malaria - introduction.pptx

7/27/2019 Malaria - introduction.pptx

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MALARIA INTRODUCTION.


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AIDS

Avian Influenza

Ebola

Marburg

Cholera

Rift Valley Fever

Typhoid

Tuberculosis

Leptospirosis

Malaria

Chikungunya

Dengue

JE

Antimicrobial

resistance

UP

Guinea wormSmallpox

Yaws

Poliomyelitis

Measles

LeprosyNeonatal tetanus

DOWN

Infectious Diseases: A World in Transition


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Reasons for emergence of diseases:

Environ m ental degradat ion . Un co ntrol led urbanizat ion.

Unhygien ic cond i t ion . Migrat ion of popu lat ion .

Natural dis aster. Internatio nal trade ,tou rism .

Al te rna t ions in microo rgan isms Res is tance to an t imicrob ials .

Ins ect ic idal res is tance. Weak pub l ic heal th sy stem.


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Malaria, the 'King of Diseases', continues to haunt and taunt mankind.

One of the oldest scripts, written severalthousand years ago attributes malaria toNergal, the Babylonian god of destruction andpestilence, pictured as a double-winged,mosquito-like insect.

The chinese Nei Ching (4,700 years ago) apparently refers to

repeated paroxysmal fevers associated with enlarged spleensand a tendency to epidemic occurrence, suggesting P. vivax and P. malariae infections.


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Malaria appeared in the writings of the Greeks from around 500BC. Hippocrates, "The Father of Medicine" and probably the the

first malariologist, described the various malaria fevers of man by400BC


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The recurrence of malaria is a phenomenon that was known tothe ancients and first recorded by Roman Poet Horace (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC) in his third satire.


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Emperor Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, Alexander theGreat, Alaric, King of the Goths,

St. Augustine, Otto II, King of the Germans and Emperor of Rome,Pope Gregory V

Pope Damasus II, Friedrich IV, Herzog von Schwaben, GermanKing and Holy Roman

Genghis Khan, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Henry of Luxemburg,Dante, Italian poet

Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus, SultanMuhammed bin Tughluk, King Edward IV died

THE RICH AND THE FAMOUS WHO DIED OF

MALARIA:


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90% of deathsare inAfrica

Half theworld isat risk

250 millioncases,

650,000deaths

One childevery 60seconds

Attacksthe most

vulnerablePoverty is

a factor

$12 billionin lost

productivity

MALARIA.


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GLOBAL MALARIA BURDEN

Lancet 2010; 376: 1566 78

Over 40% of world population live in malaria endemiccountries247 million cases and nearly one million deaths in 2008

(WHO report 2010)

Endemic in 109 countries


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Like HIV and TB, malaria is unequally distributed, even in the tropics


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Malaria --endemic areas


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MALARIA BURDEN IN AFRICA

Africas share: 60% of global malaria

cases 91% of global malaria

deathResponsible for

30-50% of hospitaladmissions

50% of outpatient visits inareas of high transmission 10% of the overall

disease burden in Africa


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Leading causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia for persons age

0-44 (World Health Organization)


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SEARO,8.50%

EMRO,3.30%

AMRO,1.10%

WPRO,0.90%

AFRO,86.20%

MALARIA CASES (2008)

SEARO,4.10%

EMRO,4.30% AMRO,

0.30%WPRO,0.50%

AFRO,90.80%

MALARIA DEATHS (2008)

Source : Subbarao sarla K, et al.ICMR Bulletin 1999; 29:76-80

AFRO : African region.

AMRO : Regions of America.

SEARO : South-East region.

EMRO: Eastern mediterren.

WPRO : western pacific region.


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MALARIA CASES IN INDIA (2008)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

59%

14%8% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3%

% o f

c a s e s

source :Subbarao sarla K, et al.ICMR Bulletin 1999; 29:76-80


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BURDEN OF MALARIA:

Cases: 300-500 million cases world wide.

1.5- 3.0 million deaths/ year.

At risk of malaria: 2400 Million of worlds

population

3000 deaths/ day world wide.

10 deaths/ second in African region.J.Kishore . National Health programs of India.10 th edition.century publications, New Delhi.


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BURDEN OF MALARIA (IN 2010)

216 million cases of malaria world wide.

91% were P.falciparum

81% were in African

13% in SEAR.

5% in East mediterrean region

Parks text book of Preventive and social medicine.22 nd

edition(2013).Bhanot publication, Jabalpur.India.


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API

Map showing Malaria Endemic Areas in India


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Haryana

GujaratMadhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

A.P

Karnataka

MAP SHOWING HIGH RISK TOWNS FOR MALARIA IN INDIA


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ESTIMATED MORTALITY RATE:

19.8/lakh population world wide.

84.3/lakh in African region

3/lakh in SEAR.

Under 5 mortality rate due to malaria :7%.

27% of population lives in malaria hightransmission area.

97% deaths due to malaria is reported fromNorth eastern states,

India

Parks text book of Preventive and social medicine.22 nd

edition(2013). Bhanot publication,Jabalpur.India.


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ECONOMIC CONCERN

Labor lossdue to

malaria:1328.75

million man-days/ year.

Expenditureincurred onMalaria :Rs.

7.18 per capita per

annum .

Annualincome loss :

10,270millions ( if Rs.10 /capita

annualexpenditure is

taken intoaccount ).

J .K isho re . National Health programs of India.10 th edi t ion .century pu bl icat ions , New


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Leading causes of death in children under five in the world

Deaths of children under five

Pneumonia 18%

Preterm birth complications 14%

Diarrhoea 11%

Birth asphyxia 9%

Malaria 7%

Other causes 41%


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Year Total MalariaCases (million) Deaths due to malaria

1995 2.93 11511996 3.04 10101997 2.66 8791998 2.22 6641999 2.28 10482000 2.03 9322001 2.09 10052002 1.84 9732003 1.87 10062004 1.92 9492005 1.82 963

2006 1.79 17072007 1.51 13112008 1.53 10552009 1.56 11442010 1.60 10182011 1.31 754

2012(Prov.) 1.06 519

Incidence of Malaria in India

[http://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria-new.html
http://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria-new.htmlhttp://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria-new.htmlhttp://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria-new.htmlhttp://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria-new.htmlhttp://nvbdcp.gov.in/malaria-new.html


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Month of June

25 th April of every year .

WHOs T3,

Millennium development goal 6.

The global campaign theme for 2013 and the coming years : I nvest in the future , defeat malari a

World Malaria day

Anti malaria month

Test. Treat.

Track initiative


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MALARIA HAS BEENSIGNIFICANT ENOUGH TO MAKETHE WORLD DIFFERENT!

Being sent to Gambia, Serra Leon,etc. was considered a deathsentence because of the probabilityof contracting malaria!


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World h eal th d ay them e -2014 :vect or -bo rn e d iseases .

malaria - introduction.pptx

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