooHolhudhooKendhikolhudhooKudafareeLandhooLhohiMaafaruMaalhendhooMagoodhooManadhoo MiladhooVelidhooAlifushi

KaashidhooMalé Maafushi ThulusdhooBodufulhadhooFeridhooHimandhooMaalhosMathiveriRasdhoo ThoddooUkulhasFesdhooDhangethi DhiddhooDhigurahFenfushiHaggnaameedhooKunburudhooMaamingiliMahibadhoo MandhooOmadhooFelidhoo FulidhooKeyodhoo

Gan Hithadhoo IsdhooKunahandhooMaabaidhooMaamendhooMaavahMundooDhaandhooDhevvadhooGemanafushiKanduhulhudhooKolamaafushiKondeyMaamendhooNilandhooVilingili Fares-MaathodaaFiyoareeGaddhooHoandeddhooMadaveliNadellaaRathafandhooThinadhoo VaadhooFuvahmulah

1 : 25 958

1 km

MALEMALDIVES

POP AREA DENSE

92,5550.75

47,416

1 : 180 442

5 km

MANHATTANNEW YORK

POP AREA DENSE

1,634,79522.9

27,484

1 : 50 100

2 km

TSING YIHONG KONG

POP AREA DENSE

200,4004.1

18,746

AMAGERDENMARK

POP AREA DENSE

160,03037.1

1,662

1 : 138 699

5 km

DENSE

POP

AREA

9.2 1634 200 160

.75 22.9 4.1 37.1

47.1 27.4 18.7 1.6

THE SOLUTION�nding opportunity through research and design

“Renewable energy in the Maldives could be at grid parity already for moderate levels of penetration, and could, with care, be at grid parity for near full penetration within �ve years if the investment conditions were as straightforward and risk free as investment in, say, Europe. Therefore, the overarching objective of the SREP funding is to make investing in the Maldives as technically and commercially straightforward and risk free as possible. This is the key deliverable that will enable long--‐term a�ordable access to renewable elec-tricity for all. it will transform the economics of renewable energy and move it from niche to mainstream. The speci�c objectives of the SREP Investment Plan are to overcome �ve barriers to decarbonising the electricity sector; the challenge of raising capital in the Maldives; the lack of human resources and technical capability; the high transaction costs and small scale of projects; the lack of preparedness of island power stations in the Maldives to accept high levels of renewable energy; and the challenge of internal logistics.”

SREP Investment PlanRepublic of the Maldives

Alternative energy represents a potential opportunity for the Maldives that would bene�t the country both economically and ethically. The �nancial viability of progressive energy has yet to be realized and while the technology is still in its infancy, it promises to pay dividends as fossil fuels continue to be depleted. Mainstream awareness and heightened government pressures will continue to grow as the global economy begins to shift away from petroleum. With its advantageous geography, the Maldives can become a worldwide hub, a genera-tor of energy research and production. The country will grow to be a proving ground of o�shore tidal turbines and �oating solar panel arrays, exemplifying the untapped potential of alternative energy technologies. A unique system of soft infrastructure and organized complexity, the archipelago will no longer be a collective of independent resorts but rather a collective of independent multinational entities. With a complete overhaul of its industry and infrastructure along with a drastic repurposing of the local population, the country will devel-op a stable and prosperous economy. The Maldives will come together not only toward the advancement of technology but toward the advancement of humanity.

THESIS PROPOSAL

20082003199919951991198719831979

GLOBAL ENERGY1975-2051 (CALCULATED PROJECTION)

By observing trends in energy production over the past three decades along with the rise of alterantive energy research, production, and implementation, a projection can be made of the future of global energy. With the inherent end to the fossil fuel age, a shift occurs during the second decade of the 21st century pitting alternative energy as the primary producer globally. Alternative energy begins to diversify as it grows - not merely consisting of wind farms and solar arrays but also including geothermal, tidal and wave, and biomass energy production. The rise of renewable energy and fall of petroleum marks a shift in infrastructure as well. Old networks of oil pipelines and plants are replaced cable grids and energy converters.

20472042203820342030202520212017

PHOTOVOLTAIC(UTILITY SCALE)

GEOTHERMAL(HYDROTHERMAL)

PHOTOVOLTAIC(RESIDENTIAL)

SOLAR THERMAL(POWER TOWER)

WIND TURBINE(HORIZONTAL AXIS)

BIOMASS (GASIFICATION BASED)

1997 2000 2005 2010 2020

CAPITAL COST FORECAST(RENEWEABLW TECHNOLOGIES)

1 9 9 72 0 0 0

2 0 0 52 0 1 0

2 0 2 02 0 3 0

1 9 8 01 9 8 5

1 9 9 01 9 9 5

2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5

2 0 1 02 0 1 5

COAL PRODUCTION (MILLION BARRELS/DAY)

COAL COST(PRICE INDEX - U.S. DOLLARS PER METRIC TON)

61

66 6670

46

24

56

51

63

31

60

115

143

205

ENERGYCURRENTLY

DEMANDNEEDS OF THE COUNTRY

SUPPLYPRODUCTION

TYPEENERGY

DIESEL

PRETROL, JETA1

KEROSENE, BIOMASS, LPG

RESORTS

STELCO

IDC

AIRPORTS

RESORTS

GREATER MALE

OUTER ISLANDS

INDUSTRIAL

ENERGY2050 PROJECTION

DEMANDNEEDS OF THE COUNTRY

SUPPLYPRODUCTION

TYPEENERGY

SOLAR

WIND

BIOMASS

RESORTS

STELCO

IDC

AIRPORTS

RESORTS

GREATER MALE

OUTER ISLANDS

INDUSTRIAL HYDRO

DISEL

OCEAN THERMAL

PRODUCTIONTOURISM

COMMUNICATIONS

GOVERNMENT

FISHING

MANUFACTUING

ENERGY

WHOLESALE

OTHER

SERVICES

INDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE

CURRENTLY

PRODUCTIONTOURISM

COMMUNICATIONS

GOVERNMENT

FISHING

MANUFACTUING

ENERGY

WHOLESALE

OTHER

SERVICES

INDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE

2050 PROJECTION

71Mw

WINDGGC : 2,200,000 Mw(Global Generating Capacity)

EQR : 3(Energy Quality Rating)

Land WindHighest energy yieldReliableGrid integration

Deep O�shore WindLightweightDurableCompactProtected (from corrosion)

“Community” WindMulti-megwatt wind farms owned by cooperatives and municipalities Tens of megawatt wind farms as an independent power producer

Third party or investor owned utility wind projects are more readily �nanceable and can produce larger amounts of energy at more e�cient rates. A local governing body has to support the implementation of large scale community wind projects while local community members are often o�ered an opportunity to take ownership and lend input to the decision making process. Community win projects serve to reduce retail power costs by o�ering an alternative energy source, bene�ting the local grid by feeding into publicly owned utility, or resolving remote power issues.

25Mw

BIOMASSGGC : 280,000 Mw EQR : 2

Virgin Wood: from forestry, arboricultural activities or from wood processing Energy Crops: high yield crops grown speci�cally for energy applications Agricultural Residues: residues from agriculture harvesting or processing Food Waste: from food and drink manufacture, preparation and processing, and post-consumer waste Industrial Waste and Co-products: from manufacturing and industrial processes

Thermal ConversionUse heat to convert biomass into another chemical form through processes including combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasi�cation.

Chemical ConversionBiomass gasi�cation through pressure causes an incom-plete combustion of the biomass to produce combustible gases. This process can provide fuel for internal combustible engines or substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications.

Biochemical ConversionThe enzymes of bacteria and other microorganisms break down molecules in plant matter which, through anaerobic digestion, fermentation, or composting, can produce clean fuels such as hydrogen.

46Mw

LAND SOLARGGC : 5,000,000 Mw(based on current generation, functioning at 0.15 percent of potential)

EQR : 1

PhotovoltaicA solar cell is a device that, because of its material, emits electrons (photoelectrons) upon absorbing energy from light which get converted into direct current electricity. Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules which are wired to form arrays which is tied to an inverter and sometimes connected to a power grid.

Concentrated Solar PowerConcentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small, concentrated beam. In most CSP systems, a working �uid is heated by the concentrated sunlight which is then used for power generation and energy storage.

20Mw

OCEAN SOLARGGC : 500,000 Mw EQR : 4

Floating solar panel arrays have the potential to generate even more energy than on-land arrays. Energy research shows that �oating arrays generate up to 16% more energy because they stay cooler. While there is a great opportunity for small scale, backyard �oating arrays in certain regions, there is a limited potential of large scale, o�shore �oating arrays. As research and implementation is somewhat delayed (compared to its on-land counterpart), researchers are unsure of �oating arrays and their ability to withstand currents, salinity, waves, etc. Concerns regarding e�ciency versus cost also leave researchers skeptical. However, assuming suitable conditions and adaquate technology to maintain e�ciency, ocean solar arrays have a large generating potential and remain a valuable option for localized energy production (much like solar panels on a house).

22Mw

OCEAN THERMALGGC : 1,000,000 Mw EQR : 5

Ocean thermal energy conversion, uses ocean temperature di�erences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy. A temperature di�erence of only 20°C (36°F) can yield usable energy in most situations.

Open Cycle SystemThe warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber, converting it to steam, which then runs a turbine which generates energy. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths so the cycle can begin again.

Closed Cycle SystemA working �uid, such as ammonia, is pumped through a heat exchanger and turned into vapor. This steam vapor then runs a turbine which generates electricity. The cold water found deep below the surface naturally condenses the vapor back to a �uid where it returns to the heat exchanger and the cycle begins over.

35Mw

OCEAN TIDALGGC : 90,000 Mw EQR : 5

Tidal Stream GeneratorTidal stream generators use the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, very similar to wind turbines. Some tidal generators can be installed on infrastructure such as bridges or breakwaters.

Tidal BarrageGenerates energy from the potential energy in the di�erent in wave heights between high and low tides. Through the placement of specialied dams, the rising in tides channel into a large basin which is drawn out, powering turbines that drive electric generators.

Dynamic Tidal PowerUses the potential and kinetic energy of tidal �ows. Long dams being built from the coastline straight out into the open ocean (much like a pier) generate energy from the water level di�erential in shallow coastal seas. Limited to a speci�c coastal condition, the system best works in areas of strong coastal-parallel oscillating tidal currents.

24Mw

OCEAN WAVEGGC : 2,000,000 Mw EQR : 7

AttenuatorsCapture wave energy as they are placed in the path of the wave. Situated parallel to the waves and energy is captured over the surface area.

Point AbsorbersCapture wave energy as they are placed in the path of the wave. Are moored to the sea bed or �oat near the surface, collecting wave energy from all directions.

Overtopping Terminators“These terminators include a stationary component and a component that moves in response to the wave. The "stationary" part could be �xed to the sea �oor or shore. It must remain still, in contrast to the movable part. The moving part works kind of like a piston in car -- moving up and down. This motion pressurizes air or oil to drive a turbine.”

Oscillating Wave Column (OWC) TerminatorsCapture water from an opening in to a partially submerged platform and let that water rise in an air column. The air is compressed, which drives a turbine to generate electricity.

71 25 46 20 22 35 24

DESIGN // macrodesign research - converting the archipelago

TOPOGRAPHY CURRENT WIND

URBAN CENTERS ACTIVITY RESORTSby population

By converting the Maldives to a global hub for alternative energy it becomes not only the testing grounds for the future of global energy production, but it secures a economically viable market that will continue to grow over time, a market far more sustainable than tourism or �shing. With the implimentation of alternative energy technologies, the Maldives is making an environmental statement (as it remains a country most a�ected by global climate change) as well. Large scale conversion to alternative energy sources will provide the country a new, primary export and pit India as its primary consumer as it continues to grow and develop - becoming more in need of energy. With funding from multi-national entities, the development of infrastructure, and the re-purposing of the workforce, the Maldives might �nd itself at the forefront of a progressive �eld.

ENERGY FUEL CELL

12M

WFE

EDIN

G: 3

4MW

FEED

ING

: 5

4MW

FEED

ING

: 3

8MW

FEED

ING

: 5

10M

WFE

EDIN

G: 7

13M

WFE

EDIN

G: 3

6MW

FEED

ING

: 7

1MW

FEED

ING

: 3

9MW

FEED

ING

: CIT

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1MW

FEED

ING

: 2

2MW

FEED

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: 4

1MW

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: 2

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: 2

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: 4

3MW

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: CIT

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7MW

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: 3

1MW

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: 1

1MW

FEED

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: CIT

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3MW

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: 1

4MW

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: 2

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: 1

6MW

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: 3

4MW

FEED

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: 1

11M

WFE

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G: 4

12M

WFE

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G: 2

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: CIT

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6MW

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12M

WFE

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G: 2

1MW

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4MW

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: 2

A

10M

WFE

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G: 3

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: 3

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: 3

10M

WFE

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G: 3

12M

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G: 4

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: 3

SETT

LEM

ENT

SOLA

R

SOLA

R

(LA

ND

)

(OCE

AN

)

OCE

AN

(T

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MA

L)

OCE

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(T

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OCE

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(W

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BIO

MA

SS

WIN

D

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S O

F M

ALD

IVES

24 MW71 MW 25 MW 46 MW 20 MW 22 MW 35 MW

Circulation(existing)

Green Space(existing)

Circulation(Masdar overlay)

Green Space(Masdar overlay)

Urban Density(Masdar overlay)

100

1 1

1

5

5 3

POPULATION ADDITIONAdding additional space o� the main island to reduce density and accomodate future populations

MULTINATIONAL DIVISIONDesignating new land to multinational energy investors and research entities - providing a means to support long term economic growth.

POWER STATION ACCESS PORT PROTECTIVE BUFFER

ENERGY ZONE HOUSING ZONE ECLOGICAL ZONE

1

2

3

A

B C

E

D

WINDHOUSING TOWER

TIDALINVERSE TOWER

SOLARMAT HOUSING

WAVEJOINT HOUSING

A wind tower housing typology is formed based on wind direction and velocity. The tower is tall enough to capture wind but maintains a connection to the existing city of Malé by maintaining a reasonable footprint within the city grid - twisting to capture wind. By placing these pockets of wind towers in areas with the most prevalent wind, the housing typology might not only produce enough energy to supply its residents, but also enough to being to feed into the city grid.

This housing type acts much like the wind towers, but �ipped. The tower, �xed with tidal turbines at a subgrade level, is maintained mostly underwater, capturing energy from tidal currents. With most of its structure existing below the surface the of the water, its unique structural qualities allow it maintain dwellings underwater.

The largest scale of the new housing types, the mat solar housing is a low rise, high surface area solution to capturing the sun’s energy. Equipped with large spanning solar skin roofs, cutouts create courtyards to allow for natural light within the mat for residents. Circulation happens within the dense network of housin blocks beneath the solar roof as well as around its edges.

The o�set joint housing acts much like kinetic wave energy technology, using the displacement of wave heights to capture energy. Perhaps the most unique new type of housing, each building and its units can move freely, connected by joints that drive pistons which drive a generator as each unit o�sets and shifts. Unlike the wave technology deployed in open water, this housing type accomodates residents by only shifting slightly with the passing waves - making the space liveable.

B

DESIGN // microdesign research - energy producing housing

What is an architecture that is purely about producing energy? What is capturing the sun or wind become more important that the inhabitants inside? How can energy begin to shape form, structure, and facade?

With four di�erent housing typologies, all uniquely distinct, the wind housing tower was chosen to further develop as wind energy represents the largest potential producer in the Maldives. The tower typology also lends itself well to the urban density issues existing within Malé which currently exists as a collection of micro-towers. By developing an energy producing tower solution, an o�shore infrastructure began to develop alongside the architecture - leading to a pontoon boardwalk type landscape. The ecological zone as both a bu�er, but also a green space also became integral in developing the housing tower.

DESIGN CONCEPTS

40’ X 40’6 FLOORS(average existing)

48’ X 82’13 FLOORS(proposed)

95’95’

CONNECT TO CITY GRID PROMOTE CIRCULATION CAPTURE WIND CAPTURE SUN

FACADE DIFFERENTIATIONDue to the location of Malé on the equator, there is a large opportunity to have sun exposure on each facade. Each side of the facade should capture the sun di�erently. Shading for the interior should be considered as well.

C

ELEV. SE-001 ELEV. NE-002

ELEV. NW-003 ELEV. SW-004

5060

7080

TYPE

ELEC

TRIC

ITY

NATU

RAL

GAS

RENE

WABL

ES

USE

SPAC

E HE

ATIN

GSP

ACE

COOL

ING

WATE

R HE

ATIN

GEL

ECTR

ONIC

SLI

GHTI

NGVE

NTIL

ATIO

NRE

FRIG

ERAT

ION

OTHE

R

33%

17%

50% 70 150 20

30

60 80 15 10

143 73 219 70 75 50 30 60 20 0 0

-50

-50

+100 +1 +1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0

WIND

SOLA

RTI

DAL

69 112 38

DT.R-324

DT.R-28

DT.R-116

DT.R-36

DT.R-250

A

B

C

40

ELEV

. NW

-003

ELEV

. SW

-004

ELEV

. SE

-001

ELEV

. NE

-002

EL.+137’0”

EL.+105’6”

DT.T-107 DT

.F-28

DT.F-179

DT.B-43

DT.F-201

DT.F-165

DT.F-171

DT.R-89

DT.S-120

DT.S-39

DT.P-100

DT.C-004

DT.F-319

D

E

F

EL.+21’0”

EL.+105’6”

EL.-63’0”

D

DT.F-165

DT.R-89

DT.R-28

DT.P-100

DT.C-004

CDT.F-28

DT.F-171

DT.F-319

DT.F-179

DT.B-43

DT.F-201

DT.F-171 D

DT.R-324

DT.R-116

DT.R-36

DT.R-250

A

B

WINDSOLARTIDAL

6911238

B

DT.F-28

DT.F-171

DT.C-004

WATER WIND SUN

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INFORMATION & INSPIRATION

Catalogue: Foster and Partners. Munich: Prestel, 2005. Print.

Bullivant, Lucy. Masterplanning Futures. London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Al-Kodmany, Kheir, and Mir M. Ali. The Future of the City: Tall Buildings and Urban Design. Southampton: WIT, 2013. Print.

Mayne, Thom, and Val K. Warke. Morphosis. London: Phaidon, 2003. Print.

"EVolo | Architecture Magazine." EVolo Architecture Magazine RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.

"ArchDaily | Broadcasting Architecture Worldwide." ArchDaily. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.

Denari, Neil M. [CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. New York: Architectural, 1999. Print.

IMAGES

http://www.openhydro.com/images/platform.jpg

http://www.pelamiswave.com/upload/image/winter_testing_two_pelamis_machines_1.jpg

http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/napa3.jpg

http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/september/images/andywind_news.jpg

http://iliketowastemytime.com/sites/default/�les/Male-Capital-Maldives.jpg