major connectors. functions of a major connector unification partial denture acts as one unit ...
TRANSCRIPT
Major ConnectorsMajor ConnectorsMajor ConnectorsMajor Connectors
Functions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major Connector
UnificationUnification Partial denture acts as one unitPartial denture acts as one unit Connects various partsConnects various parts
UnificationUnification Partial denture acts as one unitPartial denture acts as one unit Connects various partsConnects various parts
Functions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major Connector
Stress DistributionStress Distribution Distributes functional loads to both Distributes functional loads to both
teeth & mucosateeth & mucosa
Stress DistributionStress Distribution Distributes functional loads to both Distributes functional loads to both
teeth & mucosateeth & mucosa
Functions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major ConnectorFunctions of a Major Connector
Cross-Arch Stabilization Cross-Arch Stabilization (Counterleverage)(Counterleverage) Bracing elements on one side of the Bracing elements on one side of the
arch providing stability to the otherarch providing stability to the other
Cross-Arch Stabilization Cross-Arch Stabilization (Counterleverage)(Counterleverage) Bracing elements on one side of the Bracing elements on one side of the
arch providing stability to the otherarch providing stability to the other
Requirements of a Major ConnectorRequirements of a Major ConnectorRequirements of a Major ConnectorRequirements of a Major Connector
RigidityRigidity Functions as one unit Functions as one unit
RigidityRigidity Functions as one unit Functions as one unit
To Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase Rigidity
Use a more rigid alloy Use a more rigid alloy Chrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wroughtChrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wrought
ShapeShape 1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars
Use a more rigid alloy Use a more rigid alloy Chrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wroughtChrome-cobalt > gold alloys; cast > wrought
ShapeShape 1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars1/2 round > 1/2 pear shaped > flat bars
To Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase RigidityTo Increase Rigidity
Increase the bulk as the length increasesIncrease the bulk as the length increases Corrugate linguo-plate or rugae areasCorrugate linguo-plate or rugae areas
Increase the bulk as the length increasesIncrease the bulk as the length increases Corrugate linguo-plate or rugae areasCorrugate linguo-plate or rugae areas
RequirementsRequirementsRequirementsRequirements
Non-Interference with TissuesNon-Interference with Tissues Should not enter undercut areasShould not enter undercut areas
avoid by changing path of insertion avoid by changing path of insertion or by using blockoutor by using blockout
Non-Interference with TissuesNon-Interference with Tissues Should not enter undercut areasShould not enter undercut areas
avoid by changing path of insertion avoid by changing path of insertion or by using blockoutor by using blockout
Non-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With Tissues
Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Free gingival margin Free gingival margin
Cross abruptly at 90Cross abruptly at 90oo
Relief is used to minimize Relief is used to minimize impingementimpingement
Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Free gingival margin Free gingival margin
Cross abruptly at 90Cross abruptly at 90oo
Relief is used to minimize Relief is used to minimize impingementimpingement
(Fig 2-17, Stewart's)
Non-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With Tissues
Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Hard structures such as the mid-Hard structures such as the mid-
palatal suture or mandibular toripalatal suture or mandibular tori Place reliefPlace relief
Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Hard structures such as the mid-Hard structures such as the mid-
palatal suture or mandibular toripalatal suture or mandibular tori Place reliefPlace relief
Non-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With TissuesNon-Interference With Tissues
Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Lingual frenum & the movable soft palateLingual frenum & the movable soft palate Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Careful intraoral examCareful intraoral exam
Avoid terminating on:Avoid terminating on: Lingual frenum & the movable soft palateLingual frenum & the movable soft palate Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Soft tissue movements must also be allowed Careful intraoral examCareful intraoral exam
Minimize Food ImpactionMinimize Food ImpactionMinimize Food ImpactionMinimize Food Impaction
Locate margins away from the FGMLocate margins away from the FGM Eliminate "traps" or large concavities Eliminate "traps" or large concavities
where food can collectwhere food can collect
Locate margins away from the FGMLocate margins away from the FGM Eliminate "traps" or large concavities Eliminate "traps" or large concavities
where food can collectwhere food can collect
UnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusive
Smooth transition from connector to Smooth transition from connector to denture base - butt joint denture base - butt joint
Smooth transition from connector to Smooth transition from connector to denture base - butt joint denture base - butt joint
UnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusiveUnobtrusive
Line angles and edges should be smooth Line angles and edges should be smooth and roundedand rounded
Borders should not interfere with speechBorders should not interfere with speech
Line angles and edges should be smooth Line angles and edges should be smooth and roundedand rounded
Borders should not interfere with speechBorders should not interfere with speech
(Fig 2-21, Stewart's)
Mandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major Connectors
Lingual BarLingual Bar Lingual PlateLingual Plate Continuous BarContinuous Bar
Lingual BarLingual Bar Lingual PlateLingual Plate Continuous BarContinuous Bar
Mandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major Connectors
Lingual BarLingual Bar Most common in mandibeMost common in mandibe Use whenever possibleUse whenever possible
Lingual BarLingual Bar Most common in mandibeMost common in mandibe Use whenever possibleUse whenever possible
Lingual BarLingual BarLingual BarLingual Bar
Reasons for choosingReasons for choosing Most hygienic (least tooth contact)Most hygienic (least tooth contact) Most comfortable (least coverage)Most comfortable (least coverage)
Reasons for choosingReasons for choosing Most hygienic (least tooth contact)Most hygienic (least tooth contact) Most comfortable (least coverage)Most comfortable (least coverage)
Mandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major Connectors
Lingual BarLingual Bar ShapeShape
Flat on tissue sideFlat on tissue side Convex or tear-drop on Convex or tear-drop on
tongue sidetongue side (1/2 pear shape, with (1/2 pear shape, with
thin edge toward teeth)thin edge toward teeth)
Lingual BarLingual Bar ShapeShape
Flat on tissue sideFlat on tissue side Convex or tear-drop on Convex or tear-drop on
tongue sidetongue side (1/2 pear shape, with (1/2 pear shape, with
thin edge toward teeth)thin edge toward teeth)
(Fig 2-35, Stewart's)
Mandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major ConnectorsMandibular Major Connectors
Lingual BarLingual Bar SizeSize
Occluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mmOccluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mm Thickness = 2 to 3 mmThickness = 2 to 3 mm
Lingual BarLingual Bar SizeSize
Occluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mmOccluso-gingival width = 4 to 6 mm Thickness = 2 to 3 mmThickness = 2 to 3 mm
Inferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border Mandible
Patient lifts tonguePatient lifts tongue Activates floor of mouthActivates floor of mouth
Measure from tip of probe to free Measure from tip of probe to free gingival margingingival margin
Patient lifts tonguePatient lifts tongue Activates floor of mouthActivates floor of mouth
Measure from tip of probe to free Measure from tip of probe to free gingival margingingival margin
Inferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border MandibleInferior Border Mandible
Record values in chart, transfer to castRecord values in chart, transfer to cast Record values in chart, transfer to castRecord values in chart, transfer to cast
Lingual BarLingual BarLingual BarLingual Bar PositionPosition
Superior border Superior border Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more
below FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mmbelow FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mm As far from gingival margin as possibleAs far from gingival margin as possible
PositionPosition Superior border Superior border Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more Prefer at least l.5-2.0 mm or more
below FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mmbelow FGM; absolute min: 1.0 mm As far from gingival margin as possibleAs far from gingival margin as possible
(Fig 2-15, Stewart's)
Potential ImpingementPotential ImpingementPotential ImpingementPotential Impingement
Anterior major connector moves toward tissue Anterior major connector moves toward tissue as the posterior portion is loadedas the posterior portion is loaded
More space needed when ridge is more More space needed when ridge is more horizontalhorizontal
Anterior major connector moves toward tissue Anterior major connector moves toward tissue as the posterior portion is loadedas the posterior portion is loaded
More space needed when ridge is more More space needed when ridge is more horizontalhorizontal
(Fig 2-33, Stewart's)
Mandibular Major Connector ReliefMandibular Major Connector ReliefMandibular Major Connector ReliefMandibular Major Connector Relief
Eliminates impingementEliminates impingement Wax spacer (relief) placed under major Wax spacer (relief) placed under major
connectorconnector one thickness of 30 gauge waxone thickness of 30 gauge wax
Eliminates impingementEliminates impingement Wax spacer (relief) placed under major Wax spacer (relief) placed under major
connectorconnector one thickness of 30 gauge waxone thickness of 30 gauge wax
Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)Lingual Plate (Linguoplate)
Lingual bar with extension over cingula of Lingual bar with extension over cingula of anterior teethanterior teeth
Use where a lingual bar cannot be usedUse where a lingual bar cannot be used
Lingual bar with extension over cingula of Lingual bar with extension over cingula of anterior teethanterior teeth
Use where a lingual bar cannot be usedUse where a lingual bar cannot be used
Lingual Plate IndicationsLingual Plate IndicationsLingual Plate IndicationsLingual Plate Indications
Potential Impingement from lingual bar Potential Impingement from lingual bar High floor of the mouthHigh floor of the mouth Prominent lingual frenum Prominent lingual frenum Lingual toriLingual tori Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed)Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed) Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be
subsequently lostsubsequently lost
Potential Impingement from lingual bar Potential Impingement from lingual bar High floor of the mouthHigh floor of the mouth Prominent lingual frenum Prominent lingual frenum Lingual toriLingual tori Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed)Stabilize mobile teeth (not always needed) Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be Need to add denture teeth if anterior teeth will be
subsequently lostsubsequently lost
Lingual PlateLingual PlateLingual PlateLingual Plate
Rest at each end of lingual plateRest at each end of lingual plate Prevents forces being directed faciallyPrevents forces being directed facially Easier denture tooth addition than barEasier denture tooth addition than bar
Rest at each end of lingual plateRest at each end of lingual plate Prevents forces being directed faciallyPrevents forces being directed facially Easier denture tooth addition than barEasier denture tooth addition than bar
Lingual Plate VariationsLingual Plate VariationsLingual Plate VariationsLingual Plate Variations
May show through embrasuresMay show through embrasures May show through embrasuresMay show through embrasures
(Fig 2-41 & 43, Stewart's)
Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer (Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)(Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)
Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer (Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)(Kennedy Bar, Double Lingual Bar)
Lingual bar with secondary bar above Lingual bar with secondary bar above cingulacingula
Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer
Lingual bar with secondary bar above Lingual bar with secondary bar above cingulacingula
Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer Secondary bar acts as indirect retainer
Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer Continuous Bar Retainer
Potential food trap between two barsPotential food trap between two bars Normally avoidNormally avoid
Potential food trap between two barsPotential food trap between two bars Normally avoidNormally avoid
Maxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major Connectors
Anterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal Strap Full Palatal StrapFull Palatal Strap Palatal StrapPalatal Strap Anterior Palatal StrapAnterior Palatal Strap
Anterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal Strap Full Palatal StrapFull Palatal Strap Palatal StrapPalatal Strap Anterior Palatal StrapAnterior Palatal Strap
Maxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major ConnectorsMaxillary Major Connectors
Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free gingival margin when possiblegingival margin when possible
Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free Terminate 4.0 mm or more from free gingival margin when possiblegingival margin when possible
Anterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal StrapAnterior-Posterior Palatal Strap
Maximum rigidity, Minimum bulkMaximum rigidity, Minimum bulk Comfort (minimum coverage)Comfort (minimum coverage) Use in most cases Use in most cases Especially torus palatinusEspecially torus palatinus
Maximum rigidity, Minimum bulkMaximum rigidity, Minimum bulk Comfort (minimum coverage)Comfort (minimum coverage) Use in most cases Use in most cases Especially torus palatinusEspecially torus palatinus
Anterior-Posterior Palatal Anterior-Posterior Palatal BarBarAnterior-Posterior Palatal Anterior-Posterior Palatal BarBar Variation of anterior-posterior palatal Variation of anterior-posterior palatal
strap strap Double palatal bar connector Double palatal bar connector Requires greater bulk for rigidity Requires greater bulk for rigidity More objectionable to the patient More objectionable to the patient
Variation of anterior-posterior palatal Variation of anterior-posterior palatal strap strap Double palatal bar connector Double palatal bar connector Requires greater bulk for rigidity Requires greater bulk for rigidity More objectionable to the patient More objectionable to the patient
Full Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal Plate
Maximum tissue supportMaximum tissue support Connector of choice in long distal Connector of choice in long distal
extension cases extension cases Six or less anterior teeth remainSix or less anterior teeth remain
Maximum tissue supportMaximum tissue support Connector of choice in long distal Connector of choice in long distal
extension cases extension cases Six or less anterior teeth remainSix or less anterior teeth remain
Full Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal Plate
Abutments are periodontally involvedAbutments are periodontally involved Maximum stress distributionMaximum stress distribution Flabby/compressible supportFlabby/compressible support
Abutments are periodontally involvedAbutments are periodontally involved Maximum stress distributionMaximum stress distribution Flabby/compressible supportFlabby/compressible support
Full Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal Plate
Greater stability and stress distributionGreater stability and stress distribution Not used with torus Not used with torus Increases retentionIncreases retention
Greater stability and stress distributionGreater stability and stress distribution Not used with torus Not used with torus Increases retentionIncreases retention
Full Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal Plate
Connector should:Connector should: Be fabricated of uniformly thin metalBe fabricated of uniformly thin metal Have accurate anatomic reproduction Have accurate anatomic reproduction
of the ruggaeof the ruggae improves strength and rigidity improves strength and rigidity
Connector should:Connector should: Be fabricated of uniformly thin metalBe fabricated of uniformly thin metal Have accurate anatomic reproduction Have accurate anatomic reproduction
of the ruggaeof the ruggae improves strength and rigidity improves strength and rigidity
Full Palatal Plate Full Palatal Plate Full Palatal Plate Full Palatal Plate
Connector should:Connector should: Cover same area as complete denture Cover same area as complete denture
posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal extension) extension)
Have large surface area of mucosal contactHave large surface area of mucosal contact improves potential for retentionimproves potential for retention
Connector should:Connector should: Cover same area as complete denture Cover same area as complete denture
posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal posteriorly (point to hamular notch if distal extension) extension)
Have large surface area of mucosal contactHave large surface area of mucosal contact improves potential for retentionimproves potential for retention
Full Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal PlateFull Palatal Plate
Generally of cast metalGenerally of cast metal Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses
Generally of cast metalGenerally of cast metal Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses Acrylic resin used in interim prostheses
Palatal StrapPalatal StrapPalatal StrapPalatal Strap
Usually use for Class III & IV casesUsually use for Class III & IV cases Wide anterio-posteriorlyWide anterio-posteriorly
Usually use for Class III & IV casesUsually use for Class III & IV cases Wide anterio-posteriorlyWide anterio-posteriorly
Palatal BarPalatal BarPalatal BarPalatal Bar DonDon’’t uset use Narrow anterio-posteriorlyNarrow anterio-posteriorly Thick occluso-gingivally Thick occluso-gingivally Palatal bar objectionable due to bulkPalatal bar objectionable due to bulk
DonDon’’t uset use Narrow anterio-posteriorlyNarrow anterio-posteriorly Thick occluso-gingivally Thick occluso-gingivally Palatal bar objectionable due to bulkPalatal bar objectionable due to bulk
(Fig 2-24, Stewart's)
Palatal Strap (or Bar)Palatal Strap (or Bar)Palatal Strap (or Bar)Palatal Strap (or Bar) NeverNever use in cases involving distal extensions or use in cases involving distal extensions or
replacement of anterior teeth since it must be replacement of anterior teeth since it must be made bulky for rigiditymade bulky for rigidity
Relief may be required over bony midline Relief may be required over bony midline Not used with torusNot used with torus
NeverNever use in cases involving distal extensions or use in cases involving distal extensions or replacement of anterior teeth since it must be replacement of anterior teeth since it must be made bulky for rigiditymade bulky for rigidity
Relief may be required over bony midline Relief may be required over bony midline Not used with torusNot used with torus
Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate (U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)(U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)
Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate (U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)(U-Shaped or "Horse-Shoe" Palatal Connector)
Poor connector Poor connector NeverNever use unless use unless
absolutely necessaryabsolutely necessary Requires bulk in the Requires bulk in the
rugae area (where rugae area (where the tongue requires the tongue requires freedom) for rigidityfreedom) for rigidity
Poor connector Poor connector NeverNever use unless use unless
absolutely necessaryabsolutely necessary Requires bulk in the Requires bulk in the
rugae area (where rugae area (where the tongue requires the tongue requires freedom) for rigidityfreedom) for rigidity
Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate Anterior Palatal Plate
Too flexibleToo flexible Allows movement at the posteriorAllows movement at the posterior Traumatic to the residual ridgeTraumatic to the residual ridge Use only where torus prohibits other Use only where torus prohibits other
connectorsconnectors
Too flexibleToo flexible Allows movement at the posteriorAllows movement at the posterior Traumatic to the residual ridgeTraumatic to the residual ridge Use only where torus prohibits other Use only where torus prohibits other
connectorsconnectors
Flexes, impinging on soft tissueFlexes, impinging on soft tissue
Unilateral RPDUnilateral RPDUnilateral RPDUnilateral RPD
DangerousDangerous AvoidAvoid
aspirationaspiration
DangerousDangerous AvoidAvoid
aspirationaspiration
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Retentive Undercut Abutment Modifications Presentation
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Retentive Undercut Abutment Modifications Presentation
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