macro mols nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
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NucleotideDNA
Nucleic Acid
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Nucleic acid
Most well known function: Informational macromoleculeStore hereditary informationThe only molecules in existence that
can produce identical copies of themselves
2 types: DNA & RNA
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Other Function
Chemical energy (e.g. ATP) Combine with other groups to form
enzymes (e.g. Coenzyme A comes from ADP)
Signal molecule (e.g. cAMP) Evidence for evolution: more closely
related species contain similar DNA sequences
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Monomer: Nucleotide
The single unit of nucleic acids is a nucleotide
A nucleotide consists of 3 components: Sugar (2 types) Base (5 types) Phosphate (1-3)
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Pentose Sugar
5 carbons: Recall from linear
carbohydrates note the “prime”
numbering system2 types:
Ribose (for RNA) Deoxyribose (for
DNA): missing an oxygen at the 2’ position
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Nitrogenous base
Rings of C & NPurine:
2 fused rings A, G
Pyrimidine single 6 sided rings C, T (DNA), U (RNA)
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Nitrogenous base comparison
Purine (large) Pyrimidine (small)
2 H-bonds Adenine (A) Thymine (T)Uracil (U)
3 H-bonds Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
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Building the nucleic acid
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Nucleoside
Sugar + base connected by an N-glycosidic bond
Condensation reaction between OH on 1’ carbon of the sugar and H on base
H2O
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Nucleoside NomenclatureBase Nucleoside
(ribose sugar)
Nucleoside (deoxyribose sugar)
AdenineGuanineCytosineThymineUracil
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Nucleoside NomenclatureBase Nucleoside
(ribose sugar)
Nucleoside (deoxyribose sugar)
Adenine AdenosineGuanine GuanosineCytosine CytidineThymine ThymidineUracil Uridine
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Nucleoside NomenclatureBase Nucleoside
(ribose sugar)
Nucleoside (deoxyribose sugar)
Adenine Adenosine DeoxyadenosineGuanine Guanosine DeoxyguanosineCytosine Cytidine DeoxycytidineThymine Thymidine DeoxythymidineUracil Uridine deoxyuridine
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Nucleoside Nomenclature
Practice: Name these nucleosides
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Building the nucleic acid
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Phosphate
Anywhere from 1-3 phosphate molecules
Attached to sugar at 5’ carbonNaming system uses prefix: mono,
di, tri
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Nucleotide NomenclatureNucleoside name + prefix-phosphate
Example: adenosine triphosphate3 letter short forms
Example: ATP
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Nucleotide Nomenclature
Practice: Write the full and 3 letter short form name for a nucleotide that has a pyrimidine base that forms 3 H-bonds, a ribose sugar and 2 phosphate groups
Practice: Write the full and 4 letter short form name for a nucleotide that has a purine base that forms 3 H-bonds, a deoxyribose sugar and 1 phosphate group
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Building the nucleic acid
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Single Strand
Identify the 2 major groups involved in the reaction to form a nucleic acid chain
What is the name of the reaction?
Phosphodiester bond formed
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Phosphodiester bond
Condensation reaction between pentose sugar 3’ OH group of one
nucleotide 5’ phosphate group of another nucleotide
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Single Strand
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5’ 3’ Growth of Single Strand
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DNA forms double helix
2 strands held together by interactions between base pairs
Anti-parallel nature of strands
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Base pairing
Bases that pair have same number of hydrogen bonds A-T makes 2 H-
bonds G-C makes 3 H-
bondsPairs are different
sizes: Always a purine +
pyrimidine
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DNA ladder analogy
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DNA ladder analogy
Sides of ladder: sugar phosphate backbone (phosphodiester bonds)
Rungs: hydrogen bonding between base pairs
Question: What overall charge does DNA have? Explain.
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DNA ladder analogy
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Compare DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar
Base
strand
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Compare DNA & RNADNA RNA
Sugar Deoxyribose ribose
Base A, T, C, G A, U, C, G
strand Double helix Usually single