malaria metty

8/12/2019 Malaria Metty

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MalariaBy : Metty OktavianiNIM : PO.71.34.0.12.030


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Definition

Malaria is a mosquito -borne infectiousdisease of humans caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus lasmodium . It iswidespread in tropical and subtropicalregions, including much of SubsaharanAfrica , Asia and the Americas . The diseaseresults from the multiplication of malariaparasites within red blood cells , causingsymptoms that typically include fever andheadache , in severe cases progressing tocoma , and death.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protistshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito


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Etiology

Malaria is caused by obligateintracellular protozoan parasites of

the genus lasmodium . The four

species of human malarial parasitesare: Plasmodium vivax

P falciparum P malariae P ovale
http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Garcia/Plasmodium%20falciparum%20fig1.jpghttp://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Garcia/Plasmodium%20falciparum%20fig1.jpg


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Signs and symptoms


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Signs and symptoms: fever shivering

arthralgia (joint pain) vomiting , anemia (caused by hemolysis ) hemoglobinuria retinal damage convulsions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiveringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiveringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiveringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiveringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever


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Mode of transmission

Malaria is transmitted by the bite

of an infective female Anophelesmosquito. Rarely, transmission can becongenital via the placenta) or canoccur through transfusions or the useof contaminated needles.


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Period of communicability

Malaria is not directly communicablefrom person to person, except throughcongenital transmission; however, duringparasitemia, the disease may be

transmitted to other persons throughblood transfusion or through shared,contaminated needles. Infected humanhosts can be a source of infection for

Anopheles mosquitoes for prolongedperiods of time (1-3 or longer, dependingon the species of malaria) if notadequately treated.


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Susceptibility and resistance The role of red blood cell polymorphisms in resistance

susceptibility to malaria. In regions highly endemic for Plasmodium falciparum malaria,

red cell polymorphisms that confer resistance to severedisease are widespread. Sickle cell trait, alpha-thalassemia,

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and blood groups were determined in 100 children from Gabon withsevere malaria who were matched with 100 children with mildmalaria and followed up for evaluation The role of red bloodcell polymorphisms in resistance and susceptibility to ofreinfections. The sickle cell trait was significantly associatedwith mild malaria and blood group A with severe malaria.During follow-up, the original severe cases had significantlyhigher rates of reinfection than the original mild cases, withhigher parasitemia and lower hematocrit values. Incidencerates did not differ in the context of erythrocytepolymorphisms, but patients with sickle cell trait presentedwith markedly lower levels of parasitemia than those without.

Thus, the severity of malaria is partly determined by thepresence of blood group A and the sickle cell trait. Thedifferent presentation of reinfections in severe versus mildcases probably reflects different susceptibility to malaria.


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Methods of control removing or poisoning the breeding

grounds of the mosquitoes or theaquatic habitats of the larva stages,for example by filling or applying oil toplaces with standing water

Using of bednets spraying with DDT .


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Program for prevention

The Malaria Research Program of the ResearchInstitute for Tropical Medicine has providedresearch activities on disease epidemiology andimmunology, molecular biology of the parasite,

vector behavior, social health research on

treatment patterns and disease perceptions,clinical trials for anti-malarial drugs and malariadiagnostic kits, anti-malarial drug resistance andpharmacokinetic studies and community-basedstrategies to improve disease control.

The Global Malaria Programme GMP) isresponsible for malaria surveillance, monitoringand evaluation, policy and strategy formulation,

technical assistance, and coordination of WHO's global efforts to fight malaria.


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Diagnosis

Antigen tests Tests use finger-stick or venous blood,

the completed test takes a total of 15-20mins., and results are read visually as

the presence or absence of coloredstripes on the dipstick.

Molecular methodspolymerase chain reaction


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Prevention and control /treatment

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment Vector control insecticide-treated

mosquito net as main vector controlstrategy, complemented by indoor

residual spraying early management and diseasesurveillance

monitoring and evaluation drug andinsecticide resistance monitoring

Antimalarial drugs


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malaria metty

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