macrocyclization and baeyer-villiger oxidation...diverse applications of macrocycles macrocycles in...
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Macrocyclization
and
Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation
Greg Lackner
Overman Group Topics Presentation
June 18, 2012
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Diverse Applications of Macrocycles
azithromycin
Macrocycles as drug candidates
“Compromise between structural organization and flexibility”
Candidates typically contain little modification of natural macrocycles
amphotericin B
cyclosporin
rifampicin
Driggers, E.; Hale, S.; Lee, J.; Terrett, N. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7, 608-624
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Diverse Applications of Macrocycles
Macrocycles in nature
Macrocycles in chelation chemistry
chlorin
heme B
macrocycle shown to coordinate Cu2+
10,000 times more strongly!
Cabbiness, D.; Margerum, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6540-6541
Cabbiness, Margerum, 1969
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Macrolactonization
Parenty, A.; Moreau, X.; Campagne, J.-M. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 911-939
Simple disconnection in macrolide synthetic targets
May require alcohol protecting groups, dilute conditions
Alcohol epimerization and olefin isomerization may occur under
activation conditions
Requires activation of alcohol or carboxylic acid
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Macrolactonization: Ring Size and
Reactive Conformation
Substituents play an important role in directing cyclization
Andrus et al., 1996
Parenty, A.; Moreau, X.; Campagne, J.-M. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 911-939
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Macrolactonization: Ring Size and
Reactive Conformation
Mulzer et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 910
White et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8593
Reactive conformation can provide regioselective cyclization
Mulzer, 1991
White, 2001
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Carboxylic Acid Activation
Corey & Nicolau, 1974 (biomimetic) Yamaguchi, 1979 (>200 refs!)
Yamamoto, 1996
a “diolide”
Inanaga, J.; Hirata, K.; Saeki, H.; Katsuki, T.; Yamaguchi, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1989
Corey, E. J.; Nicolaou, K. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 5614
Ishihara, K.; Kubota, M.; Kurihara, H.; Yamamoto, H. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4560
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Alcohol Activation
Mitsunobu conditions,
(Steglich operational
modification, 1991)
Evans, 2002
Justus, K.; Steglich, W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 5781
Evans, D.A.; Hu, E.; Burch, J.D.; Jaeschke, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5654
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Iodonium- And Epoxide-Mediated
Lactonizations
Competing cyclization pathways can make
these strategies problematic
Rousseau, 2004 Hoye, 2003
Simonot, B.; Rousseau, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 58, 4
Hoye, T.R.; Hu, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9576
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Translactonization
Corey & Nicolau, 1977
“Interconversion rate decreases as ring size increases”
Vedejs, 1987
Corey, E. J.; Brunelle, D. J.; Nicolaou, K. C.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 99, 7359
Vedejs, E.; Powell, D. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 2046
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Macrolactamization
Almost exclusively via carboxylic acid activation
Many peptide coupling reagents suitable for macrolactamization
Often accelerated by metal ions
Boger, 2003
Chlorofusin
Lee, S. Y.; Clark, R. C.; Boger, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9860
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Macrolactamization
Phosphonium-type reagents – more resistant to α-epimerization
than carbodiimides
PyBop
VanNieuwenhze, 2007
Patellamide A
Garcia-Reynaga, P.; VanNieuwenhze, M. S. Org. Lett. 2008, 10 (20), 4621-4623
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Diels-Alder and NHK Macrocyclizations
Advantage over macrolactonization/macrolactamization:
Generation of skeletal bonds and stereochemical information
Sorensen, 2005
1
2
Kishi, 2005
Zapf, C. W.; Harrison, B. A.; Drahl., C.; Sorensen, E. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 6533-6537
Namba, K.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15382-15383
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Prins-Driven Macrocyclization
Wender, P. A. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13648-13649
Wender, P. A.; DeChristopher, B. A.; Schrier, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6658-6659
Wender, 2002 and 2008
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Alkyne Haloallylation Macrocyclization
Hoye, 2005
A proposed mechanism:
Hoye, T. R.; Wang, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6950-6951
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Olefination/Macrocyclization
Phillips, 2006
Velazquez, 2007
• RCM macrocyclizations common and reliable
88% (2 steps)
O’Neil, G. W.; Phillips, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 5340-5341
Velazquez, F. et al. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3061-3064
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Multicomponent Macrocyclizations
Wessjohann, 2007
Michalik, D.; Schaks, A.; Wessjohann, L. A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 149-157
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Wessjohann, 2007
Multicomponent Macrocyclizations
Michalik, D.; Schaks, A.; Wessjohann, L. A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 149-157
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Macrocyclic Ketone Oxidation
Clyne, D. S.; Weiler, L. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 13659-13682
Weiler, 1999
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1899: An Unexpected Discovery
Adolf von Baeyer, Victor Villiger
Examining ring cleavage of cyclic ketones
Many experiments established composition of Caro’s reagent
Search for comparable oxidants led to first synthesis of organic peracids
Baeyer, A.; Villiger, V. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1899, 32, 3625
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Determining the Mechanism
Baeyer and Villiger believed their oxidation to be mechanistically similar to the
Beckmann rearrangement (dioxirane intermediate?) at that time
Dilthey, Inkel, Stephan, 1940
*Dimer must be a byproduct, not an intermediate
Dilthey, W.; Inckel, M.; Stephan, H. J. Prakt. Chem. 1940, 154, 219-237
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Labeling Experiments
Doering & Dorfman, 1953
only product observed
Doering, W. v. E.; Dorfman, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 5595-5598
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Determining The Stereochemical Outcome
Turner, 1950
Products saponified and derivitized to phthalates
Mixed with natural phthalate samples and melting point measured
Migration occurs with retention of stereochemistry
Mislow & Brenner, 1953 Rozzell & Benner, 1983
Turner, R. B.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 882-885
Mislow, K.; Brenner, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 2318-2322
Rozzell, J. D. Jr.; Benner, S. A. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 1190-1193
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Migrating Group Preference
Migratory aptitude has largely been elucidated experimentally
Directly related to positive charge-stabilizing ability
3o alkyl > cyclohexyl > 2o alkyl > benzyl > phenyl
> primary alkyl > cyclopropyl ≈ cyclopentyl > methyl
Hawthorne, 1957
Doering & Speers, 1950
Hawthorne, M. F.; Emmons, W. D.; McCallum, K. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 6393-6398
Doering, W. v. E.; Speers, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5515-5518
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Peracid oxidant can influence migration
Hawthorne, 1957
Murray, Johnson, Pederson, Ott, 1958
Migrating Group Preference: Inconsistencies
Baeyer & Villiger, 1899
Migratory aptitudes are strong predictions, not rigid laws
Baeyer, A.; Villiger, V. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1899, 32, 3625
Hawthorne, M. F.; Emmons, W. D.; McCallum, K. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 6393-6398
Murray, M. F. Johnson, B. A.; Pederson, R. L.; Ott, A. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1956, 78, 981-984
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Oxidant Considerations
Peracids are effective oxidants, but too unstable for large-scale applications
Noyori, 1983
Thompson, 1987
Newer peroxide reagents less chemoselective;
alkenes, amines, phosphines, sulfides incompatible
Suzuki, M.; Takada, H.; Noyori, R. J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47 (5), 902-904
Brougham, P.; Cooper, M. S.; Cummerson, D. A.; Heaney, H.; Thompson, N. Synthesis, 1987, 11, 1015-1017
cyclohexanone to caprolactone: 76%
cyclohexanone to caprolactone: 57%
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Hydrogen Peroxide As The Oxidant
Cheaper, greener reagent than peracids
Water byproduct simplifies purification
but,
Water can hydrolyze ester/lactone product
Hydrogen peroxide is relatively unreactive; requires activation
Williams, 1961
Brinck, 2001
McClure, J. D.; Williams, P. H. J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27 (1), 24-26
Carlqvist, P.; Eklund, R.; Brinck, T. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 1193
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“Aerobic” Baeyer-Villiger Reaction
Ishii, 2001
H2O2 (the true oxidant) generated in situ
Caprolactone is a desirable intermediate for polymer production
Fukuda, O.; Sakaguchi, S.; Ishii, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 3479
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Transition Metal Catalysis
Early transition metals form electrophilic peroxo complexes
MTO shows promise; catalyzes both epoxidations and Baeyer-Villiger
Jacobsen, 1978
Jacobsen, S. E.; Tang, R.; Mares, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1978, 888
Hermann, W. A.; Fischer, R. W.; Correia, J.D.G. J. Mol. Catal. 1994, 94, 213
Herrmann, 1994
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Asymmetric Variants
Strukul, 1993
Bolm, 1994
(±)
4
(±)
Seebach, 2001
(±)
D. T. Frisone, M.; Pinna, F.; Strukul, G. Organometallics, 1993, 12, 148-156
Bolm, C.; Schlingloff, G.; Weikhardt, K. Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 1944
Aoki, M.; Seebach, D.Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 187
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Biocatalytic Variants
Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases (BVMOs) are selective
enzyme catalysts from many yeasts and E. coli
Require NADPH as a cofactor; O2 is oxidant
t. Brink, G.-J.; Arends, I. W. C. E.; Sheldon, R. A. Chem. Rev., 2004, 104, 4105-4123
Cyclohexane monooxygenase (CHMO)
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BVMOs In Synthesis
Mihovilovic, 2006
Mihovilovic, Marko D.; Bianchi, D. A.; Rudroff, F. Cheminform, 2006, 37
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Baeyer-Villiger In Total Synthesis
Demnitz, 1995
Demnitz, F. W. J.; Philippini, C.; Raphael, R. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5114-5120
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Baeyer-Villiger In Total Synthesis
Iwata, 1994
Iwata, 1997
Iwata, C. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35 (24) 4125-4128
Iwata, C. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38 (10) 1801-1804
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Summary
Macrocyclizations efficiently construct large, biologically relevant molecules
Macrolactonizations and macrolactamizations are the most straightforward
and most common, but introduce little structural complexity compared to
other methods
Molecular preorganization will determine macrocyclization success
The Baeyer-Villiger reaction uses a peroxide reagent to oxidize ketones to esters
In general, the most substituted carbon atom migrates in the rate-determining step
Enzymes can be used for selective, green Baeyer-Villiger reactions