malaysian adult nutrition survey (mans)2014

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“Key Findings of Recent Food Consumption

and Nutrition Surveys in ASEAN” -

Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey

(MANS)2014

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Presenter :

Mohamad Hasnan Bin Ahmad

Nutritionist

Institute For Public Health

Ministry of Health

50590 Jalan Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur

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• An understanding of common types of food consumed is

crucial to identify the population’s food choices

• Food consumption data provide an estimation on the

quantity of each prepared food consumed by individuals

• The food consumption data vary considerably from country

to country and even within a country due to variations in

sociodemographic and socioeconomic status such as

ethnicity, geographical areas, age, sex and income (Malik et

al., 2013)

Introduction

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• The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends

that each countries should estimate their own food

consumption pattern data.

• This is because the data can be used for a variety of

purposes such as examining the dietary pattern,

evaluating the frequency of food intake, assessing

adequacy of nutrient intake, as well as establishing

policies and recommendation.

• In Malaysia, nationwide food consumption data have

been collected in Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey

(MANS) in 2003 and 2014.

Introduction

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General objectives To evaluate the food consumption intake of the Malaysian

adult population

Specific objectives 1.To determine the top ten foods frequently or regularly

consumed by Malaysian adult population

2.To determine the changes in top ten foods frequently or

regularly consumed with the previous study (MANS 2003)

3.To determine daily intake of energy, macro- and micro-

nutrients

4.To determine the changes in daily intake of energy,

macro- and micronutrients with the previous study (MANS

2003)

Objectives

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• MANS was a nationwide cross-sectional study conducted in

March until June 2014.

• Multistage stratified sampling design was used to select a

representative sample of Malaysian adult population, aged 18 to

59 years old.

• Data on food consumption were derived from :

1. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) which contains 165

common consumed foods/ beverages

2. One day 24-hour diet recall.

• NutriPro and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)

softwares were used for nutrient and statistical analyses.

Methodology

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Key Findings MANS 2014

Figure 1. Prevalence of the top ten foods consumed among Malaysian adult population

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Key Findings

Table 1. Comparison of prevalence and mean intake of the top ten foods consumed

among Malaysian adult between MANS 2003 and MANS 2014

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

Food Items Prevalence

(%)

Mean intake

(g/day) Food Items

Prevalence

(%)

Mean intake

(g/day)

Cooked rice 97.5 289.7 Cooked rice 98.4 279.6

Green leafy vege. 95.7 50.7 Hen egg 95.2 31.0

Marine fish 94.7 60.7 Green leafy vege. 94.8 69.7

Hen egg 93.4 25.2 Chicken 94.5 35.0

Chicken 92.8 31.7 Marine fish 93.5 50.1

Local kuih 92.5 21.6 Local kuih 79.9 28.2

Noodles 92.1 66.3 Bread 78.3 36.6

Mee-hoon/ kuew-

tiaw 90.6 66.6

Mee-hoon/ kuew-

tiaw 77.5 84.3

Bean vege. 89.7 16.4 Noodles 76.8 84.0

Cabbage 88.5 18.2 Soy sauce 76.6 7.7

Coo

Mee

tia

Loc

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Figure 2. Prevalence of the top ten foods consumed daily among Malaysian adult

population


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Urban Rural


(%)

Mean intake

(g/day) Food Items

Prevalence

(%)

Mean intake

(g/day)

White rice 86.9 206.4 White rice 96.3 280.4

Sugar 50.5 9.3 Sugar 68.1 14.3

Leafy green vege. 44.6 50.0 Marine fish 42.6 190.4

Marine fish 23.6 126.8 Leafy green vege. 39.9 48.1

Chilies 23.5 8.9 Condensed milk 27.4 39.2

Condensed milk 21.8 32.5 Chilies 25.8 9.3

Soy sauce 20.6 5.5 Soy sauce 20.6 6.4

Chicken 14.3 66.2 Local kuih 17.5 46.5

Hen egg 14.1 29.4 Condiment 16.8 5.7

Condiment 13.7 4.2 Anchovy 16.3 4.7

Table 2. Comparison of prevalence and mean intake of the top ten foods consumed daily

in the urban and rural area in MANS 2014


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Men Women


(%)

Mean intake

(g/day) Food Items

Prevalence

(%)

Mean intake

(g/day)


Sugar 58.2 12.4 Sugar 53.3 9.1

Leafy green vege. 39.8 48.8 Leafy green vege. 46.8 50.3

Marine fish 28.3 148.6 Marine fish 30.5 143.8

Condensed milk 26.2 42.2 Chilli 25.4 9.5

Chilli 23.1 8.6 Condensed milk 20.6 26.2

Soy sauce 21.0 5.9 Soy sauce 19.5 5.6

Hen egg 18.1 35.7 Cream cracker 16.8 9.1

Chicken 15.1 72.0 Condiment 14.4 4.6

Condiment 14.8 4.7 Full cream milk 14.3 4.3

Table 3. Comparison of prevalence and mean intake of the top ten foods consumed daily

by men and women in MANS 2014


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Key Findings

MANS 2003 MANS 2014


(%)

Mean intake

(g/day) Food Items

Prevalence

(%)

Mean intake

(g/day)


Sugar 60.4 60.7 Sugar 55.9 25.5

Marine fish 40.9 11.6 Leafy green vege. 43.2 118.6

Leafy green vege. 40.0 50.6 Marine fish 29.4 102.6

Condensed milk 35.3 29.6 Chilies 24.2 25.8

Bread 17.1 36.1 Condensed milk 23.5 50.7

Full cream milk 17.1 18.5 Soy sauce 20.3 18.0

Biscuits 16.3 21.63 Condiment 14.6 19.4

Hen Egg 12.6 4.9 Hen egg 14.2 85.2

Anchovy 11.9 4.9 Cream crackers 12.9 43.4

Table 4. Comparison of prevalence and mean intake of the top ten food consumed daily

among Malaysian adult between MANS 2003 and MANS 2014

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Table 6. Prevalence and mean intake of top ten beverages consumed daily among

Malaysian adult population

No. Beverages Prevalence ml/day

1 Plain water 90.3 1688

2 Tea 36.6 359

3 Coffee 26.4 356

4 Malted drink (milo, horlick, etc) 14.6 284

5 Pre-mixed drink (3 in 1) 9.0 314

6 Fruit juice 3.5 273

7 Soy milk 2.6 272

8 Cordial syrup 2.4 321

9 Ready to drink beverage (air kotak, air tin etc) 2.1 287

10 Pre-mixed herbal drink (3 in 1 with herbal) 1.5 281


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Findings

MANS 2003

89.7% Malaysian adult

consumed plain water

daily with mean intake

1519ml/day

MANS 2014

90.3% Malaysian adult

consumed plain water

daily with mean intake

1688ml/day

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Key Findings

Figure 4. Median energy intake per day of Malaysian adult by strata

1540 1512

1575

1466 1510

1428

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Malaysia Urban Rural

En

erg

y (

kca

l/d

ay

)

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

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Key Findings

Figure 5. Median energy intake per day of Malaysian adult by gender

1540

1722

1400 1466 1489

1445

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Malaysia Men Women

En

erg

y (

kca

l/d

ay

)

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

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Key Findings

58.53

54.12

14.31 15.2

26.78 28.93

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

Pe

rce

nta

ge

(%

) co

ntr

ibu

tio

n t

o e

ne

rgy

Carbohydrate Protein Fat

Figure 6. Percentage (%) contribution macronutrient to daily energy

intake.

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Key Findings

Figure 7. Percentage achievement of selected nutrient to Malaysia Recommended

Nutrient Intake

70

95

43 40

55

68 64

98

44

78

56

89

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Energy Protein Calcium Iron Vit C Vit A

% R

NI

Nutrient

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

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Key Findings

2293 2321 2283

1935 2026

1822

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Sex Combined Urban Rural

So

diu

m in

take

(m

g/d

ay

)

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

Figure 8. Sodium intake per day among Malaysia adult by strata

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Key Findings

2293

2584

2072 1935 1970

1914

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Sex Combined Men Women

So

diu

m i

nta

ke

(m

g/d

ay

)

MANS 2003 MANS 2014

Figure 9. Sodium intake per day among Malaysia adult by gender

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• Several food items were consumed daily and weekly by

Malaysian adult population, which consists of diversity of

types of food consumed

• There was almost similar food patterns reported in current

MANS 2014 with previous MANS 2003’s food consumption

pattern, but an increase consumption of “processed foods”

such as soy sauce & condiments was observed

• Higher consumption of “processed foods” added with salts

and unhealthy condiments increases the likelihood of

unhealthy eating pattern such as higher intake of food

consumed (Brondel et al., 2009)

Discussion

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§ Malaysians had an energy intake that met only 64% of RNI

which is 6% lower compared to MANS 2003.

§ The percentage contribution of macronutrients (protein,

carbohydrate and fat) are within the recommended ratios.

§ Intake of micronutrients in relation to RNI could be

described as low particularly for calcium and vitamin C

intake.

§ For sodium, the median intake was 1935mg/day which is on

par with cut-off 2000mg/day as recommended by the

World Health Organization (WHO).

Discussion

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• Majority of the Malaysian adults consumed white rice daily

with an average intake 2 ½ plates per day

• Compared with MANS 2003, consumption of “processed

foods” added with salt and condiments had increased and it

is appear among the top ten most consumed foods.

• Generally, most of nutrient intake by Malaysian adult show

the positive trend in term of achievement to RNI except for

energy.

Conclusion

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• An increasing trend of “processed foods” added with salts

and condiments among adults in Malaysia is of concern and

alternative healthier condiments and low salt processed

foods should be recommended

• Regular nutrition surveys should be carried out to provide

valuable information on trends in food and nutrient intake

among Malaysian population.

Recommendation

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1. Malik, V. S., Pan, A., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2013). Sugar-sweetened beverages and

weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American

journal of clinical nutrition, 98(4), 1084-1102.

2. Wessex Institute of Public Health Medicine, 1993. Software Package for Food Frequency

Questionnaire.

3. A Karim, N., Mohd Yusof, S., Hashim, J. K., Din, M., Haslinda, S., Harun, Z., ... & Sulong, F.

(2008). Food consumption patterns: findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey

(MANS). Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 14(1), 25-39.

4. Habitual Food Intake od Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years. Report Malaysian Adult Nutrition

Survey 2003. Ministry of Health Malaysia.

5. Tee, E. (2011). Development and promotion of Malaysian dietary guidelines.Asia Pacific

journal of clinical nutrition, 20(3), 455.

6. Brondel, L., Romer, M., Van Wymelbeke, V., Pineau, N., Jiang, T., Hanus, C., & Rigaud, D.

(2009). Variety enhances food intake in humans: role of sensory-specific

satiety. Physiology & Behavior, 97(1), 44-51.

References

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I would like to thank the Director General of Health of Malaysia

for permission to present this finding. Our special appreciation

goes to all the respondents their willingness to participate in

this study. Not forget many thanks to all data collectors and

team members for Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)

2014.

MANS

2014

General

Finding

Food Security

Meal Pattern

Food Intake by

Food GROUP

Habits to

Relation to Food

Consumption

Food Labelling

Nutrient

Intake

Nutritional

Status

Vitamin &

Mineral

Suplements

Food Habit

Acknowledgment

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For the details data and information in every scope, kindly refer

to the MANS 2014 report available in IKU website

(http://www.iku.gov.my/).

MANS

2014

General

Finding

Food Security

Meal Pattern

Food Intake by

Food GROUP

Habits to

Relation to Food

Consumption

Food Labelling

Nutrient

Intake

Nutritional

Status

Vitamin &

Mineral

Suplements

Food Habit

MANS 2014

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THANK YOU

MANS

2014

General

Finding

Food Security

Meal Pattern

Food Intake by

Food GROUP

Habits to

Relation to Food

Consumption

Food Labelling

Nutrient

Intake

Nutritional

Status

Vitamin &

Mineral

Suplements

Food Habit

malaysian adult nutrition survey (mans)2014

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