Macromolecule Review

Functional Groups

Name the functional group:

-OH

hydroxyl

-COOH

carboxyl

-NH2

amino

Name the functional group:

-C=O

carbonyl

-SH

sulfhydryl

-PO4

phosphate

Identify the functional groups:

carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl

Identify the functional groups:

carbonyl

Identify the functional groups:

phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Review

What is the name of the reaction when when 2 monosaccharides attach to form a disaccharide?

• dehydration synthesis or condensation

What is the name of the bond formed?

• glycosidic bond/linkage

Carbohydrate Review

Name 2 polysaccharides that are used as energy storage.

• starch and glycogen

Name 2 polysaccharides that are used for structural support.

• cellulose and chitin

What is this?

monosaccharide

What is this?

polysaccharide (it continues…)

What is this?

disaccharide (sucrose)

What is this?

monosaccharide

Lipids

Lipids Review

What is the most common type of lipid?• triglycerides (fats)

What are the other types of lipids?• phospholipids, waxes, steroids

Lipids Review

What are the chemical components of a triglyceride?

• glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What is the name of the bond that links these components together?

• an ester linkage

Lipids Review

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

• saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms; have the maximum number of H atoms attached (are fully “saturated” with H atoms)

Lipids Review

Which type of fat is usually solid at room temperature?

• saturated fats

How do you make an unsaturated fat solid at room temperature?

• hydrogenation

What is this?

steroid/sterol (cholesterol)

What are these?

fatty acids (saturated & unsaturated)

What is this?

glycerol

What is this?

phospholipid

What is this?

triglyceride

Proteins

• What is the basic unit of a protein?

• amino acid

• What is the name of the bond formed between 2 amino acids in a protein?

• peptide bond

Proteins

• How many amino acids are there in total? How many are “essential”?

• 20 (8 are essential)

• What are some of the functions of proteins?

• structural support, messengers, transport of materials, enzymes, etc…

Proteins

• What is the “primary” structure of a protein?

• its sequence of amino acids

• At what level of protein organization are ß-pleated sheets and the alpha-helix?

• secondary structure

What is this?

a polypeptide

What is this?

an amino acid

Nucleic Acids

• Name the pyrimidine bases. Describe their structure.

• cytosine, thymine, uracil• single ring structure

• Name the purine bases. Describe their structure

• adenine, guanine • double ring

Nucleic Acids

• What type of bond links complementary bases?

• H bond

• What type of bond links consecutive nucleotides in a nucleic acid?

• phosphodiester bond

What are the differences?

• RNA single-stranded, has uracil (not thymine), has ribose (not deoxyribose), involved in protein synthesis but only the hereditary material of some viruses

• DNA double-stranded, has thymine, has deoxyribose, hereditary material, involved in protein synthesis

What is this?

(deoxyribo)nucleotide

Testing for Macromolecules

• What tests/reagents are used to test for starch, lipids (2 tests), monosaccharides, and proteins?

• Lugols (iodine), translucence test, Sudan IV, Benedict’s reagent, Biuret reagent