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PrOpComMaking Nigerian Agricultural Markets Work for the Poor

Monograph Series # 28

MAPPING OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AREASIN NIGERIA

By

Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC)University of Agriculture,

PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria

March 2007

Funding for this programme is provided by the United Kingdom’sDepartment for International Development (DFID)

40 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria • Tel: +(234) 9 413 8291/2 • Fax: +(234) 9 413 829

Disclaimer

The PrOpCom Monograph Series seeks to provide a broader dissemination of theinformation and views collected through the efforts of the various service providersand consultants undertaking work in support of the PrOpCom programme. Webelieve this information will be useful in informing the policy dialogue in Nigeria andfor improving the planning and execution of agricultural and agribusiness activitieswithin the country.

The documents in this series represent the final deliverables as presented by theengaged service providers or consultants in responds to terms of reference ofcontracts let by PrOpCom in execution of its programme. They have not been furtheredited or editorially polished. Consequently, there is wide variation in the editorialquality of these documents. Nevertheless, the information contained in thesedocument is deems useful for policy and planning purposes.

The views and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of theauthors of the document and do not necessarily represent the views of PrOpCom,SAII Associates, Chemonics International or PrOpCom’s funding agent, theGovernment of the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development(DFID)

Information from these documents can be freely used and quoted on condition that itis properly sourced to the concerned document.

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MAPPING OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AREASIN NIGERIA

By

Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC)University of Agriculture,

PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria

REPORT OF A SURVEY COMMISSIONED

BY

PrOpCom

(Promoting Pro-Poor Opportunities in the Commodity andService Market)

40, Mississippi Str., Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria

March, 2007

2

AMREC RESEARCH TEAM

1. A. M. Omotayo - Rural Sociologists/Spatial Analyst

2. E. Fabusoro Socioeconomist

3. M. A. Jaiyeola - Senior Extensionist

4. I. A. Adeniji Senior Extensionist

5. J. Oyedepo - GIS Analyst

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page……………………………………………………………………………....... 1AMREC Research Team……………………………………………………………… 2Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….. 3List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………. 4List of Figures……………………………………………………………………........... 4Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………… 6List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………… 8

1.0 Introduction and Terms of Reference …………………………………... 91.1 Background ……………………………………………………………….. 91.2 Terms of Reference………………………………………………………... 10

2.0 Methodology ……………………………………………………………….. ……. 102.1 Study Locations ……………………………………………………………. 112.2 Sampling of Major Producers and Processors…………………………..112.3 Secondary Data collection………………………………………............. 112.4 Spatial Data Collection ………………………………………………........ 122.5 Project Phases…………………………………….…………… ….…… 132.6 Analysis ……………………………………………………………………...132.7 Time Line and Schedule of Activities …………………………………… 13

3.0 Desk Review of Soybean Production in Nigeria………………………………153.1 Soybean Production in Nigeria…………………………………………...143.2 Soybean Production for Local Governments in Benue and

Kano States for 2006…………………………………………………………324.0 Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers in Study Locations………....37

4.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Soybean Producers………………………..374.2 Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers……………………………374.3 Distance Analysis of Sources of Seed …………………………………………47

5.0 Experience of PROSAB in Soybean Commodity Chain…………………………… ..536.0 Location of Processors, Demand and Movement of Soya Based Products……...546.1 Location of Soybean Commercial Processors……………………………… ………...546.2 Demand for Soybean among Identified Processors and Sources of

Supply of Soya Based rawMaterials……………………………………….…………....586.3 Destination of soy bean endproducts………………………………………………….657.0 Soybean Commodity Chain………………………………….…………...…………....698.0 Conclusion and Recommendation……………..………………………………………728.1 References…………………………………………………………………………...

…73

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List of TablesTable 1: States and selected LGAs for the study …………………………………………11Table 2: Time line and work schedule for the Study’s activities…………………………… 14Table 3: Soybean production per state (2000-2004) (‘000 Tonnes)……………………… 16Table 4: Soybean Production Level of LGAs in Benue State, 2005…………………… 32Table 5: Soybean Production Level of LGAs in Kano State……………………………… 33Table 6: Socioeconomic/Production Characteristics of SoybeanProducers in Study Locations…. 38Table 7: List of Identified Commercial Processors of Soybean…………………………… 54Table 8: List of major soybean processors and the sources of supply……………………… 60Table 9: Locations of domestic demand for soy based products…………………………… 65

List of FiguresFigure 1: Map of Nigeria showing the Study Locations and an insert map

of Africa 12Figure 2: Percentage of Soybean production of major producing States

in Nigeria (2000-2005 17Figure 3: Trend of soybean production in four leading States

in Nigeria 2000 – 2005 17Figure 4: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State,

2000 (‘000 tonnes) 19Figure 5: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2001 (tonnes) 20Figure 6: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2002 (tonnes) 21Figure 7: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2003 (tonnes) 22Figure 8: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2004 (tonnes) 23Figure 9: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State,

(Total: 2000 -2004, tonnes) 24Figure 10: Soybean production level for LGAs in Benue States,

2005 (tonnes) 25Figure 11: Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004, (‘000 ha) 26Figure 12: Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2005, (‘000 ha) 27Figure 13: Average total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004

and 2005, (‘000 ha) 28Figure 14: Yield of soybean per state in 2004 (‘000 Ha) 29Figure 15: Yield of soybean per state in 2005 (‘000 Ha) 30Figure 16: Average yield of soybean in 2004 and 2005 (000’ ha) 31Figure 17: Soybean production level for LGAs in Benue States, 2005 (‘000 tonnes) 34Figure 18: Soybean production level for LGAs in Kano States, 2005, (tonnes) 35Figure 19: Soybean Land Area Cultivated for LGAs in Kano States, 2005 36Figure 20: Total soybean output for the five study States in tonnes 41Figure 21: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producersin LGAs covered in Benue State 42Figure 22: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of

Soybean producers in LGAs covered in FCT 43Figure 23: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of

Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Kano State 44Figure 24: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean

producers in LGAs covered in Ondo State 45Figure 25: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of

Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Oyo State 46Figure 26: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed

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input in Benue State 48Figure 27: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed

input in the FCT 49Figure 28: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed

input in Kano State 50Figure 29: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed

Input in Ondo State 51Figure 30: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed

input in Oyo State 52Figure 31: Location of Soybean processors in Study Locations 57Figure 32: Quantity of Soya based materials demanded by selected processors 62Figure 33: Major sources of Soya based materials (States) 63Figure 34: Movement map of soya bean supply from sources to processors 64Figure 35: Locations of soya based products in Nigeria 67Figure 36: Movement Pattern of soya based products for domestic

demand Nigeria. 68Figure 37: Soybean Commodity Chain 71

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Executive Summary

Soy bean production has received considerable attention and direct government support inNigeria in the last two decades. The interest in promoting soybean production and utilization isnot unconnected with the immense economic and nutritional value of the crop. To targetdevelopment agenda aimed at sustainable increased production of soybean in the country, thereis a need to identify location, size and other features of the producers and production areas. Thisis the reason for the mapping of Soybean production and utilization areas.

The broad objective of this study is to provide empirical information for PrOpCom fordeveloping a viable programme for the Soya commodity chain in Nigeria. The mapping exerciseis to present maps showing where Soya production takes place, where it is processed and intowhat form, and where both the beans and its bye products are consumed or used.Specifically, the study team had a mandate to:

a. Conduct a desk review of soybean production in Nigeria from 2001 to 2006, indicatingproduction level per state and local government areas in the country.

b. Develop a GIS Map of Nigeria indicating the production levels per State and localgovernment areas

c. Visit and report the experience of PROSAB project in Borno State on linkages betweenSoya producers and processors.

d. Examine the relationships and linkages between Soya producers and processors andidentify important channels in the Soya commodity chain

e. Develop GIS Maps depicting the following: Soya production and processing areas, Quantities produced per production area Destination and use by quantities of bye-products and Types of processors

The desk review shows that Benue, Kaduna, Plateau and Niger are the major Soya producingstates in Nigeria, in descending order. Other Soya producing areas include Nasarawa, Kebbi,Kwara, Oyo, Jigawa, Borno, Bauchi, Sokoto, Taraba and the FCT. Benue State produced about44 per cent of the national output while Kaduna State produced 26.7 per cent. The producingStates for soybean accounted for 96 per cent of soybean produced in Nigeria.. The highproduction levels in benue state is both as a result of the large individual farm holdings and thenumber of producers. However, it was observed that, in Benue State, soybean is produced as amajor crop in every LGA, accounting for over half of the farm size of individual farmers. Whilein Kaduna state the production of soybean is localized in only few LGAs, soybean is produced inall the LGAs in benue State. The LGAs producing higher quantities of soybean in Ondo andOyo States are Akure North and Saki West indicating that these two LGAs have large marketsfor soybean in Southwest Nigeria.

The GIS maps show the distribution and production intensities of soybean in the states. Thegeo-coded data gave information, in a relational manner on the geographic location of producers,the production level per state and local government areas involved, processing points andmarkets outlets for products, quantities stored of total harvest, type of storage system adopted,and the forms into which Soya was processed.

It was found that PROSAB was actively involved in promoting trade and establishing linkagesbetween soybean producers, marketers and processors in the Northern state of Borno. Thestrategies employed to achieve this includes, among others, market and production surveys toidentify producers, marketers and processors and facilitating trade linkages between them. Thesurvey also include the enumeration of domestic and industrial users/markets and capacity of

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such market for soybean products. PROSAB was also involved with the provision of advisoryservices to farmers on improved practices on soybean production, marketing and processing.The advisory services were provided through among other methods, periodic stakeholders’workshop, involving producers, marketers and processors and identifying constraints in thelinkages between them. The workshops also provide opportunity for first hand identification ofquantity, quality, and price requirements of processors in order to afford the farmers theopportunity of engaging actively in the market.

The relational linkages between Soya producers and processors point to important channels inthe Soya commodity chain. The critical position of the market intermediaries are set forth in theirvalue-addition and exchange-facilitating roles in the collection/transportation of soybean fromfarmers’ field, and from the primary markets to the processors. Two categories of middle menwere identified; those who buy directly from farmers and re-bag, store and transport to thefeeder and central markets (wholesalers); and those who buy from the feeder and central marketsand supply directly to industrial processors (agent middlemen). The criticality of the activities ofmiddlemen is encouraged by the small, fragmented and dispersed nature of the individual farmholdings and output. These production characteristics limit direct contractual/hedgingagreements between the farmers and processors.

Analysis of end product movement of soy based industries shows that end products move indirect opposite to that of raw materials. While soya raw materials move mainly from the North tothe southern part of the country, end products move from the south to the northern parts ofNigeria. Similarly, the destinations of end products of small scale industries appear restrictedwithin the States. The farthest final destination for small-scale enterprises would seem to belimited to the geo-political zone where production takes place within the country. Thisunderscores the need to stimulate and develop cottage industries at the local level.

PropComs’ proposed catalytic activities in the Soya commodity chain would maximally benefitthe poor if the issue of capacity building and strategic empowerment of the poor is accordedpriority. This study has clearly and precisely indicated where the potential beneficiaries of suchproposed interventions are, what they do and where they do them.

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List of Acronyms

ADPs - Agricultural Development ProgrammesAMREC – Agricultural Media Resources and Extension CentreBNARDA - Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development AuthorityCBN – Central Bank of NigeriaCTA – Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural CooperationFCT – Federal Capital TerritoryGIS – Geographic Information SystemGPS - Global Positioning SystemsIAR&T - Institute of Agricultural Research and TrainingIITA – I International Institute of Tropical AgricultureKNARDA - Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development AuthorityLASADA - Lagos State Agricultural Development AuthorityLGAs - Local Government AreasPCU - Project Coordinating UnitPLC – Public Liability CompanyPME – Planning, Monitoring and EvaluationPrOpCom - Promoting Pro-Poor Opportunities in the Commodity and Service MarketPROSAB -RMRDC - Raw Materials Research and Development CouncilTOR – Terms of Reference

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Soybean has been described in various ways. Some call it the “miracle bean” or the “goldenbean” because it is a cheap, protein-rich grain. It contains 40 per cent high quality protein, 20 percent edible vegetable oil, and a good balance of amino acids. It has therefore, tremendouspotential to improve the nutritional status and welfare of resource-poor people particularly in adeveloping country like Nigeria. Soybean can also contribute to enhanced sustainability ofintensified cropping systems by improving soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, permitting alonger duration of ground cover in the cropping sequence, and providing useful crop residues forfeeding livestock. However, soybean is a relatively new crop in Africa. Until recently, it was seenas being appropriate only for large-scale commercial farming where the crop can be utilizedindustrially and for formulation of livestock feed (Shannon et al. 1995). A commonly held viewhowever is that soybean is of little or no importance in sub-Saharan Africa because it has notattained the status of one of the popular staple foods.

With improvement in breeding and processing research however, soybean cultivation, domesticmarketing, processing and utilization has grown considerably in Nigeria. Soybean has beenrecognized in the country as an important oilseed crop, as well as in indispensible source ofprotein in animal feeds.. Industrial and domestic processing of soybean has given rise tonumerous products utilized as food for both human and livestock.

Soybean is gaining prominece in Nigeria as over 200,000 ha of land was devoted to its cultivationas far back as 1992. This according to CTA was then the largest area of land devoted to soybeancultivation in the whole of Africa (CTA, 1992). Soya is farmed extensively, mainly by small scalefarmers, which may account for its low yields. Despite this, Nigeria's experiment in the use ofSoya as a food crop offers a lot of promise. Women in Northern Nigeria have come up with theidea of using the beans to make "daddawa", a local condiment which is usually made from theseeds of Locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), a leguminous tree from the savanna regions.

Some of the problems associated with domestic production of soybean are:- low level of knowledge of farmers on improved production methods;- limitation imposed by lack of high-level production inputs;- poor pricing of agricultural products;- farmers’ lack of access to credit facilities; and- poor infrastructural facilities for processing and storage.

The goal of the soya commodity project being facilitated by PrOpCom is to upgrade and addvalue to soya commodity chain, in part by helping meet the demand of large commercialconsumers in terms of quantities and quality of soya-based raw materials. This project thereforeseeks to provide empirical information for updating knowledge on the existing situation withinthe soya commodity chain with a view to identifying market failures and potential pro-poorsolutions. The outcome of the study will reveal the areas where soybean production takes place,where it is processed and into what form, and where both beans and its by-products areconsumed or used. This information will assist actors in the sector to work out strategies bywhich soya-based markets in Nigeria can be operated efficiently to ensure sustainable marketsand increased benefits. Specifically, the outcome of this study is expected to assist PrOpCom indeveloping proposals for catalytic activities related to soya.

To achieve this, empirical data on what the real situation of soybean production and utilization inNigeria needs be readily available. Although there has been an explosion of information from

10

book materials i.e. publications and research reports on soya propduction in Nigeria, these maynot be quite useful for precise decision support especially where facts and figures in real or nearreal time is concerned. It is essential therefore to have information with dependable, real time,facts and figures for good and precise decision making. This kind of information can be madeavailable through GIS mapping of Soya production and utilzation areas.

Since the advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), it has become possible to acquire,store, retrieve and analyse real time data on seemingly complex situations where several inputshave to be considered. GIS can assit in synthesizing very disparate forms of data gathered onsoybean production, utilization ands marketing and analysed to draw clear and precise inferences.The outcome of this projectf on Mapping of soya production will therefore be useful indeveloping precise interventions for improving soya production, marketing and utilization inNigeria.

1.2 Terms of Reference and Specific Objectives

The broad objective of this study is to provide empirical information for PrOpCom ondeveloping a viable programme for the Soya commodity chain in Nigeria. The mapping exerciseis to present maps showing where Soya production takes place, where it is processed and intowhat form, and where both the beans and its bye products are consumed or used.Specifically, the study team had a mandate to:

f. Conduct a desk review of soybean production in Nigeria from 2001 to 2006, indicatingproduction level per state and local government areas in the country.

g. Develop a GIS Map of Nigeria indicating the production levels per State and localgovernment areas

h. Visit and report the experience of PROSAB project in Borno State on linkages betweenSoya producers and processors.

i. Examine the relationships and linkages between Soya producers and processors andidentify important channels in the Soya commodity chain

j. Develop GIS Maps depicting the following: Soya production and processing areas, Quantities produced per production area Destination and use by quantities of bye-products and Types of processors

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2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Locations

Based on the terms of reference, the study was conducted in five States in Nigeria, namely;Lagos, Kano, Benue, Oyo and Abuja. They have been identified as primary production States forSoybean in Nigeria (RMRDC, 2004). Among these, Benue is noted for extensive production ofthe crop which grows well in all the Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the State. Although,Kano, Oyo and Abuja have not been reported as major producers of the crop, field reportsindicate that soybean is grown by a large proportion of the farming population in these States.The report obtained on the production status of Lagos State from the Lagos State AgriculturalDevelopment Authority (LASADA) shows that soybean is not produced in Lagos at themoment. The State is outstanding for its huge quantity of Soya demand due to the presence oflarge commercial processors.

2.2 Sampling of Major Producers and Processors

Sampling of soybean producers was based on the list of farming households provided by theAgricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) in the States where the study was carried out.Using the ADPs’ data, the leading soybean producing LGAs were identified in each of the Statesand selected purposively for the study. Table 1 presents the Local governments and the numberof producers sampled in each of the States while Figure 1 shows the study areas in the map ofNigeria.

Table 1: States and selected LGAs for the studyS/N State Number of

LGAsLGAs selected Number of

Producers sampled1. FCT 7 Kwali, Bwari,

Gwagalada, Kuje, AbajiArea Council

194

2. Ondo 18 Akoko South East,Akoko north west,Akoko North east,Owo, Akure north

59

3. Kano 44 Rogo, Tudun-Wada,Karaye, Kiru, Bebeji

44

4. Benue 23 Gboko, Tarke, Buruku,Gwer East, Konshisha,Ushongo, Vandeikya

351

5. Lagos 20 - -6. Oyo 33 Saki West, Atisbo,

Atiba, Oyo West,Afidjio

51

2.3 Secondary Data Collection:

Secondary data were collected from existing data from the ADPs of each State, RMRDC,AMREC, statistical data base of CBN and Federal Office of Statistics. It should be noted thatsome of the agencies have not compiled data required for the 2005 and 2006 production years.However, effort was made to collect existing data and then generate some others from fieldreports. Some of the secondary data required are:

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Soybean production data for each State from 2001 – 2006 Soybean Production data for each LGA in the three leading soybean producing States in

the country. Data on demand for soya based materials by major processors in the country.

Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing the Study Locations, inset is map of Africa

2.4 Spatial Data Collection

Locations of farmers and identified commercial consumers were captured with the use of handheld high precision Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receivers. From these locations, empiricalwere collected on the following: The geographic location of producers, Production level per state and local government area Production points, processing points and Markets Quantities of soybean produced per location, Quantities marketed Quantities stored, Type of storage system, Quantities processed and The types of processing, forms into which it is processed and problems encountered in

production, storage and processing.

This information is part of the database necessary for spatial analysis and map production. Otherdata that were collected are: Farm Location Farm size (Measured by acquiring the coordinates of farm perimeter)

Kano

Plateau

Abuja

Benue

Lagos

Oyo

Ondo

Other States in NigeriaStudy Lcations

200 0 200 400 Kilometers

N

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Yield Processing forms Markets Storage systems and Problems associated with production, processing and storage.

2.5 Project Phases

The study was conducted in five phases namely: Field data collection planning Acquisition of secondary data/ Acquisition of primary field (including data and Geographical Coordinates of features to

be mapped) Data processing, analysis, map production and Final reports

2.5.1 Field data collection planning: The project team members were put through a brieftraining on the use of GPS for field mapping and geographical coordinate acquisition.Questionnaires on the acquisition of secondary data were designed.

2.5.2 Acquisition of secondary data: Existing secondary data with on soybean production anddemand were obtained by each team member and sent for processing and analyses.

2.5.3 Acquisition of primary field data: Data on soybean production, processing and demandwere collected alongside the GPS geographical coordinates of production, processing,marketing points etc.

2.5.4 Data processing, analysis, map production and final reports: The data collected weresubjected to series of analysis. Maps and reports were prepared.

2.6 Analysis

Digital maps of the study areas were created from geo-referenced topographical maps. Roads,towns, local government area and state boundaries were captured from analogue national mapsand digitized.

2.6 Time Line and Schedule of Project Activities:

In line with the TOR of this project, the study commenced in February and was completed inMarch, 2007. Table 2 below shows the project activities and time schedule.

Table 2: Time line and work schedule for the Study’s activities

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S/N ActivitiesDays

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 191. Preliminary discussion with

designated ToR supervisorx

2. Desk review for identificationhistorical secondary data andnational statistics

x x x

3. Visit to PROSAB project, inBorno State

x x x

4. Development of researchinstruments

x x x

5. Recruitment and training offield level research assistants x x x

6. Acquisition of collectedsecondary data

x x x x X

7. Field level data collectionfrom primary producers andspatial data capture

x x X x x x x

8. Acquisition of primary data x x x x9. Processing, analysis and map

productionx x x x x

10. Preparation of draft report x x x11. Interim teleconference with

designated supervisor andother PrOpCom staff

X

12. Development of final report x x x13. Submission of Final report x

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3.0 DESK REVIEW OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA

3.1 Production in Nigeria

Soybean was first introduced to Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria in 1908 with little or no success in therainforest ecology of the State (Fennel, 1966). In 1928, it was introduced to the savanna area ofNorthern Nigeria where the soil and climatic conditions supported its production. The crop wassuccessfully cultivated in 1937 for multiplication and commercial production in Benue State(Nyiakura, 1982). Since then, many small-scale farmers in the south central part of the countryhave continuously incorporated propagation into their cropping systems.

According to a survey report by IITA in 1989, Benue State is the major producer of soybean inNigeria. The current expansion in the production of soybeans in Nigeria has been attributed tomany years of research from the mid-1960s through the 1980s when Scientists adopted anationally-coordinated approach to Soybean research. In the 1970’s, new attempts were made tocultivate the crop in southwestern Nigeria through collaborative research initiated betweenInstitute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T) and IITA, Ibadan on soybean varietyproduction trials. Varieties that had those characteristics that made them productive in the moistsavanna and forest areas were developed.

Nigeria is the largest producer of the crop for human and livestock feeds in West and CentralAfrica and has great potentials for substituting soy oil for some imported vegetable Oils. Thecurrent domestic demand and home consumption have made the crop a versatile and multi-purpose agricultural product that could be processed in almost 365 ways for human, livestockand industrial purposes. With the current ban on the importation of vegetable oils, some of thehitherto idle mills across the country are now looking inwards, producing edible oils fromsoybeans, preventing inefficiency of vegetable oil processing facilities as well as preventinginadequate supply of the oils.

At present, the major soybean producing states in the country are Benue, Kaduna, Taraba,Plateau and Niger. Other growing areas include, Nasarawa, Kebbi, Kwara, Oyo, Jigawa, Borno,Bauchi, Lagos, Sokoto, Zamfara and FCT. The yield of soybean of 1,700 kg per hectare onresearch plots in Nigeria compared favourably with the United States (US) yields of 2000 kg/haand Brazil yields of 1,800 kg/ha. However, there is a gap between the yield on farmers’ field andresearch plots.

Like most other crops, the total output of the soya crop is invariably influenced by the farmer’senvironment, the genetic potential of the planting material and the farmer’s managementcapacity. Total output of soybean per State from 1999 – 2005 is presented in Table 3. Data for2003 was not available from the data obtained from the Project Coordinating Unit, Abuja. Thedata were not disaggregated into LGAs because of inadequate and unreliable production data.Information obtained from the Planning Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) Units of the ADPsindicated that collation of production data is done centrally by the Project Coordinating Unit(PCU) and at State level.

Table 3: Soybean production per state (2000-2005*) (‘000 Tonnes)STATES 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 Average

1999-2005Abia 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Abuja 1.35 1.50 2.0 2.16 3.6 4.04 2.44Adamawa 0.0 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.22 0.22 0.10Akwa Ibom 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Anambra 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00

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Bauchi 1.07 1.13 1.41 1.27 1.4 1.31 1.27Bayelsa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Benue 160 180 164.0 164.89 164.89 167.25 166.82Borno 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Cross River 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Delta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Ebonyi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Edo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Ekiti 0.4 0.44 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Enugu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.13 0.00 0.19Gombe 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04Imo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Jigawa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Kaduna 90.17 101.45 99.0 105.0 105.79 105.82 101.21Kano 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.82 43.94 14.63Katsina 8.66 9.4 10.0 9.38 14.3 16.40 11.36Kebbi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.40 0.04Kogi 0.67 0.67 0.7 0.7 0.72 0.32 0.63Kwara 2.0 2.21 2.0 2.4 0.0 0.00 1.44Lagos 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.49 0.33Lake Chad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Nassarawa 3.95 3.0 3.0 3.75 2.54 3.22 3.24Niger 13.3 15.0 14.0 11.0 20.39 51.49 20.86Ogun 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Ondo 0.78 0.78 0.84 0.0 0.35 0.40 0.53Osun 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Oyo 4.01 5.3 4.0 4.0 3.81 4.60 4.29Plateau 15.92 17.0 19.0 20.5 30.16 27.15 21.62Rivers 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00Sokoto 0.14 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.08Taraba 2.84 1.5 2.0 2.0 62.06 63.05 22.24Yobe 3.42 3.42 4.0 3.6 0.0 0.21 2.44Zamfara 3.42 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.30 3.20Total 312.21 346.63 329.2 333.96 459.04 495.85 379.0

Source: Project Coordinating Unit, Abuja; *Data for Year 2003 not available;

166.82

101.21

14.63 11.36

20.86 21.62 22.24

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

160.00

180.00

Benue Kaduna Kano Katsina Niger Plateau Taraba

17

Figure 2: Average of Soybean production in major producing States in Nigeria (2000-2005)

The total national output of soybean between year 1999 and 2005 was about 265,589,000 tonnes.During this period Benue State produced about 44 per cent of the national output, whileKaduna, Kano, Katsina, Niger, Plateau and Taraba States produced 27.0, 4.0, 3.0, 5.5, 5.7 and 5.9per cents, respectively. These States produced about 94 per cent of the total production forsoybean in Nigeria. The remaining 6 per cent is produced by the other states. Figure 2 shows theaverage production data for the major producing States. These data indicate that Benua andKaduna States are important market points for soybean in Nigeria and are locations for marketoriented development interventions. The production figures from Benue and Kaduna States hadbeen consistent over the years showing that soybean is a common crop grown among farmers inthe two States. Other States such as Plateau, Kano, Katisna and Taraba are becoming involved insoybean production with production figures rising sharply in 2002 (See Figure 3 below).

Figure 3: Trend of soybean production in four leading States in Nigeria, 2000 – 2005

To a large extent soybean cultivation in Nigeria has grown over the years, as a result of awarenessof its economic benefits. The production level has increased in some States due to increasedawareness of the versatility of soybean among farmers and then the release of high-yieldingvarieties from research institutes working on soybean development in Nigeria. The ADPs areplaying an important role in the introduction of improved, high yielding and disease resistantvarieties.

Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 represent the production level per State for soybean from 1999 to 2005respectively while Figure 10 shows the total for the various States for the seven year period. Thedata used in generating this map are inscribed in the maps. Obviously, Benue and Kaduna Statesare the leading soybean producing States in the country. This implies that the crop is animportant economic crop among the farmers in the States and contributes significantly to thelivelihoods of farming population in the States.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005

Benue

Kaduna

Kano

Katsina

Niger

Plateau

Taraba

18

In terms of the yield and area cultivated for each of the States of the Federation, Figures 11 – 16show the area cultivated in 2004 and 2005 and the yield for the two years. The total areacultivated for soybean in the country was about 299,000 ha and 318,000 ha in 2004 and 2005,respectively, while the average yield was 0.56 tonne and 0.66 tonne, respectively for 2004 and2005. The yield data indicate the average production per hectare. This figure is abysmally lowwhen compared to the expected yield of about 1.7 tonnes on the research field and about 2.0tonnes in the United States.

The maps show that on the average, about 85,000 ha of land are used to cultivate soybean inBenue States. In Kaduna, averagely, about 75,000 ha of land are used for soybean while TarabaStates cultivates about 33,000 ha. Kano, Niger and Plateau States cultivate about 29,000 ha eachwhile the south eastern and south-southern States do not cultivate soybean at all. The level ofproduction of soybean among the States is determined mainly by land suitability, agro-climaticconditions and farmers’ experience over the years on the economics of the crop. Among thesoybean producing States in 2004 and 2005, Benue State has the highest average yield of 1.96tonnes while Sokoto has the lowest yield of 0.3 tonne. Taraba State has an average yield of 1.9tonnes followed by Federal Capital Territory, Abuja (1.87 tonnes), Yobe State (1.5 tonnes), NigerState (1.53 tonnes) and then Kaduna (1.42 tonnes). Although, States such as Taraba, Yobe,Niger and the FCT have smaller soybean cultivation area, their yield is higher indicating thatfarmers in these States have better management practice as well and possibly favoured in the areaby natural, political and institutional factors.

2.84

13.30

1.07

3.42

2.00

90.17

0.14

0.67

4.013.95

8.66

15.92

159.89

0.78

1.35

0.40

0.22

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

Ogun Ondo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

0.00

3.42


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

1.50

15.00

1.13

3.42

2.21

3.20

0.16

0.67

101.45

5.303.00

9.40

17.00

180.00

0.06

0.78

0.44

0.25

0.16

1.50


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 4: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, year 1999 (‘000 tonnes)

20

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

2.00

14.00

1.41

4.003.00

99.00

0.70

19.00

164.00

10.00

0.84

0.25

2.00

4.00

2.00 3.00


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 5: Map of Nigeria showingsoybean production per State, year 2000(‘000tonnes)

21

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

0.00

2.00

11.00

1.27

3.60

2.40

3.00

0.70

105.00

4.00

3.75

9.38

20.50

164.89

0.06

2.16

0.25


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 6: Map ofNigeria showing soybeanproduction per State, year

2001( ‘000tonnes)

22

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

20.39

1.40

62.06

3.30

0.22

0.72

105.79

3.812.54

30.16

164.89

14.30

0.06

43.82

0.35

1.13

3.60

0.50


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 7: Mapof Nigeria showing soybean

production per State, 2002(tonnes)

23

Figure 8: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2004 (tonnes)

24

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

0.00

51.49

1.31

63.05

0.212.40 3.30

0.22

0.18

0.32

105.82

4.603.22

27.15

167.25

16.40

0.06

43.94

0.40

4.04

0.49


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

s

Figure9: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2005 ( ‘000tonnes)

25

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

20.86

1.27

22.24

2.440.04

1.44

3.20

0.10

0.08

0.63

101.21

4.293.24

21.62

166.82

11.36

14.63

0.53

0.190.33

0.04

2.44


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 10: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, (Total: 1999 - 2004,’000 tonnes)

26

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

15.102.10

32.05

3.70

74.50

0.34

0.84

6.85 1.95

84.13

29.57

14.12

0.12

30.00

0.25

1.08

1.81

0.64


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 11: Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004, (‘000 ha)

27

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

30.292.02

34.08

0.072.90 3.70

74.52

0.34

0.30

0.51

7.752.48

85.77

24.41

16.24

0.09

28.91

0.28

2.30

0.63


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 12: Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2005, (‘000 ha)

28

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

22.69

2.06

33.06

0.041.45

3.70

74.51

0.34

0.15

0.68

7.302.21

84.95

26.99

15.18

0.11

29.45

0.270.540.64

2.06


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 13: Average total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004 and 2005, (‘000 ha)

29

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

1.350

1.963

0.6671.420

0.892

0.647

1.9600.857

1.020

0.5561.303

1.013

1.469

0.500

1.400

1.046

1.989

0.781


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 14: Yield of soybeanper state in 2004 (‘000 Ha)

30

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

1.700

1.850

0.649

3.000

1.420

0.828

0.892

0.647

0.60

1.9500.627

1.112

0.5941.298

1.010

1.520

0.667

1.449

1.757

0.778


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 15: Yield of soybean per state in 2005 (‘000 Ha)

31

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

Zamfara

Kano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

Ebonyi

Lagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

Lake Chad

1.53

0.00

1.90

0.66

1.50

1.42

0.410.89

0.65

0.30

1.96

0.74

1.07

0.58

1.30

1.01

1.49

0.52

1.87

0.781.42

0.58


S

N

EW

6° 6°

8° 8°

10° 10°

12° 12°

14° 14°

4°

4°

6°

6°

8°

8°

10°

10°

12°

12°

14°

14°

Figure 16:Average yield of soybean in 2004 and 2005 (000’ ha).

3.2 Soybean Production for Local Governments in Benue and Kano States For 2006

As earlier noted, disaggregated data on production levels in the States and LGAs were not available.However, a compilation of data from the annual reports of Benue State Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Authority (BNARDA) and Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority(KNARDA) was conducted and data on soybean production level and total land area cultivated for2005 was generated. The data are presented in Tables 4 and 5 and depicted on the map of the Statesin Figures 17, 18 and 19. The data on total land area cultivated in Benue State was not available as atthe time of the study but the estimated cultivated area for soybean in 2005 in the entire State was 85,770ha. This is almost the same value obtained from the secondary data.

Based on the data (Figure 17), Konshisha and Buruku LGAs were the highest producers of soybeansin Benue State. Figure 17 shows that soybean is produced in all the LGAs of the State. However,soybean production in the State concentrates in the States located on the southern guinea region ofthe State. The land area under soybean cultivation in Kano (Figure 18 also shows that two LGAs(Gaya and Tsanyawa) cultivated the highest land area (1933.33 and 1760.78, respectively). These datawere actually correlated with the data obtained during the filed work and it was found to be correctand true representation of the production level among the LGAs in the States.

Table 4: Levels of Soybean production in LGAs in Benue State, 2005S/N LGA Output (‘000 tonnes)1. Agatu 5.772. Guma 5.83. Gwer West 6.874. Markudi 2.545. Buruku 15.446. Logo 6.067. Gboko 6.08. Ukum 6.09. Gwer East 8.5710. Otukpo 2.0911. Ohinimi 2.0012. Okipokwu 4.8013. Ogbadibo 5.9214. Ado 5.0615. Oju 1.2116. Obi 2.1817. Konshisha 18.7718. Vandeikya 12.2219. Kwande 5.6120. Katsina-Ala 5.0021. Ushongo 5.06

Source: BNARDA Annual report, 2005

33

Table 5: Soybean Production Level of LGAs in Kano State

S/N LGA Output (tonnes) Land Area Cultivated (ha)1. Ajingi NA NA2. Albasu 1537.94 967.263. Bagwai NA NA4. Bebeji 1506.84 947.75. Bichi 2410.73 1516.186. Bunkure 1985.91 12497. Dala NA NA8. Dambatta 2033.93 1279.29. Dawakin Kudu 1458.27 917.1510. Dawakin Tofa 1711.03 1076.1211. Doguwa 1033.21 649.8212. Fagge NA NA13. Gabasawa 1386.15 871.814. Garko NA NA15. Garum Mallam NA NA16. Gaya 3073.99 1933.3317. Gezawa 1554.58 977.7318. Gwale NA NA19. Gwarzo 1497.89 942.0720. Kabo 902.66 567.7121. Kano Municipal NA NA22. Karaye 2485.73 1563.3523. Kibiya NA NA24. Kiru 1389.29 873.7625. kumbotso 873.42 549.3226. Kunchi NA NA27. Kura 1456.77 916.2128. Madobi 830.86 522.5629. Makoda NA NA30. Minjibir 1543.37 970.6731. Nasarawa NA NA32. Rano 1799,41 1131.733. Rimin Gado 628.03 394.9934. Rogo NA NA35. Shanono 993.76 62536. Sumaila 1195.65 751.9837. Takali 1362.99 857.2338. Tarauni NA NA39. Tofa 777.41 488.9440. Tsanyawa 2799.64 1760.7841. Tudun Wada 1420.1 893.1542. Ungogo 1548.14 973.6743. Warawa 1250.49 786.4744. Wudil 2293.45 1442.42

Total 44,942.3 29,397.27

Source: Annual Report of KNARDA, 2005. NA = Not available

Guma

Kwande

Oju

Gboko

Logo

Ado

Ukum

GwerEast

Apa

Katsina- Ala

Agatu

Oturkpo

UshongoObi

GwerWestMarkurdi

Ohimini

Okpokwu

Vandeikya

Tarka

5.61

5.80

5.00

8.576.00

6.06

2.89

5.06

5.77

6.8712.35

1.21

2.54

4.86

2.00

12.22

5.92 2.18 18.77

Konshisha

15.44

Bukuru

Ogbadibo

5.06

ProductionperLGA1.211.21-2.892.89-5.065.06-6.066.06-8.578.57-12.3512.35-18.77

40 0 40 Kilometers

N

View1 6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Figure 17: Soybeanproduction level forLGAs in Benue States,2005 (‘000 tonnes)

LGA Output(‘000 tonnes)

Agatu 5.77Guma 5.8Gwer West 6.87Markudi 2.54Buruku 15.44Logo 6.06Gboko 6.0Ukum 6.0Gwer East 8.57Otukpo 2.09Ohinimi 2.00Okipokwu 4.80Ogbadibo 5.92Ado 5.06Oju 1.21Obi 2.18Konshisha 18.77Vandeikya 12.22Kwande 5.61Katsina-Ala 5.00Ushongo 5.06

35

Kiru

Doguwa

Rogo

Sumaila

Takai

Ajingi

Bichi

Bebeji

Gaya

Kunchi

Rano

Dambatta

Tundun Wada

Garko

Shanono

Albasu

Karaye

Gabasawa

Kibiya

Kabo

Minjibir

Wudil

Bunkure

Bagwai

Kura

Makoda

Gwarzo

Tofa

Gezawa

Warawa

Tsanyawa

Madobi

DawakinTofa

DawakinKudu

Ungogo

RiminGado

GarumMallam

Kumbotso

DalaFagge

GwaleTarauni

KanoMunicipal

1033.21

1195.651420.10

1389.29

2033.93

1362.99

1506.84

993.76

1386.15

3073.99

2410.73

1799.41

1985.91

1537.94

2485.73

1711.031543.37

2799.64

902.66

1554.58

1497.89

1458.27

1250.49

2293.45

830.86

628.03

1456.77

777.41

873.42

1548.14

productionperLGAS200600- 902.66902.66- 1195.651195.65-1458.271458.27-1799.411799.41-2485.732485.73-3073.99

50 0 50 Kilometers

N

View1 6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Figure 18: Soybean production level for LGAs in Kano States, 2005, tonnes)

Source: Annual report of KNARDA, 2005

LGA Output

Ajingi -Albasu 1537.94Bagwai -Bebeji 1506.84Bichi 2410.73Bunkure 1985.91Dala -Dambatta 2033.93Dawakin Kudu 1458.27Dawakin Tofa 1711.03Doguwa 1033.21Fagge -Gabasawa 1386.15Garko -Garum Mallam -Gaya 3073.99Gezawa 1554.58Gwale -Gwarzo 1497.89Kabo 902.66Kano Municipal -Karaye 2485.73Kibiya -Kiru 1389.29kumbotso 873.42Kunchi -Kura 1456.77Madobi 830.86Makoda -Minjibir 1543.37-sarawa -Rano 1799.41Rimin Gado 628.03Rogo -Shanono 993.76Sumaila 1195.65Takali 1362.99Tarauni -Tofa 777.41Tsanyawa 2799.64Tudun Wada 1420.1Ungogo 1548.14Warawa 1250.49Wudil 2293.45

36

Kiru

Doguwa

Rogo

Sumaila

Takai

Ajingi

Bichi

Bebeji

Kunchi

Rano

Dambatta

TundunWada

Garko

Shanono

Albasu

Karaye

Gabasawa

Kibiya

Kabo

Minjibir

Wudil

Bunkure

Bagwai

Kura

Makoda

Gwarzo

Tofa

Gezawa

Warawa

Madobi

DawakinTofa

DawakinKudu

Ungogo

RiminGado

GarumMallam

Kumbotso

DalaFagge

Tarauni

649.82

751.98

893.15

873.76

857.23947.70

1279.20

871.80

625.00

1516.18

967.26

970.67

1131.70

1249.00

1563.35

1076.12

977.73

942.07

917.15

786.47567.71

1442.42

522.56 916.21

394.99

488.94

973.67

549.32

1760.78

Tsanyawa

1933.33Gaya

OtherLGAs

Studyareas(FarmsizeinHa)394.99-522.56522.56-649.82649.82-786.47786.47-947.7947.7-1131.71131.7-1563.351563.35-1933.33

20 0 20 40 60 Kilometers

S

N

EW

10°30' 10°30'

11°00' 11°00'

11°30' 11°30'

12°00' 12°00'

12°30' 12°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Figure 19: Soyabeean Land Area Cultivated for LGAs in Kano States, 2005Source: Annual report of KNARDA, 2005

The implication of these findings is that there were ample opportunities for improved Soya marketaccess among small scale producers and market expansion at State and LGAs levels. Thisinformation is also useful for processors in identifying market areas where soybean is produced inlarge quantities. It is also useful for policy intervention that could make the market work better forthe poor.

4.0 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOYBEAN PRODUCERS

LGA Farm size (ha)Ajingi NAAlbasu 967.26Bagwai NABebeji 947.7Bichi 1516.18Bunkure 1249Dala NADambatta 1279.2Dawakin Kudu 917.15Dawakin Tofa 1076.12Doguwa 649.82Fagge NAGabasawa 871.8Garko NAGarum Mallam NAGaya 1933.33Gezawa 977.73Gwale NAGwarzo 942.07Kabo 567.71Kano Municipal NAKaraye 1563.35Kibiya NAKiru 873.76Kumbotso 549.32Kunchi NAKura 916.21Madobi 522.56Makoda NAMinjibir 970.67-sarawa NARano 1131.7Rimin Gado 394.99Rogo NAShanono 625Sumaila 751.98Takali 857.23Tarauni NATofa 488.94Tsanyawa 1760.78Tudun Wada 893.15Ungogo 973.67Warawa 786.47Wudil 1442.42

37

4.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Soybean Producers

Soybean was found to be one of the major crops in the cropping system of farmers in the Statessurveyed except Lagos where information on areas of soybean production could not be ascertained.In Benue State, soybean is produced in every LGA as a major crop. It accounts for over half of thefarm size of individual farmers. Table 6 presents the socioeconomic characteristics of soybeanproducers in the States. This is also depicted in Figure 20.

The mean age of farmers was 46 years indicating that majority are young and are in the active andperhaps very productive age grade. This is at variance with the common belief that Nigerian farmersare aged and weak. These data may however need to be interpreted with extreme caution as datacollection on age in a study like this posses a very big challenge as many rural people do not keeprecords and could therefore not provide accurate data. However, the evidence in several documentsshows that the mean age of farmers in Nigeria is between 45 and 60 years. In terms of gender, therewere more male than female in soybean production in all the States. It was observed that womenwere involved in every stage of soybean production, helping their husbands in planting andharvesting, in particular. Women are fully involved in threshing and household level processing intomilk, cheese, ogi, dadawa and other household level uses of the crop, where such processing is done.

In all the States, except Benue, over half of the producers are members of Farmers Cooperatives andAssociations. In all, 63.5 per cent belonged to a local association; the importance of localorganizations in the empowerment of rural people can not be overemphasized.

4.2 Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers

The production characteristics of soybean producers are important in understanding the productionsystem and inherent constraints. The mean farm size for soybean among the producers sampled was1.64 ha indicating that the majority of producers are small scale farmers. Although larger farms wereidentified, production of soybean in Nigeria is in the hands of small scale farmers. It has beenargued that a progressive improvement can not be achieved if our agriculture remains in the handsof small scale farmers. The reason is that they are resource poor and their activities determine thequantity and quality of produce available in the markets.

Mixed cropping was the predominant cropping system in all the states except Oyo where soybean isgrown sole. Soybean is commonly grown in association with maize or sorghum. Mixed cropping iscommon because it affords the farmer the opportunity of maximizing production potentials of hissmall land area and acts as a shield against total crop failure. The mean years of experience insoybean cultivation which was 15 years was highest in Benue (see Table 6).

Table 6: Socioeconomic/Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers in Study LocationsParameters Benue FCT Kano Ondo Oyo TotalSocioeconomic Characteristics n=351 n=194 n=44 n=59 n=51 N=699 Age (Mean, Years) 47 38 49 48 47 46 Sex (% of Majority = Male) 95.5 72.7 100 86.4 86.3 88.1 Marital Status (% of Majority =

38

Married) 94.9 94.3 100.0 100.0 73.2 92.4 Membership of Organisation (%

of Yes) 34.7 58.5 77.3 59.3 88.2 63.5Production Characteristics Soybean Farm Size (Mean, ha) 2.3 0.84 0.85 0.87 3.32 1.64 Production System (% of Mixed

cropping) 52.0 60.8 54.5 54.2 9.9 46.2 Soybean Production experience

(Mean, Years) 14.85 8.9 8.9 4.6 7.5 8.95 Output (Total, Tonnes) 5196 2186 1843 4115 2825 16165 Quantity Sold (Total, Tonnes) 3674 1937 616 3636 1866 11729 Type of Variety planted (% of

majority = Improved Variety) 84.6 78.4 79.5 100.0 100.0 88.5 Input Utilisation

o Seed (Kg/ha, mean) 40.6 23.9 55.3 41.03 25.0 37.17o Fertilizer (Kg/ha, mean) bags 131.4 36.5 88.82 10.2 17.8 56.9o Herbicide (Litres/ha, mean) 4.22 1.63 0.16 0.02 1.2 1.5o Pesticide (Litres/ha) 1.24 0.51 2.88 0.03 0.85 1.1

Processing/MarketingCharacteristics Have a direct link with processors

(% No) 96.0 95.8 97.7 93.2 96.1 95.8 Threshing Method (% of majority,

manually) 100.0 97.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 Marketing Avenues*

o Through Government 2.3 3.6 2.2 6.7 35.8 10.1o Through Middlemen 91.2 87.6 36.4 65.8 68.6 69.9o Through Cooperatives 1.1 0.0 59.1 0.0 41.2 20.3o Through a processor 0.6 6.7 0.0 6.7 0.0 2.8o Through a company 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06o Direct sale to users 0.3 1.5 2.3 1.6 15.7 4.3

Market Venues*o Village (Primary) Market 51.4 74.7 88.6 67.8 64.1 69.3o Distant city market 6.8 9.3 0.0 5.1 9.8 6.2o Distant rural market 7.7 1.0 0.0 3.4 19.6 6.34o Home 10.2 1.0 3.8 8.5 7.8 6.3o Direct supply to end users 0.3 4.1 2.3 1.6 1.2 1.9o Personal use 14.2 13.2 4.5 3.4 27.4 12.5

The total output of farmers interviewed?? in each of the States is shown in Table 6. Benue has thehighest output in tonnes (5,196 tonnes), followed by FCT (2,186.41 tonnes), Kano (1,843.59tonnes), Oyo (282.5.0 tonnes) and Ondo (411.5 tonnes). These findings corroborate the dataobtained from the desk review. The findings show that soybean is produced more in the north thanthe south implying larger markets for the crop in the northern part of Nigeria. According to thestudy on soybean demand, the sources of supply for soybean in Nigeria are in the central andnorthern States (Benue, Kaduna, Taraba, Niger and Plateau).

39

Out of the total harvest, it was observed that over half of the harvest was sold while only a smallproportion are stored at home for domestic consumption. In the States, 70.7, 88.6, 33.4, 88.4, and66.1 per cent were sold to markets in Benue, FCT, Kano, Ondo and Oyo respectively. In Kanowhere about 33 per cent was sold, it was found that soybean utilization for domestic purposes wasvery high in the State. The production of ‘dadawa’ and ‘awara’ and other soy based products mayexplain the large quantity kept for household consumption in the state.

The findings suggest that between 70 and 80 per cent of the total harvest were sold. This makessoybean an important cash crop among resource poor households in all the states surveyed. Anyeffort directed at the improvement and stability of soybean production, utilization and marketing,could translate into improved income and welfare among this category of poor people in Nigeria.The majority of the producers (88.5%) planted the improved variety of soybean, TGx 1448, andSamsoy II. These varieties have been with the farmers for a long time and need to be reviewed forfurther improvements.

In terms of linkages with processors of soya products, almost all (95.8%) the farmers did not havedirect link with processors. About 99% of the farmers were using manual threshers situated close tothe farms. The threshed soya are later transported to nearby village markets or stored at home.Having a direct link with processors could enable farmers to obtain better market bargain and ahigher value for their products. This may be an uphill task since most farmers lacked modern storagefacilities and could not afford the additional cost of transportation that such direct market accessmay require. It was not much of a surprise therefore, to find that 91.2 per cent of the farmingpopulation in Benue sold their products through middlemen.

The village primary markets feature prominently in the market chain as a place where the farmersbring their goods to sell and where middlemen often buy soybean, re-bag, store and later sell toprocessors. Most farmers did not patronize distant rural and city markets but sell some of their soyain their village markets.

Figures 20 – 25 are maps representing the production characteristics of soybean farmers in the fiveStates. Summarily, the Figures show that: Benue State produced more soybean than any other States and the total land cultivated in

each LGA was higher compared to other States; The data for Benue, Kano and FCT shows a uniform soybean production capacity of the

LGAs in each of the States and implying similar production practices and resources TGX 1448 variety was common among farmers in the five States. Samsoy II was also

common to farmers in Benue, FCT and Kano while TGX 923-2E was common to farmersin Oyo State.

Farmers in Oyo State sold almost all of their harvested soybean indicating a low level ofdomestic or household level utilization.

The LGAs producing higher quantities of soybean in Ondo and Oyo States are Akure Northand Saki West indicating that these two LGAs had larger markets for soybean in SouthwestNigeria.

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

Ogun Ondo

Gombe

Nassarawa

CrossRiver

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

AkwaIbom

Anambra

NoData

Productionper state(year2006)28.2528.25-41.1641.16-191.72191.72- 221.58221.58- 515.71200 0 200 Kilometers

S

N

EW

5°20' 5°20'

6°40' 6°40'

8°00' 8°00'

9°20' 9°20'

10°40' 10°40'

12°00' 12°00'

13°20' 13°20'

3°20'

3°20'

4°40'

4°40'

6°00'

6°00'

7°20'

7°20'

8°40'

8°40'

10°00'

10°00'

11°20'

11°20'

14°00'

14°00'

Figure 20: Total soybean output for the five study States in tonnes (FieldLevel Data)

LGA Output( tonnes)

Number ofLGAs

Benue 5196 7FCT 2186 5Kano 1843 6Ondo 4115 5Oyo 2825 6

42

Guma

Kwande

Oju

Logo

Uku

Katsinaturkpo

Obi

Gwer West

Markurdi

Gboko Bukuru

Vandeikya

Konshisha

Gwer EastGboko

Tarka

UshongoFarmsize 74HaFarmsize77Ha

Farmsize 133 Ha

Farmsize 217Ha Farmsize 100 Ha

Farmsize120 Ha

Av. age of farmer =42Av. age of farmer =50 Av. age of farmer =40

Av. age of farmer =45 Av. age of farmer =49

Av. age of farmer =44

Av. age of farmer =52

Variety planted:TGX1448-2E

Variety planted:TGX1448-2E, TGX1448-2D

Variety plantedTGX1448-2E





Av farmsize: 120 Ha

Proportion of soya (Tons)OutputSold.Stored

20 0 20 Kilometers

N

6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Figure 21: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in BenueState

Parameter %GbokoVariety planted TGx 1448Average a 30

Total Farm size (ha) 77.0Output (tonnes) 69.1% Quantity sold 94.5% Quantity stored 5.5BukuruVariety planted TGx 1448, Samsoy IIAverage age of farmers 133Total Farm size (ha) 40Output (tonnes) 92.0% Quantity sold 95.5% Quantity stored 4.5UshongoVariety planted TGx1448Average age of farmers 49Total Farm size (ha) 100Output (tonnes) 77.4% Quantity sold 47.3% Quantity stored 52.7KonshishaVariety planted TGx 1448, Samsoy IIAverage age of farmers 45Total Farm size (ha) 217Output (tonnes) 62.8% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0VandelkyaVariety planted TGx 1448Average age of farmers 44Total Farm size (ha) 120Output (tonnes) 92.8% Quantity sold 55.0% Quantity stored 45.0Gwer EastVariety planted TGx 1448Average age of farmers 42Total Farm size (ha) 74Output (tonnes) 40.1% Quantity sold 72.8% Quantity stored 27.2TarkaVariety planted TGX 14448-2EAverage age of farmers 52Total Farm size (ha) 42Output (tonnes) 93.6% Quantity sold 62.4% Quantity stored 37.6

43

Farmsize =525.92

4Famsize =1.09Ha

Farmsize =24.17

Farmsize =264.96HaFarmsize =132.98

Varieties plantedSamsoy IITGXImprovedFarmers variety

Varieties plantedSamsoy IITGXImproved

VarietiesplantedSamsoyIITGXImproved

Varieties plantedSamsoy IITGXImproved

VarietiesplantedSamsoy IITGXImproved

Av age of farmers= 36


Av age of farmers =47Av age of farmers= 34


Abaji

Gwagwalada

Bwari

Abuja Municipal

Kuje

Proportionsof soya(000Tons)Out putSoldStored


N

8°30' 8°30'

9°00' 9°00'

7°00'

7°00'

7°30'

7°30'

Figure 22: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in FCT

Parameter %GwagaladaVariety planted TGx 1448 & Samsoy IIAverage age of farmers 47Total Farm size (ha) 264.96Output (tonnes) 392.2% Quantity sold 86.7% Quantity stored 13.3BwariVariety planted TGx 1448 & SamsoyAverage age of farmers 34Total Farm size (ha) 132.98Output (tonnes) 196.8% Quantity sold 86.7% Quantity stored 13.3AbajiVariety planted TGx 1448 & SamsoyAverage age of farmers 39Total Farm size (ha) 24.17Output (tonnes) 14.9% Quantity sold 85.5% Quantity stored 14.5KujeVariety planted TGx 1448 & SamsoyAverage age of farmers 36Total Farm size (ha) 525.92Output (tonnes) 779.7% Quantity sold 86.7% Quantity stored 13.3KwaliVariety planted TGx 1448 & SamsoyAverage age of farmers 36Total Farm size (ha) 1.09Output (tonnes) 65.5% Quantity sold 83.6% Quantity stored 16.4

44

Rano

Kabo

Bunkure

Tofa

Rimin Gado

GarumMallam

Kumbotso

DalaFagge

Gwarzo

Karaye

Rogo

Kiru

Bebeji

Tundun Wada Av. Age of farmers= 53

Av. Age of farmer = 42Av. Age of farmers= 54

Av. Age of farmer = 45

Av. Age of farmers= 43

Variety plantedTGX 1448

Variety plantedTGX 1448 SansoyII

Variety planted:TGX 1448

Variety planted:TGX 1448 Sansoy II


Farmsize=46Ha

Farmsize=48Ha

Farmsize= 48Ha

Farmsize= 47Ha

Farmsize=63Ha

Farmsize= 42Ha

488.94488.94

Av. age of farmers = 48


Proportion of soya (000 Tons)OutputSoldStored

10 0 10 Kilometers

N

6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Figure 23: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in KanoState

Parameter %GwarzoVariety planted TGx 1448Average age of farmers 43Total Farm size (ha) 42Output (tonnes) 45% Quantity sold 26.7% Quantity stored 73.3Karaye

Variety plantedTGx 1448, Samsoy

IIAverage age of farmers 45Total Farm size (ha) 63Output (tonnes) 16.5% Quantity sold 0.0% Quantity stored 100.0KiruVariety planted TGx1448Average age of farmers 48Total Farm size (ha) 48Output (tonnes) 11.0% Quantity sold 0.0% Quantity stored 100.0Bebeji

Variety plantedTGx 1448, Samsoy

IIAverage age of farmers 54Total Farm size (ha) 47Output (tonnes) 35.0% Quantity sold 79.4% Quantity stored 20.6Tundun Wada79.4Variety planted TGx 1448Average age of farmers 53Total Farm size (ha) 48Output (tonnes) 113.7% Quantity sold 17.5% Quantity stored 82.5RogoVariety planted TGx 1448Average age of farmers 42Total Farm size (ha) 46Output (tonnes) 50.0% Quantity sold 55.6% Quantity stored 44.4

45

Figure 24: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in OndoState

Parameter %Akoko North WestVariety planted TGX 923-2EAverage age of farmers 42Total Farm size (ha) 38.50Output (tonnes) 43.9% Quantity sold 78.6% Quantity stored 21.4Akoko North EastVariety planted TGX 923-2EAverage age of farmers 51Total Farm size (ha) 16.50Output (tonnes) 47.3% Quantity sold 96.0% Quantity stored 4.0Akoko South EastVariety planted TGX 923-2EAverage age of farmers 454Total Farm size (ha) 14.67Output (tonnes) 8.72% Quantity sold 90.7% Quantity stored 9.3OwoVariety planted TGX 923-2EAverage age of farmers 49Total Farm size (ha) 128.3Output (tonnes) 46.0% Quantity sold 89.2% Quantity stored 10.8Akure NorthVariety planted TGX 923-2EAverage age of farmers 196.25Total Farm size (ha) 66Output (tonnes) 63.9% Quantity sold 88.7% Quantity stored 11.3

Ose

Idanre

edore Akoko South-West

Akure South

Akoko North-West

Akoko North-East

Akoko South-East

AkureNorth

Owo

Farmsize= 128.30

Farmsize56 Ha

Farmsize= 38.50

Average farmsize= 16.50

Farmsize= 15Ha

Variety planted TGX923 -2E

Variety planted:TGX923 -2E

Variety planted: TGX 923 -2E

Variety planted:TGX 923 -2E

Variety planted: TGX923 -2E

Av. age of farmers =49





Proportion of soya (000 Tons)Out putSoldStored

20 0 20 Kilometers

N

6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

46

Farmsize= 18Ha

Farmsize= 2.5 Ha

Farmsize= 112.50Ha

Farmsize=19.8 Ha

Farmsize= 7.4 Ha

Farmsize= 12.8 Ha

Av. Ageof farmers = 47


Av. Ageof farmer = 41

Av. Age of farmer = 49



Variet planted:TGX1448

Variety planted:TGX1448

Variety planted:TGX1448,


Variety planted:TGX1448, TGX1440-1E


Ori-Ire

Iwajowa

Iseyin

Saki East

Itesiwaju

Orelope

Kajola

Olorunsogo

Saki West

Atisbo

Atiba

Oyo West

Afijio

Oyo East

Proportion of soya(000Tons)OutputSoldStored

20 0 20 Kilometers

N

6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Figure 25: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers in the LGAs in Oyo State

Parameter %Saki West

Variety plantedTGX 1448,

923, 1440-1EAverage age of farmers 51Total Farm size (ha) 112.5Output (tonnes) 120.0% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0Atisbo


923, 1440-1EAverage age of farmers 47Total Farm size (ha) 18.0Output (tonnes) 16.0% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0Atiba


923, 1440-1EAverage age of farmers 41Total Farm size (ha) 25Output (tonnes) 12% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0Oyo West


923, 1440-1EAverage age of farmers 54Total Farm size (ha) 7.4Output (tonnes) 2.7% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0Oyo East


923, 1440-1EAverage age of farmers 53Total Farm size (ha) 12.8Output (tonnes) 30.0% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0Afidjo


923, 1440-1EAverage age of farmers 42Total Farm size (ha) 19.8Output (tonnes) 7.8% Quantity sold 100.0% Quantity stored 0.0

4.3 Distance Analysis of Sources of Seed

The distances of seed sources to location of farmers were determined, using the distance analysismenu on Arc view 3.2. This is to ascertain the proximity and availability of seed inputs to farms inthe study. Seed is an important input required by farmers to sustain their production. Soya seed inparticular is noted for its proneness to loss of viability. Although, it is believed that a majority of thefarmers have inventories of seed, they often purchase improved seeds from input agencies andprivate agro-allied firms. Figures 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are maps showing distance analysis in theform of buffers. The buffers show the number of farm located within 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50kilometres distance to the source of seed.

We discuss in the following section the findings on distance analysis:

In Benue State, 65.9 percent of the producers were within 0 and 10 km distance bufferindicating that over 65 percent of the farmers traveled a distance of at least 10 km to accessseed input. About 18 percent were within the 10 and 20 km buffer while 16.05 per cent fellwithin 20 and 30 km distance buffers. This finding implies that the majority of farmers wasclose to seed sources and would probably have access to improved varieties and otherinputs.

In the FCT, only about 25.3 per cent of the producers fell within the 10 km radius indicatingthat the majority of producers traveled beyond 10 km to access seed inputs. Over 25 percent would need to travel beyond 30km to have access to input. The implication of this isthat soybean producers in the FCT are far away from locations where they can buy seedsand other inputs. This could serve as disincentive to farmers in adopting improvedtechnologies.

In Kano State, it was noted that all the farmers’ locations fell within the 10 km bufferindicating that the seed services of the State are very close to farmers. This suggests thatsoybean farmers in Kano State would have access to improved seeds and more readily adoptimproved technologies than farmers in other States.

In Ondo State, about 61 per cent of the farmers’ locations fell outside the 10 km distancebuffers.

The distance buffers of Oyo State show that majority of the farmers do not have to travel fardistances to obtain seed; 84.33 percent of the farmers fell between 0 and 15km distancebuffers.

Generally, the location of seed and other inputs sources are very important in determining howaccessible agricultural inputs are to farmers and in designing what interventions are necessary toensure the provision of input services to farmers in their localities.

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Guma

KwandeOju

Gboko

Logo

Ukum

Gwer East

BukuruKatsina- Ala

Konshisha

UshongoObi

Gwer West

Markurdi

Vandeikya

Tarka

Benuestate

Distancetoseedsources1020304050

% Farmslocation# Seedsources

30 0 30 Kilometers

N

View1 6°30'

7°00' 7°00'

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

7°30'

7°30'

8°00'

8°00'

8°30'

8°30'

9°00'

9°00'

9°30'

9°30'

Data Table

Figure 26: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed input in BenueState

Bufferdistance

Numberof

farmers % (n = 351)10 230 65.920 63 18.0530 56 16.05

40 0 050 0 0

49

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Kuje

Kwali

Abaji

Bwari

Abuja Municipal

Gwagwalada

Distance to seed sources20406080

FCT% Farm Locations% Seed source


N

8°30' 8°30'

9°00' 9°00'

7°00'

7°00'

7°30'

7°30'

#

#

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#

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#

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Kiru

Rogo

Sumaila

Aj

Bichi

Bebeji

Gay

Rano

TundunWada

Garko

Shanono

Karaye

Gabasawa

Kibiya

Kabo

Minjibir

Wudil

Bunkure

Bagwai

Kura

Gwarzo

Tofa

Gezawa

Warawa

Tsanyawa

Madobi

DawakinTofa

Ungogo

Rimin Gado

GarumMallam

Kumbotso

Dala


S

N

EW

11°20' 11°20'

11°40' 11°40'

12°00' 12°00'

12°20' 12°20'

7°40'

7°40'

8°00'

8°00'

8°20'

8°20'

8°40'

8°40'

Kanostate

Distances toseedsources15304560

# Farmlocations# Seedsources

Data Table

Figure 27: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source ofsoybean seed input in FCT

DistanceBuffers

Number offarmers % (n= 194)

10 49 25.2620 47 24.2330 47 24.2340 27 13.9250 24 12.36

50

Data Table

Figure 28: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed input in Kano State

DistanceBuffers


10 43 10020 0 030 0 040 0 050 0 0

51

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OseIdanre

Owo

AkureNorth

Ifedore

Akoko North-West

Akoko South-West

Akure South

Akoko North-East

Akoko South-East

Ondostate

Distance toseedsources1020304050

% FarmLocations# Seedsource


N

7°00' 7°00'

7°10' 7°10'

7°20' 7°20'

7°30' 7°30'

7°40' 7°40'

5°10'

5°10'

5°20'

5°20'

5°30'

5°30'

5°40'

5°40'

5°50'

5°50'

6°00'

6°00'

Data Table

Figure 29: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seedinput in Ondo State

DistanceBuffers


10 23 38.9820 28 47.4630 8 13.5640 0 050 0 0

52

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Atisbo

Ido

Atiba

Ori-Ire

Iwajowa

Iseyin

Saki West

Saki East

Itesiwaju

Afijio

Orelope

Oluyole

SurulereKajola

IbarapaNorth

Olorunsogo

IbarapaEastAkinyele

OyoWest OgoOluwa

Lagelu

OnaAra

IbarapaCentralEgbeda

OyoEast

OgbomoshoNorth

Oyostate

Distancetoseedsouces5101520

# Farmlocation# Seedssources


N

7°30' 7°30'

8°00' 8°00'

8°30' 8°30'

3°00'

3°00'

3°30'

3°30'

4°00'

4°00'

4°30'

4°30'

Data Table

Figure 30: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed input in Oyo State

BufferDistance

Number offarmers

% (n= 51)

5 5 9.8110 4 7.8515 34 66.6720 8 15.67

5.0 EXPERIENCE OF PROSAB IN THE SOYBEAN COMMODITY CHAIN

PROSAB is a project (financed by the Canadian CIDA and implemented by the InternationalInstitute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA. It is located in Borno State, with an office in Maiduguri, andis aimed at promoting trade and establishing linkages between soybean producers, marketers andprocessors in the State. The following strategies are employed in achieving the objectives of theproject.a. The project commenced with identification of producers, marketers and processors and

facilitating trade linkages between them.b. Survey of markets for soybean in the State for domestic and industrial purposes; identification of

these markets and capacity of such markets for soya-based products.c. Provision of advisory services to farmers on improved practices on soybean production,

marketing and processing.d. Organization of Stakeholders’ workshop involving producers, marketers and processors and

identifying constraints in the linkage between them. The workshop was also used to identifyquantity, quality, and price requirements of processors in order to afford the farmers theopportunity of being actively involved in the market.

e. Organisation of capacity building trainings for farmers on processors requirements, marketopportunities, trade development agenda, information on credit sources and facilities towards asustainable financing of the trade.

The supply side market surveys are carried out by the agency to identify producers and processors.The enumeration includes data collection on actual and potential production capacities of farmers;identification, by type and capacities, of intermediaries and agents involved in the soybean trade. Thedemand side market survey include the identification and data collection on processors and end-users, actual and potential demand structures, forms, quality and quantities of soybean product usedand demand frequencies.

54

6.0 LOCATION OF PROCESSORS, DEMAND AND MOVEMENT OF SOYABASED PRODUCTS

6.1 Location of Soybean Commercial Processors

Soybean Commercial processors have been identified in a study on Commercial Demand ofSoybean in Akure, Jos, Kano and Lagos, Nigeria. A total of forty six soybean processors wereidentified in the four locations with Lagos having the highest number and concentration of soybeanprocessors, but which process the lowest volumes among the four cities. Apart from Lagos where asample of the processors was surveyed, a complete census of soybean processors in other locationswas taken.

Different categories of commercial consumers were identified. This comprised 10 oil mills, 18livestock feed mills, three flour mills, five infant food and 10 instant food industries. No paint,pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry using soybean was identified. The livestock feed mills weremany in number and utilize large quantities of soybean cake and meal. It was found that soy basedmaterials are considered relatively expensive to be utilized in other industrial products such as paints,pharmaceuticals, confectioneries and cosmetics, where cheaper alternatives could be utilized. Table 7below shows the locations, soybean processing capacity and the industry type.

Table 7: List of Identified Commercial Processors of SoybeanS/N Location Name of Organization Soybean

processing tonnes/day

Industry type

1. Akure/Owo JOF Ideal Family Farm 120 Oil and feed mill

2. Akure/Akoko Olonimoke Feedmill 10 Livestock Feed mill

3. Akure/Akoko Serena Feedmill 2.5 Livestock Feed mill

4. Akure/Akoko PAM, Feedmill 0.5 Livestock Feed mill

5. Akure/Akoko His Grace Feedmill 1.0 Livestock Feed mill

6. Akure/Owo Opeyemi Feedmill 2.0 Livestock Feed mill

7. Jos Grand Cereals & Oil Mills 100 Oil Mill

8. Jos ECWA Rural Development 120 Livestock Feed mill

9. Jos MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd. 10 Oil and Feed Mill

10. Jos Pierodex Farms Nig. Ltd. 15 Livestock Feed mill

11. Jos MEGATECH Industries Ltd. 20 Livestock Feed mill

12. Jos AGRO-MILLERS Ltd. 2 Livestock Feed mill

13. Jos Aminimoh & Sons 2 Livestock Feed mill

14. Jos Dagwom Farm Department. 10 Livestock Feed mill

15. Jos Lauret Oil Mills Ltd. 5 Oil Mill

16. Kano Fortune Oil Mill Limited 250 Oil Mill

17. Kano Talamiz Oil 100 Oil Mill

18. Kano Yakasai Oil Mill Limited 20 Oil Mill

19. Kano Karami Oil Limited 20 Oil Mill

20. Kano Danlabi Oil Mill 15 Oil Mill

21. Kano Alhaji Lawan Farms 15 Livestock Feed mill

55

22. Kano Alhaji Abba Zaggae Farms 5 Livestock Feed mill

23. Kano Nana Farms 5 Livestock Feed mill

24. Kano Animal Care 4 Livestock Feed mill

25. Kano Superb Feeds 2 Livestock Feed mill

26. Kano Sovet Feeds 1 Livestock Feed mill

27. Lagos JIKS Global Ventures Limited 0.002 Livestock Feed mill

28. Lagos Comfort Mills & Farms 0.0012 Livestock Feed mill

29. Lagos High Trees Nig. Limited 0.001 Livestock Feed mill

30. Lagos Golden Lay farms Limited 0.0007 Livestock Feed mill

31. Lagos Solution Feed Mill 0.005 Livestock Feed mill

32. Lagos Sabina Pad Nig. Limited 0.02 Livestock Feed mill

33. Lagos Soleace & Moxie Investments 0.01 Livestock Feed mill

34. Lagos Boom Commercial Enterprises 0.001 Livestock Feed mill

35.Lagos

Fola-Afe Agro Vet Servicesand Ventures 0.015

Livestock Feed mill

36. Lagos Spectra Foods 0.001 Food Industry

37. Lagos Samdor Feeds 0.001 Livestock Feed mill

38. Lagos S.K Grinding & Pelleting 0.002 Livestock Feed mill

39. Lagos Federal Institute of IndustrialResearch FIIRO

0.001 Food ResearchInstitute

40. Lagos Livestock Feeds Plc. 0.01 Livestock Feed mill

41. Lagos Candor Foods 0.0005 Livestock Feed mill

42. Lagos Life Flour Group 0.01 Feed and Flour Mill

43. Lagos Willmerc (La cussion) 0.0002 Feed mill and

44. Lagos Grand Cereal and Oil Ltd 150 Oil Mill

45. Lagos Moreson Nigeria Limited 0.005 Food Industry

46. Lagos Nestle Foods Plc 0.06 Food Industry

Apart from these, there are other processors of soybean, identified in the literature, outside the fourlocations and some other not among the sample in Lagos. Some of these processors weregeographically positioned to create the maps. The ones identified are:

1. Bendel Feed and Flour Mill Limited. Edo State2. Lisabi Foods, Maryland, Lagos3. Glaxo Nigeria Limited, Apapa, Lagos4. Cadbury (Nig.) Limited, Lagos5. Odichie Bakery, Lagos6. S&D Farms Nigeria Limited, Abeokuta – Ibadan, Rd, Itesi Ajegunle Village, Abeokuta7. Fedex (Nig.) Limited, Kudanda Industrial Layout, Kaduna8. SEEPC Nigeria Limited, Kachia Rd., Kaduna9. Rosana Vegetable Oil Mill Nassarawa Eggon, Nassarawa State10. Ogo Oluwa Interbiz Oyo Road, Ibadan11. B&T Ventures Nigeria Limited. Ojoo, Ibadan12. Ezekiel and Sons Grinding, Company Nnung Ikot Asanga, Akwa Ibom State13. Taraku Mill, Limited Taraku, Benue State

56

14. Golden Oil Mills, Onitsha, Anambra State15. Obasanjo Farms Limited, Ota, Ogun State

Figure 31 shows the map of Nigeria indicating the locations of major soybean processors in Nigeriain Nigeria. Generally, it was observed that the livestock feed millers are more in number from onelocation to the other and therefore important in determining the level of utilization of soybean inNigeria. Although they have alternative and cheaper source of protein, they prefer soybean becauseof its low oil content and a rich source of protein.

%[

%[%[

%[

%[

%[%[

%[

%[%[

%[

%[%[%[%[

%[

%[%[

%[

%[%[%[%[%[

%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[

%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[

%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[ %[%[%[%[%[%[%[

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

AkwaIbom

Anambra

Nana Farms

AnimalCare

Talamiz Oil

FedexNigLtd

SEEPCNigLtd

AdonNig Ent.

PAM, Feedmill

SunseedNigLtd

Taraku Mill LtdSerenaFeedmill

Zest concept Ltd Opeyemi Feedmill

Obasanjo FarmsLTD

OlonimokeFeedmill

P.S. mandridesPlc.

RosanaVegetableOil

PremeerseedNig Ltd

LivestockFeeds Plc.

JOF Ideal FamilyFarm

Funtua Cotton seed crushingCo.

Federal Instituteof Industrial

Bendel feedand flour mill Nig Ltd

Min of Agricand Natural Resourc

LauretOil MillsLtd.

Nigeria.%[ Majorsoyaprocessors

200 0 200 Kilometers

S

N

EW

5°20' 5°20'

6°40' 6°40'

8°00' 8°00'

9°20' 9°20'

10°40' 10°40'

12°00' 12°00'

13°20' 13°20'

3°20'

3°20'

4°40'

4°40'

6°00'

6°00'

7°20'

7°20'

8°40'

8°40'

10°00'

10°00'

11°20'

11°20'

14°00'

14°00'

Figure 31: Location ofSoybean processors in the study areas

6.2 Demand for Soybean among processors and sources of supply of Soya based rawmaterials

Demand for soybean and other related products by commercial consumers was obtained andaggregated in this report. It was observed that demand for the various forms of soy follows similarpattern across processors and locations. The oil mills provide demand for soybeans to produce cake,meal and oil which is used by feed mills and other industries. However, some medium and largescale processors in the food industry use the bean as well. Demand for soy oil could not beascertained because all the processors identified did not use soy oil but rather produced it.

The aggregate demand for soybean was far higher than aggregate demand for other forms such asmeal, cake and oil. This is partly because oil mills and some food industries provide demand forlarge quantities of soybean and demand from the industries that utilize mainly the meal and or cakeseems less intense. Twenty three of the processors (50%) used soy bean while 18(39.1%) and 21(45.7%) used meal and cake respectively. Only one of the processors used soy oil which is used informulation of some poultry feeds.

Table 8 shows the quantity of soy based materials demanded for by each of the processors. Theaggregate shows that processors in Kano have the highest aggregate demand of 178,200 and 9,248tonnes per annum for bean and cake respectively. This is followed by Akure and Jos with 43,200and 38,166 tonnes respectively for bean. The aggregate demand per annum for the four locations forbean, cake and meal were 296,412; 10,780 and 11, 440 tonnes, respectively.

There was no demand for soya oil by industries in any of the study locations visited. Apart from theoil mills, other processors such as Spectra Foods and Moreson Nigeria Limited both in Lagosutilized oil generated from the production of their soy foods. In Kano, none of the oil millspackaged their oil for domestic consumption. It was reported that there are middlemen that dopurchase the oil in large quantities and resell either in small drums at local markets, someindustrialists or mix with other form of oil (groundnut and cotton seed oils), package and producegeneric vegetable oil. It was also found in Kano that they do supply some paint industries from thesoutheast and some big farms from the south west), with raw and neutralized oil directly. The localsupply for soy oil of Karami Oil in Kano however, is done through middlemen that buy soy oil andmix with groundnut oil and package as vegetable oil. The proportion of soy in this adulterated oil isabout 30 per cent.

It was found that Grand Cereals and Oil Mills Limited (Jos and Lagos) and JOF Ideal Farms Limitedare the only oil milling companies that had branded soy oil (Grand Oil and Executive Chef,respectively) in the market in Nigeria. The companies have major distributors all over the country.From the foregoing, the demand for soy oil by various commercial buyers and industrial users couldnot be ascertained at the time of the study. Table 7 highlights the soybean processors identified inthe four locations, quantity processed, soya based products produced and sources of supply for soyabased raw materials. The data in Table 7 were used to generate Figures 25, 26 and 27. Table 7 andFigure 25 shows that Grand Cereals and Oil Mills Limited is the highest consumer of soyabean inNigeria followed closely by Nestle Nigeria Limited, Lagos.

Figure 26 shows the major sources of supply of soya based raw materials. It was noted that soyabeans are supplied mainly from the central and northern States of Nigeria such as Benue, Kaduna,Jigawa, Katsina, Plateau and Bauchi States. These States, particularly Benue, Kaduna and Katsina

59

appear prominent among the supply sources. However, the particular locations in terms ofcommunity or village where soya beans are sourced can only be provided by middlemen who domost of the supplies.

It was found from the oil mills that there are several levels of middlemen in the soybean commoditychain. These middlemen buy directly from farmers and primary markets; they bag, store and supplythe companies. The majority of these middlemen are not involved in any form of soybeanprocessing but controlled the price of soybean especially during the rainy season (March – August).These middlemen play significant roles in meeting the demand for soya based products by differentlevels of processors. Sadly, they are also responsible for the adulteration of the products in a bid tomeet demand.

On the part of the feed mills and other consumers, their sources of supply for soy meal and cake aremainly the oil mills within and around their locations. In some of these locations such as Akure, Josand Kano, a business cluster could be formed to further strengthen the existing relationship amongthe group. The dependence of the feed mill in particular, on the oil mills underscores theirimportance in the soya commodity chain. It was noted that some large Feed Mills in the countrydepend mainly on supply from oil mills in the north. For instance, Fortune Oil, Kano suppliesAnimal care in Ogun State; Karami Oil, Kano is a major supplier of soy cake and meal to ObasanjoFarms Limited, Ota, Ogun State.

Information was obtained on the reason for patronizing these sources. The first and the mostimportant reason given by processors is quality of the soy based materials. Over the years, they hadestablished quality preferences and got their suppliers to comply. All the processors indicate thattheir priority for supply is quality. Getting quality soy based products which will have expected valueis sine qua non to ensuring good quality from suppliers. Other reasons given for the patronage oftheir sources of supply are:

i. Price: They tend to patronize a source that is relatively cheaper than other sources,however with same quality standards.

ii. Regularity of supply and availability of materials: Often times they patronized a sourceof supply for its regularity and consistency of supplying them materials. This means thatsupply is always guaranteed by these sources. This assures processors that they will beable to get supply any time required.

iii. Nearness of the supplier: This is very important as it determine the price of theproducts. Processors often prefer to buy from nearby sources to reduce the price sincethe cost of transportation increases the cost of the product. However, for processorsrequiring soy bean, they patronize sources from the Northern part of Nigeria becausesoybean is always available and at a cheaper price.

iv. No alternative supplier: In some cases like in Akure and its environs, majority of thefeed mills purchased their cake and meal from JOF mainly because they did not have analternative close bye.

Figure 27 is a destination map showing identified movement of the supply of soybean from varioussources to the processors. The directions of the arrows indicate the direction from source ofsupplies to point of processing. With many the arrows pointing southwards confirms that soybeanproduction takes place in the north while its processing, utilization and market is in the south,particularly the southwest. The arrows also show an estimated quantity of soybean being suppliedfrom the various processing points.

60

Table 8: List of major soybean processors and the sources of supplyS/N

Name of Organization Forms of soybased materials Sources of supply (State)

1. JOF Ideal Family Farm, Akure Bean Benue, and Kaduna

2. Olonimoke Feedmill, Akure Cake and meal JOF Ideal Family Farm

3. Serena Feedmill, Akure Cake and meal JOF Ideal Family Farm and Oyo

4. PAM, Feedmill, Akure Cake and meal JOF Ideal Family Farm

5. His Grace Feedmill, Akure Cake and meal JOF Ideal Family Farm

6. Opeyemi Feedmill, Akure Cake and meal JOF Ideal Family Farm

7. Grand Cereals & Oil Mills, Jos Bean Plateau, Benue, Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Jigawa

8. ECWA Rural DevelopmentLtd., Jos

Cake and meal Plateau, Kano, Bauchi, Kaduna and Abuja

9. MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd., Jos Cake and meal Plateau, Grand Cereals, Benue

10. Pierodex Farms Nig. Ltd., Jos Cake and meal MJ-ONE Ltd and MEGATECH Ind. Ltd.11. Megatech Industries Ltd., Jos Cake and meal Kano, Benue, Kaduna

12. AGRO-MILLERS Ltd., Jos Cake and meal MJ-ONE Ltd13. Aminimoh & Sons, Jos Cake and meal Plateau and Kaduna

14. Dagwom Farm Department.,Jos

Cake and meal Benue

15. Lauret Oil Mills Ltd., Jos Bean Plateau, Benue and Kaduna

16. Fortune Oil Mill Limited, Kano Bean Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

17. Talamiz Oil, Kano Bean Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

18. Yakasai Oil Mill Limited, Kano Bean Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

19. Karami Oil Limited, Kano Bean Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

20. Danlabi Oil Mill, Kano Bean Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

21. Alhaji Lawan Farms, Kano Cake and meal Mutan Enterprises, Asada Market, Kano

22. Alhaji Abba Zaggae Farms,Kano

Cake and meal Mutan Enterprises, Asada market, Kano, Fortune Oil Mill, TalamizOil Mill

23. Nana Farms, Kano Cake and meal Dewanu Enterprises, Sharada, Kano, Fortune Oil Mill, Kano,Mutan Enterprises

24. Animal Care, Kano Cake and meal Dewanu Enterprises, Sharada, Kano, Fortune Oil Mill, Kano

25. Superb Feeds, Kano Cake and meal Karami Oil Mill

26. Sovet Feeds, Kano Cake and meal Fortune Oil Mill

27. JIKS Global Ventures, KanoLimited, Lagos

Cake and meal Golden Oil, Sapele, Onitsha.Life flour group (Sanders), Morrison, Lagos

28. Comfort Mills & Farms, Lagos Cake and meal Moreson Nig.Ltd., Ojodu, Lagos29. High Trees Nig. Limited, Lagos Cake and meal Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

30. Golden Lay farms Limited,Lagos

Cake and meal Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna

31. Solution Feed Mill, Lagos Cake and meal Golden Oil, OnitshaKarami Oil, Kano

32. Sabina Pad Nig. Limited, Lagos Cake and meal Golden oil, Onitsha33. Soleace & Moxie Investments,

LagosCake and meal Katsina, Kaduna

Life flour group, Moreson, LagosGolden oil, Onitsha

61

34. Boom Commercial Enterprises,Lagos

Cake and meal Life flour group, Moreson, LagosGolden oil, Onitsha

35. Fola-Afe Agro Vet Services andVentures, Lagos

Cake and meal Life flour group, Moreson, LagosGolden Oils, OnitshaGrand Oils & Cereal, Jos

36. Spectra Foods, Lagos Bean Benue37. Samdor Feeds, Lagos Cake and meal Benue

Soya oil from Sun seed Mill38. S.K Grinding & Pelleting,

LagosCake and meal Life flour group, Lagos, Moreson Nig. Ltd,

Lagos, Golden Oil, Onitsha; Benue39. Federal Institute of Industrial

Research FIIRO, LagosBean Mile 12, Lagos

40. Livestock Feeds Plc., Lagos Cake and meal Benue, and Katsina41. Candor Foods, Lagos Cake and meal Abattoir, Oko-oba Lagos,42. Life Flour Group, Lagos Cake and meal Grand Cereals, Lagos, Benue

and import43. Willmerc (La cussion), Lagos Bean Mile 12 Market, Lagos; Benue44. Grand Cereal and Oil Ltd,

Lagos BeanBenue

45. Moreson Nigeria Limited, Lagos Bean Kastina, Lagos, Benue46. Nestle Foods Plc, Lagos Bean Oyo, Benue, Kano and Kaduna

%[

%[%[

%[

%[

%[%[

%[

%[%[

%[

%[%[%[%[

%[

%[%[

%[

%[%[%[%[

%[

%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[

%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[

%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[%[ %[%[%[%[%[%[%[

&

&

&&

&

&

&&

&&

&

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Cross River

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

AkwaIbom

Anambra

Nana Farms

AnimalCare

Talamiz Oil

Fedex NigLtd

SEEPCNigLtd

AdonNig Ent.

PAM, Feedmill

SunseedNigLtd

Taraku Mill LtdSerenaFeedmill

Zest concept LtdOpeyemi Feedmill

Obasanjo Farms LTD

OlonimokeFeedmill

P.S. mandrides Plc.

RosanaVegetableOil

Premeer seedNig Ltd

Livestock Feeds Plc.

JOF Ideal Family Farm

Funtua Cotton seed crushingCo.

Federal Instituteof Industrial

Bendel feedand flour mill Nig Ltd

Min of Agric and Natural Resourc

LauretOil MillsLtd.

Nigeria.%[ Major soya processors& Major source of soya rawmaterials200 0 200 Kilometers

S

N

EW

5°20' 5°20'

6°40' 6°40'

8°00' 8°00'

9°20' 9°20'

10°40' 10°40'

12°00' 12°00'

13°20' 13°20'

3°20'

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7°20'

7°20'

8°40'

8°40'

10°00'

10°00'

11°20'

11°20'

14°00'

14°00'

Figure 32:Sources of Soya based materials

63

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52

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3600

3240

5000

10000

40000

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10000

1000010000

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10000

43200

24000

Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

Ogun Ondo

Gombe

Nassarawa

CrossRiver

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

AkwaIbom

Anambra

Nigerian administrativeboundary

Major processorsbyquantityof soyademanded# 0- 2016# 2017- 6000# 6001- 15000# 15001- 24000# 24001- 72000


N

5°10' 5°10'

6°20' 6°20'

7°30' 7°30'

8°40' 8°40'

9°50' 9°50'

11°00' 11°00'

12°10' 12°10'

13°20' 13°20'

3°10'

3°10'

4°20'

4°20'

5°30'

5°30'

6°40'

6°40'

7°50'

7°50'

9°00'

9°00'

10°10'

10°10'

12°30'

12°30'

Figure 33: Quantity ofSoya based materials demanded by selected processors

64

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Niger

Borno

Yobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

K aduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adam awa

Katsina

OgunOndo

Gombe

Nassarawa

Osun

Riv ers

Imo

Abuja

E kiti

Del ta

Cross River

Bayelsa

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

Akwa Ibom

Anambra

1

3

2

22

4

20

13

68

31

9

47

21

12

15

37

10

17

15

3

21

0°0'0"

0°0'0"

5°0'0"E

5°0'0"E

10°0'0"E

10°0'0"E

15°0'0"E

15°0'0"E

5°0'0"N 5°0'0"N

10°0'0"N 10°0'0"N

15°0'0"N 15°0'0"N

µ

0 190 38095Kilometers

Legend

" Major source of soya

! Major soya processors

National Administrativeboundary

Quantity of Soya (000 Tons)

1 - 4

5 - 17

18 - 37

38 - 68

Figure 34:Movement of Soybean supply from sources to processors

6.3 Destination of Soy-based end products

Table 9 below indicates the various locations of domestic demand for soy based products. Thesefindings suggest that small and medium scale enterprises sell their products close to their ownlocations while the larger processors have a nationwide coverage of product distribution. Figure 35is a map depicting the locations of soya based products in Nigeria indicating locations of producers(processors). The map shows clearly where these products can be sourced directly from producers.Figure 36 shows the movement of these products to various destinations of demand within Nigeria.

Table 9: Locations of domestic demand for soy based productsS/N Name of Organization Location

Major Soy basedproduct

Locations of DomesticDemand (State)

1. JOF Ideal Family Farm Akure/Owo Cake, meal and oil Southwest Nigeria

2. Olonimoke Feedmill Akure/Akoko Livestock feeds Ondo and Ekiti

3. Serena Feedmill Akure/Akoko Livestock feeds Ondo and Ekiti

4. PAM, Feedmill Akure/Akoko Livestock feeds Ondo and Ekiti

5. His Grace Feedmill Akure/Akoko Livestock feeds Ondo and Ekiti

6. Opeyemi Feedmill Akure/Owo Livestock feeds Ondo and Ekiti

7. Grand Cereals & Oil Mills Jos Oil, cake and meal All over Nigeria

8. ECWA Rural DevelopmentJos

Cake, meal and livestockfeeds

Plateau, Kano, Bauchi,Kaduna and Abuja

9. MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd.Jos

Oil, cake and meal andLivestock feeds

Plateau and Niger

10. Pierodex Farms Nig. Ltd. Jos Livestock feeds Plateau

11. MEGATECH IndustriesLtd. Jos

Livestock feeds Northern Nigeria

12. AGRO-MILLERS Ltd. Jos Livestock feeds Plateau

13. Aminimoh & Sons Jos Livestock feeds Plateau

14. Dagwom Farm Department. Jos Livestock feeds Plateau

15. Lauret Oil Mills Ltd. Jos Oil, cake and meal Plateau and Eastern Nigeria

16. Fortune Oil Mill LimitedKano

Oil Kano, Ogun, Lagos andEastern Nigeria

17. Talamiz Oil Kano Oil Northern Nigeria

18. Yakasai Oil Mill Limited Kano Oil Kano and Kaduna

19. Karami Oil LimitedKano

Oil Kano, Kaduna, Ogun andLagos

20. Danlabi Oil Mill Kano Oil Kano

21. Alhaji Lawan Farms Kano Livestock feeds Kano

22. Alhaji Abba Zaggae Farms Kano Livestock feeds Kano

23. Nana Farms Kano Livestock feeds Kano

24. Animal Care Kano Livestock feeds Kano

25. Superb Feeds Kano Livestock feeds Kano

26. Sovet Feeds Kano Livestock feeds Kano

27. JIKS Global VenturesLimited Lagos

Livestock feedsLagos and Ogun

28. Comfort Mills & Farms Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

66

29. High Trees Nig. Limited Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

30. Golden Lay farms Limited Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

31. Solution Feed Mill Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

32. Sabina Pad Nig. Limited Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

33. Soleace & MoxieInvestments Lagos

Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

34. Boom CommercialEnterprises Lagos


35. Fola-Afe Agro Vet Servicesand Ventures Lagos


36. Spectra Foods Lagos Soy foods Lagos, Ogun and Oyo

37. Samdor Feeds Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

38. S.K Grinding & Pelleting Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos and Ogun

39. Federal Institute of IndustrialResearch FIIRO

LagosSoy foods Lagos

40. Livestock Feeds Plc. Lagos Livestock feeds All over Nigeria41. Candor Foods Lagos Livestock feeds Lagos42. Life Flour Group

LagosFeed Mill, soy cake andmeal All over Nigeria

43. Willmerc (La cussion) Lagos Soy foods Lagos and Ogun44. Grand Cereal and Oil Ltd Lagos Oil, meal and cake All over Nigeria45. Moreson Nigeria Limited Lagos Soy foods, cake and meal Lagos46. Nestle Foods Plc Lagos Infant foods All over Nigeria

It is noted in Figure 32 that the direction of movement of soy based end products is in directopposite to that of the raw materials (Figure 30). The end products move from the southern partsof the country to the north and other States of the country. Similarly, for small industries, thedestinations of their end products appear restricted within the States. The farthest final destinationwould seem to be limited to the geo-political zone where production takes place within the country.For the purpose of clarity some of these movements could not be depicted in the map.

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Niger

BornoYobe

Taraba

Bauchi

Oyo

Kogi

Kebbi

Kaduna

Kwara

Edo

Benue

Sokoto

ZamfaraKano

Plateau

Jigawa

Adamawa

Delta

Katsina

Ogun Ondo

Gombe

Nassarawa

CrossRiver

Osun

Rivers

Imo

Abuja

Bayelsa

Ekiti

Enugu

Abia

EbonyiLagos

AkwaIbom

Anambra

Nigerianadministrativeboundary

Soyaprocessorsbyproducttypes$ LivestockFeeds% Soycake/meal# Soyflour# Soyoilandcake/meal# Soyproteinconcentrate%U Soyafoods%[ Soyaoil andcake/meal


N

5°10' 5°10'

6°20' 6°20'

7°30' 7°30'

8°40' 8°40'

9°50' 9°50'

11°00' 11°00'

12°10' 12°10'

13°20' 13°20'

3°10'

3°10'

4°20'

4°20'

5°30'

5°30'

6°40'

6°40'

7°50'

7°50'

9°00'

9°00'

10°10'

10°10'

12°30'

12°30'

Figure 35: Locations of soya based products in Nigeria

68

A buja

Allov

erN

iger

ia

Norther

nN

geria

NorthEas tern

nigeria

SouthEat

Sou

thEastern

Nig

eria

Al l

ove

rNig

eria

A ll over Nigeria

Nana FarmsS ovet F eeds

Ani mal Care

Talamiz O il

Animal Care

Candor FoodsS amdor FeedsSpe ct ra Foods

PAM , Feedmil lAdon Nig Ent.

SEE PC Ni g LtdFedex Nig Ltd

Seren a Feedmil l

Taraku M ill Ltd

Nest le F oods Plc

MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd.

Opeyem i Feedm ill

Zest concept Ltd

AG RO -M ILLE RS Ltd.

S&D farms Nig LtdOgo Oluwa Interb iz

RosanaVegetable Oil

Victoria Olufoyin Co. Ltd

F untua Cotton seed crushing Co.

Min ofAgric and Natural Re sourc

B endel feed and f lour m ill Nig L

0°0'0 "

0°0'0 "

5°0'0"E

5°0'0"E

10°0'0"E

10°0'0"E

15°0'0"E

15°0'0"E

5°0'0"N 5°0'0"N

10°0'0"N 10°0'0"N

15°0'0"N 15°0'0"N

µ

0 210 420105Kilometers

Legend

Major soya processors

Soy product destinations

National Administrative boundary

Figure 36:Movement pattern of soy based end products for domestic utilization in Nigeria

7.0 SOYBEAN COMMODITY CHAIN

The commodity chain is to show the stages involved in the production, processing, marketing andfinal utilization of a commodity as well as important channels involved. It is a framework thatexplains the production process and the distribution channels of a commodity. In this section of thereport, we discussed the soya commodity flow chart which depicts what happens to soybean fromthe primary producer, the farmer, through processing and then to the end users.

Figure 37 below shows the Soya commodity chain flow chart constructed from the findings of thestudy. The chain shows that soybean has several industrial and domestic levels of utilizations andengages several players in production, processing and marketing.

The commodity chain shows that middlemen play significant roles in the distribution of soybeanfrom the farmers’ field or the primary markets to processors. None of the farmers interviewed haddirect link with industrial processors. Although, some farmers indicated having direct link withmajor markets, their individual harvests were usually insignificant in such bigger market. Otherproblems of transportation and storage usually discourage farmers from venturing into direct marketsupply. Farmers however sell their soybean at the local markets to both middlemen and other localprocessors. It was observed that soybean is widely utilized among the local people at the householdlevel.

The middlemen in addition to transporting the beans to markets provide storage. There are twocategories of middlemen: those that buy directly from farmers, re-bag, store and transport to the feeder and central

markets; and those that buy from these feeder and central markets and supply to industrial processors.

Some however play a dual role and are very important in price determination.Three levels of markets were identified. These are: The primary markets - village markets where farmers bring their harvest for sale. In these

markets, farmers sell their Soya to farm gate marketers who in turn sell to the feedermarkets. Prices of soybean at the primary markets are usually between N3, 500 – N4, 000per 100kg bag. These markets operate in almost all villages and hamlets.

Next is the feeder markets – they are found in big villages or communities close to inter-cityroads. The feeder markets act as assembling or collecting centres for large stocks soyproducts. Some middlemen have their stores located in these markets and most users cometo these markets to buy soybean in large quantities. Prices of soybean are usually higherhere. A 100kg bag of soybean sold for about N4, 600 in these markets, including the cost oftransportation. Examples of such markets are Dawanu Market in Kano, Funtua market inKatsina State, Jengre in Plateau State Markarfi Market in Kaduna State, Gamawa in BauchiState and Megatesi in Jigawa State, Gboko market in Benue State, among many others. Itwas discovered that some of the oil mills, for instance, Grand Cereals, Talamiz and FortuneOils purchase directly from these feeder markets to reduce cost.

The central markets are the urban markets where goods end up and are purchased forvarious industrial and commercial purposes. The central markets also act as feeder marketsto other central markets in other urban centres. Examples of such markets are Bodija Marketin Ibadan, Oyo State and Mile 12 markets in Lagos. Some feeder markets could also serve as

70

central markets if they are located in an urban centre. An example of such market is Dawanumarket in Kano.

At the processing level, oil mills are very important in the chain as they produce soy based productsneeded by other industries. Based on the supply data, a total of 234,621 tonnes of soy bean isutilized by the various processors utilizing the bean. From this quantity, at least about 192,136tonnes of cake or meal will be generated for the feed mills and some food industries. This quantityexceeds the sum of aggregate demand for soy cake and meal among the processors. This implies thatthere are still over 170,000 tonnes of cake/meal hiding somewhere. However, all the feed mills andfood industries purchasing bean and processing it by themselves into cake or meal (and oil) consumeit entirely and could not be accounted for as their demand. This figure accounted for about 44, 305tonnes. The remaining 125,695 tonnes of cake or meal are being supplied to other feed millindustries not identified by the study. As shown in Table 11, the estimated volume of oil producedby the various oil mills is about 34,202,880 litres. Although, the soya oil supply chain could not betraced to determine location of demand and quantities demanded, there are indications that the largequantities of the oil go into the local markets where soya oil is mixed with other form of oil toproduce vegetable oil.

Some middlemen were also observed at this level of processing; they purchase cake and meal fromthe oil mills, store and resell to smaller feed mills. The end products of the feed mills and foodindustries go directly to the three levels of markets through registered distributors and agents. Forfeed mills, it often goes directly to the end user livestock farms.

Soya oil has different levels of utilization. The raw oil is useful in paint industries whileconfectioneries and feed mills utilize the neutralized oil. A peculiarity found in Kano is that some oilmills did not package their finished soy oil. They sell in tanks to other people who mix it withground nut oil and package as vegetable oil. Galadima market in Sabo-gari, Kano is one of suchmarkets where middlemen sell finished soy oil in tanks and drums to wholesalers and retailers whopackage the oil and sell to end users. Figure 6 shows a flow of the soybean commodity from theproducer, the farmer through processing into various forms and then to soy based products.

71

Fig 37: Soybean Commodity flow chart

72

8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONThe broad objective of this project is to map the locations of production and utilization of soybeanin Nigeria in order to create a clearer view of the linkages between these two important channels inthe Soya commodity chain, identify the weaknesses and suggest how best to make the market workfor the poor. In the six States selected (Benue, FCT, Kano, Lagos, Ondo and Oyo), soybean wasfound to be an important crop among small scale farmers particularly in the central and northernStates of Nigeria. The use of GIS in mapping the attributes of producers and processors offers aninnovative approach in designing location-specific pro-poor interventions in the Soya commoditychain.

In conclusion, this study shows that the leading Soya producing States are Benue, Kaduna, andNiger, Plateau and Taraba States. Findings from the distance analysis suggest that the soya inputsupply need to be moved closer to farmers to reduce the cost of acquiring inputs such as seeds andfertilizer.

One significant lesson from the PROSAB project is that when the right combination ofinterventions are packaged and delivered properly to the poor, results are achieved rapidly. PROSABprovides advisory services to farmers on improved practices on soybean production, marketing andprocessing, through among other methods, periodic stakeholders’ workshop, involving producers,marketers and processors and identify constraints in the linkages between them. PropComs’proposed catalytic activities in the soya commodity chain would maximally benefit the poor if theissue of capacity building and strategic empowerment of the poor is accorded priority. This studyhas clearly and precisely indicated where the potential beneficiaries of such proposed interventionsare, what they do and where they do them.

Analysis of end product movement of soy based industries shows that end products move in directopposite to that of raw materials. While soya raw materials move mainly from the North to thesouthern part of the country, end products move from the south to the northern parts of Nigeria.Similarly, the destinations of end products of small scale industries appear restricted within theStates. The farthest final destination of such small scale industries’ end products would seem to belimited to the geo-political zone where production takes place within the country. This underscoresthe need to stimulate and develop small scale cottage industries at the village level.

73

ReferencesDanshiell, K.E. (1993).Soybean production and utilization in Nigeria. Paper presented at theNational workshop on small scale and industrial level processing of soybeans , held at IITA, Ibadan,27th-29th July.

Fennel, M. A. (1966): Present status of research on edible legumes in Western Nigeria. Paperpresented at the first Nigerian Legume, Conference Centre, IITA. Ibadan, August 1966.

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (1999): Manual for training in SeedTechnology and seed production. Trivevedi, R. K., Usman I. A. and Umeh J.C. (Eds) 69 pp.

IITA (1983): “Soybean lines for the lowland tropics” Research Highlights, pp 86 – 88. IITA, Ibadan

IITA, (1995): Annual Report for 1994. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Katz, F. (1998): "That’s using the old Bean.” Food Technology. 52(6): 42-43.

Lui,K. (2000): “Expanding Soybean Food Utilization”. Food Technology 54(7): 46-47.

Ojo, D.K. (2002): Food Legume for Health and Wealth. Lecture series 4, UNAAB AlumniAssociation, January 2002.

Ojo, D.K. and Dashiell, K.E. (1994): “Soybean Production in Nigeria” Paper presented at theworkshop on management of Protein Energy malnutrition World Vision International, Ogbomoso,Nigeria, 13 – 14, August, 1994.

Okoruwa, A. E. (2001): Nutritional value and uses of Legumes in Africa, Paper presented at theLegume Breeders, workshop, IITA lbadan, Nigeria, 1 – 12 October 2001.

Osho, O. and K.E. Dashiell. 1998. Expanding soybean production, processing and utilization inNigeria. Pages 151–156 in Postharvest technology and commodity marketing, edited by R.S.B.Ferris. Proceedings of a post harvest conference, 29 Nov to 1 Dec 1995, Accra, Ghana. IITA,IbadanNigeria.

RMRDC (2004): Soybeans, Lagos, RMRDC

Raw Materials Research and Development Council Report,(2004). “Soybean” Pp. 1-99.

Salunkhe, D. K, Chavan, J.C, Adsule, R. N and Kadam, S.S. (1992). “World Oilseeds: Chemistry,Technology and Utilization”.An AVI Book Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York.

Sanginga, P.C., Adesina, A.A., Manyong, V.M., Otite, O. and Dashiell, K.E. (1999): Social impact ofsoybean in Nigeria’s southern Guinea savanna, Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.

Smith, J., Woodworth, J.B. and Dashiell, K.E. (1995): Government policy and farm-leveltechnologies: the expansion of soybean in Nigeria. IITA Research, No 11: 14-18.

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Solabi, G.A. (1993). Industrial processing of soybean in Nigeria: A Dream turns to reality. Keynoteaddress presented at the National workshop on small scale and industrial level processing ofsoybeans. Organized by IDRC/IITA soybeans utilization project, July 27th,1993, Ibadan.

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