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ABSTRACT

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) is the term used for all Remote control

monitoring of status and fault conditions of an industrial system. This has become an important

factor in the successful deployment of modern industrial process solutions.

This project is mainly useful for industrial monitoring and control and fault

detection. This project uses the AVR microcontroller to acquire the data such as temperature,

voltage and current from each machine in the industry and alert the authority when any fault

occurs in the respective functionality.

By implementing this project, the authority can remotely access the machines through

GSM via simple SMS. This usage of remote connectivity helps controlling and acknowledgment of

the machine status within in seconds of any fault.


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CHAPTER-1

OVERVIEW


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1.1 INTRODUCTION :

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition is the term used for all Remote control monitoring ofstatus and fault conditions of an industrial system. This has become an important factor in the

successful deployment of modern industrial process solutions.

This Project presents a miniature robot which is having in built voice commands. Whatever

the operation performing by the robot that we can here as voice command. The ATMEL (Atmega8)

controller is the robot's brain and controls the robot's movements. It's usually a computer of some type

which is used to store information about the robot and the work environment and to store and execute

programs which operate the robot. The control system contains programs, data algorithms, logic

analysis and various other processing activities which enable the robot to perform.

The DC motors are used, to control the lateral movement of the system on ground. When the

system moves on the ground using the IR, the respective voice commands for robot will be initially

stored in a voice recorder (APR9600) which is interfaced to our ATmega8 microcontroller. That

commands will be played according to robot directions.


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1.2APPLICATION

1. Vehicle Tracking2.

Position Monitoring ofVehicles3. Vehicle Control System4. Vehicle Speed/Velocity Monitoring/Controlling

1.3 FUTURESCOPE

1. If vehiclehad an accident,then withthehelp of vibration sensor wecandetectthe accident andcansendthelocationto the owner,hospital and police.

2.If anybody steals ourcar wecaneasily findit aroundtheglobe

.

3. Wecan reducethe size ofthekitby using GPS+GSM onthe samemodule.1.4 SOFTWAREREQUIREMENTS

1. Windows Xp OS2. AVR Studio 4.183. WinAVR GCC Compiler4.

AT- Prog Serial Programmer5. GPS DATA Logger

1.5 HARDWAREREQUIREMENT

1. DC power supply 3.5v2. ATmega162 Microcontroller3. GPS Module4. GSM Module5. Buzzer,MAX-232 IC, LEDs ,Standard Cables


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2.1 INTRODUCTIONTOEMBEDDEDSYSTEM:

Anembedded systemis a special-purposecomputer systemdesignedto perform one or a few

dedicated functions, sometimes with real-timecomputingconstraints. Itis usually embedded as part

of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose

computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming.

Embedded systems havebecome very importanttoday as they controlmany ofthecommondevices

we use.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it,

reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some

embedded systems aremass-produced,benefiting fromeconomies of scale.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3

players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems

controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontrollerchip,to

very high withmultiple units, peripherals andnetworks mountedinside a largechassis orenclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some

element of programmability. Forexample, Handheldcomputers share someelements withembedded

systems such as the operating systems andmicroprocessors which powerthem but arenottruly

embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be

connected.

Anembedded systemis somecombination ofcomputerhardware and software,either fixedin

capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of application device.

Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes,

vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the

myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are

provided with a programming interface, and embedded systems programming is a specialized

occupation. Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market,

such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, somelow-endconsumer products use

very inexpensivemicroprocessors andlimited storage, withthe application and operating systemboth

part of a single program. The program is written permanently into the system's memory inthis case,

ratherthanbeingloadedinto RAM (random access memory), as programs on a personalcomputer are.


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2.2 APPLICATIONSOFEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

We arelivinginthe Embedded World. You are surrounded withmany embedded products and

your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD

player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in your kitchen, Card readers,

Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you to do many of your tasks very

effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in your car take care ofcar operations

betweenthebumpers andmost ofthetimes you tendto ignore allthesecontrollers.

In recentdays, you are showered with variety ofinformation abouttheseembeddedcontrollers

in many places. All kinds of magazines and journals regularly dish out details about latest

technologies, new devices; fast applications which make you believe that your basic survival is

controlledby theseembedded products. Now you can agreeto the factthattheseembedded products

have successfully invadedinto our world. You mustbe wondering abouttheseembeddedcontrollers

or systems. Whatis this Embedded System?

Thecomputer you useto compose yourmails, orcreate a document or analyzethedatabaseis

known as the standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are manufactured to serve many

purposes and applications.

You need to install the relevant software to get the required processing facility. So, these

desktop computers cando many things. Incontrast,embeddedcontrollers carryout a specific workfor

which they are designed. Most of the time, engineers design these embedded controllers with a

specificgoalinmind. So thesecontrollers cannotbe usedin any other place.

Theoretically, anembeddedcontroller is a combination of a piece ofmicroprocessorbasedhardware

andthe suitable softwareto undertake a specifictask.

Thesedays designers havemany choices inmicroprocessors/microcontrollers. Especially,in8

bit and 32bit,the available variety really may overwhelm even anexperienceddesigner. Selecting a

right microprocessor may turn out as a most difficult first step and it is getting complicated as new

devices continueto pop-up very often. Inthe8bit segment,themost popular and used architectureis

Intel's 8031. Market acceptance of this particular family has driven many semiconductor

manufacturers to develop somethingnew based onthis particular architecture. Even after25 years of

existence, semiconductormanufacturers stillcome out with somekind ofdevice usingthis 8031core.


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Militaryandaerospacesoftwareapplications Fromin-orbitembedded systems to jumbo jets to vitalbattlefieldnetworks,designers ofmission-

critical aerospace and defense systems requiring real-time performance, scalability, and high-

availability facilities consistently turn to the LynxOS RTOS and the LynxOS-178 RTOS forsoftwarecertificationto DO-178B.

Rich in system resources and networking services, LynxOS provides an off-the-shelf software

platform with hard real-time response backed by powerful distributed computing (CORBA), high

reliability, softwarecertification, andlong-term support options.The LynxOS-178 RTOS for software

certification, based on the RTCA DO-178B standard, assists developers in gaining certification for

their mission- and safety-critical systems. Real-time systems programmers get a boost with

LynuxWorks' DO-178B RTOS training courses.LynxOS-178 is the first DO-178B and

EUROCAE/ED-12B certifiable, POSIX-compatible RTOS solution.

Communicationsapplications "Five-nines" availability, CompactPCI hot swap support, and hard real-time responseLynxOS

delivers on these key requirements and more for today's carrier-class systems. Scalable kernel

configurations, distributed computing capabilities, integrated communications stacks, and fault-

management facilities make LynxOS the ideal choice forcompanies looking for a single operating

system for all embedded telecommunications applicationsfrom complex central controllers to

simpleline/trunkcards.

LynuxWorksJumpstarts for Communications package enables OEMs to rapidly develop mission-

criticalcommunications equipment, with pre-integrated, state-of-the-art,data networking and porting

softwarecomponentsincluding sourcecode foreasy customization.

The Lynx Certifiable Stack (LCS) is a secure TCP/IP protocol stackdesigned especially for

applications where standards certificationis required.


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CHAPTER-3

INTRODUCTIONTOMICROCONTROLLER


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3.1 MICROCONTROLLERVERSUSMICROPROCESSOR

What is the difference between a Microprocessor and Microcontroller? By microprocessor is

meant the general purpose Microprocessors such as Intel's X86 family (8086,80286,80386,80486,and the Pentium) or Motorola's 680X0 family (68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, etc). These

microprocessors containno RAM,no ROM, andno I/O ports onthechip itself. Forthis reason,they

arecommonly referredto as general-purpose Microprocessors.

A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor such as the Pentium orthe68040

must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers externally to make them functional. Although the

addition of external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports makes these systems bulkier and much more

expensive,they havethe advantage of versatility suchthatthedesignercandecide onthe amount of

RAM, ROM and I/O ports neededto fitthetaskathand. This is notthecase with Microcontrollers.

A Microcontrollerhas a CPU (a microprocessor) in additionto a fixed amount of RAM, ROM,

I/O ports, and a timer all on a singlechip. In other words,the processor,the RAM, ROM, I/O ports

andthetimer are allembeddedtogether on onechip. Inmany applications, forexample a TV remote

control, there is no need for the computing power of a 486 oreven an8086 microprocessor. These

applications most often require some I/O operations to read signals andturn on and offcertainbits.

3.2MICROCONTROLLERSFOREMBEDDEDSYSTEMS

In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded System.

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products. An embedded

system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task only. A printer is an

example ofembedded system sincethe processorinsideit performs onetask only; namely gettingthe

data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any number of

applications such as word processor, print-server,banktellerterminal,Video game,networkserver, or

Internetterminal. Software for a variety of applications canbeloaded and run. Ofcoursethe reason a

pc can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the

application softwareinto RAM memory andlets the CPU runit.


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In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into

ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connectedto various embedded products such as keyboard, printer,

modem,diskcontroller, soundcard, CD-ROM drives,mouse, and so on. Each one ofthese peripherals

has a Microcontrollerinsideitthat performs only onetask. Forexample,insideevery mousethereis a

Microcontrollerto performthetask of findingthemouse position and sendingitto the PC. Table1-1

lists someembedded products.

3.3 TypicalMicrocontrollerArchitectureand Features

The basic internal designs of microcontrollers are pretty similar. Figure1 shows the block

diagram of a typical microcontroller. All components are connected via an internal bus and are all

integrated on onechip. Themodules areconnectedto the outside world via I/O pins.

FIG3.3.1:BASICLAYOUT OF MICROCONTROLLER

The following list contains the modules typically found in a microcontroller. You can find a

moredetaileddescription ofthesecomponents inlater sections.

ProcessorCore:The CPU ofthecontroller. Itcontains the arithmeticlogic unit,thecontrol unit, and

the registers (stackpointer, programcounter, accumulator register, register file...).

Memory: The memory is sometimes split into program memory and data memory. In larger

controllers, a DMA controllerhandles data transfers between peripheralcomponents andthememory.


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Interrupt Controller: Interrupts are useful for interrupting the normal program flow in case of

(important) external orinternalevents. Inconjunction with sleep modes,they help to conserve power.

Timer/Counter:Mostcontrollers have atleast one andmorelikely 2-3 Timer/Counters, whichcanbe

used to timestamp events, measure intervals, or count events. Many controllers also containPWM

(pulse width modulation) outputs, which can be used to drive motors or for safe breaking (antilock

brake system, ABS). Furthermorethe PWM outputcan,inconjunction with anexternal filter,be used

to realize a cheap digital/analogconverter.

DigitalI/O:

Paralleldigital I/O ports are one ofthe main features ofmicrocontrollers. Thenumber of I/O

pins varies from 3-4 to over 90,depending onthecontroller family andthecontrollertype.

AnalogI/O:

Apart from a few small controllers, most microcontrollers have integrated analog/digital

converters, whichdifferinthenumber ofchannels (2-16) andtheir resolution (8-12bits). The analog

module also generally features an analog comparator. In some cases, the microcontroller includes

digital/analogconverters.

3.4 THEUART:WHATITIS AND HOWITWORKS

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) controller is the key component

ofthe serialcommunications subsystem of a computer. The UART takes bytes ofdata andtransmits

the individual bits in a sequential fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits

into completebytes.

Serialtransmission is commonly used with modems and fornon-networkedcommunicationbetween

computers, terminals and other devices. There are two primary forms of serial transmission:

Synchronous and Asynchronous. Depending on the modes that are supported by the hardware, the

name of the communication sub-system will usually include aA if it supports Asynchronous

communications, and a S if it supports Synchronous communications. Both forms are described

below.


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SYNCHRONOUS SERIALTRANSMISSIONSynchronous serialtransmission requires thatthe sender andreceivershare a clock with one

another, orthatthe sender provide a strobe or othertiming signal so thatthe receiverknows whento

readthenextbit ofthedata. Inmost forms of serial Synchronous communication,ifthereis no data

available at a giveninstantto transmit, a fillcharactermustbe sentinstead so thatdata is always being

transmitted. Synchronous communication is usually more efficient because only data bits are

transmittedbetween sender and receiver, and synchronous communicationcanbemorecostly ifextra

wiring andcircuits are requiredto share a clocksignalbetweenthe sender and receiver.

A form of Synchronous transmission is used with printers and fixed disk devices in that the

data is sent on one set of wires while a clock or strobe is sent on a different wire. Printers and fixed

diskdevices arenotnormally serialdevices becausemost fixeddiskinterface standards send anentireword ofdata foreachclock or strobe signalby using a separate wire foreachbit ofthe word. Inthe

PC industry,these areknown as Paralleldevices. The standard serialcommunications hardwareinthe

PC does not support Synchronous operations. This mode is described here forcomparison purposes

only

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIALTRANSMISSIONAsynchronous transmission allows data to betransmitted withoutthe senderhavingto send a

clock signal to the receiver. Instead, the sender and receiver must agree on timing parameters in

advance and special bits are added to each word which are used to synchronize the sending and

receiving units.

When a word is given to the UART for Asynchronous transmissions, a bit called the "Start

Bit" is addedto thebeginning ofeach wordthatis to betransmitted. The Start Bitis usedto alertthe

receiver that a word of data is about to be sent, and to force the clock in the receiver into

synchronization with the clock inthe transmitter. These two clocks must be accurate enough to not

havethe frequency driftby morethan10%duringthetransmission ofthe remainingbits inthe word.

(This requirement was set in the days of mechanical teleprinters and is easily met by modern

electronicequipment.)


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Afterthe Start Bit,theindividualbits ofthe word ofdata are sent, withthe Least Significant

Bit (LSB) being sent first. Eachbitinthetransmissionis transmitted forexactly the same amount of

time as all ofthe otherbits, andthe receiver looks atthe wire at approximately halfway throughthe

period assignedto eachbitto determineifthebitis a 1 or a 0. Forexample,ifittakes two seconds to

sendeachbit,the receiver willexaminethe signalto determineifitis a 1 or a 0 after one secondhas

passed,thenit will waittwo seconds andthenexaminethe value ofthenextbit, and so on.

The senderdoes notknow whenthe receiverhas looked atthe value ofthebit. The sender

only knows when the clock says to begin transmitting the next bit ofthe word.When the entire data

wordhas been sent,thetransmittermay add a Parity Bitthatthetransmittergenerates. The Parity Bit

may be usedby the receiverto perform simpleerrorchecking. Then atleast one Stop Bitis sentby the

transmitter.

Whenthe receiverhas received all ofthebits inthedata word,itmay checkforthe Parity Bits

(both sender and receiver must agree on whether a Parity Bit is to be used), and then the receiver

looks for a Stop Bit. Ifthe Stop Bitdoes not appear when itis supposedto,the UART considers the

entire wordto begarbled and will report a Framing Errorto thehost processor whenthedata wordis

read. The usualcause of a Framing Erroris thatthe sender and receiverclocks werenot running atthe

same speed, orthatthe signal was interrupted.Regardless of whetherthe data was receivedcorrectly

ornot,the UART automatically discards the Start, Parity and Stop bits. Ifthe sender and receiver are

configuredidentically,thesebits arenot passedto thehost.If another wordis ready fortransmission,

the Start Bit forthenew wordcanbe sent as soon as the Stop Bit forthe previous wordhas been sent.

Because asynchronous data is self synchronizing, if there is no data to transmit, the

transmissionlinecanbeidle.


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3.5 MICROCONTROLLER

ATmega162

The ATmega162 is a low-power CMOS 8-bitmicrocontroller,based onthe AVR

enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the

ATmega162 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to

optimize powerconsumption versus processing speed.

FIG. 3.5.1 PINOUTOF ATMEGA162

AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general-purpose working registers. All the 32

registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent

registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting

architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than

conventional CISC microcontrollers.


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THE ATMEGA162 PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING PROMINENT FEATURES

High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

Advanced RISC Architecture

130 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clockCycle Execution 32x8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at16 MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

8KBytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash programmemory 512 Bytes EEPROM 1KByte Internal SRAM Write/Erase Cycles:10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention:20 years at85C/100 years at25C Optional Boot Code Section with Independent LockBits

In-System Programmingby On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation Programming Lockfor Software Security

Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode One16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture

Mode

Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator Three PWM Channels 8-channel ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package Eight Channels 10-bit Accuracy 6-channel ADC in PDIP package Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy


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Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface Programmable Serial USART Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator External and Internal Interrupt Sources Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and Standby

I/O and Packages

23 Programmable I/O Lines 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

OperatingVoltages

2.7 - 5.5V (ATmega162L) 4.5 - 5.5V (ATmega162)

Speed Grades

0 - 8 MHz (ATmega162L) 0 - 16 MHz (ATmega162)

Power Consumption at 4 Mhz, 3V,25C

Active: 3.6mA Idle Mode:1.0mA Power-down Mode:0.5 A

The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the USART, Two-wire interface, A/D Converter,

SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down

mode saves the registercontents but freezes the Oscillator,disabling all otherchip functions until the

next External Interrupt or Hardware Reset.

In Power-savemode,the Asynchronous Timercontinues to run, allowingthe userto maintain

a timerbase whilethe rest ofthedeviceis sleeping. The ADC Noise Reductionmode stops the CPU


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and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC,to minimize switchingnoiseduring ADC

conversions.

By combining an8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic

chip, the Atmel ATmega162 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost-

effective solutionto many embeddedcontrol applications.

PINDESCRIPTIONS

VCC-Digital supply voltage.

GND-Ground.

PortB (PB7..PB0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an8-bitbi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected foreachbit).

The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source

capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up

resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if

theclockis not running. Depending ontheclock selection fuse settings, PB6canbe used as inputto

the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the

clock selection fuse settings, PB7canbe used as output fromtheinverting Oscillator amplifier. Ifthe

Internal Calibrated RC Oscillatoris used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1 input for

the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2ifthe AS2bitin ASSRis set.

PortC (PC5..PC0)

Port C is an7-bitbi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected foreachbit).

The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source

capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up

resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if

theclockis not running.


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PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical

characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is

unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum

pulselength willgenerate a Reset,eveniftheclockis not running

PortD (PD7..PD0)

Port D is an8-bitbi-directional I/O port withinternal pull-up resistors (selected foreachbit).

The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source

capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up

resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if

theclockis not running.

RESET

Resetinput. A low level onthis pin forlongerthantheminimum pulselength willgenerate a

reset,eveniftheclockis not running. Shorter pulses arenotguaranteedto generate a reset.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3..0), and ADC (7..6). It

shouldbe externally connectedto VCC,evenifthe ADC is not used. Ifthe ADC is used,it shouldbe

connectedto VCC through a low-pass filter. Notethat Port C (5..4) usedigital supply voltage,VCC.

AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin forthe A/D Converter.

ADC7..6 (TQFPand QFN/MLF Package Only)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7..6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.

These pins are powered fromthe analog supply and serve as10

-bit ADC channels.


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FIG3.6.1 BLOCKDIAGRAMOFAT MEGA8

The ATmega162 AVRis supported with a full suite of program and systemdevelopmenttools

including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and

evaluationkits.

A flexibleinterruptmodulehas its control registers inthe I/O space with an additionalglobal

interrupt enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate interrupt vector in the

interrupt vectortable. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their interrupt vector position.

The lower the interrupt vector address, the higher the priority. The I/O Memory can be accessed

directly, or as the Data Spacelocations followingthose ofthe Register File,20h - 5Fh


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I/O PORTS:

All AVR ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital I/O

ports. This means thatthedirection of one port pincanbechanged without unintentionally changing

the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The same applies when changing

drive value (ifconfigured as output) orenabling/disabling of pull-up resistors (ifconfigured as input).

Each output buffer has symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.

The pin driver is strong enough to drive LED displays directly. All port pins have individually

selectable pull-up resistors with a supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O pins have protection

diodes to bothVCC and Ground.

All registers andbit references inthis section are writteningeneral form. Three I/O memory

address locations are allocated foreach port, oneeach forthe Data Register PORTx, Data Direction

Register DDRx, andthe Port Input Pins PINx. The Port Input Pins I/O locationis read only, while

the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write. In addition, the Pull-up Disable

PUD bitin SFIORdisables the pull-up function for all pins in all ports when set.

Most port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the peripheral features on the

device. Enabling the alternate function of some ofthe port pins does not affect the use ofthe other

pins inthe port as generaldigital I/O.

POR TS AS GENERALP URP OSE

I/O:

The ports arebi-directional I/O ports with optionalinternal pull-ups. Each port pinconsists of

three registerbits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. The DDxnbits are accessed atthe DDRx I/O address,

the PORTxnbits atthe PORTx I/O address, andthe PINxnbits atthe PINxI/O address. The DDxnbit

inthe DDRx Register selects thedirection ofthis pin. If DDxnis writtenlogic one, Pxnis configured

as an output pin. If DDxnis writtenlogiczero, Pxnis configured as aninput pin. If PORTxnis written

logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up resistor is activated. To switch the

pull-up resistor off, PORTxnhas to be writtenlogiczero orthe pinhas to beconfigured as an output

pin. The port pins aretri-stated when a resetconditionbecomes active,evenifno clocks are running.

If PORTxnis writtenlogic one whenthe pinis configured as an output pin,the port pinis drivenhigh

(one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is

driven low (zero). Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully acceptable, as a high-impedance


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environment willnotnoticethedifferencebetween a stronghighdriver and a pull-up. Ifthis is notthe

case,the PUD bitinthe SFIOR Registercanbe setto disable all pull-ups in all ports.

TABLE3.6.2SELECTIONTABLE

FIG3.6.3 GENERAL I/OBLOCKDIAGRAM1


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Independent ofthe setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the

PINxn Registerbit. The PINxn Registerbit andthe precedinglatchconstitute a synchronizer. This is

neededto avoidmeta stability ifthe physical pinchanges valueneartheedge oftheinternalclock,but

it also introduces a delay. The maximum and minimum propagationdelays aredenoted tpd, max and

tpd,min respectively.

FIG3.6.4TIMINGDIAGRAMWHILEREADINGAN1

Considertheclock period starting shortly afterthe first fallingedge ofthe systemclock. The

latchis closed whentheclockis low, andgoes transparent whentheclockis high, as indicatedby theshaded region ofthe SYNC LATCH signal. The signal valueis latched whenthe systemclockgoes

low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register atthe succeeding positiveclockedge. As indicatedby the

two arrows tpd,max andtpd,min, a single signaltransition onthe pin willbedelayedbetween and1

systemclock perioddepending uponthetime of assertion.When readingbacka software assigned pin

value, a nopinstruction must be inserted. Theoutinstruction sets the SYNC LATCH signal at the

positive edge of the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is one system clock

period.


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FIG3.6.5TIMINGDIAGRAMWHENREADINGAN

3.7 8-BITTIMER/COUNTERREGISTER DESCRIPTION

Timer/CounterControl Register TCCR2

FIG3.7.1 .TCCR1

Bit7 FOC2: Force Output Compare

The FOC2bit is only active when the WGM bits specify a non-PWM mode. However, for ensuring

compatibility with futuredevices,this bitmustbe setto zero when TCCR2is written when operating

in PWM mode. When writing a logical oneto the FOC2bit, animmediate Compare Matchis forced

onthe waveformgeneration unit. The OC2 outputis changed accordingto its COM21:0bits setting.

Notethatthe FOC2bitis implemented as a strobe. Thereforeitis the value presentinthe COM21:0

bits thatdetermines theeffect ofthe forcedcompare. A FOC2 strobe willnotgenerate any interrupt,

nor willitclearthetimerin CTC mode using OCR2 as TOP. The FOC2bitis always read as zero.

Bit6,3 WGM21:0: Waveform Generation Mode

These bits control the counting sequence of the counter, the source for the maximum (TOP)

counter value, and whattype of waveformgenerationto be used. Modes of operation supportedby the

Timer/Counter unit are: Normalmode, Clear T imer on Compare Match (CTC) mode, and two types

of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) modes


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TABLE3.7.2TCCR MODES

Bit 5:4 COM21:0: Compare Match Output Mode

Thesebits controlthe Output Compare Pin (OC2) behavior. If one orboth ofthe COM21:0bits

are set,the OC2 output overrides thenormal port functionality ofthe I/O pinitis connectedto.

However,notethatthe Data Direction Register (DDR) bitcorrespondingto OC2 pinmustbe set

in orderto enablethe outputdriver. When OC2is connectedto the pin,the function ofthe COM21:0

bits depends onthe WGM21:0bit setting.

Timer/CounterRegister TCNT2

FIG3.7.3 TCNT

The Timer/Counter Register gives direct access, both for read and write operations, to the

Timer/Counter unit 8-bit counter. Writing to the TCNT2 Register blocks (removes) the Compare

Match on the following timer clock. Modifying the counter (TCNT2) whilethe counter is running,

introduces a riskofmissing a Compare Matchbetween TCNT2 andthe OCR2 Register.


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OutputCompareRegister OCR2

FIG3.7.4 OCR2

The Output Compare Registercontains an8-bit valuethat is continuously compared withthe

counter value (TCNT2). A matchcanbe usedto generate an Output Compareinterrupt, ortogenerate

a waveform output onthe OC2 pin.

8-BIT TIMER/COUNTER0

Timer/Counter0 is a general purpose, single channel,8-bit Timer/Counter module. The main

features are:

Single Channel Counter

Frequency Generator

External Event Counter

10-bit ClockPrescaler

Overview

A simplifiedblockdiagram ofthe8-bit Timer/Counteris showninFig3.8.1 . Forthe actual placement

of I/O pinsCPU accessible I/O Registers, including I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The

device-specific I/O Register and bit locations are listed in the 8-bit Timer/Counter Register

Description.


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FIG3.7.5 8-BIT TIMER/COUNTER

Registers

The Timer/Counter (TCNT0) is an8-bit register. Interrupt request (abbreviatedto Int. Req.in

the figure) signals are all visible in the Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR). All interrupts are

individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK). TIFR and TIMSK are not

shown in the figure since these registers are shared by other timer units. The Timer/Counter can be

clockedinternally or via the prescaler, orby anexternalclocksource onthe T0 pin. The ClockSelect

logicblockcontrols whichclock source andedgethe Timer/Counter uses to incrementits value. The

Timer/Counteris inactive whenno clock sourceis selected. The output fromtheclock selectlogicis

referredto as thetimerclock(clkT0).

Definitions

Many register and bit references in this document are written in general form. A lower case

n replaces the Timer/Counternumber,inthis case0. However, when usingthe register orbitdefines

in a program,the precise formmustbe usedi.e. TCNT0 for accessing Timer/Counter0counter value

and so on. Timer/Counter ClockSources

The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock source is

selectedby theclock select logic which is controlledby theclock select (CS02:0) bits located inthe

Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0).


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Counter Unit.

FIG3.7.6 COUNTERUNIT BLOCKDIAGRAM

Operation

The counting direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The

counter simply overruns when it passes its maximum8-bit value (MAX = 0xFF) and then restarts

fromthebottom (0x00). Innormal operationthe Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) willbe setin

the sametimerclockcycle as the TCNT0becomes zero. The TOV0 Flag inthis casebehaves like a

ninthbit,exceptthatitis only set,notcleared. However,combined withthetimer overflow interrupt

that automatically clears the TOV0 Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. A new

counter valuecanbe written anytime.

TimingDiagrams

The Timer/Counteris a synchronous design andthetimerclock (clkT0) is therefore shown as

a clock enable signal in the following figures. The figures include information on when Interrupt

Flags are set.Figurecontains timingdata forbasic Timer/Counter operation.


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The figure shows thecount sequencecloseto the MAX value.

FIG3.7.7TIMINGDIAGRAMS 1

FIG3.7.8 TIMINGDIAGRAMS 2


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4.1 POWERSUPPLY

A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one

where you cancontinuously adjustthe output voltageto your requirements.Varyingthe output

of the power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked

parts placement againstcircuitdrawings andthe parts placementguide.

This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple variable bench power supply.

Actually this is quiteimportantbecaus e one ofthe first projects a hobbyist should und ertakeis

theconstruction of a variable regulated power supply. While a dedicated supply is quitehandy

e.g. 5V or12V,it's muchhandierto have a variable supply onhand,especially fortesting.

Mostdigitallogiccircuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To usethese parts

we need to build a regulated 5 volt source.

Usually you start wit h an unregulated power Tomake a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integra ted Circuit). The

IC is s hownbelow.

FIG4.1.1LM7805VOLTAGEREGULATOR

The LM7805 is s impleto us e. You simply connectthe positivelead of your unregulated

DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin .


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4.2 CIRCUITFEATURES

y Brief description of operation: Gives out well regula ted +5V output, output currentcapability of100mA

y Circuit protection: Built -in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator ICgets too hot

y Circuitcomplexity:Very simple andeasy to buildy Circuit performance:Very stable +5V output voltag e, reliable operationy Availability ofcomponents: Easy to get, uses only very commonbasiccomponentsy Designtesting: Bas ed ondatasheetexamplecircuit, I have usedthis circuit successfully

as part ofmany electronics projects

y App lications: Part ofelectronics devices, smalllaboratory power supplyy Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supplyy Power supply current: Needed outputcurrent + 5 mAy Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer

cost

4.3 BLOCKDIAGRAM

FIG4.3.1BLOCKDIAGRAMOF POWERSUPPLY


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EX LECIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG 4.3. CIRCUITDDIIAAGGRRAAMM OFPOWER SUPPLY


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CHAPTER-5

INTRODUCTION TOAVRSTUDIO


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5.1 IntroductionToAVRStudio:

Now you havethebasichardwaretools,itstimetosetupthesoftwareenvironment.Themain

softwaresyou willneedare:

AVRStudioA GUI IDE

forAVR(www.atmel.com,http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/AVRStudio

4.13SP2.exe)

WinAVRafreeCcompilerforAVRs (http://winavr.sourceforge.net/download.html)

PonyProgSerialDeviceProgrammer (www.lancos.com)

Afterdownloadingtheminstallthemin yourcomputer.Itisbetterto installWinAVRin

rootofadrivelikec:\winavrord:\winavr. AlsopleaseinstallWinAVRfirstthen

AVRStudiothiswillletAVRStudio detectthecompiler.Nowyou are readyto

writeyoufirstmicrocontrollerprogram!!!

Inthistutorial,you willlearnthebasicsteps requiredfor anymicrocontrollersbasedproject.Wewill

writeabasichelloworldproject,whichisasimpleLEDblinkerin MCUempiretodemonstratethese

basicsteps.

ENTERINGANDCOMPILINGCODE.StartAVRStudiofromStartMenu->All programs->Atmel AVRTools->AVRStudio4

You willbepresentedwithaProjectwizardasshownbelow.


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AVRSTUDIOPROJECTWIZARD

PROJECTDETAILSSelectAVRGCCin Projecttypethenenter asuitableprojectname

sayhelloandselectalocationin you


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harddisk.Thenclicknext.MakesurethatCreateinitialfileandCreatefolder optionischecked.

DEVICESELECTIONInthisdialogboxselectAVRSimulatorinDebugPlatformlistandselectthe

AVRMCUdepending onthetype ofMCUinstalled on yourdevelopmentboard,in

Devicelist.Clickfinish.Afterthat,youwillbe presentedwithan IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment-

IDE. As shownbelow.


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AVRSTUDIOMAINWINDOW.This IDEwillhelpyou inediting,modifying,andcompilesource program.Aftera

projectiscompileditgivesyou a.hex filereadytoburntoyour MCU.Themainparts ofthewindoware

ProjectAreadisplaysallthefilessource andheaderinthecurrentproject.Youcan addand

removefilesbythecontextmenu ofdifferentgroupslikesourcefile, headerfilesetc.

Doubleclickafiletoopenitintheeditor.

Codeeditor Here youenter andeditthefiles.

MessageAreaHereAVRStudiowill show errorsandwarninggeneratedbycompilewhenit

triesto compileasourcefile.

Now copypastortypethefollowingcodeinthecodeeditor.

Goto Project->ConfigurationOptionstobringtheProjectoptiondialog.


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Enterthe CPUfrequency.Ifyou areusingxBoardorxBoardMINIenter16Mhzi.e.16000000.In

addition,select optimization as-O2.Clickok.

Now you haveenteredthecodenowtimetocompileandbuildtheproject.PressF7orselectBuil d-

>Buildorclickthetoolbarbutton forBuildactiveconfiguration.Ifthecodeiserror

freeAVRstudiowill showyou the followingmessage.


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Buildsucceedwith1warning.Dontworryabouttheone warningitisduetothefactthatANSI standard

suggestthatreturntypeofmain()mustbe one,butfor MCUplatformthereisno environment

oroperatingsystemthatwill receivethisreturnedvalue.So returntype ofmain()isvoid.

Now you have successfullycompiledyou firstproject,whatyou havegotaftercompilation

andbuildis .hexfile.You canfinditin afoldernameddefaultin you projectfolder.Ithas

samenameasyou project,inthiscase hell o.hex

PROGRAMMINGTHEMCUWITH HELLO.HEX .Nowitstimetoburn thishexfiletoyourMCU.Toknowhowtoburnthehexfiletoyou MCUreferto

you programmers manual.You can useeXtremeelectronicsUSBAVRProgrammer toburn

hexfilesto youmcu(seeshopsection).Detailedprocedure isgiven in programmer folderin

itssupportCD.

Programming UsingPonyProg.

Thisistheprogrammer wemadeintheprevioustutorial. Itsuseissimple.StartPonyprog,you will

get a screensimilartothis.


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PonyProgMainWindow.

First,you neetsome setup.Goto menusetup->interface setupandmakesettinglikethis.

PonyProgSetup

Selectthe serial portinwhichyourprogrammer isconnected.Bewaretheremay be

morethat1 availablecomportshowingthere andusually onlyoneisavailableoutsidethe

PCthe restareinternalandmaybe connectedtoyourmodem.Somakesureyouhaveselecteda

portthatisconnectedtoyour programmer andnottoyourmodem.

Next, go to setupcalibration.Nowyou are done.Connecttheprogrammeryou

havemadeto youPCsserial portandconnectits ISPconnectortothe target you havemade.

Switch on thetarget.Thesoftwareisselfexplanatorywith easytouse GUIin thetoptool

barthere isaselection for type of chip you

wanttoprogram.SelectAVRMicroandselectthe type ofMicro(likeATmega8)in

boxnexttoit.


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CHAPTER-6

GLOBALSYSTEMFORMOBILE


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6.1GSM MODEM :

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a globally

accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of astandardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile

telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile

cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz.

Functions GSM Modes

The GSM modem basically consists of a

y SIM card holder to hold the activated SIM card for sending and receiving SMS.y 5V AC power supply header to which the 5v ac adapter is connected.y Power led which gives the indication of modem status that is on or off.y 9 pin female to which the GSM antenna is connected.


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6.2Block Diagram of GSM:


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6.3 GSM Network Setup:

USER & APPLICATIONS NETWORK

GSM setup

This is the basic setup of a GSM. Here ME stands for Mobile Equipment, e.g. a

GSM phone (equal to MS; Mobile Station). TE stands for Terminal Equipment, e.g. a

computer (equal to DTE; Data Terminal Equipment). TA stands for Terminal Adaptor, e.g.

a GSM data card (equal to DCE; Data Circuit Terminating Equipment).

Through the mobile equipment the network messages are sent and received.These messages are sent to the terminal adapter which is nothing but a GSM data card.

Now if there is some data to be sent to the mobile equipment then the terminal

equipment that is basically a computer or processor sends out AT COMMANDS to the

terminal adapter which in turn sends the mobile equipment the required data

TATE ME


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AT mega 8

MCU

GSM

Module

Device 1

Device 2

Device 3

RELAY

Board

UAR

GPIOs

Buzzer

TEMPERATURE

Sensor

PT

CT AD

C


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CHAPTER-7

ABOUT SCADA


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7.1 SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition (SCADA)Networks

Since September11,2001 United States agencies involved withnational

security havebecomeincreasingly concerned aboutthe vulnerability ofthe North

American powergrid, water supply, refining,nuclear facilities and railroads to electronic

intrusions or cyber attacks. Several studies havebeenconducted andhaveidentifiedchanging socio-economicconditions thatincreasethe probability of suchcomputer-based

attacks. Increaseddomestic andinternationalterrorism,industry relatedissues affecting

the utilities jobmarket,the shiftto more open standards forinterconnection of DCS and

SCADA networks and a growing population ofcomputer-literate people with widely

availablehackertools are factors thatcontributegreatly to thelikelihood of suchthreats.

Inthis paper, we willidentify anddiscuss threat origins andhow technologies

availabletoday from GDC canmitigatethesethreats andbe part of a comprehensive

networkdesign and security policy to ensure safe and securecommunications between

components of DCS and SCADA networks.

7.2WhatisaDCS or SCADAnetwork

DCS are usedto controllarge,complex processes such as power plants,

refineries, andchemical plants typically,butnot always, at a single site. A DCS is

comprised of a supervisory layer ofcontrol and one ormoredistributedcontrollers

contained withinthe same processing plant. The supervisory controller runs on a central

server andcommunicates with subordinatecontrollers via some form of peer-to-peer

network. The supervisor sends set points to and requests data fromthedistributed

controllers. Thedistributedcontrollers controltheir process actuators (switches, valves,flow controllers,etc) based on requests fromthe supervisor. Thesecontrollers typically

use a local fieldbus to communicate withthe actuators and sensors eliminatingtheneed

for point-to-point wiringto eachdevice. Many times,thedistributedcontrollers in a DCS

havethecapability to be accessed via a modem allowing remotediagnostics and servicing

by vendors and plantengineers.

A SCADA networktypically consists for a Central Monitoring System (CMS),

contained at a central plant forexample and one ormore Remote Stations. The CMS

houses the Control Server andthecommunications access via a peer-to-peernetwork. The

CMS collects andlogs informationgathered atthe Remote Stations andgeneratesnecessary actions based onthegathereddata. A Remote Stationconsists ofeither a

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) or a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) whichcontrols

actuators andmonitors sensors. Remote Stations typically havethecapability to be

interfacedby field operators via laptops or otherhandhelddevices to performdiagnostics

and repair operations.informationbetween Remote Stations andthe CMS. These facilities

canbetelco lines,cable, or RF.


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7.3 Fieldbus-Ethernet

Itis importantto understandthat DCS and SCADA basedindustries are

undergoing a changeinhow thesenetworks areimplemented. Controllernetworks

typically werebased on proprietary serialcabling and/or fieldbus architectures (Fieldbus,Modbus, Profibus) whichhave upperdata limits of about2Mbps,nodelimitations, and

distancelimitations which all varied fromtechnology to technology. This would allneed

to pass through a gateway to getto theinternal IT networka very cumbersome approach.

Thedevelopment of Ethernet-capablecontrollers and PLCs andtheneed forintegration of

other requirements (security devices,barcode scanners, smartcards,etc) arehelpingto

drivetheindustry towards more open and ubiquitous architectures. This shiftis also made

apparentby the factthatmany vendors areencapsulatingthebus protocols into TCP/IP:

Modbus/TCP (Modbus protocol over TCP/IP, EtherNet/IP (ControlNet/DeviceNet over

TCP/IP), Fieldbus High-Speed Ethernet and ProfiNet (Profibus over Ethenet). Ethernetis

quickly becoming a larger part of DCS and SCADA networkimplementations,in some

cases replacing or augmentingthe olderbus-type architectures.

Threats

As demonstrateddaily, any TCP/IP basednetworkis subjectto intrusion. These

intrusions come fromnumerous sources including:

Threatsfromwithin:-- Company staff,technician, operators.

-- Security breaches may notbeintentional, BUT.

-- Emailed viruses

Threatsfromtheoutside:

-- 3rd party support services

-- Communications lines

-- Vandalism/terrorism

Security measures shouldnotbetakenlightly. Remember,if yournetworkis easy for your

IT Departmentto manage,itis mostlikely easy for an outside party to infiltrate.


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7.4 HowcanGDCaddresssecurityissueswithDCS and SCADA

networks?

GDC products shouldbe part of a comprehensive securenetworkimplementation.

Otherelements that shouldbe addressed are policies andenforcement, virus detection and

prevention, firewalls, and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS).

GDCs line of securemodems and IP access products canbethe firstline ofdefense atthemostbasiclevels of

yournetwork OSI Layers 1 and2.

As statedearlier,mostlegacy DCS/SCADA networks havemodem access to

somecontrollers(and potentially elsewhere) for remotemaintenance andtroubleshooting.

GDCs family ofV.34modems with SteadfastSecurity and additionally RADIUS

authenticationcanmaketheseconnections hack-proof . GDCs SteadfastSecurity,

whichis a proprietary,handshake-basedexchange requires a GDC modem atbothends. If

thehandshake passwordexchangeis notcompleted properly,thecallis droppedbefore

everbeingconnectedto thenetwork. With acommonlength password of6-8

alphanumeric,it wouldbe statistically impossible for any hackerto gain access, assuming

they have a GDC modem Additionally,addingRADIUS authenticationsecurity where

applicable would furtherenhancethe security.Withthemigration/augmentation ofthe

DCS and SCADA peer-to-peernetworks to 10/100


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Ethernet, GDCs line of IP access products, SpectraComm IP (SCIP) and

Ethernet switch (SCES) can provide first-lineintrusion prevention. All ofthe

SpectraComm IP and Ethernet switch units implement GDC IronGate Security features.

These features,including port-based shutdown and MAC address filtering,canlimitaccess only to authorizeddevices and personnel as designatedby the MAC Address tables

configuredinthe unitby thenetworkadministrator. It shouldbenotedthat a SCIP unitin

LAN Extension (LAN-X) modecannot only filter MAC addresses onthe LAN,butcan

also filter onthe WAN port as wellto ensurethat unauthorized access does not occur from

thecircuit (Telco facilities). Additionally,the SCIP and SCES implementindustry-

standard TACACS+ compatibleclients forcentralized authentication.

Inlarge-scale processing facilities,the SCIP T1 (1.544 Mbps up to 5000 feet

without repeaters) or SCIP G.S (4 Mbps up to 7000 feet on1 pair or up to 12,000 feet on2pair) in LAN Extension (LANX) mode,canextendthe reachbetweenthe Central and

Distributed Controller wellbeyondthe100meter reach of Ethernet alone. Implementing

the MAC-based filtering and/or TACACS+ inthese situations allows maintenance

personnelto attachto thenetworkatthe SCIP as determinedby thenetworkadministrator.

In SCADA RTU applications,the SCIP T1in LAN-X mode and SCES offer a

compelling andsecure solution where onemighttypically install a router withits

associatedcosts. Implementingthe MAC-based filtering and/or TACACS+ allows only

authorizedmaintenance personneltoaccess thenetworkvia the SCIP/SCES as determined

by thenetworkadministrator.

Additionally,the Contact Sense feature onthe SCIP couldbeimplementedto

alertnetworkmonitoring personnel of suchthings as door opening,high water,highheat,

etc. atthe Remote Stationif so desired. SCIP and SCES havebeenindependently tested

andcertifiedto stringent NEBS Level 3+ requirements for Telcos and additionaltesting

have proventhemto beconsistent withtheclassification as temperature hardened (-40

oC to +70 o C) fordeploymentinextremeenvironments.


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Typical SCADAApplicatio


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CHAPTER-8

GLOBAL SYSTEM FORMOBILECOMMUNICATION


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8.1 GSM

GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION) is a digital

mobiletelephony systemthatis widely usedin Europe and other parts ofthe world. GSM

uses a variation oftimedivisionmultiplexing (TDMA) andis themost widely used ofthe

threedigital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes

andcompresses data,thensends itdown a channel withtwo other strams of userdata,each

inits owntime slot. It operates ateitherthe 900 MHz or1800 MHz frequency band

Usingthe HyperTerminal

Hint:: By developing your AT commands using HyperTerminal,it willbeeasier for

you to develop your actual programcodes inVB, C, Java or other platforms.

Go to START\Programs\Accessories\Communications\HyperTerminal (Win2000)

to create a new connection,eg. "My USB GSM Modem". Suggested settings ::

- COM Port:: As indicatedinthe T-Modem Control Tool

- Bits per second:: 9600( or slower )

- Data Bits :8

- Parity : None

- Stop Bits :1

- Flow Control: Hardware

You arenow ready to start working with AT commands. Typein "AT" and you should

get a "OK",else you havenot setup your HyperTerminalcorrectly. Checkyour port

settings and also make sure your GSM modemis properly connected andthedrivers

installed.


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InitialsetupATcommands

We are ready now to start working with AT commands to setup andcheckthe status of

the GSM modem.

AT Returns a "OK" to confirmthatmodemis working

AT+CPIN="xxxx" To enterthe PIN for your SIM ( ifenabled )

AT+CREG? A "0,1" reply confirms yourmodemis connectedto GSM network

AT+CSQ Indicates the signal strength, 31.99 is maximum.

Sending SMS usingATcommands

We suggesttry sending a few SMS usingthe Control Tool aboveto make sure

your GSM modemcan send SMS before proceeding. Let's lookatthe AT

commands involved..

AT+CMGF=1 To format SMS as a TEXT message

AT+CSCA="+xxxxx" Set your SMS center's number. Checkwith your provider.

To send a SMS,the AT commandto useis AT+CMGS ..

AT+CMGS="+yyyyy"

> Your SMS textmessagehere

The "+yyyyy" is your receipent's mobilenumber. Next, we willlookat receiving SMS via

AT commands.


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Receiving SMS usingATcommandsThe GSM modemcanbeconfiguredto responseindifferent ways whenit receives a

SMS.

a) Immediate - when a SMS is received,the SMS's details areimmediately sentto thehost

computer (DTE) via the +CMT command


AT+CNMI=1,2,0,0,0 Sethow themodem will response when a SMS is received

When a new SMS is receivedby the GSM modem,the DTE will receivethe following..

+CMT : "+61xxxxxxxx" ,, "04/08/30,23:20:00+40"

This thetext SMS message sentto themodem

Yourcomputer (DTE) willhaveto continuously monitorthe COM serial port, read and

parsethemessage.

b) Notification - when a SMS is recieved,thehostcomputer ( DTE ) willbenotified ofthe

new message. Thecomputer willthenhaveto readthemessage fromtheindicated

memory location andclearthememory location.


AT+CNMI=1,1,0,0,0 Sethow themodem will response when a SMS is received

When a new SMS is receivedby the GSM modem,the DTE will receivethe following..

+CMTI: "SM",3 Notification sentto thecomputer. Location 3 in SIM memory

AT+CMGR=3 AT commandto send readthe received SMS frommodem

Themodem willthen sendto thecomputerdetails ofthe received SMS fromthe specified

memory location ( eg. 3 ) ..


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+CMGR: "REC READ","+61xxxxxx",,"04/08/28,22:26:29+40"

This is thenew SMS receivedby the GSM modem

After reading and parsingthenew SMS message,thecomputer (DTE) should send a AT

commandto clearthememory locationinthe GSM modem..

AT+CMGD=3 To clearthe SMS receivememory locationinthe GSM modem

Ifthecomputertries to read a empty/clearedmemory location, a +CMS ERROR: 321 will

be sentto thecomputer.

Usingacomputerprogramtosendandreceive SMS

Once we are ableto workthemodem using AT commands, wecan usehigh-level

programming ( eg.VB, C, Java ) to sendthe AT ASCII commands to and readmessages

fromthe COM serial portthatthe GSM modemis attachedto.


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8. GSMMODULEPICTURE


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8.3 GSMFLOWCHART:


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CHAPTER-9

INRODUCTIONTOUART


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9 .1 SERIALCOMMUNICATION

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) controller is the key

component ofthe serialcommunications subsystem of a computer. The UART takes bytes

of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion. At the destination, a

second UART re-assembles thebits into completebytes.

Serial transmission is commonly used with modems and for non-networked

communicationbetweencomputers,terminals and otherdevices.

There are two primary forms of serial transmission: Synchronous and

Asynchronous. Depending onthe modes that are supportedby thehardware,thename of

the communication sub-system will usually include aA if it supports Asynchronous

communications, and a S if it supports Synchronous communications. Both forms are

describedbelow.

Somecommon acronyms are:

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

USART Universal Synchronous-Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

SYNCHRONOUS SERIALTRANSMISSIONSynchronous serialtransmission requires thatthe sender and receiver share a clock

with one another, or that the sender provide a strobe or other timing signal so that the

receiver knows when to read the next bit of the data. In most forms of serial

Synchronous communication,ifthereis no data available at a giveninstantto transmit, a

fill character must be sent instead so that data is always being transmitted. Synchronous

communication is usually more efficient because only data bits are transmitted between

sender and receiver, and synchronous communication can be more costly if extra wiring

andcircuits are requiredto share a clocksignalbetweenthe sender and receiver.

A form of Synchronous transmissionis used with printers and fixeddiskdevices in

thatthedata is sent on one set of wires while a clock or strobeis sent on a different wire.


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Printers and fixed disk devices are not normally serial devices because most fixed disk

interface standards send anentire word ofdata foreachclock or strobe signalby using a

separate wire for each bit of the word. In the PC industry, these are known as Parallel

devices.

The standard serial communications hardware in the PC does not support

Synchronous operations. This modeis describedhere forcomparison purposes only

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIALTRANSMISSIONAsynchronous transmission allows data to be transmitted without the sender

havingto send a clock signalto the receiver. Instead,the sender and receiver must agree

ontiming parameters in advance and specialbits are addedto each word which are usedto

synchronizethe sending and receiving units.

When a word is given to the UART for Asynchronous transmissions, a bit called

the "Start Bit" is addedto thebeginning ofeach wordthatis to betransmitted. The Start

Bit is used to alert the receiver that a word of data is about to be sent, and to force the

clock in the receiver into synchronization with the clock in the transmitter. These two

clocks mustbe accurateenoughto nothavethe frequency driftby morethan10%during

thetransmission ofthe remainingbits inthe word. (This requirement was set inthedays

ofmechanicalteleprinters andis easily metby modernelectronicequipment.)

Afterthe Start Bit,the individualbits ofthe word ofdata are sent, withthe Least

Significant Bit (LSB) being sent first. Each bit in the transmission is transmitted for

exactly the same amount oftime as all of the other bits, and the receiver looks at the

wire at approximately halfway throughthe period assignedto eachbitto determineifthe

bit is a 1 or a 0. For example, if it takes two seconds to send each bit, the receiver will

examinethe signalto determineifitis a 1 or a 0 after one secondhas passed,thenit will

waittwo seconds andthenexaminethe value ofthenextbit, and so on.

The sender does notknow whenthe receiver has looked atthe value ofthebit.

The sender only knows whentheclocksays to begintransmittingthenextbit ofthe word.


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Whentheentiredata wordhas been sent,thetransmittermay add a Parity Bitthat

the transmitter generates. The Parity Bit may be used by the receiver to perform simple

errorchecking. Then atleast one Stop Bitis sentby thetransmitter.

Whenthe receiverhas received all ofthebits inthedata word,itmay checkfortheParity Bits (both sender and receivermust agree on whether a Parity Bitis to be used), and

thenthe receiverlooks for a Stop Bit. Ifthe Stop Bitdoes not appear whenitis supposed

to,the UART considers the entire word to begarbled and will report a Framing Errorto

thehost processor whenthedata wordis read. The usualcause of a Framing Erroris that

the sender and receiverclocks werenot running atthe same speed, orthatthe signal was

interrupted.

Regardless of whether the data was received correctly or not, the UART

automatically discards the Start, Parity and Stop bits. If the sender and receiver are

configuredidentically,thesebits arenot passedto thehost.

If another word is ready for transmission, the Start Bit for the new word can be

sent as soon as the Stop Bit forthe previous wordhas been sent.

Because asynchronous data is self synchronizing,ifthereis no data to transmit,

thetransmissionlinecanbeidle.

9.2 NEEDFORSERIALCOMMUNICATION

Serial Cables canbelongerthan Parallelcables. The serial porttransmits a '1' as -3

to -25 volts and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts where as a parallel porttransmits a '0' as 0v and a

'1' as 5v. Therefore the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the

parallel port whichhas a maximum swing of 5 Volts. Thereforecableloss is notgoingto

be as much of a problem for serialcables thanthey are for parallel.

You don't need as many wires than parallel transmission. If your device needs to

be mounted a far distance away from the computer then 3 core cable (Null Modem

Configuration) is goingto be a lotcheaperthat running19 or25 corecable. However you

musttakeinto accountthecost oftheinterfacing ateachend.


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Microcontroller's have also proven to be quite popular recently. Many of these

have in built SCI (Serial Communications Interfaces) which can be used to talk to the

outside world. Serial Communication reduces the pincount ofthese MPU's. Only two pins

are commonly used, Transmit Data (TXD) and Receive Data (RXD) compared with at

least8 pins if you use an8bit Parallelmethod (You may also require a Strobe).

The serialcommunicationis betweenthe MCU and PC. In orderto connectmicro

controller to a pc a serial port is used. Serialcommunication is a very common protocol

for device communication that is standard on almost every PC Most computers include

two RS-232 based serial ports. Serial communication is also a common communication

protocolthatis usedby many devices forinstrumentation acquisitioninconjunction with a

remote sampling device. The concept of serial communication is simple. The serial port

sends and receives bytes of information one bit at a time. Although this is slower than

parallel communication, which allows the transmission of an entire byte at once, it is

simpler andcanbe used over longerdistances. Forexample,the IEEE 488 specifications

for parallelcommunication statethatthecablingbetweenequipmentcanbeno morethan

20meters total, withno morethan2meters between any two devices. Serial,however,can

extend as much as 1200meters.Typically, serial is used to transmit ASCII data.

Communicationis completed using 3 transmissionlines:

y Ground,y Transmity Receive.

Since serial is asynchronous, the port is able to transmit data on one line while

receivingdata on another. Otherlines are available forhandshaking,but arenot required.

The important serialcharacteristics arebaud rate,data bits, parity, and stop bits. Fortwo

ports to communicate,these parameters mustmatch.

y Band rate: The band rate (bits per second) determines how much information istransferred over a given time interval. A band rate can usually be selected between100

and76800baud,e.g. a band rate of 9600corresponds to 9600bits per second.

y Data with: the data with can be either8 bits or7 bits depending upon the nature ofthedata beingtransferred.

y Parity: The parity bitis usedto checkthecorrectness ofthetransmitted or specified at all.


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y Stopbit: The stop bitis used as theterminatorbit anditis possibleto specify either one ortwo stop bits

Serialdata is transmitted and receivedin frames where a frameconsists of:

y 1 startbity 7 or8data bitsy Optional parity bity 1 stop bit

In many application10 bits are usedto specify an RS232 frame, consisting of1

startbit,8data bits,no parity bit and1 stop bit. Forexample,character Ahas the ASCII

bit 01000001 and is transmitted as shown in Fig. 6.1 with 1 start bit,8 data bits, no

parity, and1 stop bit. Thedata is transmittedleast significantbit first.

Figure. 8.2.1 Transmittingcharacter A (bitpattern01000001)

When10bits are usedto specify the framelength,thetimetakento transmit or receive

eachbitcanbe found fromtheband used.


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9.3 RS232CONNECTORS

As shown in Fig. 6.2, two types of connectors are used from RS232

communications. These arethe25-way D-typeconnector (known as DB25) andthe 9-pin

D-type connector (also known as DB9). Table 6.2 lists the most commonly used signal

names forboth DB9 and DB25 typeconnectors. The used signals are:

Figure. 8.3.1 RS232Connection


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Description Signal 9pin

Carrierdetect CD 1

Receivedata RD 2

Transmitdata TD 3

Data terminal ready DTR 4

Signalground SG 5

Data set ready DSR 6

Requestto send RTS 7

Clearto send CTS 8

Ringindicator RI 9


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SG: Signalground. This pinis usedin all RS232cables

RD: Received data. Data is received at this pin. This pin is used in all two-way

communications

TD: Transmit data. Data is sent out from this pin. This pin is used in all two-way

communications

RTS: Requestto send. This signalis asserted whenthedevice requests data to be sent

CTS: Clearto send. This signalis asserted whenthedeviceis ready to acceptdata

DTR: Data set ready. This signalis assertedto indicatethatthedeviceis ready.

DSR: Data set ready. This signalindicates,by thedevice atthe otherendthatitis ready

CD: Carrier detects. This signal indicates that a carrier signal has been detected by a

modemconnectedto theline.

In some RS232 applicationitis sufficientto use only the SG, RD, and TD.

Also, in some application (e.g. when two similar devices are connected together) it is

necessary to twist pins RD and TD so thatthetransmit pin of onedeviceis connectto the

receive pin ofthe otherdevice and vice versa.

RS232SIGNALLEVELS

RS232 is bi-polar and a voltage of +3 to +15 indicates an ON state (or

SPACE), while a voltage of -3 to -15Vindicate an OFF state (or MARK).

In practice,the ON and OFF statecanbe achieved withlower voltages.


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Figure 8.3.2PinconfigurationofMAX232

Standard TTL logicdevices,includingthe89C52microcontroller, operate with TTL logic

levels betweenthe voltages of0 and +5V.Voltagelevelconverter ICs are usedto convert

between the TTL and RS232 voltage levels. One such popular IC is MAX232,

manufacturedby MAXIM, and operators with +5 supply. This MAX232 is a 16-pin DIL

chip incorporating two receivers and two transmitters (see Fig. 6.3) and the device

requires fourexternalcapacitors for proper operation.

The89C51 microcontroller can output TTL level RS232 signals from its

TXD (or pin p3.1) pin and itcan receive TTL level RS232 signals from its RXD (or pin

P3.0) pin. This microcontroller canconnectto theexternal RS232compatible equipment

via a MAX232type voltageconverter IC.


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9.4 LIMITATIONS OFRS- 3

R 2 2 has some serious short omi s as an electricalinterface.

Firstly the interface presupposes a common ground between the DTE and DCE. This is a

reasonable assumption where a short cable connects a DTE and DCE in the same room,

butwith longerlines and connections between devices that may be on different electrical

busses, this may not be true. We have seen some spectacular electrical events causes by

"uncommon grounds".

Secondly, a signal on a single line is impossible to screen effectively for

noise. By screening the entire cable one can reduce the influence of outside noise, but

internally generated noise remains a problem. As the baud rate and line length increase,

the effect of capacitance between the cables introduces serious crosstal until a point is

reached where the data itselfis unreadable.

Using low capacitance cable can reduce crosstal . Also, as it is the higher

frequencies that are the problem, control of slew rate in the signal (i.e., making the signal

more rounded, ratherthan square) also decreases the crosstalk. The original specifications

forRS-2 2 had no specification for maximum slew rate.


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Voltage levels with respect to ground represent the RS 232 signals. There is a

wire for each signal, together with the ground signal (reference for voltage levels). This

interface is useful for point-to-point communication at slow speeds. For example, port

COM1in a PC canbe used for a mouse, port COM2 for a modem,etc. This is anexample

of point-to-point communication: one port, one device. Due to the way the signals are

connected, a common ground is required. This implies limitedcable length - about 30to

60 meters maximum. (Main problems are interference and resistance of the cable.)

Shortly, RS 232 was designed for communication of local devices, and supports one

transmitter and one receiver.


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APPLICATIONS:

1. AC Voltage input monitoring

2. DC Voltage input Monitoring

3. DC current input monitoring

4. Temperature Monitoring

5. It can be widely used in industries, Household buildings, petrol-Stations, Rail-ways, Schools...etc.

FUTURE SCOPE

1.Pressure sensor can be implemented

2.Water Level Indicators can be added

3.Fire alert system can be Implemente


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CONCLUSION :

Hence we successfully implemented the working of GSM BASED

SCADA IMPLEMENTATION USING MICROCOTROLLER.

By implementing this project, the authority can remotely access

the machines through GSM via simple SMS. This usage of remote connectivity helps

controlling and acknowledgment ofthemachine status withinin seconds of any fault.

This projectdeals withthe GSM basedmonitoring ofthe systems

comprising ofheavy duty electrical andelectronics equipment. Depending onthe status

andelectrical parameters consideringtheduty timingconsiderations oftheequipment,the

relays arecontrolled from GSM by the user.

REFERENCES:

y http://support.radioshack.com/support_tutorials/gps/gps_tmline.htm

y http://www.cellular.co.za/gsmtechdata.htmy "A Guide To The Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS Timeline".

Radio Shack. Retrieved2010-01-14.

y "GSM Technical Data". Cellular.co.za. Retrieved2010-08-30.y Let us C, YashwanthKanethkar.y Giovino, Bill. "Microcontroller.com - Embedded Systems supersite"y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system


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CODE:

#include#include#include "adc_routines.h"#include "Gsm_Routines.h"#define _ADC_APPLIC_H_#define _ADC_APPLIC_H_

#define AREF (5.0/1024)#define VOLT_OFF 0#define CURR_OFF 0unsigned int Adc_Read(unsigned char ch);void adc_init(void );

int Voltage_Read(char ch );int Temp_Read(char ch );int Current_Read(char ch );

#endif

extern unsigned char lowbyte,highbyte;

unsigned int Adc_Read(unsigned char ch){

ch=ch&0b00000111; //channel selecting

ADMUX = ch;// Start the AD conversion

ADCSRA|=0x40;// Wait for the AD conversion to completewhile ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);ADCSRA|=0x10;return ADC; // returning adc result

void adc_init(void ){

//ADCSRA=(1


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EPROM PROGRAM:

#include #include #include"EEPROM_routines.h"#include #ifndef _EEPROM_ROUTINES_H_#define _EEPROM_ROUTINES_H_void EEPROM_write(unsigned int addr,unsigned char data);

char EEPROM_read(unsigned int addr);

#endif

void EEPROM_write(unsigned int addr,unsigned char data){//printf("write into eepron %d %x \n\r",addr,data);

// WAIT FOR COMPLETION OF PREVIOUS WRITEwhile(EECR&0X02);//SETUP ADDRESS AND DATA REGISTERSEEAR=addr;EEDR=data;// WRITE LOGICAL ONE TO EEMWE

EECR|=0X04;

// START EEPROM WRITTING BY SETTING EEWEEECR|=0X02;

}

char EEPROM_read(unsigned int addr){

// WAIT FOR COMPLETION OF PREVIOUS WRITEwhile(EECR&0X02);//SETUP ADDRESS REGISTERSEEAR=addr;

// WRITE LOGICAL ONE TO EERE

// START EEPROM READING BY SETTING EEREEECR|=0X01;

return EEDR;}


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UART INTRODUCTION

#include "UART_routines.h"#include #include

void uart0_init(void){UCSRB = 0x00; //disable while setting baud rateUCSRA = 0x00;UCSRC = (1


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void transmitHex( unsigned char dataType, unsigned long data){unsigned char count, i, temp;char dataString[] = "0x ";

if (dataType == CHAR) count = 2;if (dataType == INT) count = 4;if (dataType == LONG) count = 8;

for(i=count; i>0; i--){

temp = data % 16;if((temp>=0) && (temp


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if (c == '\n')uart_putchar('\r', stream);

loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSRA, UDRE);UDR = c;return 0;

}

void port_init(void){

PORTB = 0x00;DDRB = 0xFF;PORTC = 0x00;DDRC = 0x00;PORTD = 0x00;DDRD = 0xFF;}

void init_devices(void){

port_init();

uart0_init();adc_init( );//MCUCR = 0x00;//GICR = 0x00;

//TIMSK = 0x00; //timer interrupt sources//all peripherals are now initialized

}

int main(void){init_devices();int VOLT_RMS=0;int temp=0;int volt_flag=1;int volt_flag2=1;int volt_flag3=1;

int temp_flag=1;int temp_flag2=1;

int i;for(i=0;Mobile_No[i]!='\0';i++)

EEPROM_write(i,Mobile_No[i]);

stdout = &mystdout;


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SendMessgToMobile("WELCOME TO INDUSTRIAL FAULTMONITORING!\n");

PrepareMobile2ReciveMsg();

while(1){

if(RMesgFlag==1){

Read_Msg();ExtractMessg();

}

temp= Temp_Read(0);VOLT_RMS= Voltage_Read(1);VOLT_RMS=VOLT_RMS;if (temp=42){if(temp_flag2)

{temp_flag=1;temp_flag2=0;PORTB=0b00000010;SendMessgToMobile("Fault occur High temperature");

}}

if(VOLT_RMS


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