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Human Rights Course

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

1 Political rights 1-3 41-43 82-84 121-123 161-163

2 Civil rights 4-6 44-46 85-87 124-126 164-166

3 Education rights 7-9 47-49 88-90 127-129 167-169

4 Cultural rights 10-12 50-52 91-93 130-132 170-172

5 Work and Labour rights 13-15 53-55 94-96 133-135 173-175

6 HR Organizations and societies 16-18 56-58 97-99 136-138 176-178

7 Women's rights 19-21 59-61 100-102 139-141 179-181

8 Children's rights 22-24 62-64 103-105 142-144 182-184

9 Rights of the disabled people 25-27 65-67 106-108 145-147 185-187

10 Health rights 28-30 68-70 109-111 148-150 188-190

11 Right to food and water 31-33 71-73 112-114 151-153 191-194

12 Right to healthy environment 34-36 74-76 115-117 154-156 195-198

13 Patient rights 37-40 77-80 118-120 157-160 199-201, 81

14 Patient rights 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N 3 N


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Sources of InternationalHuman Rights

Ashraf Saad Galal, M.D

Professor of OphthalmologyChairman, Ethics Committee

Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria UniversityLicense of Law, Diploma in Public Law, Diploma in Private Law

Faculty of Law, Alexandria University


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World War II Crimes


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The United Nations 1945


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The United Nations Charter

* It is the treaty that forms and

establishes the United Nations.

* It was signed in San Francisco,

United States, on June 26, 1945.

* It entered into force on October 24, 1945, after being ratified by

the five permanent members of the Security Council

* It is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its articles.

* the Charter states that obligations to the United Nations prevail over

all other treaty obligations.


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The Preamble:

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in

the dignity and worth of the human person, in the

equal rights of men and women and of nations large

and small, and..


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Chapter 1, Article 1:

The Purposes of the United Nations are:1. To maintain international peace and security,

2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on

respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples,

3. To achieve international co-operation in solving

international problems of an economic, social, cultural, orhumanitarian character, and in promoting and encouragingrespect for human rights and for fundamental freedomsfor all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or

religion


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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights


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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

It was adopted by theGeneral Assembly in 1948.

Although it is a non-binding resolution:

* The declaration was the first international legal effortto limit the behaviour of states and press upon themduties to their citizens.

* It is now considered to be a central component ofinternational customary law which may be invoked underappropriate circumstances by national and other

judiciaries.


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Article 1All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowedwith reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit ofbrotherhood.Article 2Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, politicalor other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,

jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a personbelongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any otherlimitation of sovereignty.

Article 3Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall beprohibited in all their forms.Article 5No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment

or punishment.


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Article 6Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of

the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of thisDeclaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for actsviolating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent andimpartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge

against him.Article 11

Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until provedguilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for

his defence.

No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which didnot constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was

committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the

time the penal offence was committed.


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Article 12No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, homeor correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has theright to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the bordersof each State.Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to hiscountry.

Article 14Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum frompersecution.This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising fromnon-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the

United Nations.

Article 15Everyone has the right to a nationality.No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right tochange his nationality.


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Article 20

Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21

Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or

through freely chosen representatives.

Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.

The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this willshall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and

equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting

procedures.

Article 22Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to

realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in

accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic,

social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of

his personality.


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Article 23Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just andfavourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring forhimself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, ifnecessary, by other means of social protection.Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of hisinterests.

Article 24Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation ofworking hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-

being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical careand necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of

unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in

circumstances beyond his control.Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children,

whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.


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Article 26Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in theelementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and highereducation shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and tothe strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shallpromote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial orreligious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for themaintenance of peace.Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given totheir children.

Article 27Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community,to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests

resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is theauthor.

Article 28Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights andfreedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.


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Article 29Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full developmentof his personality is possible.In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such

limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due

recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the

just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic

society.

These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposesand principles of the United Nations.

Article 30Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group orperson any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the

destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.


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Five categories1. Protection on individual's physical integrity (against things such as execution,torture, and arbitrary arrest).2. Procedural fairness in law (rule of law, rights upon arrest, trial, basicconditions must be met when imprisoned, rights to a lawyer, impartial process intrial).3. Protection based on gender, religious, racial or other forms of discrimination.4. Individual freedom of belief, speech, association, freedom of press, right tohold assembly.5. Right to political participation (organise a political party, vote, voice contemptfor current political authority).Two optional protocols

1. Mechanism by which individuals can launch complaints against member states.2. Abolition of the death penalty.

It was created in 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976.

The Human Rights Committee is a body of 18 experts that monitors UN memberstates on their compliance with the covenant

International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights


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Parts:

1. Recognition of the right of all peoples to self-determination

2. The rights include :

a. Work, under "just and favourable conditions",

b. Social security, including social insurance

c. Family life, including paid parental leave and the protection of children

d. Health, "the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health"

e. Education, including free universal primary education, generally available

secondary education, and equally accessible higher education.f. Participation in cultural life.

It was created in 1966, and entered into force from January 3, 1976

The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights monitors UN memberstates on their compliance with the covenant

International Covenants on Economic, Social andCultural Rights


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International Treaties1. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

(adopted 1966, entry into force: 1969)2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of DiscriminationAgainst Women (entry into force: 1981)3. United Nations Convention Against Torture (adopted 1984, entryinto force: 1984)

4. Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted 1989, entry intoforce: 1989)5. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of AllMigrant Workers and Members of their Families (adopted 1990)6. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Protocol

Relating to the Status of Refugees7. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide8. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities9. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from

Enforced Disappearance


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Regional TreatiesRegional: Africa

AfricaAfrican Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

America

1. American Convention on Human Rights

2. Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture3. Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons

4. Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and

Eradication of Violence against Women

5. Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities

Europe

1. European Convention on Human Rights

2. European Convention on Torture

3. European Social Charter


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American Convention on Human Rights ( Pact of San Jos)* It was adopted in 1969. It came into force on 18 July 1978.

*The bodies responsible for overseeing compliance with the

Convention are the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and

Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights)

*It was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe in 1950.

* The Convention established theE

uropean Court of HumanR

ights.

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

* It emerged under the aegis of the Organization of African Unity

(since replaced by the African Union)

* It came into effect on 21 October 1986

* It is monitored by the African Commission on Human and Peoples'

Rights, which was set up in 1987 (headquartered in Banjul, Gambia).


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Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam

* a declaration of the member states of the Organization of the

Islamic Conference, which provides an overview on the Islamicperspective on human rights, and affirms Islamic Shari'ah

* It was adopted on August 5, 1990


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