Macromolecules

Keefe Bio 2015

Biochemistry

• The study of all chemical processes that occur in living things

Organic Chemistry

• The study of all chemicals that contain CARBON

• Also usually contain the elements Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus

• CHNOP6

CCarbon12.011

Carbon: What’s the big deal?

Carbon is important to life because:• It can form 4 strong covalent bonds• It can bind to itself and form LIMITLESS chains• It can form single, double, or triple bonds with

another atom

Hydrocarbons

• Contain CARBON and HYDROGEN–Highly flammable

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Examples

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat

Reactant(s): ‘ingredient(s)’ of a chemical reactionProduct(s): produced by a reaction

Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O + heatWhat are the reactants of the reaction above?

Hydrocarbon + O2

What are the products of the reaction above? CO2 + H2O + heat

Macromolecules

Monomer

• The small, relatively simple building blocks of macromolecules

• from Greek mono "one" and meros "part”

Like the pearls on this necklace

Monomers

• You join monomers together to form polymers via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:

• “de”= DELETE• “hydro”= WATER• So you DELETE WATER to form polymers!

Monomer

–What are the monomers of proteins?•Amino acids•Contain C, H, O, and N

Monomer

• There are 20 amino acids used by the human body!

Monomer

–What are the monomers of carbohydrates?• Sugars• Contain C, H, and O

Monomers

• Sugars are also called MONOSACCARIDES

• Mono= ONE• Saccharide= SUGAR

Monomer

• What’s the sugar made in photosynthesis?–glucose

Dimers

• Two sugars bonded together is called a DISACCARIDE

• Di= TWO• Saccharide= SUGAR

Monomer

–What are the monomers of nucleic acids?• Nucleotides

(draw!)• Contain C, H, O,

N, and P

Monomer

• There are 5 different nucleotides:–Thymine (found ONLY in DNA)–Uracil (found ONLY in RNA)–Adenine–Guanine–Cytosine

Monomer

–What are the monomers of fats and lipids?• Glycerol and fatty acids (draw!)

Monomer

• Example of lipids?–Phospholipid

bilayer! (major component of cell membranes)

Macromolecules

• MACRO= LARGE• There are 4 macromolecules we

study:–Proteins–Carbohydrates–Nucleic acids–Lipids and fats

MacromoleculesMacromolecule Example Function

Carbohydrates Sugar1. Short-term energy2. Structure

Lipids Vegetable Oil

1. Long-term energy storage2. Protection/ Insulation3. Structure4. Chemical Messengers

Proteins Beef

1. Structure2. Regulate cell processes andchemical reactions3. Transport

Nucleic Acids DNA 1. Store and transmit genetic information

Polymer

• Long, relatively complex chains called macromolecules

• Poly “many" and meros "part”

Like the whole necklace

Polymer

• You break polymers apart to form monomers via HYDROLYSIS:

• “Hydro”= Water• “lysis”= to break• So you ADD WATER to form

monomers

Polymer

–What are the polymers of amino acids?• proteins

Polymers

• We call the bonds between amino acids PEPTIDE BONDS

• Another word for proteins is POLYPEPTIDES

Polymer

• Important classes of proteins include:– Hormones (for communicating between

cells in an organism)– Enzymes (speed up reactions)

Polymer

• What are the polymers of sugars?– CARBOHYDRATES

Polymer

• Another word for carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDE

• Poly= many• Saccharide= sugar

Polymers

• Important carbohydrates include:– Cellulose: give structure and support to

plants (plant cell walls are made of cellulose!)

– Starch (food storage for plants- found in things like potatoes)

Polymer

• What are the polymers of nucleotides?–Nucleic acids! (DNA

and RNA)

Polymer

• What are the polymers of glycerol and fatty acids?–Fats and lipids

Polymers

• Important fats include:– Cholesterol– Vegetable oils and butter (mmmmmmm

butter)

POP QUIZ!

• What are the monomers of PROTEINS?– Amino acids

• What are the monomers of CARBOHYDRATES?– sugars

• What are the monomers of NUCLEIC ACIDS?– nucleotides

• What are the monomers of LIPIDS?– Fatty acids and glycerol

Enzymes

• Usually end in –ase• Are biological CATALYSTS

–A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

–Made of proteins

Enzymes• They speed up the rate of chemical reactions

by lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY– The amount of energy needed to get a reaction

started– Label the chart

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Enzymes

• Enzymes bind to a substance called a substrate (reactants).–Enzymes have an active site.–The active site is the groove

(space) where the substrate will fit.

Enzymes

• Draw and label the diagram:

Enzymes

• The idea that the enzyme and the substrate fit together perfectly:– Lock-and-key hypothesis

Enzymes

• The current hypothesis is the induced fit hypothesis: an enzyme can slightly change its shape to better mold around a substrate.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7aiqJW2xoc&feature=related

Enzymes

• Enzymes work best at a pH between 6 and 8 (close to neutral).

• Going above or beyond this range will cause enzymes to denature (cook!) and lose their function.

Enzymes

• The optimum (best) temperature for enzymes is between 35oC and 40oC (around human body temperature).

• Above this temperature, enzymes denature or lose their shape.

• Below this temperature, enzymes are too cold to work

Examples of EnzymesEnzyme Function

1. Maltase Breaks down maltose

2. Sucrase Breaks down sucrose (table sugar)

3. Lactase Breaks down lactose

4. Pepsin (stomach) Breaks down proteins

5. Bromalin (fruits) Breaks down proteins

6. Peroxidase Breaks down peroxide