1

Annexure – 10

PERIYAR UNIVERISTY

SALEM – 11

PERIYAR INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION (PRIDE)

SYLLABUS

NON-SEMESTER PATTERN

M.Sc., Microbiology

(Candidates admitted from 2007-2008)

2

PERIYAR INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

SALEM – 11

Non-Semester Pattern

M.Sc., MICROBIOLOGY

(Candidates admitted from 2007-2008)

REGULATIONS

1. Condition for Admission

A candidate who has passed a Bachelor degree in Science with

Microbiology / Botany / Zoology / Environmental Science /

Biotechnology / Biochemistry / Chemistry / Home Science /

Nutrition and Dietetics / B.Sc., MLT / Genetics / Bio-informatics

/ Marine Biology or a Bachelor degree in Agriculture / Animal

Science / Medicine or Veterinary Science / Pharmacy and

including Indian Forms of Medicines and Homeopathy degree of

this University or any of the above degree of any other university

accepted by the Syndicate as equivalent thereto, subject to such

conditions as may be prescribed thereto shall be permitted to appear

and qualify for the M.Sc., Microbiology degree examination of this

University after a course of study of two academic years.

2. Duration of the Course

The course for the degree of Master of Applied Microbiology shall

consist of two academic years.

3. Course of Study

The course of study shall comprise instruction in the following

subjects according to the syllabus and books prescribed from time to

time.

3

I – Year

Main Paper 1 - General Microbiology

Main Paper 2 - Microbial Genetics and Immunology

Main Paper 3 - Applied Microbiology

Main Paper 4 - Biostatistics and Bioinstrumentation

Main Practical – I

II – Year

Main Paper 5 - Medical Microbiology

Main Paper 6 - Soil and Environmental Microbiology

Main Paper 7 - Biotechnology

Main Practical – II

Project Work

4. Examinations

The theory examination shall be three hours duration to each

paper at the end of the each year. The candidate failing in any

subject(s) will be permitted to appear for each failed subject(s) in the

subsequent examinations. The practical examinations for PG course

should be conducted at the end of the year.

At the end of the second year viva-voce will be conducted on the

basis of the Dissertation / Project work submitted by the student.

The viva – voce will be conducted by one internal and one external

examiner jointly.

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5. Scheme of Examinations

S. No.

Paper Title of the Paper Exam

Duration Max. Marks

I Year

1 Main Paper 1 General Microbiology 3 hrs 100

2 Main Paper 2 Microbial Genetics and

Immunology

3 hrs 100

3 Main Paper 3 Applied Microbiology 3 hrs 100

4 Main paper 4 Biostatistics and

Bioinstrumentation

3 hrs 100

Main Practical – I 8 hrs / day, two

consecutive days

100

II Year

5 Main paper 5 Medical Microbiology 3 hrs 100

6 Main paper 6 Soil and Environmental

Microbiology

3 hrs 100

7 Main paper 7 Biotechnology 3 hrs 100

Main Practical – II 8 hrs / day, two

consecutive days

100

Project Work 100

Total 1000

6. Question paper model for theory and practical

M.Sc., MICROBIOLOGY

Question Paper Pattern (Non-semester)

(Theory Paper)

Time 3 Hours Max. Marks : 100

Part – A 5x5=25

Answer all questions

(Two Questions from each unit with internal choice)

Part – B 5x15=75

Answer all questions (Two Questions from each unit with internal choice)

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QUESTION MODEL FOR PRACTICALS

(Non-semester pattern)

Time 8 Hours / Day 2 Consecutive days Max. Marks : 100

3 Major questions, each carry 25 marks (3x 25 = 75 marks) For both year Record 25 marks

Project work (100 Marks)

Project Report (075 Marks)

Viva – voce (025 Marks)

7. Format to be followed in dissertation

The formats / certificate for dissertation to be submitted by the

students are given below.

Format for the preparation of project work

a) Title Page

b) Bonafide certificate

c) Acknowledgement

d) Table of Contents

CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

1 Introduction

2 Review of Literature

3 Materials and Methods

4 Results

5 Discussion

6 Summary

7 Reference

6

Format of the Certificate

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitle _________ (title of

the dissertation) __________ submitted in part fulfillment of the

requirement of the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology to the

Periyar University, Salem is a record of bonafide research work carried

out by_____ (name of the candidate)___ under my supervision and

guidance and that no part of the dissertation has been submitted for

the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles or

prizes and that the work has not been published in part of full in any

scientific or popular journals or magazines.

Signature of the Co-ordinator Signature of the Guide

Examiner(s)

1.

2.

8. Passing Minimum

The candidate shall be declared to have passed the examination

if the candidate secures not less than 50 marks in the University

examination in each theory paper.

For the Practical paper, a minimum of 50 marks out of 100

marks in the University examination and the record notebook taken

together. There is no passing minimum for record note book.

However submission of a record note book is a must.

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For the project work and viva-voce the candidate should secure

50% of the marks for pass. The candidate should compulsorily attend

viva-voce examination to secure pass in that paper.

Candidate who does not obtain the required minimum marks

for a pass in a paper / project report shall be required to appear and

pass the same at a subsequent appearance.

9. Classification or successful Candidates

Candidates who secure not less than 60% of the aggregate

marks in the whole examination shall be declared to have passed the

examination in First Class.

All other successful candidates shall be declared to have passed

in the Second Class.

Candidates who obtain 75% of the marks in the aggregate shall

be deemed to have passed the examination in First Class with

Distinction provided they pass all the examinations prescribed of the

course at the first appearance.

Candidates who pass all the examinations prescribed for the

course in the first instance and within a period of two academic years

from the year of admission to the course only are eligible for

University Ranking.

10. Maximum Duration for the completion of the PG Programme

The maximum duration for completion of the PG programme

shall not exceed 4 years. Thereafter, candidate will be permitted to

appear for the examination only under the regulations then in force.

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MAIN PAPER I – GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Unit I – Origin and Evolution of Microbiology – Contributions of

Early Microbiologists – Classification of Microorganisms – Hackel’s

three kingdom concepts – Whittaker’s five kingdom concepts –

Classification and Salient features of bacteria according to the

Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology – Cyanobacteria.

Unit II – Microscopy – Simple – compound, Dark – field, Phase

contrast, Fluorescent and Electron microscopes – SEM, TEM, Freeze

fraction confocal microscopy and their applications – Stains and

Staining reactions – Simple, Differential and special staining

techniques.

Unit III – Bacterial Anatomy – Structure – properties and

biosynthesis of cellular components of Bacteria. Culture media and

Culture methods – Aerobic and Anaerobic – Preservation methods,

sporulation and its mechanism.

Unit IV – Bacterial Physiology – Growth – factors – nutritional

requirements for bacterial growth. Bacterial metabolism – Respiration

– Fermentation – Photosynthesis.

Unit V – Microbial pathogenicity – Toxins – Characterization – mode

of action – Antimicrobial chemotherapy – Antibiotics – Classification –

Mode of action – drug resistance – Sensitivity tests – sterilization and

disinfection – methods and Quality Control.

Text Books

1. Dubey RC & Maheswari DK (2005). A text book of Microbiology,

Revised Multicolour Edition, Published by S. Chand & Company

Limited, New Delhi Rs.415/-.

2. Purohit SS (2005). Microbiology – Fundamentals and

Applications. Reprinted & Published by Student Edition, Behind

Nasrani Cinema, Chopasani Road, Jodhpur, Rs.330/-

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3. Pelczar TR, Chan ECS & Kreig NR (2006) Microbiology. 5th

Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill, New Delhi. Rs.395/-.

4. Powar CB & Daginawala HF (2005). General Microbiology –

Volume I & II. 8th Edition, himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.

5. Salle AJ (2001). Fundamentals & Principles of Bacteriology. 7th

Edition. Tata McGraw – Hill, New Delhi. Rs.475/-

6. Hans G Schlegel (2003). General Microbiology. Low Price 7th

Edition, Cambridge University Press Rs.250/-

7. Meenakumari S (2006) Microbiology Physiology. 1st Edition, MJP

Publishers, A unit of Tamil Nadu Book House, Chennai

Rs.220/-.

Reference Book

1. Prescott M (2005) Microbiology. 6th Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill,

New Delhi Rs. 1729/-.

2. Albert G Moat & John W Foster (2004). Microbial Physiology. 4th

Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

3. Edward Alcamo (2001). Fundamentals of Microbiology. 6th

Edition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, New York.

4. Robert F Boyd (1984). General Microbiology. Times Mirror /

Mosby College Publishers.

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MAIN PAPER II – MICROBIAL GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY

Unit – I – DNA – Evidences to prove DNA as genetic material –

structure, Chemical composition and different forms of DNA. RNA –

Evidences to prove RNA as genetic material – Structure and types of

RNA. Gene transfer mechanisms – Transformation, Conjugation,

Transduction and Transfection. DNA Recombination – Holiday model.

Unit – II – DNA replication – Types – Mechanism – Enzymes involved

in replication – Models of replication. Genetic code. Gene expression

– Transcription – Translation. Gene regulation in bacteria – lac and trp

operons. Mutation – Types – Mutagens – Detection of mutation and

isolation of mutants. DNA repair – Mechanism and types.

Unit – III – Immunity – Innate immunity and Acquired immunity –

Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Organs and cells of the

immune system. Cytokines – Structure and functions. Antigens –

Types of properties. Immunoglobulin – Structure, Function and

Classes of Ig. Monoclonal antibodies – Production and Applications.

Unit – IV – Antigen and antibody reactions – Agglutination,

Precipitation, complement fixation, Immunofluorescence, ELISA, and

RIA. Complement activation – Classical and Alternative pathways –

Regulation and biological consequences of activation of complement.

Structure and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules.

Transplantation immunology – Mechanism of graft rejection, Clinical

manifestation, HLA tissue typing and immunosuppressive therapy.

Unit – V – Hypersensitivity Reaction – Type I, II, III and IV. Auto

immune diseases – Organ specific and systemic autoimmune diseases

– Mechanism – Treatment. Tumor immunology – Tumor antigens,

Tumor evasion of the immune system and Cancer immunotherapy.

Vaccines – Types – immunization schedule. Immunohaematology –

Major and minor blood groups – ABO & Rh incompatibility.

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Text Books

1. David Frifielder (2005). Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition. Narosa

Publishers, New Delhi Rs.465/-

2. Robert H Tamarin (2004). Principles of Genetics. 7th Edition.

Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing House, New Delhi. Rs.325/-.

3. Benjamin Lewin (2004). Genes VIII. Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.

Rs. 1494/-

4. Brown TA (2003). Essential of Molecular Biology Freeman

Publishing House. Rs.2645/-

5. Peter J Russel (2002). Genetics. Benjamin Cummings.

6. Richard A Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara A Osborne &

Janis Kuby (2004). Immunology. 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and

Company, New York. Rs.3511/-.

7. Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostolf & David Male (2004). Immunology,

6th Edition, reprinted, Mosby Publications, Edinburgh.

8. Tizard K (1983). Immunology – An introduction. Published by

Saunders College, Philadelphia Rs.3102.

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MAIN PAPER III – APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Food & Diary Microbiology

Unit – I – Food as substrate for microorganisms – Molds – Yeasts &

Bacteria. Factors influencing microbial growth in food. Food

preservation – Asepsis – removal of microbes – chemical preservatives

and food additives – Canning. Contamination of food and spoilage –

spoilage of canned foods – Detection of spoilage and characterization.

Unit – II – Food – borne infections and intoxications – Bacterial and

non – bacterial with examples of infective and toxic types – Laboratory

testing procedures – Preventive measures – Food control agencies and

its regulations fermented dairy products – cheese, butter other

fermented products – Fermented vegetables, oriental fermented foods.

Industrial and pharmaceutical microbiology

Unit – III – Industrially important microorganisms – Screening

techniques – strain improvements – mutation and recombination DNA

techniques for strain development. Development of inoculum for

various fermentation processes. Media for industrial fermentation –

formulation – sterilization. Fermentation types and cultures – Down

stream processing – recovery and purification of industrial products.

Unit – IV – Fermentor – components – types of fermentors, body

construction and temperature control – aeration and agitation

systems – sterilization of fermentor and air supply, aseptic inoculation

methods. Stirring and mixing agents, control of pH and foam

pressure – computer in fermentation technology.

Unit – V – Industrial production of Wine, Ethanol. Organic acid –

Citric acid – Antibiotic – Penicillin – Vitamin B12 – Enzyme - -

Amylase. Microbial production of Vaccines – BCG – Toxoid – Tetanus –

Preparation of antisera and their standardization –

Biotransformations.

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Text Books

1. Adams MR & MO Moss (2005). Food Microbiology. 1st Edition.

Reprinted, Published by New Age International (P) Limited.

Publishers, New Delhi Rs. 195/-.

2. James M Jay (2004). Modern Food Microbiology. 4th Edition,

CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi Rs.260/-

3. Banwart GJ (2004) Basic Food Microbiology. 2nd Edition, CBS

Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. Rs.275/-.

4. Frazier WC & Westhoff DC (1997). Food Microbiology 4th

Edition, Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Limited – New

Delhi Rs.175/-.

5. Agarwal AK & Pradeep Parihar (2006). Industrial Microbiology.

Published by Student Edition, Behind Nasrani Cinema,

Chopasani Road, Jodhpur. Rs.330/-.

6. Patel AH (2005). Industrial Microbiology. Published by

Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi. Rs.246/-.

7. Peppler HJ & D Perlman (2004). Microbial Technology –

Fermentation Technology. 2nd Edition, Published by Academic

Press (An imprint of Elsvier). Volume I and II.

8. Purohit SS, AK Saluja, HN Kakrani (2004). Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology. Ist Edition, Agrobios (India) Rs.990/-.

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MAIN PAPER IV - BIOSTATISTICS & BIOINSTRUMENTATION

Unit – I – Biostatistics – Meaning, Principle and importance,

collection, classification, Presentation of data – graphs, diagrams and

tables. Analysis of data. Averages, dispersion, correlation,

Regression. Tool vibration – population, samples & sampling

techniques. Point of interval estimation. Testing of hypothesis using

t-test, chi-square test and test for ANOVA.

Unit – II – Research methodology – Research- classification of

research – planning of research – selection of research problem –

formulation of research design – review of literature – review and

synopsis presentation. Research process, research designs –

preparation of research report. Guide lines for preparing an article.

Computer in biological research.

Unit – III – Centrifugation techniques. Centrifugal force and principle

of sedimentation. Types of centrifuges and their uses. Separation

methods – Differential centrifugation, Density gradient centrifugation.

Electrochemical technique – pH – electrode.

Unit – IV – Chromatographic techniques – Paper, Thin layer

Chromatography, GLC, HPLC, Electrophoresis – Principle,

Components, Medium, Buffers, Paper electrophoresis. Gel

electrophoresis and application of electrophoresis. Blotting techniques

and its applications – PCR and its applications.

Unit - V – Spectroscopic techniques : Beer – Lambert’s law –

spectrophotometry analysis – Atomic absorption spectroscopy – NMR.

Radioisotope techniques – Types of radio active decay. Half life,

Measurement of radioactivity and biological applications of

radioisotope techniques.

15

REFERENCES

Biostatistics

1. Wayne W Daniel (2001). Biostatistics. A foundation for analysis

in the health sciences. 7th edition, John Wileys Sons (ASIA) Pvt.

Ltd.

2. SUNDAR RAO PSS & Richard J. (2004). An Introduction to

Biostatistics 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall Publication.

3. Kothari CR (2005) Research Methodology 2nd Edition New Age

International Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Mahajan BK (2005) Methods in Biostatistics. 6th Edition, Jaypee

Brothers, medical Publishers.

Bioinstrumentation

1. John G. Webster (2004) Bioinstrumentation, Student Edition.

John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

2. Keith Wilson & John Walker (2003) Practical Biochemistry

Principles and Techniques. 5th Edition, Cambridge University

Press.

3. Asokan P (2001) Analytical Biochemistry (Biochemical

Techniques). 1st Edition. 2nd Reprint. Published by Chinna

Publications. Melvisharam. Vellor, Tamil Nadu.

4. Palanivelu P. (2001). Analytical Biochemistry and Separation

Techniques. A Laboratory Manual 2nd Edition. Published by

Tulsi Book Centre Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

5. Gurumani N. (2006) Research Methodology for Biological

Sciences. Ist Edition. MJP Publishers, Chennai.

6. Jognand SN (2004) Gene Biotechnology, Published by Himalaya

Publishing House. Mumbai.

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MAIN PAPER V – MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Unit – I – Collection and transport of clinical specimens for

microbiological examinations. Virulence factors of bacteria causing

human infections - Normal flora of human body. Laboratory diagnosis

of bacteria, fungi, parasites & viruses.

Unit – II – Bacteriology – Morphology, Culture, biochemical,

pathogenicity, Lab diagnosis and prevention of bacterial diseases –

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseriae,

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus

anthracis – Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentriae, Vibrio cholerae,

Escherichia coli – Spirocheates.

Unit – III – Mycology – Superficial Mycosis – Pityriacis versicolor,

cutaneous mycosis – dermatophytosis, subcutaneous mycosis –

sporotrichosis, systemic mycosis – Histoplasmosis, opportunistic

mycosis. Candidosis, Cryptococcosis – Antifungal agents – Mycotoxins

– Parasitology – Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis,

Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia

solium, Ancylostoma dudenale, Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria

bancrofti.

Unit - IV – Medical virology – DNA viruses – Pox, Herpes, Hepatitis

Viruses – RNA viruses – Picorna, Arbo viruses – Rhabdo, HIV and

oncogenic viruses.

Unit – V – General diagnosis of meningitis, Acute respiratory tract

infections, Urinary tract infection, Gastroenteritis, Pyrexia of

Unknown origin, Hospital acquired infection, Sexually transmitted

diseases and Aids.

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Text Books

1. Satish Gupte (2006). The Short Text books of Medical

Microbiology. 9th Edition, Jaype Brothers, Medical Publishers

(P) Ltd., New Delhi. Rs.295/-.

2. Ananthanarayan R & CK Jayaram Paniker (2005). Text Book of

Microbiology. 7th Edition, Orient Longman Private Limited.

Rs.395/-.

3. Monica Cheesbrough (2003). District laboratory Practice in

Tropical Countries. Part 1 & 2. Low – Price Edition, Cambridge

University Press.

4. Rajesh Bhatia & Rattan Lal Ichhpujani (2004) Essentials of

Medical Microbiology. 3rd Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical

Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi. Rs.425/-.

5. Subhash Chandra Parija (2004). Text book of Medical

Parasitology – Protozoology and Helminthology. 2nd Edition,

Published by All India Publishers & Distributors, Medical

Books Publishers, New Delhi. Rs.299/-.

6. Mehrotra Rs & KR Aneja (2006). An Introduction to Mycology.

Reprinted and Published by New Age International (P) Limited,

Publishers, New Delhi. Rs.250/-.

Reference Book

1. Baron EJ, Peterson LR and Finegold SM (1994). Bailey and

Scott’s – Diagnostic Microbiology. 9th Edition, Mosby

Publications.

2. Topley & Wilsons (1995). Principles of Bacteriology, Virology

and Immunology, Edward Arnold, London.

3. Morag C 7 MC Timbury (1994). Medical virology. 10th Edition,

Churchill Livingstone, London.

4. Patric R Murray (1990). Medical Microbiology. Mosby

Publications.

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MAIN PAPER VI – SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Unit – I – Properties of soil – Structure, texture and formation. Role of

microbes in soil fertility – Influence of soil and environmental factors

on microflora. Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms.

Unit – II – Biological nitrogen fixation – Diazotrophs – Symbiotic and

Non – Symbiotic bacteria and cyanobacteria – Biochemistry of nitrogen

fixation – Nitrogenase – Mechanism of nitrogenase – Protection of

nitrogenase from oxygen – Hydrogenase. Biochemistry and physiology

of fixed nitrogen in legume symbiotic system.

Unit – III- Microbial interaction between microbes, interaction of

microbes with plants – Rhizoplane, Rhizosphere, Pyllosphere,

Spermosphere, Mycorrhiza. Biofertilizer and Biocontrol agents –

Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum – Mass multiplication, field

application and crop response. Biopesticide (Bacterial, fungal and

viral) – Biological control (Trichoderma viridae, Pseudomonas

fluorescens) – Mode of action, formulation and application methods.

Unit – IV – Microbiology of air – Microbial contamination of air –

Enumeration of bacteria in air – Air sampling devices – Air sanitation.

Microbiology of water – water pollution and water borne pathogens –

Indicator organisms – Bacteriological examination of water.

Microbiology of sewage – Chemical and biochemical characters –

Sewage treatment and disposal of wastes – Pollution problems and

their control. Organic waste pollution (solid & liquid) – BOD – COD

and treatment.

Unit – V – Positive role of microbes in environment – Degradation –

Microbial conversion of solid waste to food (Mushroom, SCP), fuels

(Biogas, Ethanol), Bioleaching of ores, Biodegradation – Lignin –

Pesticide – Recalcitrant – Bioremediation – types and its application.

Negative roles of microbes in environment – Biodeterioration of paper –

wood – paint. Metal corrosion – GMO and their impact.

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Text Books

1. Subba Rao NS (2004). Soil Microbiology. 4th Edition, Oxford &

IBH Pubilshing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Rs.295/-.

2. Rangaswami G & Mahadevan A (2002). Diseases of Crop Plants

in India. 4th Edition, Prentice – Half of India Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

3. Subba Rao NS (1995). Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry.

3rd Edition, Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Robert L Tate (1995). Soil Microbiology. 1st Edition, John Wiley

& Sons, Inc. New York.

5. Atlas RN & Bartha R (1998). Microbial Ecology, 4th Edition,

Benjamin Cummings.

6. Jogdand SN (2004). Environmental Biotechnology. Reprinted &

Published by Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai Rs.180/-.

7. Singh DP & SK Dwivedi (2005). Environmental Microbiology and

Biotechnology. 1st Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd.,

Publishers, New Delhi.

8. Mitchell R (1974) Introduction to Environmental Microbiology.

Prentice Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy.

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MAIN PAPER VII – BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit – I – Scope of genetic engineering, Milestones in Genetic

Engineering, DNA Sequencing, Synthesis and mutation, detection and

separation, cloning, gene expression, Genetic engineering guidelines.

Molecular tools and their applications. Restriction enzymes,

modification enzymes. Nucleic acid purification.

Unit – II – Gene cloning vectors – Plasmids, bacteriophages,

phagemids, cosmids, artifical chromosomes, restriction mapping of

DNA fragments. cDNA synthesis.

Unit – III – PCR Methods and application. DNA sequencing methods –

dideoxy and chemical methods. Sequencing assembly. Automated

sequencing. Genomic sequencing and physical mapping of genomes.

Unit – IV – Biotechnology – Definitions & History – Enzyme

Biotechnology – enzyme population from microbes - applications –

enzyme immobilization – products. Microbial algae biotechnology.

Biotechnological potentials of micro algae – food, Feed, fuel production

– Pharmaceutically Valuable compounds of microalgae.

Unit – V – Biological industrial micro – organisms. Streptomyces,

Yeasts (Saccharomyces, Hansenela) Spirulina and Peniciliium,

Microbial products of commercial use – Pencillin, ethanol, vinegar,

vitamin B12, Protease, Citric acid and glutamic acid. Commerically

useful non – microbial products – Insulin, interferons. B-cell growth

factors. Tissue plasmogen activation.

21

Text Books

1. Satyanarayana U (2005). Biotechnology. 1st Edition, Published

by Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata. Rs.395/-.

2. Dubey RC (2005). A Text Book of biotechnology. Multicolour

illustrative Edition, Published by S. Chand & Company Ltd.,

New Delhi. Rs.280/-

3. Jogdand SN (2005) Gene Biotechnology. Reprinted and

Published by Himalaya Publishing House. Mumbai. Rs.180/-

4. Preeti Joshi (2005). Genetic Engineering and Its Applications. 1st

Edition & Reprinted. Published by Student Edition, Behind

Nasrani Cinema, Chopasani Road, Jodhpur. Rs.150/-.

Reference Books

1. Bernard R Glick (2003). Molecular Biotechnology Principles and

Applications of Recombinant DNA. 3rd Edition, ASM Press,

Washington, DC.

2. Winnacker EL (2003). From Genes to clones – Introduction to

Gene technology. 1st Edition, Indian Reprint, Panima Publishing

corporation, New Delhi.

3. Sambrose and Russel (2000) Molecular cloning. 3 volumes, CSH

Press.

4. Brown TA (2001). Gene cloning & DNA Analysis Introduction.

4th Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd., London.

22

MAIN PRACTICAL – I

General Microbiology

Handling and maintenance of bright field microscopy.

Micrometry – Measurement of microorganisms

Motility determination – Hanging drop method.

Staining – Simple, Gram’s, Acid – fast, Spore, Capsule

Pure culture techniques : Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate.

Growth curve

Non – visual method – Turbidity method – Spectrophotometer.

Effect of various factors on growth of bacteria

Temperature pH

Biochemical tests for identification of bacteria

Antibiotic sensitivity test – Kirby – Bauer & Stoke’s methods.

Microbial Genetics

Isolation of mutants by replica plating and gradient plate technique.

Mutagenesis : Induction and isolation of Auxotrophic / drug

resistant mutants of bacteria.

Bacterial conjugation

Bacterial transformation

Phage titration – Induction of lysogeny, lytic cyle – Lambda phage.

Isolation of phage from sewage.

Isolation of genomic DNA from blood cells.

23

Immunology

ABO Blood grouping – Rh typing and cross matching.

Agglutination tests.

WIDAL – slide and tube test

RA test

ASO test

CRP test

TPHA test

Precipitation reaction

Ouchterlony’s Double Immunodiffusion test (ODD)

Counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)

Rapid plasma reagin test – VDRL test

Diagnosis of HIV and Hepatitis viruses by ELISA.

Applied Microbiology

Food & Diary Microbiology

Microbiological analysis of food products

Detection of bacteria in milk by Standard plate count

Reductase test for milk – Methylene Blue / Resazurin.

Isolation of Lactobacilli and Streptococci from curd.

Microbiological examination of spoiled foods – Bacteria / Fungi

Vegetables and fruits

Proteinaceous foods

Dairy foods

Examination of microbial load in soft drinks.

Examination of microbial load in ice – creams.

Industrial & Pharmaceutical Microbiology

24

Screening of antibiotic producing organisms from soil.

Screening of amylase enzyme producing organisms from soil.

Antibiotic sensitivity test disc preparation

Antibiotic sensitivity test – Kirby – Bauer, Stoke’s

MIC determination by filter paper disc assay.

Evaluation of Disinfectant – Phenol co-efficient test.

Evaluation of disinfectant – filter paper disc assay.

25

MAIN PRACTICAL – II

Medical Microbiology

Bacteriology

Collection and transport of clinical specimens from sputum,

pus, urine, faeces, blood and CSF.

Identification of pathogenic bacteria from clinical specimens.

Staphylococcus spp Salmonella spp

Bacillus spp Shigella spp

Escherichia spp Vibrio spp

Klebsiella spp Pseudomonas spp

Proteus spp Yersinia spp

Parasitology

Examination of parasities in clinical specimens – Ova / cysts in

faeces – Direct and concentration methods – formal ether and

zinc sulphate methods – Saturated saline – technique.

Entamoeba hitolytica T.solium

Entamoeba coli Ascaris spp

Giardia intestinalis Ankylostoma spp

Blood smear examination for malarial parasites

Mycology

Collection and transport of clinical specimens – Direct

microscopy – KOH and Lactophenol cotton blue preparations for

skin scrapings, for fungi and for scabies mites – Cultivation of

fungi – Culture media and their uses in fungal cultivation.

Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens from clinical

specimens, their biochemical and specific identification tests.

26

Clinical specimens Fungi

i) Nail / Skin scrapping - Dermatophytes

ii) Blood - Candida spp.

iii) CSF - Cryptcoccus spp.

iv) Urine - Candida spp.

- Histoplasma spp.

- Cryptococcus spp.

v) Pus - Candida spp.

- Cryptcoccus spp.

Virology

Viral cultivation methods

Egg inoculation techniques (All routes)

Serological tests : Serodiagnosis of various viral disease

ELISA – HBV, HCV, HIV

Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests.

Soil & Agricultural Microbiology

Enumeration of microbial population from soil

Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes

Isolation of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria from soil – Azotobacter

Isolation of symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodule –

Rhizobium

Enumeration of microorganisms from phyllosphere

Study of cyanobacteria

Examination of plant diseases

Bacterial Disease Fungal Disease

27

Blight of rice Wilt

Citrus canker, Blast of rice

Brown rot of potato Red rot of sugarcane

Tikka leaf spot of ground nut

Alternaria leaf spot

Environmental Microbiology

Bacterial examination of water (qualitative)

Standard plate count (quantitative test)

Membrane filter technique

Enumeration of microorganism from air

Settle plate technique Air sampling technique

Estimation of dissolved oxygen

Estimation of BOD and COD.

Genetic Engineering

Separation techniques – Paper, Thin layer & Column

Chromatography

Separation of proteins using SDS – PAGE

Immobilization of microorganisms

Isolation of plasmid (PUC series plasmids of E.coli) separation by

Agarose gel electrophoresis.

Western blotting, PCR (Demonstration)

28

PRACTICAL REFERENCES

1. The HiMedia Manual (2003). For Microbiology and Cell Culture Laboratory Practice. Published by HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai.

2. Aneja KR (2005). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology. 4th Edition, New Age International

Publishers, Chennai. Rs.225/-

3. Horold J Benson (1998). Microbiological Applications. Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology. 7th International

Edition, WCB McGraw – Hill, Boston.

4. James G Cappuccino & Natalie Sherman (2004) Microbiology : A Laboratory manual. 6th Edition, Published by Pearson Education.

5. Dubey RC and Maheswari DK (2004). Practical Microbiology 1st

Edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Myer’s and Koshi’s Manual of Diagnostic Procedures in Medical Microbiology and Immunology / Serology (2001). Published by

Department of Clinical Microbiology, CMC and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu.

7. Sundararaj T. Microbiology – Laboratory Manual. Revised and Published by Aswathy Sundararaj, No.5. 1st Cross Street,

Thirumalai Nagar, Perundgudi, Chennai.

8. Kannan N (1996) Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology. 1st Edition, Palani Paramount Publications, Palani, Tamilnadu.

9. Kannan N (2003). Handbook of Laboratory Culture Media,

Reagents, Stains and Buffers. Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. Rs.395/-.

10.Kalaichelvan PT (2005). Microbiology and Biotechnology – A

Laboratory Manual 1st Edition, MJP Publishers, A Unit of Tamil Nadu Book House, Chennai Rs.175/-

11.Chellam Rajamanicam – Experiments Protocols in Basic Molecularbiology. Osho Scientific Publications, Madurai.

12.Teresa Thiel, Shirley Bissen & Eilence M Lyons (2002).

Biotechnology – DNA Protein – A laboratory project in Molecularbiology. International edition, published by Tata

Mcbraw – Hill publishing company.