Madhya Pradesh on India’s Map

History and geography of Madhya Pradesh

Emblem of Madhya Pradesh

Armiger The Government of Madhya Pradesh

Blazon Lion Capital of Ashoka, Banyan tree

Supporters Wheat, Rice

Other elements Lotus petals

The emblem is a circular seal depicting the Lion Capital of Ashoka in front of a banyan tree. The Lion Capital and tree are supported by stalks of wheat and rice and the whole emblem is surrounded by 24 lotus petals

State symbols of Madhya Pradesh Title Symbol Image

State animal Barasingha(Rucervus duvaucelii)

State bird Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)

State tree banyan tree (ficus bengalensis)

State fish Mahasheer (Tor tor)

State Flower Madonna lily (Lilium candidum)

History of Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is situated in the central region of India and that’s

why it is called the Heartland State. It has the largest reserves of

diamond and copper in India as Madhya Pradesh is rich in mineral

resources. It came into existence in 1956. It experiences sub-tropical

climate. Hot dry summer is from April to June and Monsoon Rains are

from July to September. There are all total 52 districts present in

Madhya Pradesh. It has 92% of Hindus and around and the remaining

8% are Muslim, Jain, Christian, Sikhs and Buddhists.

It is bounded by the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast,

Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the

southwest, and Rajasthan to the northwest. The capital is Bhopal, in the

west-central part of the state.

Area 236,286 sq.km

Population 72,597,565 (2011 census)

Principal official Language Hindi

Climate Summer - March to June (Max. Temp. 45 deg. C) Winter - Nov. to Feb. (Min. Temp 5 deg. C)

Capital Bhopal

Members of Lok Sabha 29

Legislature Unicameral

Airports Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Khajuraho, Jabalpur

Major Cities Indore (largest city),Bhopal,Jabalpur,Gwalior,Ujjain,Sagar.

Festivals Khajuraho Festival of Dance, Tansen Music Festival, Gwalior,Shivratri Mela, Pachmarhi,Navratri Festival(Ujjain), Malwa Utsava Ujjain and Indore

Economy Size US$ 85 billion), 70% of total working population depends on agriculture sector.

Literacy 69.72%

Districts 51

Sex Ratio (as per 2011 census) 931 per thousand

Principal Folk Dances Matki, Gangaur,Badhai,Baredi, Naurata, Bhagoria

Principal Rivers Narmada, Betwa, Tapti, Chambal, Sone, Mahanadi, Shipra, Sindh and Indravati

Principal Minerals The state has the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India. Other major mineral reserves include those of coal, coal-bed methane, manganese and dolomite.

Tourist & Historical Places Khajuraho, Mandu, Chachai Falls, Bhimbetka,Sanchi, Gwalior, Panchmadhi, Chanderi,Orchha,Caves Of Bagh,Omkareshwar,Maheshwar,Ujjain, Amarkantak

Country India

Region Malwa, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Nimar, Mahakoshal and Gird (Gird region also includes Chambal division)

Formation 1 November 1956

Capital Bhopal

Largest city Indore

Divisions •Bhopal division •Chambal division •Gwalior division •Indore division •Jabalpur division •Narmadapuram division •Rewa division •Sagar division •Shahdol division •Ujjain division

The history of the Indian state Madhya Pradesh is divided into three periods - the ancient period, the medieval period and the modern period. During the ancient period, the region was dominated by the Nanda Empire, the Maurya Empire, and the Gupta Empire. The medieval period saw the rise of Rajput clans including the Paramara and Chandela clans, the latter is known for constructing the temples of Khajuraho. The Malwa Sultanate also ruled during this period. The modern period in Madhya Pradesh saw the rise of the Mughal and Maratha empires, and later, the British Empire. The British princely states of Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopal, were a part of modern Madhya Pradesh. The British rule continued until the middle of the 20th century, when India gained independence in 1947. The state of Madhya Pradesh was formed in 1956, and Chhattisgarh was carved out from the state in 2000.

The rock shelters of

Bhimbetka exhibit

the earliest traces of

human life on

the Indian

subcontinent.

The Sanchi Stupa

at Sanchi, Madhya

Pradesh built by

emperor Ashoka in

the third century

BCE

The Udayagiri

Caves date back to

the fifth century CE

The Bhojeshwar

Temple in Bhojpur bu

ilt by the Raja Bhoj.

Rupmati Pavilion

at Mandu, built

during the 15th

century CE

Javari Temple at Khajuraho. The

temples at Khajuraho were built

by the Chandela kingdom in the

10th and 11th centuries.

The Gwalior Fort at Gwalior was

expanded by several dynasties

during the medieval and early

modern periods.

Four sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO: the Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) including Devi Jagadambi temple, Khajuraho, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) and the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka(2003). Other architecturally significant or scenic sites include Ajaigarh, Amarkantak, Asirgarh, Bandhavgarh, Bawangaja, Bhopal, Vidisha, Chanderi, Chitrakuta, Dhar, Gwalior, Indore, Nemavar, Jabalpur, Burhanpur, Maheshwar, Mandleshwar, Mandu, Omkareshwar, Orchha, Pachmarhi, Shivpuri, Sonagiri, Mandla and Ujjain.

Geography of Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh literally means “Central Province”, and is located in the geographic

heart of India, between latitude 21°04’N-26.87°N and longitude 74°02′-82°49′ E. The state with an area of 3, 08, 000 sq.km. is the second largest state in India after Rajasthan. It is a part of peninsular plateau of India lying in north central part, whose boundary can be classified in the north by the plains of Ganga-Yamuna, in the west by the Aravali, east by the Chhattisgarh plain and in the south by the Tapti valley and the plateau of Maharashtra.The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary between the north and south of India. The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the south by Maharashtra.

Agriculture Agriculture is the mainstay of State's economy as 74.73 per cent of the people are rural. As much as 49 per cent of the land area is cultivable. The net sown area during 2010-11 was estimated at about 2,08,36,000 ha. (both Rabi and Kharif). The food grain production was 171.77 lakh metric tones. The productivity of major crops like wheat, rice, pulses has also been good.

Industry and Minerals Madhya Pradesh has entered the era of high-tech industries such as electronics, telecommunications, automobiles, Information Technology, etc. The State produces optical fibre for telecommunication needs. A large number of automobile industries have been established at Pithampur near Indore. Prominent industries in the public sector in the state are Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. at Bhopal, Secruity paper mill at Hoshangabad, Bank Note Press at Dewas, newsprint factory at Nepanagar and Alkaloid factory at Neemuch and Oman Bina Refinery at Agasod near Bina in Sagar district. Madhya Pradesh is a mineral rich State. The state produced minerals worth Rs.1590.46 crore in the year 2009-10. It produces 21 types of minerals. The output of minerals in 2008-09 was dolomite 1.98 lakh metric tones, diamond 16810 carats, limestone 285.43 lakh metric tonnes, bauxite 10.10 lakh metric tones and copper are 19.32 lakh metric tonnes. The coal production was 728.72 lakh metric tonnes. The State is famous for its traditional handicrafts and handloom cloth manufactured in Chanderi and Maheshwar.

Government

• Body Government of Madhya Pradesh

• Governor Anandiben Patel (additional charge)

[2][3]

• Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan (BJP)[4]

• Legislature Unicameral (230 seats)

• Parliamentary constituency •Lok Sabha (29 seats) •Rajya Sabha (11 seats)

• High Court Madhya Pradesh High Court

Area

• State 308,245 km2 (119,014 sq mi)

Area rank 2nd

Population (2011)[5]

• State 72,626,809

• Rank 5th

• Density 240/km2 (610/sq mi)

• Urban 20,059,666

• Rural 52,537,899

Agro climatic zones The state has been divided into following regions or zones depending upon the physical features: •Kaimur Plateau and Satpura Hills •Vindhyanchal Plateau (Hills) •Narmada Sone valley •Wainganga valley •Gird (Gwalior) Region •Bundelkhand Region •Satpura Plateau (Hills) •Malwa Plateau •Nimar Plateau •Jhabua Hills

Climate Like most of north India,Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. It has a hot dry summer (April–June), followed by monsoon rains (July–September) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,370 mm (53.9 in). It decreases from west to east because monsoon wind moves from west to east and drained clouds in western part takes less quantity of water vapours with them to eastern part. The south-western districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150 mm (84.6 in), while the western and north-western districts receive 1,000 mm (39.4 in) or less.

According to the 2011 census figures, the recorded forest area of the state is 94,689 km2 (36,560 sq mi) constituting 30.72% of the geographical area of the state. It constitutes 12.30% of the forest area of India. Legally this area has been classified into “Reserved Forest” (65.3%), “Protected Forest” (32.84%) and “Unclassified Forest” (0.18%). Per capita forest area is 2,400 m2 (0.59 acre) as against the national average of 700 m2 (0.17 acre). The forest cover is less dense in the northern and western parts of the state, which contain the major urban centers. Variability in climatic brings about significant difference in the forest types of the state. The major types of soils found in the state are: • Black Soil, most predominantly in malwa region • Red and yellow soil, in Baghelkhand region • Alluvial Soil, in Northern Madhya Pradesh • Laterite Soil, in highland areas • Mixed Soil, in parts of Gwalior and Chambal division

Flora and Fauna

Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is home to ten National

Parks; Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National

Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National

Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National

Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna

National Park, Pench National Park and Dinosaur

National Park, Dhar.

There are also a number of nature reserves,

including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Balaghat, Bori

Natural Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno

Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar, Narsinghgarh

, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj,

Patalkot, and Tamia. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in

Satpura Range, Amarkantak biosphere reserve and

Panna National Park are three of the 18 biosphere

reserves in India. Most of them are located in eastern

Madhya Pradesh near Jabalpur.

The official language of the state is Hindi. In addition Marathi is spoken by a substantial number of the population since the state was home to several important and prestigious Maratha states. The state in fact has the highest concentration of Marathi people outside Maharashtra. Several regional variants are spoken, which are considered by the government to be dialects of Hindi, and by linguists to be distinct but related languages. Among these dialects are Malvi in Malwa, Nimadi in Nimar, Bundeli in Bundelkhand, and Bagheli in Baghelkhand and the southeast, and Rajasthani in the area near to Rajasthan. Each of these languages has dialects of its own. Other languages include Bhilodi (Bhili), Gondi, Korku, Kalto (Nahali), and Nihali (Nahali), all spoken by Adivasis.

LANGUAGES

History and Geography of Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh, carved out of Madhya Pradesh came into being on 1 November 2000 as the 26th State of the Union. It fulfills the long-cherished demand of the people. In ancient times the region was known as Dakshin-Kausal. This finds mention in Ramayana and Mahabharata also. Between the sixth and twelfth centuries Sarabhpurias, Panduavanshi, Somvanshi, Kalchuri and Nagvanshi rulers dominated this region. Kalchuris ruled in Chhattisgarh from 980 to 1791 AD. With the advent of the British in 1845, Raipur gained prominence instead of capital Ratanpur. In 1904 Sambalpur was transferred to Odisha and estates of Sarguja were transferred from Bengal to Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh is bounded by southern Jharkhand and Odisha in the east, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in the west, Uttar Pradesh and western Jharkhand in the north and Andhra Pradesh in the south. Areawise Chhattisgarh is the ninth largest State and population-wise it is seventeenth State of the nation.

Chhattisgarh on India’s Map

Chhattisgarh emblem

The emblem is a circular seal depicting the Lion Capital of Ashoka encircled by ears of rice. Below the capital are three wavy lines in the colours of the Indian national flag, which represent the rivers of the state, flanked by two lightning bolts which represent as Energy Surplus State. The whole emblem is surrounded by 36 fortifications representing the 36 fortresses after which the state is named

Title Symbol Image

Notes

State emblem Emblem of Chhattisgarh

State motto सत्यमेव जयते Satyameva Jayate (Truth alone triumphs)

State song Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar (The Streams of Arpa and Pairi)[16][17]

State foundation day

Chhattisgarh Day (1 November)

State animal Wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)[18][19]

State bird Hill myna (Gracula religiosa)

State flower Rhynchostylis gigantea[20]

State tree Sal (Shorea robusta)[18][19]

Particulars Description

Area 1,36,034 sq. km

Population 2,55,40,196 *

Capital Raipur

Principal Languages

Hindi

Agriculture Agriculture and allied activities account for nearly 80 per cent of the work force in the State. Out of the geographical area 13,790 thousand hectares, gross cropped area is about 35 per cent of the total geographical area. Kharif is the main cropping season. Rice is the predominant crop of the state. Other important crops are maize, wheat, niger, groundnut and pulses. The State has one of the biggest collections of rice germplasm. Horticulture crops are grown in an area of about 540 thousand hectares. Chhattisgarh was recently awarded "Krishi Karman Award" for first position in Paddy production in India for the year 2010-11. Paddy production

increased from 50 lakh MT to 91 lakh MT in 2011.

Irrigation and Power When the State came into being, the total irrigation capacity was 13.28

lakh hectares, which has now increased to 18.09 lakh hectare. Major

completed projects are Mahandai Reservoir project, Hasdeo Bango

project, Tandula, Kodar, Jonk D/S, Kharung, Maniyari Tank and Pairy

(Sikasar) project, Jonk project, Kharang project, Maniyani project.

Installed capacity of state sector is 1924.70 MW out of which 1786 MW is

thermal and 138.7 MW is hydro electric. By December 2012, Power from

500 MW Korba west TPS and 1000 MW Madwa TPS shall be available.

In Chhattisgarh 97 per cent of villages and 67.5 per cent of Majra/ Tola

(hamlets) are electrified. Per capita electricity consumption has increased

from 317 unit in 2001 to 1547 units in 2011.

Mineral Resources Chhattisgarh has the perfect geological set up to host a number of

economically crucial minerals. Large deposits of coal, iron ore, limestone,

bauxite, and dolomite are found in various parts of the state. Districts of

North Chhattisgarh such as Surguja, Raigarh, Koriya and Bilaspur are known

for huge coal deposits. The state has 46682 million tones reserve in coal. In

2009-10 the state produced 110 million tones of coal. In fact Chhattisgarh

ranks first among states in production of coal. The rich deposits of coal has

attracted huge investment in power sector and in the coming years the state

will emerge as major power supplier to the national grid.

Climate

The climate of Chhattisgarh is tropical. It is hot and humid because of its proximity to the Tropic of Cancer and its dependence on the monsoons for rains. Summer temperatures in Chhattisgarh can reach up to 49 °C (113 °F).[23] The monsoon season is from late June to October and is a welcome respite from the heat. Chhattisgarh receives an average of 1,292 millimetres (50.9 in) of rain. Winter is from November to January. Winters are pleasant with low temperatures and less humidity. Ambikapur, Mainpat, pendra road, samri, Jashpur are some of the coldest places in the state.