major bio ethical principles-7

8/3/2019 Major Bio Ethical Principles-7

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The principle of respect for autonomy

The principle of nonmaleficence

The principle of beneficence

The principle of justice



Respect for Autonomy - Patient has thecapacity to act intentionally, withunderstanding, and without controllinginfluences that would mitigate against afree and voluntary act.

Principle of Justice - is a form of

“fairness” - aristotle , this implys the fairdistribution of goods in society andrequires that we look at the role ofentitlement.



I. To each person an equal share

II. To each person according to needIII. To each person according to effort

IV. To each person according to

contribution

V. To each person according to merit

VI. To each person according to free –

market exchanges



Requires of us that we “not” intentionally createa needless harm or injury to the patient, eitherthrough acts of commission or omission. “ negligence”

The legal criteria for determining negligence are asfollows:1. The professional must have a duty to the

affected party

2. The professional must breach that duty3. The affected party must experience a harm;and

4. The harm must be caused by the breach ofduty.



- Is the duty of health care

providers to be of a benefit tothe patient, as well as to take

positive steps to prevent and to

remove harm from the patient.



Ok… Let’s

proceed..



Functions of InformedConsent

•

Protective and Participative

Rights of a Patient



Is designed to protect patients in either a medicalor psychiatric situation

Components of Informed Consent- the patient must be entirely capable of giving their

consent.

- proper disclosure of any side effects

- issues that may arise during the procedure

- patient must be able to comprehend the disclosure



Four major elements of informed consent:

1. Competence – refers to a patient’s capacity for decision making

- one is considered

competent when (a) one has made adecision, (b) one has the capacity tojustify one’s choice, ( C ) one does notonly justify one’s choice but does so inreasonable manner.



2. Disclosure – is the part of the consent vital for healthcare providers. Typically, they will provide a patient witha form that completely details any complications, side –

effects or problems that may result during or after aprocedure.- are often quite long and some patients may

find them difficult to comprehend.

3. Comprehension – refers to whether the informationgiven has been understood.

4. Voluntariness – means that consent must be voluntary

Patients Rights – Because informed consent was designedwith the pt’s rights and well being in mind, it is vital thatpatients understand informed consent.



Refusing Treatment – any patienthas the right to refuse

treatment under the terms ofinformed consent. If theythoroughly read the disclosureand refuse to give their

consent, this must be recordedby the health care provider andkept in the pt’s records.



Means the moral and inviolablepower vested in him as a personto do, hold, or demandsomething as his own.

Types of Patient’s Rights:

- Right to Informed Consent

- Right to Informed Decision

- Right to Informed Choice

- Right to Refusal of Treatment



Limitation of a Patient’s Rights:

1.

Patient’s rights do not include the right to beallowed to die

2. A patient in a moribund condition does not possess

the necessary mental or emotional stability to makean informed choice.

3. Patients rights are not absolute.



In emergency cases, the following types of patientsneed not require informed consent:

1. Comatose or obtunded patients.

2. Blind or illiterate patients.3. Underage patients or those unable to understand

the circumstances .

4. Language-barrier patients.



The twelve rights of patients as they aredocumented in the American Hospital Association(AHA)’s “Statement on a Patients Bill of rights.”

1. The patient has the right to considerate andrespectful care.

2. The patient has the right to obtain from his

physician complete current informationconcerning his diagnosis, treatment, andprognosis in terms the patient can be reasonablyexpected to understand.

3. The patient has the right to receive from hisphysician information necessary to giveinformed consent prior to the start of anyprocedure or treatment.



4. The patient has the right to refuse treatment to theextent permitted by law and to be informed of the

medical consequences of his action.5. The patient has the right to every consideration of

his privacy concerning his own medical careprogram.

6. The patient has the right to expect that allcommunications and records pertaining to hiscare should be treated as confidential.

7.

The patient has the right to expect that, within itscapacity, the hospital must provide a reasonableresponse to his/her request for services.



8. The pt has the right to obtain informationregarding any relationship of his hospital to otherhealth care and educational institutions in so far ashis care is concerned.

9. The pt has the right to be advised if the hospitalproposes to engage in or perform human

experimentation affecting his or her care ortreatment.

10. The pt has the right to expect reasonablecontinuity of care.

11. The pt has the right to examine and receive anexplanation of the hospital bill, regardless ofsource of payment.



12. The pt has the right to know what hospital rules andregulation apply to his or her conduct as a patient.


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