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History and Current Issues

Native People

Joseph Brant - Brantford

Brantford and Oshweken

Olympics Four Aboriginal groups were official hosts of the Olympic

Games

Asian Origins Bering Strait is a waterway that now separates Russia from North

America Submerged landmass once connected Siberian mainland with North

America People are believed to have moved across the land bridge 10,000 to

30,000 years ago They are now called

Canada’s native people or

Aboriginals.

Why and HowWhy did they come to America (not called

America then)?They followed the food – elk, deer, bison

and even wooly mammoths

How do we know this?Fossil evidence reveals that they travelled

as far as Chile by 14,000 ya

Aboriginal PopulationAboriginal peoplesFirst NationsRegistered Indians Status Indians Indian RegisterNon-status Indians InuitMétis Indian BandReserve

http://www.cbc.ca/8thfire/2012/01/wab-on-rethinking-the-relationship.html

Aboriginals

Inuit Métis

Status Indians Non-Status Indians

Wab Kinew of 8th Firehttp://www.cbc.ca/doczone/8thfire/2012/01/wab-on-rethinking-the-relationship.html

FirstNations

Between 1971 and 2011, the Aboriginal Ancestry population grew by 487% while the Canadian population grew by 52%.

First Nations Group of aboriginal people who share the same culture and

heritage www.afn.ca Status and non-status Indians National Chief Perry Bellegarde

First Nations in Ontario Ontario has the largest Aboriginal

population in Canada (301,430 in 2011)

Aboriginal population in Ontario grew by 28.7 % from 2001 to 2006

133 First Nations communities

Map of reserves http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/scr/on/rp/mcarte/qwerty-eng.asphttp://www.aboriginalaffairs.gov.on.ca/english/about/moving_forward_together/first_nations_in_ontario_map.pdf

Status Indians registered as an Indian under the Indian Act are exempt from paying income tax on any income they earn

on a reserve are not required to pay Ontario Retail Sales Tax (RST) on most

goods or services that will be consumed or used on a reserve. personal property of a status Indian cannot be seized if it is

situated on a reserve

Non-status Indians Not registered under the Act, but self-identify as native

Métis French word meaning “mixed blood” – people of mixed

ancestry Children of French fur traders and Cree women in the

prairies and of English and Scottish traders & Dene women in the North

Recognized as Aboriginal since 1982 Controversial as to who belongs

Métis flag oldest flag in Canada. Used before 1816. Has an infinity sign with two different backgrounds: Red was the colour of the Hudson’s Bay Company,Blue was the colour of the North-West Company.

Métis2003 Powley hunting rights case at the

Supreme Court, which gave Métis constitutional right to hunt for food

Supreme Court granted land claim March, 2013

5,000 sq. kilometres promised to Métis when Manitoba entered Confederation in 1870

Inuit Natives originating from the region between Labrador to

Northwest Territories 50% live in Nunavut Inuit Register defines as Inuit all children born to an Inuk

and a person of another race, regardless of the second person’s race

59,115 in 2012 Census Median age of 21

http://www.airinuit.com/en/index.aspx

Aboriginal Identity Percentage

Aboriginal PopulationHalf are under age 25 (2011)

Where do Aboriginals live? Census 2011

2,600+ Indian Reserves

How many people live on reserves?

Half of the small reserves are in B.C.Limited Google Street View.

Treaty IndiansBelong to a First Nation that signed a treaty

with the Crown

Indian BandDecision-making

organization created under The Indian Act

Sculpture graces the entrance to the Osoyoos Indian Band

community in British Columbia

Native PeopleA term preferred by some instead of

Aboriginals or Indians

Aboriginal IssuesProblems ignored or glossed over by history

textbooks.

Suicide rateSubstance abuse Conditions of extreme poverty and isolationLand Claims

Attawapiskat,Ontario

Thunder Bay

SudburyQuebec City

Hudson Bay

Attawapiskat,Ontario

Victor is located on the First Nation’s traditional lands 80 kilometres away from town of Attawapiskat.

Ontario’s first diamond mine, Victor Mine produces 600,000 carats per year.

Residential Schools Abuse and cultural loss involving residential schoolsAbout 150,000 aboriginal, Inuit and Métis children

were removed from their communities and forced to attend the schools.

Church-run, government-funded boarding schools Churches: Anglican, United, Presbyterian and

Catholic (75% )

Chief Phil Fontaine and Prime Minister Stephen

Harper during official apology for residential schools’ abuses

2008

Residential School ProblemsStudents lived in substandard conditions and

endured physical and emotional abuse. Many allegations of sexual abuse. Students at residential schools rarely had

opportunities to see examples of normal family life. They were in boarding school 10 months a year, away from their parents.

All correspondence from the children was written in English, which many parents couldn't read.

Brothers and sisters at the same school rarely saw each other, as all activities were segregated by gender.

When students returned to the reserve, they often found they didn't belong. They didn't have the skills to help their parents.

Students were discouraged from speaking their first language or practising native traditions. If they were caught, they would experience severe punishment.

Students became ashamed of their native heritage.

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2008/05/16/f-faqs-residential-schools.html

Common Experience Payment

The Indian residential schools settlementhas been approved. The healing continues.

Residential School Compensation

$1.9 billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools set aside in 2007

Common Experience Payment: Former residential school students were eligible for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year. Deadline to submit Sept. 2012 Any remaining money to support learning needs of

aboriginals. As of Sept. 30, 2012, $1.55 billion paid, representing 75,800

cases.

United Church of Canada formally apologized in 1986

Presbyterian Church statement of apology in 1994

Anglican Church of Canada apology in 1993

In April, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI expressed his "sorrow" to a delegation from Canada's Assembly of First Nations for the abuse and "deplorable" treatment that aboriginal students suffered.

Aboriginal IssuesYears of being excluded from Canada's formal

political process Could vote only if gave up treaty rights, until

1960 http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/elections/topics/1450/Proposed assimilation of all First Nation peoples

into the mainstream of Canadian society in 1969 Proposed removal of First Nations from the

Canadian Constitution

Tsleil-Waututh, Squamish and

Musqueam nations and environmentalists

crossed Burrard Inlet in traditional canoes

Proposed Pipelines

First nations leaders sign declaration banning pipelines, oil tankers in B.C.December, 2011

Northern Gateway Pipeline

Call for Official Inquiry into missing Aboriginal Women

http://www.amnesty.ca/our-work/issues/indigenous-peoples/no-more-stolen-sisters

Indigenous women are going missing and being murdered at a much higher rate than other women in Canada

Racism

WinnipegVideo:http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/rosanna-deerchild-reacts-to-maclean-s-racism-article-after-appearing-on-cover-1.2930054

Health Issues: Aboriginal Treatment Makayla Sault, 11-year-old member of the Mississaugas of New Credit

First Nation who refused chemotherapy, died of a stroke Suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and stopped chemotherapy

in May because of the side effects of the drug. Told her parents, Ken and Sonya Sault, who are pastors, that Christ had

appeared in her hospital room to tell her she was healed. No known cases of survival of this type of leukemia without a full course

of chemotherapy treatment.

• Treated at the Hippocrates Health Institute, a private holistic centre in West Palm Beach, Florida

Health Issues: Aboriginal TreatmentEditorial: health-care system must respect

aboriginal healing traditions, which are deeply valued ancestral practices.

Aboriginal VoicesWab Kinew, interviewed by George Stroumboulopoulos http://www.cbc.ca/8thfire/2012/01/wab-on-rethinking-the-relationship.html LINKWho is Wab?8th Fire: Aboriginal Peoples, Canada and the way forward 500 Years in 2MINLINK to 8th Fire INTRO 10 MINSo, what went wrong?WAB on RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLSExplain Paul Martin’s comments at the end:

The Trials of NunavutIn extremis – stats & video of crime surgeCapital Crime – gallery and northern patrol,

IqaluitCulture and Clash –home & art, Cape

DorsetRoad to Redemption – Leo & Repulse Bay

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/nunavut/

In 2007, the United Nations passed a resolution called the

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples:

Self-determination and self-government; Pursue economic, social, and cultural developmentOwn and manage lands and resources; and, A nationality. Article 2 of UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of GenocideIn the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:(a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

I’m not the Indian You Had in Mindhttp://www.nsi-canada.ca/2012/03/im-not-t

he-indian-you-had-in-mind/