macro skills and communicative competence
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A . O R A L S K I L L S
B . L I T E R A C Y S K I L L S
C . R E C E P T I V E A N D P R O D U C T I V E S K I L L S
Macro Skills
A. Oral Skills
1. Listening
2. Speaking
1. Listening
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process.
There are three common modes of listening: competitive, passive and active.
2. Speaking
Speaking is done through the vocalization of human communication.
Speaking depends on the context wherein communication will take place.
Speaking can be formal or informal
B. Literacy Skills
1. Reading
2. Writing
1. Reading
Reading comprehension involves decoding symbols with the intention of deriving meaning from the text.
This can be used for sharing knowledge, for self-development or simply for relaxation
2. Writing
Writing is the process of using symbols to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
Writing allows for a more meaningful and in-depth transmission of ideas compared to speaking.
Follow the writing process: 1) prewriting 2) drafting 3) revising 4) proofreading 5) publishing
3. Viewing
Refers to the ability to perceive meaning from visual images and presentations
Process that supports oracy and literacy
Broadens the ways in which students can understand and communicate their ideas
non verbal communication
ways to represent ideas visually:
Drawings
Photographs
Organizational graphs and charts
Videos
Multimedia
WebPages – and web based correspondence
Types of viewing:
Visual Literacy
Ability to interpret meaning from visual images (Georgis, 1999)
Ability to construct effective visuals in order to convey ideas to others (Valmont, 2003; Heinich, 1999)
Critical Viewing
Ability to carefully comprehend and evaluate information presented by visual media
Ability to think critically about the composition of the picture
4. Receptive and Productive
ORAL SKILLS
LITERACY SKILLS
RECEPTIVE SKILLS
Listening Reading
PRODUCTIVE SKILLS
Speaking Writing
Connection
Significance
To effectively communicate
To understand subtext and various aspects of communication
To solve future problems or successfully achieve objectives which essentially derive from effective communication
Significance
To accomplish four main purposes including: expressing wants and needs, developing social closeness, exchanging information, and fulfilling social etiquette routines (Light, 1997)
A . D E F I N I T I O N
B . D E L L H Y M E S
C . C O M P O N E N T S
D . S P E A K I N G M O D E L
Communicative Competence
A. Communicative Competence
“The ability to function in a truly communicative setting.”
Not limited to linguistic forms
Social rules and context
Coined by Dell Hymes
B. Dell Hymes
-language and social context
-oral narratives
He says…
“…a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical, but also as appropriate. He or she acquires competence as to when to speak, when not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, in what manner. In short, a child becomes able to accomplish a repertoire of speech acts, to take part in speech events, and to evaluate their accomplishment by others.”(Hymes 1972, 277)
5 Components
1. Linguistic/Grammatical Competence
Knowledge of language code:
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Lexicon
2. Sociolinguistic Competence
Knowledge of socio-cultural use of the language
3. Cultural Competence
Awareness and sensitivity to other’s culture and tradition.
Setting
Topic
Taboos
4. Discourse Competence
Knowledge of producing , comprehending , combing oral and written language:
Organizing words, phrases, sentences
5. Strategic Competence
Ability to recognize, adjust and repair verbal and non verbal communication errors:
Paraphrasing
Shifting
Avoidance
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G MODEL
1. Setting and Scene
Physical circumstances
When and where communication take place
Ex: Hearing in the court; simple class discussion
2. Participants
Speaker and audience
Ex: friends; business tycoons
3. Ends
Purposes, goals and outcomes
Ex: to persuade, to inform
4. Act Sequence
Form and order of event
Ex: begin-middle-end
5. Key
Tone, manner or spirit
Ex: lively, serious
6. Instrumentalities
Forms and styles of speech
Ex: informal, formal
7. Norms
Social rules
Ex: Do’s and Don’ts
8. Genre
Kind of speech act or event
Ex: anecdotes to entertain or to give moral lessons.
Lyle Bachman
1990- Language Competence
Grammatical and Discourse (Textual)
Functional (Illocutionary) and Sociolinguistic
Strategic
John Gumperz
“Communicative competence is going beyond mere description of language patterns”
James Cummins
CALP- Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency
School oriented language- Context Reduced
BICS- Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
Face to face communication- Context Embedded
Basically, greatly developing one’s macro skills promotes communicative competence.
The macro skills play a key role in fostering learners’ communicative competence since:
they are the manifestations of interpreting and producing a spoken or written piece of discourse
as well as a way of manifesting the rest of the components of the communicative competence construct.