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Anintratubal placentaanda14cmumbilicalcordprotruding fromthembrialendof thetubeconnectedtoa12cmmacerated fetuswerefound(Fig.1). Thepatientwasdischargedwellonpost-operativeday2.Nine dayslaterarepeatbHCGwas29.8IU/L suggestingnoretained trophoblast. Histological examinationshowedchorionicvilli withintubeandaseparatefetus. Abdominal pregnancyisarareandpotentiallydangerous diagnosis, withmortalityratesbetween5.1and30per1000[5]. BasedonStuddiford’scriteria[3],thisisasecondaryabdominal pregnancyandwewereabletodemonstratetubalimplantation followedbyabortionof fetusintothePODandretentionof placentawithintube.Wehypothesizethatfetaldemisemighthave occurredaftertheamnionrupturedataround15weeksresulting inensuingsymptoms orthatplacentawithinthetubecouldno longerexpandtosupportthegrowingpregnancy. Cliniciansandsonographers shouldbeawareof thepossibility of abdominal pregnancieswhichmaybemistakenasintrauterine inlatergestation. Ultrasoundshouldallowaccuratediagnosis andtimelydiagnosisandtreatmentarepertinentinreducing morbidity andmortality. Alaparoscopicapproachmaybe considereddependingonthesizeof thefetusandtheriskof bleeding/complexity of theplacentalimplantationsite. References [1]MoritaY,Tsutsumi O,Kuramochi K,etal.Successful laparoscopic management of primaryabdominal pregnancy. HumReprod1996;11:2546–7 . [2] Atrash HK, Friede A, Hogue CJ. Abdominal pregnancy in the United States: frequencyandmaternal mortality. ObstetGynecol1987;69:333–7 . [3]StuddifordWE. Pr imaryperitoneal pregnancy. Am JObstetGynecol 1942;44: 487–91. [4]DabbRG.Secondaryabdominal pregnancy. BrMed J1947;1947(February (4491)):198–9. [5]PooleA,HaasD,MagannEF.Earlyabdominal ectopicpregnancies: asystematic reviewof theliterature. Gynecol ObstetInvest2012;74:249–60 . XinyiLi* PeterBarton-Smith Department of ObstetricsandGynecology, SingaporeGeneral Hospital, Singapore *Correspondingauthorat:Department of Obstetricsand Gynecology, SingaporeGeneralHospital, TheAcademia, Level5,20 CollegeRoad, Singapore169856, Singapore. Tel.:+6598476408/63214673;fax:+6562253464 E-mailaddress:[email protected](X.Li). 20September2014 http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.ejogrb .2014.11.040 Lowratesof mbrial excisionattuballigation: roomfor improvement? Dear Editors, Recently,therehasbeenaparadigmshiftinourunderstandings abouttheoriginsof pelvicserouscarcinoma/ovariancancer. Ironically, manycarcinomasthatfullWHOcriteriaforovarian canceraremetastasestotheovaryfromfallopiantubelesions[1]. Asthereisnoreliablescreeningtestandfewearlysymptoms, ovariancarcinomatypicallypresentsatanadvancedstage. In Ireland, 344newcasesarerecordedperyear,the5yearsurvival rateislessthan40%and278womendieyearlyfromthedisease [2]. Ovarianserouscarcinoma(OSC)isthemostcommontypeof ovariancancer. Seroustubalintraepithelial carcinoma(STIC)isa fallopiantubelesionincreasinglyimplicatedastheimportant precursor of OSC[1], andcanbeseenin60%of casesof OSC[3]. Tuballigation(TL)canlowertherisksubsequent OSCandisan effective, reliableformof contraceptionthatcanbeperformedat caesariansection.Nearly70%of IrishObstetricians/Gynaecologists listpartialexcision/ligationastheirpreferredmethod of tubal ligationatcaesariansection;mostdonotperformroutine salpingectomywhenperforminghysterectomies forbenign indications [4]. AsSTIC,theprecursorlesionof OSC,developsalmost exclusivelyinthembriaof thefallopiantube,welookedto establishhowoftenthembriatedendof thefallopiantubewas excisedwhenTL wasperformedatthetimeof caesaeriansection. Between1st January2012and31stof December2013,4069 womenhadcaesareandeliveriesinourinstitution; 177women hadsynchronous tubalsterilisation. Inninecases,thembrialend of thetubewasincludedintheexcisionandwasavailablefor microscopicexamination(5.1%of cases). Overthesameperiod, 161hysterectomies wereperformedfor benignindicationswherenoovarianpathologywassuspected. Fallopiantubes(withmbria)wereexcisedin25of these procedures(15.5%). Whileourratesof completesalpingectomyappearlow,itisnot uncommonthatlowratesof completesalpingectomyareseen outsideof educational initiatives[5].Asinterruptionof the fallopiantube,ratherthanmbrialexcision, isthekeycontracep- tiverequirement, lowratesof completesalpingectomyatthetime of caesareandeliveryarenotsurprising. Althoughprecisereasonsareunclear, excisionof thembriae maybeseenastimeconsumingandtechnicallychallenging[4] comparedtoexcisingthenarrowestportionof theextramural fallopiantube.Thismayrelatetoperceiveddifcultytoaccessto thefallopiantubesimmediatelyafterdeliveryintheproximityof anenlargeduterus. Despitethis, therearebenetstoperformingcomplete salpingectomy, evenwhensurgeryisperformedforbenignreasons [5]andsystematicpathologicexaminationof thembriae, evenin alowriskpopulation, willresultinearlydetectionof asmall numberof asymptomatic tubalcarcinomas/pre-cancers. Approximat el y 70% of ovarian epi thelialtumoursareof high- grade serous histology. These are often preceededby STIC [3] ,alesion of  thedistalfallopiantubes[1] .Giventhat r is k- reducingsalpingo-oophorectomy canreduce the ri sk of OSC in highriskpopulations byupto96%, wewouldsupporttherecent opinionpaperfromtheRoyal Coll ege of  Obstetricians and Gynaecologists [6] .Opportunist ic mbr ialexcision/complete salpingectomy, toincludetheampulla of  thefal lopian tube, atthetimeof benign pelvic surgeryoffersthetantalising opportunity tofurt her reducetheincidenceof  OSCinalow risk populat ion. This canbeachieved without increased operative morbidity, [5] but requires rates of complete salpingectomy to beincreased. Whileitislikelytotakesometimebeforeanyreductionin ovarianserouscarcinomaisseenatapopulationlevel,sparingthe fallopiantubesatthetimeof hysterectomyortubalsterilisation hasnophysiological benetandbilateral salpingectomycanbe performedwithoutincreasedcomplications. References [1]Kindelberger DW, Lee Y,MironA,etal.Intraepithelial carcinomaof thembria andpelvicserouscarcinoma: evidenceforacausalrelationship. Am JSurg Pathol2007;31(February (2)):161–9 . LetterstotheEditor Brief Communications  / European Journal of Obstetrics& GynecologyandReproductive Biology185(  2015)181–183 182

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7/24/2019 main(43)

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An  intratubal  placenta  and  a  14  cm  umbilical  cord  protruding

from   the  fimbrial  end  of   the  tube  connected  to  a  12  cm  macerated

fetus  were   found  (Fig.  1).

The  patient  was  discharged  well  on  post-operative  day  2.  Nine

days   later  a  repeat  bHCG  was  29.8  IU/L   suggesting  no  retained

trophoblast. 

Histological 

examination 

showed 

chorionic 

villi

within  tube  and  a  separate  fetus.

Abdominal  pregnancy  is  a  rare  and  potentially  dangerous

diagnosis,  with  mortality  rates  between  5.1  and  30  per  1000  [5].

Based 

on 

Studdiford’s 

criteria 

[3], 

this 

is 

secondary 

abdominal

pregnancy  and  we  were  able  to  demonstrate  tubal  implantation

followed  by  abortion  of   fetus  into  the  POD  and  retention  of 

placenta  within  tube.  We  hypothesize  that  fetal  demise  might  have

occurred 

after 

the 

amnion 

ruptured 

at 

around 

15 

weeks 

resulting

in  ensuing  symptoms   or  that  placenta  within  the  tube  could  no

longer  expand  to  support  the  growing  pregnancy.

Clinicians  and  sonographers  should  be  aware  of   the  possibility

of  

abdominal 

pregnancies 

which 

may 

be 

mistaken 

as 

intrauterine

in 

later 

gestation. 

Ultrasound 

should 

allow 

accurate 

diagnosis

and  timely  diagnosis  and  treatment  are  pertinent  in  reducing

morbidity  and  mortality.  A  laparoscopic  approach   may  be

considered 

depending 

on 

the 

size 

of  

the 

fetus 

and 

the 

risk 

of 

bleeding/complexity 

of  

the 

placental 

implantation 

site.

References

[1]  Morita   Y,  Tsutsumi   O,  Kuramochi  K,  et  al.  Successful  laparoscopic  managementof   primary  abdominal  pregnancy.  Hum  Reprod  1996;11:2546–7.

[2]  Atrash  HK,  Friede  A,  Hogue   CJ.  Abdominal  pregnancy  in  the  United  States:frequency  and  maternal  mortality.  Obstet  Gynecol  1987;69:333–7.

[3]  Studdiford  WE. Primary  peritoneal  pregnancy.  Am   J  Obstet  Gynecol  1942;44:487–91.

[4]  Dabb  RG.  Secondary  abdominal  pregnancy.  Br  Med   J  1947;1947(February(4491)):198–9.

[5]  Poole  A,  Haas  D,  Magann  EF.  Early  abdominal  ectopic  pregnancies:  a  systematicreview  of   the  literature.  Gynecol  Obstet  Invest  2012;74:249–60.

Xinyi  Li*

Peter 

Barton-SmithDepartment   of   Obstetrics  and  Gynecology,  Singapore  General  Hospital,

Singapore

*Corresponding  author  at:  Department  of   Obstetrics  and

Gynecology,  Singapore  General  Hospital,  The  Academia,  Level  5,  20

College  Road,   Singapore  169856,  Singapore.

Tel.:  +65  9847   6408/6321  4673;  fax:  +65  6225  3464

E-mail  address:  [email protected]  (X.  Li).

20  September  2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.11.040

Low  rates  of   fimbrial  excision  at  tubal  ligation:

room 

for  

improvement?

Dear  

Editors,

Recently,  there  has  been  a  paradigm  shift  in  our  understandings

about 

the 

origins 

of  

pelvic 

serous 

carcinoma/ovarian 

cancer.

Ironically, 

many 

carcinomas 

that 

fulfil 

WHO 

criteria 

for 

ovarian

cancer  are  metastases  to  the  ovary  from  fallopian  tube  lesions  [1].

As  there  is  no   reliable  screening  test  and  few  early  symptoms,

ovarian 

carcinoma 

typically 

presents 

at 

an 

advanced 

stage. 

In

Ireland, 

344 

new 

cases 

are 

recorded 

per 

year, 

the 

year 

survival

rate   is  less  than  40%  and  278  women  die  yearly  from  the  disease

[2].

Ovarian  serous  carcinoma  (OSC)  is  the  most  common   type   of 

ovarian  cancer.  Serous  tubal  intraepithelial  carcinoma  (STIC)  is  a

fallopian  tube  lesion  increasingly  implicated  as  the  important

precursor 

of  

OSC 

[1], and 

can 

be 

seen 

in 

60% 

of  

cases 

of  

OSC 

[3].

Tubal  ligation  (TL)   can  lower  the  risk  subsequent  OSC  and  is  an

effective,  reliable  form  of   contraception  that  can  be  performed  at

caesarian  section.  Nearly  70%  of   Irish  Obstetricians/Gynaecologists

list 

partial 

excision/ligation 

as 

their 

preferred 

method 

of  

tubal

ligation  at  caesarian  section;  most  do  not  perform  routine

salpingectomy  when  performing  hysterectomies  for  benign

indications  [4].

As 

STIC, 

the 

precursor 

lesion 

of  

OSC, 

develops 

almost

exclusively  in  the  fimbria  of   the  fallopian  tube,  we  looked  to

establish  how  often  the  fimbriated  end  of   the  fallopian  tube  was

excised  when  TL   was  performed  at  the  time  of   caesaerian  section.

Between 

1st 

 January 

2012 

and 

31st 

of  

December 

2013, 

4069

women 

had 

caesarean 

deliveries 

in 

our 

institution; 

177 

women

had  synchronous  tubal  sterilisation.  In  nine  cases,  the  fimbrial  end

of   the  tube  was  included  in  the  excision  and  was  available  for

microscopic 

examination 

(5.1% 

of  

cases).

Over 

the 

same 

period, 

161 

hysterectomies 

were 

performed 

for

benign  indications  where  no  ovarian  pathology  was  suspected.Fallopian  tubes  (with  fimbria)  were  excised  in  25  of   these

procedures 

(15.5%).

While 

our 

rates 

of  

complete 

salpingectomy 

appear 

low, 

it 

is 

not

uncommon  that  low  rates  of   complete  salpingectomy  are  seen

outside  of   educational  initiatives  [5].  As  interruption  of   the

fallopian 

tube, 

rather 

than 

fimbrial 

excision, 

is 

the 

key 

contracep-

tive 

requirement, 

low 

rates 

of  

complete 

salpingectomy 

at 

the 

time

of   caesarean  delivery  are  not  surprising.

Although  precise  reasons  are  unclear,  excision  of   the  fimbriae

may 

be 

seen 

as 

time 

consuming 

and 

technically 

challenging 

[4]

compared   to  excising  the  narrowest  portion  of   the  extramural

fallopian  tube.  This  may  relate  to  perceived  difficulty  to  access  to

the 

fallopian 

tubes 

immediately 

after 

delivery 

in 

the 

proximity 

of 

an  enlarged  uterus.Despite  this,  there  are  benefits  to  performing  complete

salpingectomy,  even  when  surgery  is  performed  for  benign  reasons

[5] 

and 

systematic 

pathologic 

examination 

of  

the 

fimbriae, 

even 

in

low 

risk 

population, 

will 

result 

in 

early 

detection 

of  

small

number  of   asymptomatic  tubal  carcinomas/pre-cancers.

Approximately 70% of ovarian epithelial  tumours   are   of 

high-grade serous histology. These are often preceeded 

by STIC

[3], 

lesion of  

the 

distal 

fallopian 

tubes 

[1]. 

Given 

that risk-

reducing  salpingo-oophorectomy   can   reduce the  r isk of OSC in

high  risk  populations   by   up   to   96%,   we   would   support the  recent

opinion 

paper 

from 

the 

Royal 

College of  

Obstetricians 

and

Gynaecologists 

[6]. 

Opportunistic fimbrial 

excision/complete

salpingectomy, to  include  the   ampulla of   the   fallopian tube,

at 

the 

time 

of  

benign pelvic 

surgery 

offers 

the 

tantalisingopportunity to

 

further reduce 

the 

incidence of  

OSC 

in 

lowrisk

population. This 

can 

be 

achieved without increased 

operative

morbidity,   [5] but   requires rates of complete salpingectomy to

be   increased.

While 

it 

is 

likely 

to 

take 

some 

time 

before 

any 

reduction 

in

ovarian 

serous 

carcinoma 

is 

seen 

at 

population 

level, 

sparing 

the

fallopian  tubes  at  the  time  of   hysterectomy  or  tubal  sterilisation

has  no   physiological  benefit  and  bilateral  salpingectomy  can  be

performed 

without 

increased 

complications.

References

[1]  Kindelberger  DW, Lee  Y,  Miron   A,  et  al.  Intraepithelial  carcinoma  of   the  fimbriaand  pelvic  serous   carcinoma:  evidence  for  a  causal  relationship.  Am   J  Surg

Pathol 

2007;31(February 

(2)):161–9.

Letters  to  the  Editor   –  Brief   Communications  /   European   Journal  of   Obstetrics  &   Gynecology  and  Reproductive  Biology  185  ( 2015)  181–183182

7/24/2019 main(43)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/main43 2/2

[2]  National  Cancer  Registryof   Ireland.Ovarian  cancer  factsheet;December 2013  [1–1].[3]  Przybycin  CG,  Kurman  RJ,  Ronnett  BM,  Shih  I-M,  Vang  R.  Are  all   pelvic  (non-

uterine)  serous  carcinomas  of   tubal  origin?  Am   J  Surg  Pathol  2010;34(October(10)):1407–16.

[4]  Kamran  MW, Vaughan  D,  Crosby   D,  Wahab  NA,  Saadeh  FA,  Gleeson  N.  Oppor-tunistic  and  interventional  salpingectomy  in  women  at  risk:  a  strategy  forpreventing  pelvic  serous   cancer  (PSC).  Eur   J  Obstet  Gynecol  Reprod  Biol2013;170(September  (1)):251–4.

[5]  McAlpine  JN,  Hanley  GE,  Woo MM, et  al.  Opportunistic  salpingectomy:  uptake,risks,  and  complications  of   a  regional  initiative  for  ovarian  cancer  prevention.Am   J  Obstet  Gynecol  2014;210(May   (5)).  471.e1–11.

[6] 

Royal 

College 

of  

Obstetricians 

and 

Gynaecologists. 

The 

distal 

fallopian 

tube 

asthe  origin  of   non-uterine  pelvic  high-grade  serous   carcinomas.  Scientific  ImpactPaper  No.  44;  November  2014.

Kathleen  Han-Suyin

MRCPI,  Department   of   Pathology,  National  Maternity  Hospital,

Dublin 

 2, 

Ireland

Donal  O’Brien

MRCOG,  Department   of   Obstetrics  and  Gynaecology,

National  Maternity  Hospital,  Dublin   2,  Ireland

Eoghan  E.  Mooney

Paul 

Downey*

FRCPath,  Department   of   Pathology,  National  Maternity  Hospital,

Dublin   2,  Ireland

*Corresponding 

author. 

Tel.: 

+353 

6373531; 

fax: 

+353 

6765048

E-mail   address:  [email protected]  (P.  Downey).

5  November  2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.12.009

Letters  to  the  Editor   –  Brief   Communications  /   European   Journal  of   Obstetrics  &   Gynecology  and  Reproductive  Biology  185  (2015)  181–183  183