major current trends in innovation: the oecd science, technology and industry outlook 2014 dominique...
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Major Current Trends in Innovation:
The OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014
Dominique GuellecHead, Country Studies and Outlook Division (DSTI/CSO) OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation
2
OECD STI Outlook: 20-year tradition
• “What’s new in the field of science, technology and innovation policy? “
• International review of key recent trends in STI for the STI policy community and analysts
• Based on latest STI policy information and indicators
• OECD Flagship publication
3
More than a book… An infrastructure for knowledge sharing and building
Measurement work
Country reviews
Analytical work by CSTP WP (e.g.
TIP/RIHR)
OECD Directorates (EDU, STD, CFE)
OECD Committees (e.g. CIIE)
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The three components of the STI Outlook 2014
COUNTRY PROFILES
POLICY PROFILES
OVERALL STI PERFORMANCE AND POLICY TRENDS
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European Union: Benchmarking performance (1)
Normalised index of performance relative to the median values in the OECD area (Index median = 100)
Public
R&D e
xpen
ditu
re (p
er G
DP) (a)
Top
500
unive
rsitie
s (pe
r GDP) (
b)
Public
atio
ns in
the
top
jour
nals
(per
GDP) (
c)
Busin
ess R
&D exp
endi
ture
(per
GDP) (
d)
Top
500
corp
orat
e R&D in
vesto
rs (p
er G
DP) (e)
Tria
dic p
aten
t fam
ilies (
per G
DP) (f)
Trad
emar
ks (p
er G
DP) (g)
Ventu
re ca
pita
l (pe
r GDP) (
h)
Young
pat
entin
g fir
ms (
per G
DP) (i)
Ease
of e
ntre
pren
eurs
hip
inde
x (j)
Top/Bottom 5 OECD values Middle range of OECD values OECD median EU28
Universities and public research
R&D and innovation in firms Innovative en-trepreneurship
Top half OECD
Bottom half OECD
100
0
200
150
50
a. Competences and capacity to innovate
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European Union: Benchmarking performance (2)
Normalised index of performance relative to the median values in the OECD area (Index median = 100)
Networks, clusters and transfers
ICT and Internet infrastructures
Skills for innovation
Top half OECD
Bottom half OECD
100
0
200
150
50
b. Interactions and skills for innovation
7
EU policy mix: self-assessment
Most relevant instruments of public funding of business R&DCountry self-assessment index (9= high and increasing relevance, to 0= not used)
Competitive grants
Repayable advances
Debt financ-ing
Equity financ-
ing
Technology consulting
Innovation vouchers
Tax incen-tives for
R&D
Tax incen-tives on IP
gains
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
OECD median EU28
Direct funding Indirect funding
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Technological orientation
Revealed technology advantage in selected fields, 2009-11Index based on PCT patent applications
Bio- and nano-technologies
ICT Environment-related technologies
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.036.8 11.9 8.1
OECD median EU28 BRIICS EU28 (2000-03)
% of PCT patent ap-plications filed by uni-
versities and PRIs
Revealed technology advantage in selected fields, 2009-11
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Selected key messages
POLICY PROFILES
OVERALL STI PERFORMANCE AND POLICY TRENDS
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Innovation in the crisis
Annual growth rate of GDP and GERD, constant prices, 1993-2013 and projections to 2014 and 2015
Source: OECD Economic Outlook no95 Database, May 2014; OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators MSTI database, June 2014.
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A changing global R&D landscape
GERD, million USD 2005 PPP, 2000-12 and projections to 2024
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
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Diverging Europe
National R&D spending targets and gap with current levels of GERD intensity, % of GDP, 2014
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
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Budgets are levelling off or receding…
Public R&D budgets (GBAORD), as % of GDP, 2013 compared to 2011
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
Public research funding:
Striving for Excellence
Government funds a large share of publicly performed R&D (USD 400 bn in 2012)
Source: OECD Research and Development Database, 2011
(2010: 71% of HERD and 93% of GOVERD in the OECD )
Source: OECD Research and Development Database, 2013
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
% GOVERD financed by government % HERD financed by government
GOVERD
HERD
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Promoting Research Excellence: New Approaches to Funding
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Institutional core funding
REI funding Project funding
Basic funding guaranteed mid- to long-term
Not dependent on applications
Various means of assigning budgets, including performance-based elements
Organised in programmes
Focus on exceptional research quality
System-level perspective (i.e. national science landscape)
Frequent reference to socio-demographic issues
Time-bound Application-based Competitively
organised Outcome-oriented
Research funding mechanisms
• Scope:– Experts commissioned to investigate models, indicators and impacts
– Questionnaire survey completed by 13 countries
• Key findings:– Most schemes introduced since 2000
– Main rationale: raise quality of research; but also others
– Assessments commonly used for several rounds of annual funding
– Open disclosure of processes and results in most countries
– Similarities in indicators used: 3rd party income, publications, degree completions; differences in combinations and weighting, reliance on quantitative indicators and peer review, and use of additional indicators
– Differences in budget impacts of schemes: while difficult to compare across countries, annual block funding affected ranges from 6% to 75%
– Differences in the involvement of HEIs in designing schemes
– Few formal evaluations of schemes – evidence suggests positive effects on research outputs and research management
– Negative and unintended consequences also highlighted: e.g. narrowing of research focus on publications targeted at certain journals
Performance-based funding for public research in tertiary education institutions
Performance-based funding for public research in tertiary education institutions (2010)
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For further reading…
www.oecd.org/sti/outlook
www.innovationpolicyplatform.org