major topic 2 unit 4 compendium notes

8/14/2019 Major Topic 2 Unit 4 Compendium Notes

1/10

Major Topic 2 Unit 4 Compendium Notes

Compendium Notes Chapter 22 Human Evolution

Index:

Origin of LifeBiological Evolution

Classification of Humans

Evolution of HominidsEvolution of Humans

22.1 Origin of Life (Mader p. 468 469)

-The sun and planets formed over 10-billion-year period from dust particles and debris.-4.6 BYA the solar system was in place.

-Gravitational pull causes atmosphere to stay.

-Small organic molecules must have formed from lots of available energy from

available N2 and CO2 and formed nucleotides and amino acids.-*Newly formed molecules likely joined to produce organic macromolecules.

RNA-First Hypothesis

-From newly formed macromolecules, RNA (ribonucleic acid) formed first cell

-This hypothesis was formulated after discovering that RNA can sometimes be

both a substrate and an enzyme during RNA processing. At that time the splicingof mRNA to remove introns was done by a complex composed of both RNA and

protein. The RNA and not the protein is the enzyme.

-*RNA could have carried out the processes of life commonly associated todaywith DNA and proteins.

Protein First Hypothesis-Scientist proved that amino acids join together when exposed to dry heat. Scientist

suggests that amino acids collected in shallow puddles along the rocky shore, and the

heat of the sun caused them to form proteinoids (small polypeptides that have somecatalytic properties). When retunred to water, they form microspheres, structures

composed only of protein that have many of the properties of a cell.

22,2 Biological Evolution (Mader p. 470 474)-First cells were prokaryotic cells (no nucleus). Later, Eukaryotic cells evolved. Then,

multicellularity and the other kingdoms (fungi, plants, and animals) evolved.

-Biological Evolution: is the process by which a species changes through time.-Two important aspects: descent from a common ancestor and adaptation to the

environment.

-Descent from the original cell(s) explains why all living things have a commonchemistry and cell structure.

-Adaptation is a characteristic that makes an organism able to survive and

reproduce.


2/10

-Biogeography: is the study of the distribution of plants and animals in different places

throughout the world.

-This is consistent that life-forms evolved in particular locale and then they spreadout.

-Anatomical Evidence: Darwin showed that common descent is reason for anatomical

similarities among organisms.-Vertebrate forelimbs are used for flight (birds and bats), orientation during

swimming (whales and seals), running (horses), climbing (lizards), or swinging

from tree branches (monkeys).-Homologous Structures: Structures that are anatomically similar because came from

same ancestor.

-Analogous structures: serve same function but they are not constructed similarly (or

common ancestor).-Vestigial Structures: Anatomical features that are fully developed in one group of

organisms but are reduced and may have no function in similar groups.

-Natural Selection: During adaptation a species becomes suited to its environment

(because the traits that work live).

22.3 Classification of Humans (Mader p. 475 478)-Humans are primates

-Primate limbs are mobile, and the hands and feet both have five digits each.

-Large complex brains

-Binocular Vision-Reduced reproductive rate

22.4 Evolution of Hominids (Mader p. 479 480)-All primates share one common ancestor (may have resembled a tree shrew).

-Developed traits such as a shortened snout and nails instead of claws as adapted

to life in trees.-Humans and apes SHARED a common ancestor we did not evolve FROM apes.

-*Biologists have not been able to agree on the first hominid.

-Hominid: Refers to our branch of the evolutionary tree.-*Lucy refers to 3.18 MYA hominid called A. afarensis.

-Mosaic Evolution: When different body parts change at different rates and, therefre, at

different times.

22.5 Evolution of Humans (Mader p. 481 487)

-Fossils assigned to genus Homo if:

1. The brain size is 600 cm3 or greater.2. The jaw and teeth resemble those of humans.

3. Tool use is evident.

-Early homo: Habilis and Erectus

Habilis:

-Dated between 2.0 and 1.9 MYA (may be ancestral to modern humans).


3/10

-Some of the fossils have a bran size as large as 775 cm3 (45% larger than that of A.

Afarensis (Lucy)).

-Ate meat and plants.-Stone tools for scraping.

Erectus:-Fossils found in Africa, Asia, and Europe and dated between 1.9 MYA and 0.3 MYA.

-First unearthed bones in Java in 1891 (many more fossils found in same area).

-Experts suggest Asian form ofErectus and the African form is Ergaster.-Brain size about 1,000 cm3 and flatter face.

-Males about 6 feet and females about 5 feet (tallest hominids discovered thus far).

-*H. Erectus was first hominid to use fire and more advanced tools than early homos.

-Used heavy teardrop-shaped axes and cleavers as well as flakes.-Systematic hunters that brought kills to same site over and over (in one location

over 40,000 bones discovered and 2,647 stones).

-*Perhaps a language evolved and prolonged childhood for learning.

Evolution of Modern Humans

-Most researchers believe Homo sapiens (modern humans) evolved from Homo erectus.-Homo sapiens may have evolved from h. erectus in separate locations (Asia,

Africa, and Europe).

-Hypothesis of evolution in different areas is called Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis.

-Opponents of hypothesis suggest Out-of-Africa Hypothesis-H. Sapiens evolved from H. Erectus only in Afirca and therafter H. sapiens

migrated to Europe and Asia about 100,000 year BP.

-*Most scientists believe Out-of-Africa (because were all genetically similar).

Neandertals

-H. neandertalensis (named from Germanys Neander Valley where discovered).-Heavily muscled, especially in shoulders. Massive brow ridges and nose, jaws, and teeth

protruded far forward.

-Eventually supplanted by modern humans.-Surprising, though, that neandertals brains were larger than homo sapiens (1,400

cm3 compared to 1,360 cm3).

-Bones of limbs shorter and thicker.

-Larger brains probably controlled extra musculature.-Lived in Europe and Asia during last ice age

-Culturally advanced:

-Lived in caves, but those living in open may have built houses-Made tools including spear points, scrapers and knives

-Hunted bears, woolly mammoths, rhinos, and reindeer.

-Controlled fire which helped cook meat and keep warm.-Buried dead with flowers and tools (may have had a religion).

Cro-Magnons

-Oldest fossils designated Homo Sapiens.


4/10

-Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from Africa 100,000 years BP or earlier.

-Modern appearance.

-Neandertal DNA so different from Cro-Magnon no inter-breeding.-Cro-Magnons replaced the Neandertals in the Middle East and spread to Europe 400,000

years ago.

-*Lived side-by-side neandertals for several thousand years.-Made compound tools (such as stone flakes fitted to a wooden handle).

-May have been first to throw spears and to make knifelike blades.

-Such great hunters, maybe responsible for extinction of many larger mammals(giant sloth, mammoth, saber-toothed tiger, and giant ox).

-Hunted together maybe had language.

-Cro-Magnon culture included art.

(Mader p. 481)


5/10

Compendium Notes Chapter 23 Global Ecology and Human Interferences

Index:Nature of Ecosystems

Energy Flow

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

23.1 Nature of Ecosystems (Mader p. 493 496)

-Biosphere: Where organisms are found on Earth, from the atmosphere above to thedepths of the oceans below.

-Ecosystem: Place where organisms interact among themselves and with the physical and

chemical environment.

-Humans alter interactions between organisms and their environment.-Autotrophs: Require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce

organic nutrients for their own use; also called producers. Algae and Green

photosynthesizers on land are these.

-Heterotrophs: Need a source of organic nutrients. They are consumers.

23.2 Energy Flow (Mader p. 497)-Trophic: Means feeding.

-Ecological pyramid Biomass Grazing food web and detrital food web

23.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles (Mader p. 498 507)-Biogeochemical Cycles: The pathways by which chemicals circulate through ecosystems

through both living (biotic) and non-living (geological).


6/10

Water Cycle

(Mader p. 499)


7/10

Carbon Cycle

(Mader p. 500)


8/10

Nitrogen Cycle

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle)


9/10

Phosphorus Cycle

(http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/studentstake/water/schoolwater/Phosphorous/phosphor

ous.htm)


10/10

Compendium Notes Chapter 24 Human Population, Planetary Resources, and

Conservation

Index:

Human Pop. GrowthHuman Use of Resources and Pollution

Biodiversity

Working Toward a Sustainable Society

24.1 Human Population Growth (Mader p. 512 513)

-Prior to 1750 the growth of human population was relatively slow.

-Growth increased because as more individuals added, growth continued toincrease exponentially.

-Growth Rate: Determined by considering difference between number of person born per

year and the number who die per year (per 1,000 persons).

-I.E. World has birthrate of 21 per 1,000 and death rate of 9 per 1,000(21-9/1000 = 1.2/1,000 = 1.2%).

-Biotic Potential: Maximum growth rate under ideal conditions.-Carrying Capacity: Maximum population that the environ. can support for an indefinite

period.

-MDCs (More-Developed Countries) and LPCs (Less-Developed Countries).

-LDCs growing faster than MDCs.

24.2 Human Use of Resources and Pollution (Mader p. 514 523)

-Nonrenewable Resource: Limited Supply.-Renewable Resource: Naturally replenished (capable of).

-Pollution: Any alteration of the environ. in an undesirable way.

major topic 2 unit 4 compendium notes

Documents